Article(id=1151437193798103333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250201001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738339200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453619669, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453619669, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453619669, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453619669, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=78, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895322654553086, articleId=1151437193798103333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on in vivo metabolism of sulforaphane and sulforaphene, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sulforaphane and sulforaphene, as 2 kinds of naturally occurring bioactive compounds belonging to the same class of isothiocyanates, are widely distributed in cruciferous plants. They not only exhibit highly similar structural characteristics but also share multiple biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-obesity effects. In recent years, groundbreaking research has been conducted on their metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Initially, the conversion mechanisms of their glucosinolate precursors within plants are elucidated, followed by a systematic investigation of their in vivo metabolic pathways, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties. Moreover, organ and tissue distribution studies have facilitated the construction of their metabolic maps. Notably, while sulforaphane has garnered increasing scientific attention, its structurally similar counterpart, sulforaphene, has yet to attract comparable research interest. Currently, there remains a significant gap in the systematic metabolic studies of isothiocyanate compounds within the domestic academic community, particularly concerning comprehensive reviews on metabolic pathways and key biomarkers. This study integrated cutting-edge international research and systematically delineated the metabolic regulatory networks of sulforaphane and sulforaphene. By providing theoretical support for dietary development and clinical translation, it also proposes innovative research strategies to address the research bottlenecks of sulforaphene, aiming to drive breakthrough advancements in this field.

, correspAuthors=Yi ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan-Yuan SUN, Yi ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895345794527902, articleId=1151437193798103333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=萝卜硫素和莱菔素在体内的代谢研究进展, columnId=1151895323909124661, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

萝卜硫素与莱菔素作为同属异硫氰酸酯类化合物的两种天然生物活性物质, 广泛分布于十字花科植物中。二者不仅具有高度相似的结构特征, 还具有抗癌、抗炎、抗氧化及抗肥胖等多重生物活性。近年研究围绕其代谢调控机制展开突破性探索: 首先揭示了硫代葡萄糖苷前体在植物体内的转化机制, 继而系统阐释了二者的体内代谢途径、生物利用度及药代动力学特性, 并通过组织器官分布研究绘制了其代谢图谱。值得注意的是, 相较于萝卜硫素持续增长的科研关注度, 与其结构相似的莱菔素尚未引发相应的研究热潮。目前国内学术界在异硫氰酸酯类物质的系统性代谢研究方面存在明显空白, 特别是缺乏对代谢通路及其关键标志物的全面综述。本文整合国际前沿成果, 系统梳理了萝卜硫素与莱菔素的代谢调控网络, 不仅为膳食开发与临床转化提供理论支撑, 更针对莱菔素的研究瓶颈提出创新性研究策略, 以期推动该领域的突破性进展。

, correspAuthors=朱毅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 朱毅(1973—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:
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孙源源(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:

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The British Journal of Nutrition, 2008, 99(3) 559-564., articleTitle=Absolute bioavailability and dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behaviour of dietary doses of the chemopreventive isothiocyanate sulforaphane in rat, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167030868381020803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=28, issue=12, pageStart=3171, pageEnd=3179, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[90], rfOrder=90, authorNames=CLARKE JD, HSU A, WILLIAMS DE, journalName=Pharmaceutical Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CLARKE JD, HSU A, WILLIAMS DE, et al. Metabolism and tissue distribution of sulforaphane in Nrf2 knockout and wild-type mice[J]. Pharmaceutical Research, 2011, 28(12): 3171-3179., articleTitle=Metabolism and tissue distribution of sulforaphane in Nrf2 knockout and wild-type mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167030868443935364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=57, issue=12, pageStart=2128, pageEnd=2136, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[91], rfOrder=91, authorNames=LI Y, ZHANG T, LI X, journalName=Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Y, ZHANG T, LI X, et al. Kinetics of sulforaphane in mice after consumption of sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprout preparation[J]. