Article(id=1151437193353982583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241226004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735142400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453619564, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453619564, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453619564, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453619564, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=154, endPage=161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895323464528429, articleId=1151437193353982583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Residue analysis and risk assessment of 5 kinds of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour from various production areas in Guangxi, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 5 kinds of heavy metals [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu)] and harmful elements in longan lour by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and to evaluate the safety of longan lour. Methods Microwave digestion-ICP-MS was used to determine 5 kinds of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour, single factor pollution index method and Nemero comprehensive pollution index method were used for pollution assessment, the health risk assessment was carried out according to 4 steps: Hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Results The 5 kinds of elements had a good linear relationship (r>0.999) within a certain content range, the recovery rates were 97.5%-106.8%, and relative standard deviations were 0.11%-2.52%, indicating that the method was accurate and reliable. According to the heavy metal and harmful element limit standards for medicinal materials and decoction pieces in the Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China (2020 edition), longan lour from one producing region exceeded the Pb limit, with a non-compliance rate of 5%. Safety evaluation studies revealed that samples from 3 producing regions were contaminated with heavy metals and harmful elements to varying degrees, while those from the remaining 17 regions were safe. Health risk assessment studies indicated that Pb and As exposure from longan lour in a small number of producing regions might pose certain non-carcinogenic health risks to humans, warranting attention. Conclusion The model established in this study effectively assesses the health risks of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour, providing reference data for formulating limit standards for heavy metals in longan lour and offering a scientific basis for establishing a safety evaluation system for this medicinal material.

, correspAuthors=Shao-Dong LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing JIANG, Sheng-Bin LIANG, Hong-Zhi JIANG, Liang-Guang SUN, Guo-Yi WU, Shao-Dong LIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895324387275323, articleId=1151437193353982583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=广西各产区龙眼肉中5种重金属及有害元素含量分析及风险评估, columnId=1151895322898297380, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)法同时测定广西不同产区龙眼肉中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu) 5种重金属及有害元素的含量, 并对其安全性进行评价。方法 采用微波消解-ICP-MS法分析测定龙眼肉中5种重金属及有害元素的含量, 污染情况评价采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法, 健康风险评价按照危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估和风险特征描述4个步骤进行评估。结果 5种重金属及有害元素在一定含量范围内具有良好的线性关系(r>0.999), 回收率在97.5%~106.8%, 相对标准偏差为0.11%~2.52%, 表明该方法准确可靠。参照《中华人民共和国药典》(2020年版)中药材和饮片的重金属及有害元素的限量标准, 1个产区龙眼肉药材中的Pb超标, 不合格率为5%; 安全性评价研究表明, 3个产区龙眼肉样品受到不同程度的重金属及有害元素污染, 其余17个产区安全; 健康风险评估研究表明, 少部分产区龙眼肉中的Pb和As暴露会对人体造成一定的非致癌健康风险, 需要引起关注。结论 本研究模型可对龙眼肉药材中的重金属及有害元素健康风险作出有效评估, 为制定龙眼肉中重金属的限量标准提供参考数据, 并为建立龙眼肉安全评价体系提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=梁少东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 梁少东(1982—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向是食品、药品质量与安全。E-mail:
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江静(1989—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品、药品质量与安全。E-mail:

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Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 52(6): 86-94., articleTitle=Pollution and safety assessment of heavy metals in Scutellaria baicalensis and Polygalae radix in Shanxi Province, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167036533166059602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, awardId=Z2023116, language=CN, fundingSource=广西农业科技自筹经费项目(Z2023116), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167036533266722899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, awardId=YKJ2236, language=CN, fundingSource=广西农业职业技术大学科学研究与技术开发项目(YKJ2236), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167036527898013713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167036527906402322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, companyId=1167036527898013713, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Beihai Public Inspection and Testing Center, Beihai 536000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167036528036425753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, companyId=1167036528023842839, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 北海市公共检验检测中心, 北海 536000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167036531823882306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Informations of longan lour

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 产地
S1 广西壮族自治区贵港市
S2 广西壮族自治区来宾市
S3 广西壮族自治区桂林市
S4 广西壮族自治区桂林市
S5 广西壮族自治区宾阳市
S6 广西壮族自治区宾阳市
S7 广西壮族自治区贺州市
S8 广西壮族自治区贺州市
S9 广西壮族自治区玉林市
S10 广西壮族自治区玉林市
S11 广西壮族自治区玉林市
S12 广西壮族自治区南宁市
S13 广西壮族自治区南宁市
S14 广西壮族自治区博白县
S15 广西壮族自治区博白县
S16 广西壮族自治区博白县
S17 广西壮族自治区博白县
S19 广西壮族自治区北海市
S20 广西壮族自治区北海市
), ArticleFig(id=1167036531895185475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

