Article(id=1151437194980897064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250206002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453619952, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453619952, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453619952, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453619952, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=146, endPage=153, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895326446202895, articleId=1151437194980897064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Determination of chlorthal-diacid, dalapon and trysben in tea by non-derivatization coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a non-derivatized extraction method for the simultaneous determination of chlorthal-diacid, dalapon and trysben in tea by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) clean-up. Methods Tea samples were extracted by 20 mL of 1% acetic acid in water and 10 mL of methylene chloride; clean-up by HLB (300 mg/3 mL) filtration. Separation of the target analytes was achieved on an octadecylsilane (C18) chromatographic column, and quantitation was performed by LC-MS/MS in negative ion mode. Results The 3 kinds of herbicides were effectively separated on the C18 column with good linearity in the range of 0.01-2.00 μg/mL (r2>0.997). At 4 spiked levels of 0.05, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/kg, the average recoveries of the 3 kinds of pesticides in the blank matrix of tea ranged from 71.1% to 119.2%, with the relative standard deviations between 3.3% and 18.3%. The limits of detection were ranged from 0.002-0.009 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were ranged from 0.008-0.029 mg/kg of the 3 kinds of herbicides. Conclusion The developed method offers a simple and rapid pretreatment procedure, eliminating the need for derivatization. It is friendly to the inspectors and the environment, and can be used as a method for large-scale detection of chlorthal-diacid, dalapon and trysben residues in tea.

, correspAuthors=Yan ZENG, Shu-Ping YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xia-Xue LI, Qiao-Hui YANG, Yun-Hua ZHENG, Qiang LIAO, Yan ZENG, Shu-Ping YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895344196497990, articleId=1151437194980897064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=非衍生化结合液相色谱-串联质谱技术测定茶叶中氯酞酸、茅草枯和草芽畏, columnId=1151895322898297380, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立一种非衍生化前处理, 亲水亲脂平衡柱(hydrophile-lipophile balance, HLB)净化结合液相色谱-串联质谱技术(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)测定茶叶中氯酞酸、茅草枯、草芽畏的检测方法。方法 样品经20 mL 1%乙酸水+10 mL二氯甲烷提取, HLB (300 mg/3 mL)滤过净化, 十八烷基硅烷(octadecylsilane, C18)色谱柱分离, 液相色谱-串联质谱仪负离子模式测定, 外标法定量检测。结果 3种除草剂在色谱柱上分离良好, 在0.01~2.00 μg/mL范围内线性良好(r2>0.998), 在0.05、0.25、0.50和1.00 mg/kg 4个添加水平下, 3种农药在茶叶空白基质中平均回收率为71.1%~119.2%, 相对标准偏差为3.3%~18.3%。3种除草剂在茶叶中的检出限在0.002~0.009 mg/kg之间, 定量限在0.008~0.029 mg/kg之间。结论 该方法前处理简单快捷, 无需衍生化, 对检测人员和环境友好, 可作为大批量检测茶叶中氯酞酸、茅草枯、草芽畏残留的方法。

, correspAuthors=曾艳, 杨树萍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 曾艳(1983—), 女, 硕士, 正高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农产品及产地环境质量安全检测和风险评估研究。E-mail:
杨树萍(1978—), 女, 硕士, 高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农产品及产地环境质量安全检测。E-mail:
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李霞雪(1990—), 女, 硕士, 高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农产品及产地环境质量安全检测。E-mail:

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李霞雪(1990—), 女, 硕士, 高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农产品及产地环境质量安全检测。E-mail:

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(2024-03-04) [2025-01-18]. http://db.ffcr.or.jp/front/pesticide_comp, articleTitle=Maximum residue limits (MRLs) list of agricultural chemicals in foods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167030773048685568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=15, pageStart=6068, pageEnd=6076, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=54, authorNames=许炳雯, 孙程鹏, 葛祥武, journalName=食品安全质量检测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许炳雯, 孙程鹏, 葛祥武, 等. 气相色谱-串联质谱法测定30种果蔬中61种农药的基质效应及其克服方式[J]. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2021, 12(15): 6068-6076., articleTitle=气相色谱-串联质谱法测定30种果蔬中61种农药的基质效应及其克服方式, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167030773115793409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=15, pageStart=6068, pageEnd=6076, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=55, authorNames=XU BW, SUN CP, GE XW, journalName=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU BW, SUN CP, GE XW, et al. 