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2013, 57(12): 2128-2136., articleTitle=Kinetics of sulforaphane in mice after consumption of sulforaphane-enriched broccoli sprout preparation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167030868523627141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=70, issue=1, pageStart=347, pageEnd=354, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[92], rfOrder=92, authorNames=RABOT S, NUGON BL, SZYLIT O, journalName=British Journal of Nutrition, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RABOT S, NUGON BL, SZYLIT O. Alterations of the hepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes by a glucosinolate-rich diet in germ-free rats: influence of a pre-induction with phenobarbital[J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 1993, 70(1): 347-354., articleTitle=Alterations of the hepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes by a glucosinolate-rich diet in germ-free rats: influence of a pre-induction with phenobarbital, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167030858713149842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030858721538451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, companyId=1167030858713149842, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030858729927060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, companyId=1167030858713149842, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院, 北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167030860197933489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=General structural formula of GSLs, figureFileSmall=TzkfaUfwr3sPZUKCc1AgWw==, figureFileBig=6YVrmHtzhpaU4ny/jFQ/aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030860273430965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=CN, label=图1, caption=GSLs的一般结构式, figureFileSmall=TzkfaUfwr3sPZUKCc1AgWw==, figureFileBig=6YVrmHtzhpaU4ny/jFQ/aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030860357317049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Possible degradation products and structures of GSLs after enzymolysis, figureFileSmall=qKtmEH7q3ORixIHvwmeuLA==, figureFileBig=AQSSyGuZu48QnuEj8PCdgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030860420231611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=CN, label=图2, caption=GSLs酶解后可能的降解产物及其结构

注: 表硫代指定蛋白(epiothiospecific proteins, EPS); 葡萄糖苷(glucoside, Glu)。

, figureFileSmall=qKtmEH7q3ORixIHvwmeuLA==, figureFileBig=AQSSyGuZu48QnuEj8PCdgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030860504117694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Structural formulas of SFN and SFE, figureFileSmall=OENKzRyQ1eAdGNGHdOK8LQ==, figureFileBig=fvhA/7Impi9lwgQS/IYd3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030860571226560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SFN和SFE的结构式, figureFileSmall=OENKzRyQ1eAdGNGHdOK8LQ==, figureFileBig=fvhA/7Impi9lwgQS/IYd3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030860655112643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Sulfhydryl acid metabolic pathway of SFN, figureFileSmall=IDSwsPP9ms3o6tv6jLkzqQ==, figureFileBig=SqlfmxdvpvYdzt4hW3/uLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030860726415813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SFN巯基酸代谢途径, figureFileSmall=IDSwsPP9ms3o6tv6jLkzqQ==, figureFileBig=SqlfmxdvpvYdzt4hW3/uLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030860827079111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Diagram of metabolism and distribution of sulforaphane and its metabolites in human organs, figureFileSmall=5PSkbcWv8ET2jVKPM8r7Dw==, figureFileBig=MZrth72SIYsPOEJ5Tf8A5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030860910965195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SFN及其代谢物在人体器官中代谢和分布示意图, figureFileSmall=5PSkbcWv8ET2jVKPM8r7Dw==, figureFileBig=MZrth72SIYsPOEJ5Tf8A5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030860986462669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Species, metabolites and distribution of GSLs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 GSLs 代谢产物ITCs R基结构式 分布
脂肪族 屈曲花苷(glucoiberin, GIB) 伊贝林(iberin, IBN) CH3-SO-(CH2)3- 西兰花、卷心菜
萝卜硫苷(glucoraphanin, GRA) SFN CH3-SO-(CH2)4- 西兰花
莱菔硫苷(glucoraphene, GRE) SFE CH3-SO-CH=CH-(CH2)2- 萝卜
葡萄糖芥素(glucoerucin, GER) 芥子碱(erucin, ERN) CH3-S-(CH2)4- 萝卜、辣椒
SIN 烯丙基ITC
(2-propenyl ITC, AITC)
CH2=CH2-CH2- 所有十字花科
吲哚族 葡糖硫芸苔素(glucobrassicin, GBS) 吲哚-3-甲醇
(1H-indol-3-yl methhanol, I3C)
C8H6N-CH2OH 萝卜
4-羟基葡糖芸苔素(4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, 4HGBS) 西兰花、萝卜
新葡萄糖芸苔素(neoglucobrassicin, NGBS) 西兰花、萝卜
), ArticleFig(id=1167030861095514575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GSLs种类、代谢产物和分布情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 GSLs 代谢产物ITCs R基结构式 分布
脂肪族 屈曲花苷(glucoiberin, GIB) 伊贝林(iberin, IBN) CH3-SO-(CH2)3- 西兰花、卷心菜
萝卜硫苷(glucoraphanin, GRA) SFN CH3-SO-(CH2)4- 西兰花
莱菔硫苷(glucoraphene, GRE) SFE CH3-SO-CH=CH-(CH2)2- 萝卜
葡萄糖芥素(glucoerucin, GER) 芥子碱(erucin, ERN) CH3-S-(CH2)4- 萝卜、辣椒
SIN 烯丙基ITC
(2-propenyl ITC, AITC)
CH2=CH2-CH2- 所有十字花科
吲哚族 葡糖硫芸苔素(glucobrassicin, GBS) 吲哚-3-甲醇
(1H-indol-3-yl methhanol, I3C)
C8H6N-CH2OH 萝卜