龙眼肉样品信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 产地
S1 广西壮族自治区贵港市
S2 广西壮族自治区来宾市
S3 广西壮族自治区桂林市
S4 广西壮族自治区桂林市
S5 广西壮族自治区宾阳市
S6 广西壮族自治区宾阳市
S7 广西壮族自治区贺州市
S8 广西壮族自治区贺州市
S9 广西壮族自治区玉林市
S10 广西壮族自治区玉林市
S11 广西壮族自治区玉林市
S12 广西壮族自治区南宁市
S13 广西壮族自治区南宁市
S14 广西壮族自治区博白县
S15 广西壮族自治区博白县
S16 广西壮族自治区博白县
S17 广西壮族自治区博白县
S19 广西壮族自治区北海市
S20 广西壮族自治区北海市
), ArticleFig(id=1167036531970682948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Program of microwave digestion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
程序 升温时间/min 消解温度/min 保持时间/min
1 5 130 5
2 5 150 5
3 5 190 25
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532067151941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

微波消解程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
程序 升温时间/min 消解温度/min 保持时间/min
1 5 130 5
2 5 150 5
3 5 190 25
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532134260806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Linear curve equations, correlation coefficients, LODs and LOQs of various elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 回归方程 线性相关系数(r) 线性范围/(ng/mL) LODs/(mg/kg) LOQs/(mg/kg)
Hg Y=13236.7499X+2162.4567 0.9990 0~2 0.0011 0.0039
Cu Y=3384.5440X+8782.2600 1.0000 0~500 0.0045 0.0150
Pb Y=13169.4597X+1265.1667 0.9997 0~20 0.0018 0.0060
Cd Y=738.2745X+8.8900 0.9994 0~20 0.0003 0.0008
As Y=263.0906X+26.6667 1.0000 0~20 0.0010 0.0033
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532222341191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各元素的线性曲线方程、相关系数、LODs与LOQs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 回归方程 线性相关系数(r) 线性范围/(ng/mL) LODs/(mg/kg) LOQs/(mg/kg)
Hg Y=13236.7499X+2162.4567 0.9990 0~2 0.0011 0.0039
Cu Y=3384.5440X+8782.2600 1.0000 0~500 0.0045 0.0150
Pb Y=13169.4597X+1265.1667 0.9997 0~20 0.0018 0.0060
Cd Y=738.2745X+8.8900 0.9994 0~20 0.0003 0.0008
As Y=263.0906X+26.6667 1.0000 0~20 0.0010 0.0033
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532293644360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of spiked recovery tests for various elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 加标量/μg 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
Hg 0.025 106.8 2.52
Cu 5 99.5 1.01
Pb 0.25 99.9 0.11
Cd 0.25 99.2 0.74
As 0.25 97.5 1.01
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532360753225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各元素加标回收试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 加标量/μg 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
Hg 0.025 106.8 2.52
Cu 5 99.5 1.01
Pb 0.25 99.9 0.11
Cd 0.25 99.2 0.74
As 0.25 97.5 1.01
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532419473482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Content of 5 kinds of heavy metals and harmful elements in 20 batches of longan lour (mg/kg, n=3)

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编号 含量 总含量
Cu As Cd Pb Hg
S1 5.7253 0.0096 0.0054 0.0218 - 5.7622
S2 5.4054 0.1834 0.0117 0.1272 - 5.7278
S3 5.3745 0.5861 0.0231 0.6632 0.0012 6.6480
S4 6.3302 0.8153 0.1052 0.4447 - 7.6954
S5 4.9493 1.2380 0.1055 1.2531 - 7.5459
S6 6.3419 0.1111 0.0661 1.8439 - 8.3630
S7 6.1961 0.7029 0.0900 0.3452 - 7.3342
S8 5.1565 0.7096 0.1022 0.3961 - 6.3643
S9 5.6560 0.5433 0.1151 0.3833 - 6.6978
S10 6.4245 0.5093 0.1106 0.9162 - 7.9607
S11 11.0994 1.9834 0.1691 3.5557 - 16.8076
S12 7.0322 0.1682 0.0422 1.3661 - 8.6087
S13 6.1997 0.0571 0.0322 1.8548 - 8.1438
S14 6.1470 0.6176 0.1114 0.4728 - 7.3488
S15 13.5105 1.4905 0.2487 6.7621 - 22.0118
S16 6.1258 0.1835 0.0129 3.1993 0.0040 9.5255
S17 14.2519 1.4912 0.2605 3.5883 - 19.5918
S18 6.7798 0.0572 0.0288 0.9080 - 7.7738
S19 4.8500 1.5526 0.0171 1.0663 - 7.4860
S20 5.5290 0.0603 0.0627 0.1533 0.0033 5.8085
平均值 6.9543 0.6535 0.0860 1.4661 0.0004 9.1603
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532499165259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