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A review of matrix effects in pesticide residue detection[J]. Food Science and Technology, 2024, 49(6): 335-341., articleTitle=A review of matrix effects in pesticide residue detection, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167030768963433370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, awardId=SCSJS2023009, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省市场监督管理局科技项目(SCSJS2023009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167030769055708059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, awardId=川农函[2024]98号, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省农产品质量安全风险监测项目(川农函[2024]98号), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167030764823655220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030764832043829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, companyId=1167030764823655220, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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注: A. 20 mL水+10 mL含1%甲酸的甲醇; B. 20 mL 1%乙酸水+10 mL二氯甲烷; C. 10 mL水+20 mL含1%甲酸的乙腈。

, figureFileSmall=xUHcf5zbKge5YwGb92C4iA==, figureFileBig=Z9ZaXpri35Jwug5LJQtsbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030767927440256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different acids and acidity on the extraction of 3 kinds of herbicides (spiked at 0.25 mg/kg, n=3), figureFileSmall=9cu4cFTMFv1zumrn8yI+KQ==, figureFileBig=/UZQfY1WNjnBLp6ZPj19mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030767994549122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同有机酸及酸度对3种除草剂的提取影响(添加量0.25 mg/kg, n=3), figureFileSmall=9cu4cFTMFv1zumrn8yI+KQ==, figureFileBig=/UZQfY1WNjnBLp6ZPj19mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030768057463686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different purification materials on the recovery of the 3 kinds of herbicides (spiked at 0.25 mg/kg, n=3), figureFileSmall=Cim2aapPesVX39RxGkEKXg==, figureFileBig=aJpIf0fiovXIlFX2ARZ3Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030768141349768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同净化材料对3种除草剂回收率的影响(添加量0.25 mg/kg, n=3), figureFileSmall=Cim2aapPesVX39RxGkEKXg==, figureFileBig=aJpIf0fiovXIlFX2ARZ3Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030768246207369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Names and mass spectrometry acquisition conditions of 3 kinds of herbicides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 农药名称 CAS 离子对 扫描电压/V 碰撞能量/V 保留时间/min
1 氯酞酸 2136-79-0 302.9-258.9/300.9-256.9* 40 5 0.59
2 茅草枯 75-99-0 141.0-96.8/141.0-104.8* 70 5 1.16
3 草芽畏 50-31-7 224.9-180.9/223.0-179* 40 5 2.40
), ArticleFig(id=1167030768317510541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种除草剂名称及质谱采集条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 农药名称 CAS 离子对 扫描电压/V 碰撞能量/V 保留时间/min
1 氯酞酸 2136-79-0 302.9-258.9/300.9-256.9* 40 5 0.59
2 茅草枯 75-99-0 141.0-96.8/141.0-104.8* 70 5 1.16
3 草芽畏 50-31-7 224.9-180.9/223.0-179* 40 5 2.40
), ArticleFig(id=1167030768418173838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correctness and precision of the 3 kinds of herbicides in tea at different spiked levels (n=3, %)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加量/(mg/kg) 氯酞酸 茅草枯 草芽畏
回收率 RSDs 回收率 RSDs 回收率 RSDs
0.05 71.1 18.3 83.8 12.5 78.4 10.2
0.25 93.8 9.7 90.4 17.2 82.9 5.9
0.50 87.2 9.1 99.2 6.9 113.5 10.4
1.00 74.0 4.6 119.2 6.9 82.0 3.3
), ArticleFig(id=1167030768506254224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

茶叶中3种除草剂不同添加水平下的正确度与精密度(n=3, %)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
添加量/(mg/kg) 氯酞酸 茅草枯 草芽畏
回收率 RSDs 回收率 RSDs 回收率 RSDs
0.05 71.1 18.3 83.8 12.5 78.4 10.2
0.25 93.8 9.7 90.4 17.2 82.9 5.9
0.50 87.2 9.1 99.2 6.9 113.5 10.4
1.00 74.0 4.6 119.2 6.9 82.0 3.3
), ArticleFig(id=1167030768594334610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

LODs, LOQs and linearity of the 3 kinds of herbicides in tea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药
名称
线性关系 相关系数
(r2)
LODs
/(mg/kg)
LOQs
/(mg/kg)
饮料中临时限量值/(mg/kg)
氯酞酸 Y=8199.845X+
733.959
0.998 0.009 0.029 0.01
茅草枯 Y=70854.290X-
485.349
0.998 0.002 0.008 0.01
草芽畏 Y=327877.628X+
6049.386
0.999 0.004 0.013 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1167030768669832086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