4-羟基葡糖芸苔素(4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, 4HGBS) 西兰花、萝卜
新葡萄糖芸苔素(neoglucobrassicin, NGBS) 西兰花、萝卜
), ArticleFig(id=1167030861212955091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cultivation of bacteria capable of metabolizing GSLs and their metabolites in vitro

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种中文名称 菌种英文名称 菌株类别 代谢GSLs类别 产物 参考文献
多型拟杆菌 Bacteroides thetaiotomicron 拟杆菌属 SIN、GRA ITCs [67-68]
青春双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium adolescentis 双歧杆菌属 SIN 腈类 [69]
长双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium longum 双歧杆菌属 SIN 腈类 [69]
假梳状双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium psudoctenulatum 双歧杆菌属 SIN 腈类 [69]
酪黄肠球菌CP1 Enterococcus casseliflavus CP1 肠球菌属 GER、GIB、GRA、GTP、SIN、GNT ITCs、腈类 [70-71]
阴沟肠球菌 Enterococcus cloacae 肠球菌属 GRP、GIB 腈类 [72]
大肠杆菌 Escherichia coli 1917 Nissile 大肠杆菌属 GRP、GIB 腈类 [72]
大肠杆菌VL8 Escherichia coli VL8 大肠杆菌属 GER、GIB、GRA、GTP、SIN、GNT ITCs、腈类 [70-71]
敏捷乳杆菌R16 Lactobacillus Agilis R16 乳杆菌属 GER、GNT、GTP、SIN ITCs、腈类 [70-71,73]
植物乳杆菌KW30 Lactobacillus plantarum KW30 乳杆菌属 GRP、GIB 腈类 [72]
乳酸乳球菌KF147 Lactococcus lactis KF147 乳杆菌属 GRP、GIB 腈类 [72]
), ArticleFig(id=1167030861309424085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193798103333, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

体外培养能够代谢GSLs的细菌及其代谢产物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种中文名称 菌种英文名称 菌株类别 代谢GSLs类别 产物 参考文献
多型拟杆菌 Bacteroides thetaiotomicron 拟杆菌属 SIN、GRA ITCs [67-68]
青春双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium adolescentis 双歧杆菌属 SIN 腈类 [69]
长双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium longum 双歧杆菌属 SIN 腈类 [69]
假梳状双歧杆菌 Bifidobacterium psudoctenulatum 双歧杆菌属 SIN 腈类 [69]
酪黄肠球菌CP1 Enterococcus casseliflavus CP1 肠球菌属 GER、GIB、GRA、GTP、SIN、GNT ITCs、腈类 [70-71]
阴沟肠球菌 Enterococcus cloacae 肠球菌属 GRP、GIB 腈类 [72]
大肠杆菌 Escherichia coli 1917 Nissile 大肠杆菌属 GRP、GIB 腈类 [72]
大肠杆菌VL8 Escherichia coli VL8 大肠杆菌属 GER、GIB、GRA、GTP、SIN、GNT ITCs、腈类 [70-71]
敏捷乳杆菌R16 Lactobacillus Agilis R16 乳杆菌属 GER、GNT、GTP、SIN ITCs、腈类 [70-71,73]
植物乳杆菌KW30 Lactobacillus plantarum KW30 乳杆菌属 GRP、GIB 腈类 [72]
乳酸乳球菌KF147 Lactococcus lactis KF147 乳杆菌属 GRP、GIB 腈类 [72]
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萝卜硫素和莱菔素在体内的代谢研究进展
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孙源源 , 朱毅 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(11): 78-87
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(11): 78-87
萝卜硫素和莱菔素在体内的代谢研究进展
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孙源源 , 朱毅*
作者信息
  • 中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院, 北京 100083
  • 孙源源(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 朱毅(1973—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:
Research progress on in vivo metabolism of sulforaphane and sulforaphene
Yuan-Yuan SUN , Yi ZHU*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250201001
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萝卜硫素与莱菔素作为同属异硫氰酸酯类化合物的两种天然生物活性物质, 广泛分布于十字花科植物中。二者不仅具有高度相似的结构特征, 还具有抗癌、抗炎、抗氧化及抗肥胖等多重生物活性。近年研究围绕其代谢调控机制展开突破性探索: 首先揭示了硫代葡萄糖苷前体在植物体内的转化机制, 继而系统阐释了二者的体内代谢途径、生物利用度及药代动力学特性, 并通过组织器官分布研究绘制了其代谢图谱。值得注意的是, 相较于萝卜硫素持续增长的科研关注度, 与其结构相似的莱菔素尚未引发相应的研究热潮。目前国内学术界在异硫氰酸酯类物质的系统性代谢研究方面存在明显空白, 特别是缺乏对代谢通路及其关键标志物的全面综述。本文整合国际前沿成果, 系统梳理了萝卜硫素与莱菔素的代谢调控网络, 不仅为膳食开发与临床转化提供理论支撑, 更针对莱菔素的研究瓶颈提出创新性研究策略, 以期推动该领域的突破性进展。

萝卜硫素  /  莱菔素  /  代谢研究  /  生物利用度  /  药代动力学

Sulforaphane and sulforaphene, as 2 kinds of naturally occurring bioactive compounds belonging to the same class of isothiocyanates, are widely distributed in cruciferous plants. They not only exhibit highly similar structural characteristics but also share multiple biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-obesity effects. In recent years, groundbreaking research has been conducted on their metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Initially, the conversion mechanisms of their glucosinolate precursors within plants are elucidated, followed by a systematic investigation of their in vivo metabolic pathways, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties. Moreover, organ and tissue distribution studies have facilitated the construction of their metabolic maps. Notably, while sulforaphane has garnered increasing scientific attention, its structurally similar counterpart, sulforaphene, has yet to attract comparable research interest. Currently, there remains a significant gap in the systematic metabolic studies of isothiocyanate compounds within the domestic academic community, particularly concerning comprehensive reviews on metabolic pathways and key biomarkers. This study integrated cutting-edge international research and systematically delineated the metabolic regulatory networks of sulforaphane and sulforaphene. By providing theoretical support for dietary development and clinical translation, it also proposes innovative research strategies to address the research bottlenecks of sulforaphene, aiming to drive breakthrough advancements in this field.