20批龙眼肉药材中5种重金属及有害金属元素的含量(mg/kg, n=3)

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编号 含量 总含量
Cu As Cd Pb Hg
S1 5.7253 0.0096 0.0054 0.0218 - 5.7622
S2 5.4054 0.1834 0.0117 0.1272 - 5.7278
S3 5.3745 0.5861 0.0231 0.6632 0.0012 6.6480
S4 6.3302 0.8153 0.1052 0.4447 - 7.6954
S5 4.9493 1.2380 0.1055 1.2531 - 7.5459
S6 6.3419 0.1111 0.0661 1.8439 - 8.3630
S7 6.1961 0.7029 0.0900 0.3452 - 7.3342
S8 5.1565 0.7096 0.1022 0.3961 - 6.3643
S9 5.6560 0.5433 0.1151 0.3833 - 6.6978
S10 6.4245 0.5093 0.1106 0.9162 - 7.9607
S11 11.0994 1.9834 0.1691 3.5557 - 16.8076
S12 7.0322 0.1682 0.0422 1.3661 - 8.6087
S13 6.1997 0.0571 0.0322 1.8548 - 8.1438
S14 6.1470 0.6176 0.1114 0.4728 - 7.3488
S15 13.5105 1.4905 0.2487 6.7621 - 22.0118
S16 6.1258 0.1835 0.0129 3.1993 0.0040 9.5255
S17 14.2519 1.4912 0.2605 3.5883 - 19.5918
S18 6.7798 0.0572 0.0288 0.9080 - 7.7738
S19 4.8500 1.5526 0.0171 1.0663 - 7.4860
S20 5.5290 0.0603 0.0627 0.1533 0.0033 5.8085
平均值 6.9543 0.6535 0.0860 1.4661 0.0004 9.1603
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532591439948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Limits of heavy metal elements of different standards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 重金属限量/(mg/kg)
Cu Cd Hg As Pb 总量
《中国药典》(2020年版) 20 0.3 0.2 2 5 -
ISO 18664:2015 - 2.0 3.0 4.0 10 -
WM/T2—2004 20 0.3 0.2 2 5 20
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532662743117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同标准下各重金属元素限量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准 重金属限量/(mg/kg)
Cu Cd Hg As Pb 总量
《中国药典》(2020年版) 20 0.3 0.2 2 5 -
ISO 18664:2015 - 2.0 3.0 4.0 10 -
WM/T2—2004 20 0.3 0.2 2 5 20
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532742434894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Contamination degree of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 单因子污染指数(Pi) 内梅罗综合污染指数(P) 污染程度
Cu As Cd Pb Hg
S1 0.2863 0.0048 0.0181 0.0044 - 0.2072
S2 0.2703 0.0917 0.0391 0.0254 - 0.2004
S3 0.2687 0.2931 0.0768 0.1326 0.0062 0.2346
S4 0.3165 0.4077 0.3506 0.0889 - 0.3319
S5 0.2475 0.6190 0.3515 0.2506 - 0.4845
S6 0.3171 0.0556 0.2204 0.3688 - 0.2941
S7 0.3098 0.3515 0.3001 0.0690 - 0.2881
S8 0.2578 0.3548 0.3406 0.0792 - 0.2903
S9 0.2828 0.2717 0.3838 0.0767 - 0.307
S10 0.3212 0.2547 0.3687 0.1832 - 0.3056
S11 0.5550 0.9917 0.5637 0.7111 - 0.8068
S12 0.3516 0.0841 0.1407 0.2732 - 0.2761
S13 0.310 0.0286 0.1072 0.3710 - 0.2866
S14 0.3074 0.3088 0.3712 0.0946 - 0.3038
S15 0.6755 0.7453 0.8289 1.3524 - 1.0835
S16 0.3063 0.0917 0.043 0.6399 - 0.4785
S17 0.7126 0.7456 0.8683 0.7177 - 0.7499
S18 0.339 0.0286 0.0961 0.1816 - 0.2565
S19 0.2425 0.7763 0.0571 0.2133 - 0.5784
S20 0.2765 0.0301 0.2089 0.0307 - 0.2111
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532834709583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