茶叶中3种除草剂的LODs、LOQs及线性关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药
名称
线性关系 相关系数
(r2)
LODs
/(mg/kg)
LOQs
/(mg/kg)
饮料中临时限量值/(mg/kg)
氯酞酸 Y=8199.845X+
733.959
0.998 0.009 0.029 0.01
茅草枯 Y=70854.290X-
485.349
0.998 0.002 0.008 0.01
草芽畏 Y=327877.628X+
6049.386
0.999 0.004 0.013 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1167030768749523863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

MEs of 3 kinds of herbicides in 5 kinds of teas (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 氯酞酸 茅草枯 草芽畏
黄茶 29.0 15.5 12.0
红茶 33.1 17.3 14.7
花茶 25.6 13.5 12.7
绿茶 32.8 14.5 13.5
藏茶 41.5 25.6 27.0
), ArticleFig(id=1167030768833409944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437194980897064, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

5种茶叶中3种除草剂的Mes (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 氯酞酸 茅草枯 草芽畏
黄茶 29.0 15.5 12.0
红茶 33.1 17.3 14.7
花茶 25.6 13.5 12.7
绿茶 32.8 14.5 13.5
藏茶 41.5 25.6 27.0
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非衍生化结合液相色谱-串联质谱技术测定茶叶中氯酞酸、茅草枯和草芽畏
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李霞雪 1 , 杨巧慧 1 , 郑云华 2 , 廖强 2 , 曾艳 1, * , 杨树萍 3, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(11): 146-153
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(11): 146-153
非衍生化结合液相色谱-串联质谱技术测定茶叶中氯酞酸、茅草枯和草芽畏
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李霞雪1 , 杨巧慧1, 郑云华2, 廖强2, 曾艳1, * , 杨树萍3, *
作者信息
  • 1. 雅安市农产品质量监测检验中心, 雅安 625000
  • 2. 雅安市质量检验检测院, 雅安 625000
  • 3. 甘孜藏族自治州农产品质量安全中心, 甘孜 626000
  • 李霞雪(1990—), 女, 硕士, 高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农产品及产地环境质量安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 曾艳(1983—), 女, 硕士, 正高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农产品及产地环境质量安全检测和风险评估研究。E-mail:
杨树萍(1978—), 女, 硕士, 高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农产品及产地环境质量安全检测。E-mail:
Determination of chlorthal-diacid, dalapon and trysben in tea by non-derivatization coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Xia-Xue LI1 , Qiao-Hui YANG1, Yun-Hua ZHENG2, Qiang LIAO2, Yan ZENG1, * , Shu-Ping YANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Ya’an Agricultural Products Quality Monitoring and Inspection Center, Ya’an 625000, China
  • 2. Ya’an Quality Inspection and Testing Institute, Ya’an 625000, China
  • 3. Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Center, Ganzi 626000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250206002
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目的 建立一种非衍生化前处理, 亲水亲脂平衡柱(hydrophile-lipophile balance, HLB)净化结合液相色谱-串联质谱技术(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)测定茶叶中氯酞酸、茅草枯、草芽畏的检测方法。方法 样品经20 mL 1%乙酸水+10 mL二氯甲烷提取, HLB (300 mg/3 mL)滤过净化, 十八烷基硅烷(octadecylsilane, C18)色谱柱分离, 液相色谱-串联质谱仪负离子模式测定, 外标法定量检测。结果 3种除草剂在色谱柱上分离良好, 在0.01~2.00 μg/mL范围内线性良好(r2>0.998), 在0.05、0.25、0.50和1.00 mg/kg 4个添加水平下, 3种农药在茶叶空白基质中平均回收率为71.1%~119.2%, 相对标准偏差为3.3%~18.3%。3种除草剂在茶叶中的检出限在0.002~0.009 mg/kg之间, 定量限在0.008~0.029 mg/kg之间。结论 该方法前处理简单快捷, 无需衍生化, 对检测人员和环境友好, 可作为大批量检测茶叶中氯酞酸、茅草枯、草芽畏残留的方法。

氯酞酸  /  茅草枯  /  草芽畏  /  茶叶  /  非衍生化  /  液相色谱-串联质谱法

Objective To establish a non-derivatized extraction method for the simultaneous determination of chlorthal-diacid, dalapon and trysben in tea by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) clean-up. Methods Tea samples were extracted by 20 mL of 1% acetic acid in water and 10 mL of methylene chloride; clean-up by HLB (300 mg/3 mL) filtration. Separation of the target analytes was achieved on an octadecylsilane (C18) chromatographic column, and quantitation was performed by LC-MS/MS in negative ion mode. Results The 3 kinds of herbicides were effectively separated on the C18 column with good linearity in the range of 0.01-2.00 μg/mL (r2>0.997). At 4 spiked levels of 0.05, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/kg, the average recoveries of the 3 kinds of pesticides in the blank matrix of tea ranged from 71.1% to 119.2%, with the relative standard deviations between 3.3% and 18.3%. The limits of detection were ranged from 0.002-0.009 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were ranged from 0.008-0.029 mg/kg of the 3 kinds of herbicides. Conclusion The developed method offers a simple and rapid pretreatment procedure, eliminating the need for derivatization. It is friendly to the inspectors and the environment, and can be used as a method for large-scale detection of chlorthal-diacid, dalapon and trysben residues in tea.