sulforaphane  /  sulforaphene  /  metabolism research  /  bioavailability  /  pharmacokinetics
孙源源, 朱毅. 萝卜硫素和莱菔素在体内的代谢研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 78 -87 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250201001
Yuan-Yuan SUN, Yi ZHU. Research progress on in vivo metabolism of sulforaphane and sulforaphene[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 78 -87 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250201001
随着全球健康意识的提升, 膳食干预在慢性病防控中的核心作用已获广泛共识。流行病学研究证实, 提升蔬菜摄入量与糖尿病、心血管疾病及恶性肿瘤等慢性病的风险降低显著相关[1]。十字花科蔬菜作为全球栽培面积最广、消费量最大的蔬菜类群之一[2], 其健康效应尤为突出: 通过抑制氧化应激、激活解毒酶系统、调节免疫功能等多重机制[3-6], 在癌症三级预防中展现出抑制细胞恶变、阻断肿瘤增殖等关键作用[4-6]。其核心生物活性源于特有的硫代葡萄糖苷组分[7], 这类非活性前体物质需经机械破碎后黑芥子酶催化, 或通过肠道菌群水解, 方可转化为具有生物效能的异硫氰酸酯(isothiocyanates, ITCs)衍生物[8]
十字花科植物在生物分类学上主要涵盖芸苔属(Brassica)与萝卜属(Raphanus)两大类群, 前者代表性物种包括西兰花(Brassica oleracea var. italica)、卷心菜(Brassica oleracea var. capitata)等, 后者则以萝卜(Raphanus sativus)为主要栽培种。芸苔属植物中富含的萝卜硫素(sulforaphane, SFN)作为Ⅱ期解毒酶的高效天然诱导剂[9], 在乳腺癌[10]、前列腺癌[11]及结直肠癌[12]等多种恶性肿瘤模型中展现出显著的化学预防效应。其多效性生物活性还涉及神经保护[13-14]、氧化应激调控[15]、病原微生物抑制[16]及脂代谢调节[17]等生理过程。随着SFN的作用机制研究体系日趋完善, 科学界的研究焦点已向其他ITCs类化合物的功能探索延伸。莱菔素(sulforaphene, SFE)作为萝卜属特征性代谢产物, 与SFN呈现甲基末端双键差异的类缘结构, 然而其化学不稳定性导致现有研究相对匮乏。值得注意的是, 初步研究揭示SFE在乳腺癌[18]、肺癌[19]及肝癌[20]等肿瘤模型中表现出较SFN更强的抗癌活性, 这一发现激发了对其构效关系及作用靶点的深入探究。此外, 该化合物还显示出显著的抗炎介质调节[21]、病原菌抑制[22]以及神经退行性疾病干预[23-24]等多维生物效应。
代谢研究通过建立临床表现与内源性化合物间的关联性, 为解析生命活动本质提供科学依据[25]。代谢调节机制的阐明需系统解析生物体从分子、细胞到器官层面的跨尺度代谢网络, 涵盖信号转导通路和代谢流动态平衡等核心要素[2]。针对SFN和SFE的研究, 其代谢转化路径的精准解析不仅是揭示生物活性机制的关键, 更为后续研究提供理论基础。目前, SFN的研究体系已基本建立, 其初级代谢路径及关键代谢产物已明确[26], 研究重心逐渐转向生物利用度优化[27-29]、药代动力学特征解析[30-31]及潜在代谢通路探索[32]; 而SFE代谢研究尚存显著空白, 现有成果多基于理论推导[33], 缺乏实验验证支持, 其代谢产物谱系及功能特性仍未明晰。值得注意的是, SFE较SFN展现出更显著的抗癌活性[18], 这驱动着科学界对其体内代谢过程的研究热潮。分子互转现象的发现[33], SFN与SFE间存在可逆转化可能, 进一步提升了双代谢体系研究的科学价值。但受限于二者化学稳定性不足等特性, 当前研究多集中于国外实验室, 国内针对ITCs类化合物的代谢研究仍处于起步阶段。本文系统综述SFN和SFE在生物体内的代谢动力学特征、转化路径及关键代谢产物, 旨在构建完整的代谢理论模型, 为推进我国ITCs代谢研究提供理论支撑, 同时为全球范围内开展相关生物活性研究确立科学范式。
SFN和SFE都属于ITCs, ITCs并不是天然存在的, 而是由硫代葡萄糖苷转化而来。硫代葡萄糖苷或芥子油苷(glucosinolates, GSLs)是十字花科植物中许多物种的次生代谢物, GSLs是由连接到葡萄糖侧链基团(R)形成的硫代羟亚胺-O-磺酸基阴离子[34], 结构如图1所示, R链由8种氨基酸中的一种衍生而来, 可以是脂肪族(丙氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸或缬氨酸)、芳香族(苯丙氨酸或酪氨酸)或吲哚族(色氨酸)[35]。GSLs的R链修饰至关重要, 因为GSLs降解产物的物理化学特征和生物相关性由R链的结构决定。