龙眼肉药材中重金属及有害元素污染程度

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编号 单因子污染指数(Pi) 内梅罗综合污染指数(P) 污染程度
Cu As Cd Pb Hg
S1 0.2863 0.0048 0.0181 0.0044 - 0.2072
S2 0.2703 0.0917 0.0391 0.0254 - 0.2004
S3 0.2687 0.2931 0.0768 0.1326 0.0062 0.2346
S4 0.3165 0.4077 0.3506 0.0889 - 0.3319
S5 0.2475 0.6190 0.3515 0.2506 - 0.4845
S6 0.3171 0.0556 0.2204 0.3688 - 0.2941
S7 0.3098 0.3515 0.3001 0.0690 - 0.2881
S8 0.2578 0.3548 0.3406 0.0792 - 0.2903
S9 0.2828 0.2717 0.3838 0.0767 - 0.307
S10 0.3212 0.2547 0.3687 0.1832 - 0.3056
S11 0.5550 0.9917 0.5637 0.7111 - 0.8068
S12 0.3516 0.0841 0.1407 0.2732 - 0.2761
S13 0.310 0.0286 0.1072 0.3710 - 0.2866
S14 0.3074 0.3088 0.3712 0.0946 - 0.3038
S15 0.6755 0.7453 0.8289 1.3524 - 1.0835
S16 0.3063 0.0917 0.043 0.6399 - 0.4785
S17 0.7126 0.7456 0.8683 0.7177 - 0.7499
S18 0.339 0.0286 0.0961 0.1816 - 0.2565
S19 0.2425 0.7763 0.0571 0.2133 - 0.5784
S20 0.2765 0.0301 0.2089 0.0307 - 0.2111
), ArticleFig(id=1167036532918595664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Exp, HI and MOE of 5 kinds of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 Exp/(μg/kg) HI MOE
Cu Cd Hg As Pb Cu Cd Hg As Pb
S1 0.4482 0.0004 - 0.0019 0.0017 0.0090 0.0051 - 159.3807 76.2008
S2 0.4231 0.0009 - 0.0359 0.0100 0.0085 0.0110 - 8.3596 13.0534
S3 0.4207 0.0018 0.0002 0.1147 0.0519 0.0084 0.0217 0.0029 2.6154 2.5043
S4 0.4955 0.0082 - 0.1596 0.0348 0.0099 0.0988 - 1.8803 3.7343
S5 0.3874 0.0083 - 0.2423 0.0981 0.0077 0.0991 - 1.2383 1.3253
S6 0.4964 0.0052 - 0.0217 0.1443 0.0099 0.0621 - 13.7970 0.9006
S7 0.4850 0.0070 - 0.1376 0.0270 0.0097 0.0846 - 2.1808 4.8116
S8 0.4036 0.0080 - 0.1389 0.0310 0.0081 0.0960 - 2.1604 4.1931
S9 0.4427 0.0090 - 0.1063 0.0300 0.0089 0.1082 - 2.8214 4.3333
S10 0.5029 0.0087 - 0.0997 0.0717 0.0101 0.1039 - 3.0099 1.8126
S11 0.8688 0.0132 - 0.3881 0.2783 0.0174 0.1589 - 0.7729 0.4671
S12 0.5505 0.0033 - 0.0329 0.1069 0.0110 0.0397 - 9.1161 1.2157
S13 0.4853 0.0025 - 0.0112 0.1452 0.0097 0.0302 - 26.8397 0.8954
S14 0.4812 0.0087 - 0.1209 0.0370 0.0096 0.1046 - 2.4823 3.5127
S15 1.0576 0.0195 - 0.2917 0.5293 0.0212 0.2336 - 1.0285 0.2456
S16 0.4795 0.0010 0.0005 0.0359 0.2504 0.0096 0.0121 0.0094 8.3559 0.5191
S17 1.1156 0.0204 - 0.2918 0.2809 0.0223 0.2447 - 1.0280 0.4628
S18 0.5307 0.0023 - 0.0112 0.0711 0.0106 0.0271 - 26.7926 1.8291
S19 0.3797 0.0013 - 0.3038 0.0835 0.0076 0.0161 - 0.9874 1.5576
S20 0.4328 0.0049 0.0004 0.0118 0.0120 0.0087 0.0589 0.0078 25.4317 10.8359
), ArticleFig(id=1167036533006676049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437193353982583, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