chlorthal-diacid  /  dalapon  /  trysben  /  tea  /  non-derivatization  /  liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
李霞雪, 杨巧慧, 郑云华, 廖强, 曾艳, 杨树萍. 非衍生化结合液相色谱-串联质谱技术测定茶叶中氯酞酸、茅草枯和草芽畏. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 146 -153 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250206002
Xia-Xue LI, Qiao-Hui YANG, Yun-Hua ZHENG, Qiang LIAO, Yan ZENG, Shu-Ping YANG. Determination of chlorthal-diacid, dalapon and trysben in tea by non-derivatization coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 146 -153 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250206002
茶叶具有抗氧化、提神醒脑、降脂减肥、预防心脑血管疾病、抗癌等功效[1-2]。茶树生长在较为湿润的气候环境中, 茶园极易滋生杂草, 这些杂草会与茶树争夺水分养分、影响光照通风、甚至诱发病虫害, 从而影响茶树正常生长。因此, 在种植过程中, 常会使用化学农药进行茶园除草。茅草枯为内吸传导型脂肪族类除草剂, 适用于茶园、林地等, 对多年生杂草防治效果显著[3]。草芽畏为内吸传导型苯甲酸类除草剂, 也用作植物生长调节剂促进茶叶生长[4], 氯酞酸、茅草枯、草芽畏是一类酸性除草剂。目前这3种农药在茶园领域并未获得登记, 实际却有用于促进茶叶生长、除茶园杂草的情况。这些除草剂对人体有一定毒性, 长期接触或误食可能会对人体的神经系统、肝脏、肾脏等造成不同程度的损害[5-6], 同时, 这类除草剂会在周围环境如土壤水等和生物体内累积, 进而对环境生态多样性产生影响[7-8]。因此, 建立有效的方法来监测茶叶中的氯酞酸、茅草枯和草芽畏至关重要。
当前, 国内尚未制定茶叶中氯酞酸、茅草枯和草芽畏的检测标准。3种除草剂由于分子量小, 结构中以苯环为主, 具有沸点较高, 难以气化、碎片离子响应弱等特点, 多研究[9-11]显示, 在前处理时需进行前衍生才能进行检测。目前检测3种除草剂残留的主要方法为先用有机试剂或水相提取后再进行柱前衍生, 结合气相色谱-串联质谱法[12]或液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)[13-14]测定。该类方法虽灵敏度较高, 但操作过程复杂, 衍生时间较长, 衍生化试剂会污染离子源[15], 且衍生试剂毒性较高[16], 对人员健康和环境保护不利。张伟彪等[13]、丁立平[17]曾研究报道到采用非衍生化测定果蔬、谷物中茅草枯, 但仅针对茅草枯或草芽畏等单一目标物, 所用基质相对简单, 易于净化。而茶叶基质复杂, 对3种除草剂的检测存在较大干扰, 目前以茶叶为基质同时测定3种除草剂的检测方法鲜见报道。
为了解决以上问题, 简化前处理步骤, 实现对茶叶复杂基质中3种除草剂的同时测定, 本研究建立了一种快速提取净化, 结合LC-MS/MS用于检测茶叶中氯肽酸、茅草枯、草芽畏残留方法, 该方法无需衍生化、简便高效, 能准确测定茶叶中这3种除草剂含量, 为茶叶质量安全提供有力保障, 促进茶叶贸易发展。
试验样品中茶叶采自四川省茶叶主产区, 包括藏茶、红茶、黄茶、花茶和绿茶。氯肽酸、茅草枯、草芽畏标准品(纯度≥98%, 坛墨质检标准物质中心); 甲醇、甲酸、乙腈、乙酸、二氯甲烷[色谱纯, 赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]; HLB柱(300 mg/3 mL, 美国沃特世科技公司); QuEChERS (Quick、Easy、Cheap、Effective、Rugged、Safe)专用净化管[内含物为5 mg复合多壁碳纳米管(carbon multi-walled carbon nano-tubes, C-MWCNTs)、45 mg中性氧化铝和25 mg C18, 北京科德诺思技术有限公司]; Agilent Zorbax SB-C18柱(50 mm×0.30 mm, 2.1 µm, 美国安捷伦公司); 试验用一级水(Milli-Q型超纯水仪, 德国默克生命科学公司)。