鉴于GSLs具有独特的生理功能, 许多研究致力于探索其功能与特定化学结构之间的潜在关联。首次被阐明的GSLs结构是西尼格林(sinigrin, SIN)和白芥子硫苷[36], GSLs于1968年开始使用[37], 到目前为止, 植物中已鉴定出156种GSLs[38], 常见的GSLs种类和在植物中的分布如表1所示。
GSLs储存于植物细胞的液泡中, 而黑芥子酶则特异性地分布于黑芥子细胞内(定位于细胞壁外表面)。当植物组织受损(通常是植物组织被机械破坏时或被咀嚼时)时, 黑芥子酶与GSLs接触并催化其分解, 这一机制构成了植物抵御食草动物和病原体的重要防御系统[39]。分解产物的结构受多种因素影响(如图2所示), 如pH、亚铁离子(Fe2+)的存在以及特定蛋白如EPS的参与。在中性pH下, 倾向于形成具有生物活性的ITCs; 在pH<4, 有EPS或Fe2+存在的情况下, 会生成可能对食草动物有毒或吸引食草动物天敌的腈类物质, 如果侧链上存在末端双键, 则会进一步代谢生成表硫腈; 有些GSLs可以被水解为硫氰酸酯[40-41]
SFN, 化学名称为1-异硫氰酸基-4-甲基亚磺酰基丁烷, 分子式为C6H11S2NO, 分子量为177.29, 前体物质是GRA。SFE, 化学名称为为4-异硫氰酸基-1-甲基亚磺酰基-1-丁烯, 分子式为C6H9S2NO, 分子为175.27, 前体物质是莱菔硫苷(glucoraphenin, GRE)。两者的结构式如图3所示。
在人体摄入十字花科植物如西兰花时, 咀嚼作用导致植物细胞结构被破坏, 促使黑芥子酶与其底物GSLs发生接触, 从而催化生成SFN等ITCs。SFN的体内代谢途径已明确为巯基酸代谢通路, 其转化过程涉及多步酶促反应: 首先在谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase, GST)催化下与谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)结合形成SFN-GSH复合物; 随后经γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-glutamyltransferase, GTP)作用转化为SFN-半胱氨酰甘氨酸(SFN-cysteinylglycine, SFN-CG); 再通过半胱氨酰甘氨酸酶(cysteinylglycine dipeptidase, CGase)水解生成SFN-半胱氨酸(SFN-cysteine, SFN-Cys); 最终在N-乙酰转移酶(N-acetyltransferase, NAT)催化下完成乙酰化反应, 形成代谢终产物SFN-N-乙酰半胱氨酸(SFN-N-acetylcysteine, SFN-NAC)。该级联反应系统揭示了SFN在生物体内的分子转化机制。具体的代谢流程如图4所示。
ITCs在生物体内的巯基酸代谢是其核心代谢通路, 其与GSH的结合效率及其与转运蛋白的相互作用呈现显著的构效关系。研究表明, ITCs分子侧链结构的差异直接调控上述代谢过程的动力学特征[42]。具体而言, 苄基-ITC与GSH的结合反应动力学最为显著, 其反应速率显著高于SFN与GSH的结合过程[42]。该现象提示不同ITCs衍生物的代谢差异性可能源于其分子结构的特异性。
目前, 市面上没有偶联的SFE代谢物, 其代谢通路是否涉及巯基酸途径仍待阐明。结构分析显示, SFE与SFN具有高度同源性, 二者差异仅在于双键构型。值得注意的是, 尽管萝卜中检测到SFN的存在[43], 但其前体硫代葡萄糖苷(GRA)未被检出[33,44], 提示SFN可能源自葡萄糖苷前体(GRE)的生物转化, 或通过SFE的结构修饰形成。若后者转化路径成立, 则SFE可能经巯基酸通路代谢。进一步实验证实, SFE可拮抗苯乙基ITC (phenethyl ITC, PEITC)诱导的细胞内GSH耗竭[45], 间接证实其具备与GSH的结合活性。这一现象提示SFE可能通过巯基酸介导的代谢机制调控细胞氧化还原状态。
SFN在人体内的代谢途径近年来受到广泛关注。当人体食用西兰花等富含GSLs的十字花科植物后, 部分GSLs在口腔中经黑芥子酶水解生成SFN等ITCs, 然而, SFN的主要生成途径是通过烹饪过程中的热分解以及肠道菌群的代谢作用实现的。SFN凭借其低分子量特性, 主要经被动跨膜转运机制穿越肠上皮屏障[46], 吸收后存在3种代谢去向: (1)经膜结合转运蛋白介导的肠腔逆向转运; (2)主动运输入血系统循环; (3)由肠上皮细胞启动巯基酸结合反应[47]
其中, 肠细胞内的巯基酸结合反应是核心代谢通路, 该过程始于GST催化的SFN-GSH复合物形成[48]。后续代谢呈现器官特异性分化: 肝细胞通过GTP催化生成半胱氨酰甘氨酸偶联物(SFN-CG), 并经CGase水解为半胱氨酸偶联物(SFN-Cys); 肾小管上皮细胞则通过NAT将SFN-Cys转化为终产物N-乙酰半胱氨酸偶联物(SFN-NAC), 具体代谢途径如图5所示。这种代谢产物的器官特异性分布构成了SFN多重生物效应的物质基础: 肝实质细胞高效转化SFN的特性与肝解毒功能的分子基础相契合; 肠道驻留的SFN单体可能通过调节NF-κB信号通路发挥免疫调控作用; 脑脊液中检测的SFN-GSH提示其具备血脑屏障穿透能力, 为神经保护机制提供结构依据; 而肾脏特异性生成的SFN-NAC则被证实与尿路上皮细胞周期调控蛋白表达改变密切相关。