1290-6470型液相色谱串联质谱仪[配电喷雾离子源(electro-spray ionization, ESI)]、Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(50 mm× 0.30 mm, 2.1 µm)(美国安捷伦公司); TP-602型电子天平(精度0.01 mg, 北京赛多利斯仪器系统有限公司); TGL-16型高速冷冻离心机(四川蜀科仪器有限公司); KN-026S型强力多管漩涡混合仪(北京科德诺思技术有限公司); PD500型高速分散匀浆机[普律玛仪器(上海)有限公司]; GD16 Plus型高速研磨仪(深圳新锐科技有限公司); Milli-Q超纯水机(美国默克生命科学公司)。
分别准确称取含各目标物10 mg标准品于10 mL棕色容量瓶中, 用甲醇定容, 转移至棕色标样瓶中, 配制成质量浓度为1 mg/mL的单标准品储备液, 于-20 ℃储存。用以上储备液配制0.01、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.50、1.00、2.00 μg/mL的混合标准曲线。
将干茶叶混合均匀并粉碎。称取2.00 g(精确至0.01 g)茶叶粉样品, 至50 mL具塞离心管中。加入20 mL 1%乙酸水+10 mL二氯甲烷, 涡旋混匀2 min, 6000 r/min, 4 ℃冷冻离心5 min。取1.5 mL上清液于QuEChERS净化管内, 涡旋混匀2 min后以6000 r/min离心5 min。取净化后上清液1 mL过0.22 μm×13 mm聚四氟乙烯微孔滤头于2 mL进样瓶, 待LC-MS/MS分析。
试验前处理过程中比较了提取试剂的提取效率, 分别为: A组(20 mL水+10 mL含1%甲酸的甲醇); B组(20 mL 1%乙酸水+10mL二氯甲烷); C组(10 mL水+20 mL含1%甲酸的乙腈); 比较了提取剂中的酸度对3种药物的影响, 分别在水中加入了1%、2%、3%、4%的乙酸和甲酸; 比较了净化效果, 每组提取溶剂对应2种净化管: HLB和改进的QuEChERS净化管, 取1.5 mL上清液于QuEChERS净化管中, 涡旋混匀, 于6000 r/min下离心5 min; 取上清液过0.22 μm×13 mm尼龙66 (Nylon)滤头, 滤液收集于2 mL进样瓶中, 待LC-MS/MS分析; HLB净化方式为取1.5 mL上清液过HLB柱(下端接微孔滤头, 小柱无需活化), 柱推杆直接下压过0.22 μm滤头, 滤液收集至2 mL进样瓶中, 待LC-MS/MS分析。
(1)色谱条件
色谱柱Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 (50 mm×0.30 mm, 2.1 µm); 进样量为1.0 μL, 柱温为35 ℃, 流速为0.3 mL/min, 流动相: A为甲醇、B为水(含5 mmol/L乙酸铵)。梯度洗脱程序: 0~1.0 min, 20% A; 1.0~6.6 min, 20%~80% A; 6.6~7.0 min, 80%~90% A; 7.0~7.1 min, 90%~98% A; 7.1~11.6 min, 98% A; 11.6~15.0 min, 20% A。
(2)质谱条件
ESI源; 干燥气350 ℃; 干燥气流速10 mL/min; 雾化器压力15 psi; 鞘气300 ℃; 鞘气流速11 mL/min; 毛细管电压4000 V; 动态多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM), 外标法定量。
向茶叶(藏茶)粉中添加低、中、高3水平(0.25、0.50、1.00 mg/kg)混合标准溶液, 按1.3.2进行前处理, 用LC-MS/MS进行检测。计算其回收率和相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD), 从而进行方法正确度、精密度考察。以公式检出限(limit of detection, LOD)=3.3×(SD/k), 定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)=10×(SD/k)[18]计算得到方法LOD和LOQ。基质效应(matrix effect, ME)值的定义为校准曲线斜率与溶剂标准曲线斜率的比值减1, 用以表示空白基质的ME。当|ME|值低于20%时, 认为ME较弱, 可以不予考虑; |ME|为20%~50%时, 表示中等ME; 当|ME|值超过50%时, 意味着样品会显示出强ME[19-20]
利用建立的方法对2023年随机抽取四川多地区的20份藏茶、20份红茶、10份黄茶、10份花茶和40份绿茶共100份样品进行氯酞酸、茅草枯和草芽畏残留检测。
试验测定数据导出后用WPS Excel和SPSS Statistics 27.0.1进行数据统计分析, 用Origin 2022进行图形绘制。
氯酞酸、茅草枯和草芽畏均为氯代酸性农药, 均容易失去一个质子带负电, 所以选择负离子模式进行分析。流动相选择甲醇和含5 mmol/L乙酸铵的水, 甲醇能提高3种除草剂的分离效果, 乙酸铵的加入可以调节流动相的pH和离子强度, 能够使3种除草剂形成稳定的负离子, 且不会在离子源中形成结晶阻塞和污染离子源。
在全扫描模式下选择响应较高的分子离子作为目标物的母离子, 然后对该分子离子进行轰击, 获得二次碎裂的子离子, 选择2个信号强度适宜的子离子组成监测离子对, 在此基础上依次优化各目标物的扫描电压、碰撞能量等质谱参数, 用于后续的定性和定量分析。
氯酞酸在负离子模式下羧基上的氢原子失去形成响应较高的m/z 302.9和m/z 300.9两个同位素分子离子峰, 因此选择m/z 302.9和m/z 300.9为母离子, 在施加碰撞能量后, 两个母离子发生脱一分子羧酸反应, 分别形成m/z 258.9和m/z 256.9两个碎片离子, 而m/z 256.9较m/z 258.9峰响应更高、稳定性更好, 因此试验选择为m/z 302.9~m/z 258.9为氯酞酸的定性离子对, m/z 300.9~m/z 256.9为其定量离子对。茅草枯在负离子模式下失去羧基上氢原子形成m/z 141.0分子离子, 施加碰撞能量后, 失去羧基后得到m/z 96.8碎片离子或脱去一分子氯化氢(HCl)得到m/z 104.8碎片离子, m/z 104.8较m/z 96.8峰响应更高、灵敏度更强, 试验选择m/z 141.0~m/z 96.8为茅草枯的定性离子对, m/z 141.0~m/z 104.8为其定量离子对。草芽畏在负离子模式下羧基上的氢原子失去, 形成响应较高的m/z 224.9和m/z 223.0两个同位素分子离子峰, 在施加碰撞能量后, 两个母离子发生脱一分子羧酸反应, 分别形成m/z 180.9和m/z 179两个碎片离子, 而m/z 179较m/z 180.9峰响应更高、稳定性更好, 因此试验选择为m/z 224.9~m/z 180.9为草芽畏的定性离子对, m/z 223.0~m/z 179为其定量离子对。3种除草剂的扫描电压、碰撞能量见表1, MRM如图1所示。
已有研究表明, 有机酸类除草剂非衍生法常用的提取剂有氢氧化钠[21]、水[22-23]、水与乙腈混合溶液[24]等。因此, 试验对A组(20 mL水+10 mL含1%甲酸的甲醇)、B组(20 mL 1%乙酸水+10 mL二氯甲烷)和C组(10 mL水+ 20 mL含1%甲酸的乙腈)作为提取剂提取茶叶(绿茶)的效果比较。结果显示B组提取剂的效果最佳(图2), 这与林丽敏等[25]研究结论一致, 即用水与二氯甲烷混合溶液作为提取剂可以破乳破酯, 提高提取效率, 较单纯使用水作为提取剂效果更佳。