当前关于SFE的体内代谢研究存在显著局限性: 其代谢通路尚未完全解析, 且缺乏标准化的代谢物谱系, 导致组织分布研究数据匮乏。值得注意的是, BEANAS等[33]在摄入无硫代葡萄糖苷前体(GRA)萝卜的受试群体尿样中检出SFN及其代谢产物。基于SFE可能参与SFN生物转化的假说, 研究者将SFN代谢谱系(涵盖SFN及其GSH/Cys/N-乙酰化衍生物)纳入SFE的候选生物标志物体系。值得关注的是, 尿液中完整SFE分子的检出具有特异性表征价值, 据此将其确立为萝卜膳食摄入的特征性暴露标志物。
生物利用度是指药物或其他物质进入血液循环后能够被机体吸收并发挥作用的比例。它反映了药物在体内的吸收效率和可利用程度。流行病学研究证实, 十字花科植物的疾病防护效应与其GSLs含量呈现正相关[49], 但核心机制可能源于其代谢产物ITCs的生物活性效应。因此, 研究焦点应集中于定量解析GSLs向ITCs的生物转化效率, 并阐明ITCs在体内的代谢动力学及生物利用度特征, 具有关键研究价值。以SFN及其同系物SFE为例, 其生物利用度是介导疾病防护与抗炎效应的核心决定因子。精准量化二者的生物利用度参数, 不仅可揭示其体内生物效应阈值, 更可为解析其分子靶标互作机制提供代谢动力学依据。该研究方向的突破将推动基于代谢可及性优化的营养干预策略开发。
GSLs在植物的不同生长阶段含量差异显著, 其中幼苗和种子是GSLs的丰富来源, 其含量通常为成熟果实的20~50倍[50]。ITCs并不是天然存在的, 而是由无活性前体物质GSLs转化而来, 故其生物利用度受到多方面因素的影响。
黑芥子酶通过咀嚼或其他破碎植物细胞的活动中从液泡中释放出来, 催化GSLs水解生成ITCs。作为GSLs转化为ITCs的关键酶, 黑芥子酶在烹饪过程中易失活, 从而降低ITCs的生物利用度[27-29,51]。VERMEULEN等[27]研究表明, 与煮熟西兰花的生物利用度3.4%相比, 生食西兰花的血尿SFN生物利用度达到了37%, 约为煮熟的10倍。CONAWAY等[28]研究结果表明, 新鲜西兰花中总体ITCs的生物利用度约为煮熟西兰花的3倍。RUNGAPAMESTRY等[29]研究发现, 食用轻度煮熟的西兰花后, 受试者体内SFN的生物利用度比食用完全煮熟的西兰花高约3倍, 而完整蔬菜或粉末制剂的给药方式对生物利用度的影响作用较小。CLARKE等[51]创新性地使用了一种不含黑芥子酶活性的西兰花补充剂进行研究。结果显示, 与新鲜西兰花相比, 受试者食用西兰花补充剂时SFN和ERN的生物利用度大大降低, 其中新鲜西兰花SFN的生物利用度约为补充剂组的4~5倍, ERN的生物利用度约为补充剂组的7~8倍。这些研究都提示了黑芥子酶活性在代谢SFN等ITCs方面的重要作用。
然而, 有些研究表明, 适当的加热有助于提高ITCs的生物利用度。某些品种西兰花中存在的EPS会促使GSLs转化为腈类。与ITCs相比, 腈类物质不具有生物活性, 从而显著降低了GSLs到ITCs的转化率。然而, 由于EPS和黑芥子酶的热稳定性不同, 通过温和加热(60~70 ℃)可以选择性地灭活EPS, 同时保留黑芥子酶的活性。这种方法能够有效减少腈类物质的生成, 并显著提高ITCs的产量[52]。尽管这一假设还未在体内进行验证, 但其对消费者具有重要指导意义, 表明温和加热可能最大化ITCs的摄入量, 从而提高其生物利用度[53]
个体之间代谢SFN等多种ITCs能力的差异还可能与基因有关, 特别是控制GST合成的基因(主要为GSTP1基因和GSTM1基因), 可能影响到ITCs的代谢[54]。CLARKE等[51]研究表明, 携带GSTP1基因A313G转换杂合子的受试者与具有完整功能GSTP1等位基因纯合子(A313A)的受试者相比, 其ITCs的代谢和清除速率相似。FOWKE等[55]研究也未发现GSTP1基因A313→G多样性与尿液中ITCs浓度和乳腺癌风险之间存在统计学意义的关联, 说明GSTP1基因的等位基因突变对ITCs代谢的影响微乎其微。然而, GSTM1基因多态性对食用西兰花后SFN的在体内的代谢和清除有显著影响。GASPER等[56]研究表明, 携带GSTM1基因的人群吸收的SFN较少, 但其尿液中的SFN-NAC浓度更高, 说明携带GSTM1基因的人群对SFN的转化效率更高, 从而能够从食用西兰花等十字花科植物中获得更大的健康益处。其他研究也证实, 与GSTM1基因阴性者相比, GSTM1基因携带者通过食用西兰花或十字花科蔬菜能够获得更强的癌症保护作用[57-58]
其他影响生物利用度的因素还包括人种、饮食模式等[59]
SFN的GSH偶联物(SFN-GSH、SFN-CG、SFN-Cys、SFN-NAC)主要在尿液中进行清除[60], 其中, SFN-NAC是最主要的代谢标志物, 也是产生各种生物活性如抗癌活性的主要物质, 被视为SFN摄入的生物标志物[46]。根据十字花科蔬菜的不同GSLs/ITCs比率、生食或熟食的食用方式以及肠道微生物群的影响, 其生物利用度值在9%~100%之间波动。在以SFN形式给药后的24 h内, 约70%的SFN及其GSH偶联的衍生物从尿液中排泄, 而以西兰花等植物形式给药后的24 h内, 约10%~20%的GRA以SFN及其衍生物的形式从尿液中排泄[33,54,59,61], 其中SFN-NAC是尿液中发现的主要代谢物(约80%), 其次是SFN-Cys(约11%)、SFN(约7.5%)和SFN-GSH(约0.9%)[33]。对SFE生物利用度研究较少, 然而BAENAS等[33]研究表明, 在以萝卜形式给药后24 h内, GRE以SFE和SFN及其GSH衍生物的形式在体内代谢, 平均代谢率为8%左右。其中, SFE的排泄量较高(约65%), 其次是共轭代谢物: SFN-NAC(约19%)、SFN-Cys(约4%)、SFN(约1.1%)和SFN-GSH(约0.7%)。血浆中各代谢标志物分布情况为: 摄入的40%~45% SFN以单体的形式存在, 并非GSH衍生物[56], 其次是SFN-Cys, 约占30%, 然后是SFN-CG(约18%)、SFN-NAC(约8%)和SFN-GSH(约4%)[56]。据推测, ITCs-GSH偶联物可能在血浆中解离[62], 或被GSTs酶促裂解[63], 释放ITCs单体。然后, ITCs可能与血清白蛋白和其他蛋白质发生反应[64]