由于3种除草剂均为有机酸农药, 解离状态下难溶于有机溶剂。有研究发现, 对样品进行酸化处理可以抑制目标化合物的解离, 破坏分析物和基质之间的吸附作用, 从而将样品基质中的目标化合物更好地提取到有机溶剂中, 以此提高回收率[26-27]。黄科等[28]研究比较了不同含量的甲酸作为提取剂, 对蔬菜中酸性除草剂的提取效果, 但未考察其他有机酸的提取效果。本试验参考已有研究中使用有机酸调节酸度提高提取效果的思路; 选择向提取剂中加入甲酸和有机酸, 通过设置不同浓度梯度, 可以系统考察不同酸度条件对3种除草剂提取效果的影响, 从而确定最佳的提取剂酸度, 为优化提取条件提供依据。本试验比较了在水中加入1%、2%、3%、4%甲酸和1%、2%、3%、4%乙酸2种有机酸的提取效果(图3)。结果发现, 在水中添加有机酸后, 茶叶(绿茶)中3种除草剂农药在1%乙酸提取后回收率在80%~120%之间, 回收效果最佳, 因此后续试验选用1%乙酸水加二氯甲烷作为提取剂。
李立等[29]研究发现在酸性除草剂净化中, 混合型阳离子固相萃取(cation exchange column, PCX)柱可有效地对目标物进行回收并可有效地去除基质中脂肪等杂质干扰物, 但当面对复杂基质如茶叶时, 仅使用PCX效果不佳, 还需增加石墨化炭黑固相萃取净化步骤, 以实现对叶绿素和固醇类的有效去除。强阳离子交换固相萃取(strong cation exchange, SCX)柱虽对目标物回收方面表现尚可, 但净化效果欠佳, 在仪器测定中基质干扰严重。鉴于此, 以上2种净化管在本研究中不予考虑。由于3种除草剂在提取时有水相, 传统QuEChERS柱内含无水硫酸镁等除水盐类而不能用于后续净化。郑云华等[30]检测草甘膦类农药时, 采用水相提取, 后续用HLB和改进的QuEChERS对草甘膦类农药的进行净化, 取得了较好的效果。因此, 本试验参考并比较了HLB (300 mg/3 mL)和改进QuEChERS(内含物见1.1) 2种净化管在茶叶(绿茶)中3种除草剂农药的净化效果。结果发现, HLB的净化效果优于改进的QuEChERS, 3种目标物回收率在80%~110%之间(图4)。HLB柱填料为亲水亲脂的反相吸附剂, 由N-乙烯吡咯烷酮和亲脂性二乙烯基苯聚合而成, 是疏水性强且具有良好水浸润性的聚合物吸附剂, 可吸附脂肪、脂溶性杂质, 除色素效果较好[30]。综上所述, 后续试验选择HLB净化柱进行净化。
用储备液配制了0.01、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.50、1.00、2.00 μg/mL茶叶(绿茶)基质混合工作曲线。结果如表2表3所示。结果显示3种除草剂在0.01~2.00 μg/mL范围内, 呈现良好的线性关系, r2均在0.998以上。在0.05、0.25、0.50和1.00 mg/kg 4个添加水平下, 3种除草剂在茶叶空白基质中平均回收率为71.1%~119.2%, 相对标准偏差在3.3%~18.3%之间。
以1.4.1方法计算得到茶叶基质的LOD和LOQ见表3。茶叶中3种除草剂的LOD在0.002~0.009 mg/kg之间, LOQ在0.008~0.029 mg/kg之间。试验收集了3种除草剂在不同国家和地区的限量值信息发现, 目前仅在中国的GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》中, 针对饮料类对这3种除草剂做出了临时限量规定, 限量值设定为0.01 mg/kg, 而在干茶叶中并无限量值, 欧盟[31]仅对茅草枯制定了临时限量值(0.05 mg/kg), 国际食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC)[32]、美国[33]和日本[34]等其他国家地区均未对3种除草剂进行限量设定, 这在监管方面存在较大空白。本研究3种除草剂LOD均较低, 可以满足日常定性、定量检测的实际需求。
以1.3.4方法计算3种化合物在藏茶、绿茶、红茶、花茶、黄茶5种样本中的ME。结果表明(表4): 草芽畏和茅草枯在4种茶叶中呈现弱ME, 在藏茶中呈现中等ME; 氯酞酸的ME在20%~50%之间, 为较强ME, 表现为可接受。有研究指出, 具有极性或者能够形成强烈氢键的酸碱化合物, 特别是包含有特定官能团(如-O-CO-、-NH-CO-、-OH等)的农药, 对ME表现出较高的敏感性[35-36]。因此, 为确保测定结果的准确性, 试验采用基质匹配校准曲线, 外标法定量进行样品的检测。