水解过程也可能在人体的肠道内发生, 由肠道菌群中的β-葡萄糖苷酶以尚未完全明确的方式介导产生[65]。但是, 微生物代谢GSLs在人体中效率较低且个体差异显著, 代谢利用率为1%~40%[66]。EGNER等[61]的短期随机交叉对照研究表明, 通过人体肠道代谢GRA生成的SFN在尿液中的平均代谢率仅为5%, 显著低于直接给予SFN组的平均代谢率(70%)。CONAWAY等[28]研究发现, 通过人体肠道代谢产生的SFN量仅为黑芥子酶代谢生成的5.3%。FAHEY等[59]对45名志愿者的131次干预结果显示, 24 h内GSLs向ITCs代谢率存在显著个体差异, 范围在1.1%~40.7%之间, 平均代谢率为11.8%, 且超过80% (106/131)的测定值低于中点值(20.9%), 说明GSLs在人体肠道中转化率普遍偏低。特定肠道菌属可能对GSLs的代谢具有促进作用(具体如表2所示), 拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属和乳杆菌属的粪便微生物种群差异被认为与GSLs代谢有关[67,69]。大肠杆菌可以水解GSLs的还原产物, 而不能水解GSLs本身[70], 表明人类肠道微生物组可能有多种机制可以水解GSLs。其中, 乳酸菌菌株LEM220[74]、大肠杆菌菌株EM0[75]和长拟杆菌菌株BV8H1[76]已被证实可以代谢GSLs。乳杆菌KF147能够将30%~33%的GRA和/或GER转化为SFN、ERN和一些未知的代谢物[72]。另一种乳杆菌菌株R16能将SIN转化为AITC[73]。其他肠道菌群, 如粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌和某些肽链球菌也对GRA转化为SFN这一过程具有重要贡献[77]
SFN在生物体内呈现快速清除动力学特征, 口服后消除半衰期为(2.067±0.255) h, 70%~90%的摄入量经代谢转化后通过肾排泄途径清除[30]。药代动力学研究显示, 新鲜西兰花摄入后1.5 h即可达到血浆峰浓度(Cmax)[31,56], 达峰后血浆浓度呈双相消除特征: 3 h衰减至Cmax的50%, 8 h降至10%~15%基线水平, 并在8~24 h维持稳定的低浓度平台期[31]。值得注意的是, 尽管24 h内仍可检测到ITCs类化合物(可能与血浆蛋白结合特性相关[78-79]), 但单次与重复给药间的Cmax无统计学差异, 表明其具有药代动力学稳态特性[31]
排泄动力学分析显示, SFN代谢物的尿液排泄峰出现于摄入后3~6 h, 部分个体存在6~12 h的排泄延迟[27], 12~24 h进入低水平维持阶段[28,80-81]。对比研究发现, 萝卜摄入后SFE的代谢清除更为迅速, 主要排泄窗口集中于前12 h, 提示其可能通过非经典巯基酸代谢通路完成生物转化。长期干预实验证实, 西兰花与萝卜芽苗的重复给药未引发SFN/SFE及其代谢物的每日排泄量差异, 表明二者在体内未呈现代谢蓄积效应[33]。该现象与吲哚类ITCs的非蓄积特性[82]共同印证了ITCs类化合物的快速代谢清除特性, 凸显其作为天然活性分子的安全性优势。
ITCs的结构同源性提示其可能具有生物转化潜能。CLARKE等[51]通过动态监测西兰花摄入后受试者体内SFN与ERN的血浆浓度比变化, 揭示SFN可在吸收后阶段经非微生物依赖型代谢通路转化为ERN, 并进一步提出该转化过程存在个体代谢异质性的假说。这一发现为SFN与SFE的结构互变机制研究提供了重要理论依据, 提示二者可能通过类似的生物转化路径实现相互转化。
研究表明, 在鼠类等其他哺乳动物体内, ITCs也遵循巯基酸代谢途径[83]。BRICKER等[84]的研究表明, 未经处理的西兰花喂食小鼠中GRA到SFN的转化率为23%, 与先前的研究结果一致[85-86], 而60 ℃加热灭活EPS西兰花喂食小鼠GRA到SFN的转化率高达98%。这表明, 通过温和加热新鲜植物的方式, 可以显著提高GSLs向ITCs的转化效率。VEERANKI等[87]的研究将SFN以单剂量或每日一次口服给大鼠, 持续7 d, 研究显示, SFN当量的尿液浓度比血浆高2~4个数量级, 表明SFN主要通过尿液清除。喂食大鼠西兰花芽来探究SFN和SFN-GSH在大鼠血浆中的药代动力学的研究中, 发现大部分SFN迅速代谢为SFN-GSH。其中, 血浆中两种代谢物最大浓度出现在给药后的1.0~1.5 h, 之后快速下降, SFN的浓度在4 h后下降到50%, 并在8~12 h内趋于稳定的较低水平; SFN-GSH在3 h时下降到50%, 同样在8~12 h内趋于稳定的较低水平[88-89]。对小鼠管饲SFN后, SFN及其代谢物2 h达到血液浓度峰值, 并在24 h内消除; 6 h达到尿液浓度峰值, 且24 h后仍能检测到少量SFN及其代谢物[90]。LI等[91]研究在给药后0.5 h观测到了血浆SFN代谢物峰值, 并在2 h观测到了次级峰值, 说明小鼠肠道菌群将GRA转化为SFN大约需要2 h。同时, BRICKER等[84]研究还证明了SFN可以并倾向于向ERN转化, 表明代谢物也可在动物体内实现相互转化。
研究SFN和SFE等ITCs的组织分布, 有助于深入了解这些天然生物活性物质在特定组织中的积累倾向及其发挥多种生物功能的机制。由于伦理限制, 人体实验难以开展此类研究, 因此许多关于ITCs代谢物组织分布的研究主要在鼠类等动物模型中进行。CLARKE等[90]的研究通过小鼠中口服强饲法给药, 分析了不同组织中SFN及其4种代谢衍生物的分布。结果显示, 与血浆、肝脏、结肠和大脑相比, 小肠、前列腺、肾脏和肺中SFN及其代谢物的浓度更高。给药后2 h和6 h, 所有组织中均检测到SFN代谢物, 且除前列腺外, 其他组织中SFN及代谢物的浓度均呈剂量依赖性增加。在肝脏、肾脏、肺、脑和血浆中, 各代谢物最高浓度出现在给药后2 h, 但在小肠、结肠和前列腺中, 最高浓度则出现在给药后6 h。这表明SFN及其代谢物可能在某些组织中积累, 并且血浆峰浓度并不总是与主要癌症(如前列腺癌和结肠癌)的靶组织完全一致。单个代谢物的丰度也因组织而异, SFN-GSH、SFN-Cys和SFN-NAC在大多数组织中的比例最高, SFN-NAC和SFN-GSH分别是前列腺和肺最丰富的代谢产物[90]。BRICKER等[84]研究表明, 小鼠体内的ITCs代谢物倾向于在特定部位积累, 尤其是在膀胱中的浓度约为血浆的13倍。肾脏和肝脏中的浓度仅次于膀胱, 而在血浆、皮肤和肺组织中检测到的浓度较低。LI等[91]研究表明, SFN及其代谢物在小鼠肝脏中浓度最大, 其次是是肾脏和前列腺, 然后是心脏、肺和肌肉等组织。VEERANKI等[87]研究表明, SFN的组织摄取在胃中的组织摄取量最高, 而在下行胃肠道中迅速下降。膀胱中的SFN摄取量仅次于胃。与膀胱和胃相比, 结肠、前列腺及其他器官中的SFN水平显著较低。总体而言, SFN等ITCs及其代谢物在膀胱、肝脏、肾脏中富集, 在其他组织中浓度相对较低, 这与ITCs主要在肝脏和肾脏中代谢并通过尿液排出的代谢特征相一致。
关于鼠类肠道菌群与ITCs代谢的研究相对较少, 但已有报道表明, 与人类类似, 鼠类等动物的肠道微生物也能够分解GSLs, 生成ITCs。RABOT等[92]研究表明, 代谢GSLs需要肠道菌群的存在, 无菌动物无法转化GSLs。一项研究中, 给大鼠口服SIN后, 在大肠中检测到其代谢物, 包括AITC, 其中拟杆菌是主要代谢细菌。值得注意的是, 在人体肠道菌群中也发现了同种拟杆菌属的II8菌株[64]。由于人体中许多肠道菌群难以体外培养, 这为未来在动物模型中定植人类肠道菌群以研究特定菌群在体内代谢GSLs和ITCs提供了新的研究思路。
当前国际学术界对ITCs类化合物SFN及SFE的代谢研究已取得系统性进展, 通过多物种模型系统阐明其在生物体内的代谢网络, 涵盖生物利用度、药代动力学特征及组织分布规律, 特别是不同给药模式对代谢靶向性的调控机制。这些成果为解析其作用靶器官及疾病预防分子机制提供了关键理论支撑。
然而, 该领域仍存在以下核心科学问题亟待突破: (1)研究失衡性: 现有成果聚焦于SFN代谢通路, 而SFE的代谢轨迹、衍生谱系及其组织特异性分布仍未被系统解析; (2)定量研究缺口: SFN及其代谢物的生物利用度动力学参数、跨屏障转运效率等关键药代特征缺乏精准数据; (3)分布机制盲区: 化合物在特定器官的蓄积规律与分子结构、转运载体间的构效关系尚未建立; (4)递送技术瓶颈: 如何通过制剂工程优化提升SFN/SFE的生物可及性仍面临技术挑战。此外, 亟需构建临床级证据链以验证其吸收动力学与疾病预防效能的量效关系, 特别是建立基于人群异质性的剂量-效应关系模型。针对上述问题的深入研究将推动代谢组学与疾病靶点发现的交叉融合, 不仅为精准干预策略提供代谢基础理论, 更为天然活性分子的创新性转化应用开辟新路径。
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250201001
  • 接收时间:2025-02-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-01
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    中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院, 北京 100083

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* 朱毅(1973—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为营养与食品安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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