利用建立的方法对2023年随机抽取四川多地区的20份藏茶、20份红茶、10份黄茶、10份花茶和40份绿茶共100份样品进行氯酞酸、茅草枯和草芽畏残留检测。经检测, 绿茶样品中检出茅草枯2份(含量分别为0.009 mg/kg和0.056 mg/kg), 其中1份为不合格样品, 定性检出草芽畏1份(含量为0.004 mg/kg, 低于LOQ); 红茶样品中定性检出草芽畏1份(含量为0.012 mg/kg, 但超过限量值)为不合格样品; 花茶样品定性检出1份草芽畏(含量为0.012 mg/kg, 超过限量值)为不合格样品; 黄茶样品中定性检出1份草芽畏(含量为0.0099 mg/kg); 藏茶样品中3种除草剂均未检出。由此可知, 茶园中存在使用草芽畏的风险隐患, 氯酞酸和茅草枯使用相对较少, 3种除草剂的潜在危害不容忽视, 应当引起重视并加以管控, 避免其残留对人体造成危害。
本研究建立了一种非衍生化提取, HLB净化结合LC-MS/MS检测茶叶中氯酞酸、茅草枯、草芽畏的方法。样品经20 mL 1%乙酸水+10 mL二氯甲烷提取后, 用HLB柱过滤净化, C18色谱柱分离, LC-MS/MS负离子外标法定量检测。方法具有前处理简单, 无需衍生化, 试剂用量少的显著特点, 既对检测人员健康, 又利于保护环境, 可作为大批量检测茶叶中3种除草剂残留的方法。3类除草剂在GB 2763—2021中, 饮料类新增的检测项目草芽畏、氯酞酸尚无推荐检测标准, 经查阅也无可供参考的检测标准; 而原有检测项目茅草枯的最大残留限量已下调至0.01 mg/kg, 当前推荐的检测标准GB 23200.13—2016《食品安全国家标准 茶叶中448种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定 液相色谱-质谱法》LOQ为0.23 mg/kg, 已不能满足检测要求。本研究建立的3种除草剂LOQ均低于0.03 mg/kg, 茅草枯LOQ为0.01 mg/kg, 能够满足茶叶中3种除草剂的检测要求, 也为建立3种除草剂的检测标准提供一定的技术基础。
将方法应用于100份四川地区市售茶叶检测, 结果表明, 这100份茶叶中共检出茅草枯2次, 以GB 2763—2021中饮料中的临时限量(0.01 mg/kg)判定则超标1次; 而欧盟[31]中茅草枯的临时限量值为0.05 mg/kg, 以此判定则为合格样品。草芽畏共检出4次, 超出限量值3次。建立的方法中, 草芽畏LOQ为0.013 mg/kg, 高于饮料中的临时限量规定(0.01 mg/kg), 其为定性检出。因此, 该方法有待进一步试验优化, 以此降低其LOD和LOQ, 同时应尽快明确茶叶中3种除草剂的准确限量值, 为后续有效判定提供有力的依据。
  • 四川省市场监督管理局科技项目(SCSJS2023009)
  • 四川省农产品质量安全风险监测项目(川农函[2024]98号)
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250206002
  • 接收时间:2025-02-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-06
基金
四川省市场监督管理局科技项目(SCSJS2023009)
四川省农产品质量安全风险监测项目(川农函[2024]98号)
作者信息
    1. 雅安市农产品质量监测检验中心, 雅安 625000
    2. 雅安市质量检验检测院, 雅安 625000
    3. 甘孜藏族自治州农产品质量安全中心, 甘孜 626000

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* 曾艳(1983—), 女, 硕士, 正高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农产品及产地环境质量安全检测和风险评估研究。E-mail:
杨树萍(1978—), 女, 硕士, 高级农艺师, 主要研究方向为农产品及产地环境质量安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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