龙眼肉药材中5种重金属及有害元素的Exp、HI和MOE

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编号 Exp/(μg/kg) HI MOE
Cu Cd Hg As Pb Cu Cd Hg As Pb
S1 0.4482 0.0004 - 0.0019 0.0017 0.0090 0.0051 - 159.3807 76.2008
S2 0.4231 0.0009 - 0.0359 0.0100 0.0085 0.0110 - 8.3596 13.0534
S3 0.4207 0.0018 0.0002 0.1147 0.0519 0.0084 0.0217 0.0029 2.6154 2.5043
S4 0.4955 0.0082 - 0.1596 0.0348 0.0099 0.0988 - 1.8803 3.7343
S5 0.3874 0.0083 - 0.2423 0.0981 0.0077 0.0991 - 1.2383 1.3253
S6 0.4964 0.0052 - 0.0217 0.1443 0.0099 0.0621 - 13.7970 0.9006
S7 0.4850 0.0070 - 0.1376 0.0270 0.0097 0.0846 - 2.1808 4.8116
S8 0.4036 0.0080 - 0.1389 0.0310 0.0081 0.0960 - 2.1604 4.1931
S9 0.4427 0.0090 - 0.1063 0.0300 0.0089 0.1082 - 2.8214 4.3333
S10 0.5029 0.0087 - 0.0997 0.0717 0.0101 0.1039 - 3.0099 1.8126
S11 0.8688 0.0132 - 0.3881 0.2783 0.0174 0.1589 - 0.7729 0.4671
S12 0.5505 0.0033 - 0.0329 0.1069 0.0110 0.0397 - 9.1161 1.2157
S13 0.4853 0.0025 - 0.0112 0.1452 0.0097 0.0302 - 26.8397 0.8954
S14 0.4812 0.0087 - 0.1209 0.0370 0.0096 0.1046 - 2.4823 3.5127
S15 1.0576 0.0195 - 0.2917 0.5293 0.0212 0.2336 - 1.0285 0.2456
S16 0.4795 0.0010 0.0005 0.0359 0.2504 0.0096 0.0121 0.0094 8.3559 0.5191
S17 1.1156 0.0204 - 0.2918 0.2809 0.0223 0.2447 - 1.0280 0.4628
S18 0.5307 0.0023 - 0.0112 0.0711 0.0106 0.0271 - 26.7926 1.8291
S19 0.3797 0.0013 - 0.3038 0.0835 0.0076 0.0161 - 0.9874 1.5576
S20 0.4328 0.0049 0.0004 0.0118 0.0120 0.0087 0.0589 0.0078 25.4317 10.8359
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广西各产区龙眼肉中5种重金属及有害元素含量分析及风险评估
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江静 1 , 梁盛斌 2 , 蒋红芝 1 , 孙良广 1 , 伍国怡 3 , 梁少东 3, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(11): 154-161
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(11): 154-161
广西各产区龙眼肉中5种重金属及有害元素含量分析及风险评估
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江静1 , 梁盛斌2, 蒋红芝1, 孙良广1, 伍国怡3, 梁少东3, *
作者信息
  • 1. 广西农业职业技术大学食品药品工程学院, 南宁 530007
  • 2. 北海市供水有限责任公司, 北海 536000
  • 3. 北海市公共检验检测中心, 北海 536000
  • 江静(1989—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品、药品质量与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 梁少东(1982—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向是食品、药品质量与安全。E-mail:
Residue analysis and risk assessment of 5 kinds of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour from various production areas in Guangxi
Jing JIANG1 , Sheng-Bin LIANG2, Hong-Zhi JIANG1, Liang-Guang SUN1, Guo-Yi WU3, Shao-Dong LIANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guangxi Vocational University of Agriculture, Nanning 530007, China
  • 2. Beihai Tap Water Limited Liability Company, Beihai 536000, China
  • 3. Beihai Public Inspection and Testing Center, Beihai 536000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241226004
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目的 建立电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)法同时测定广西不同产区龙眼肉中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu) 5种重金属及有害元素的含量, 并对其安全性进行评价。方法 采用微波消解-ICP-MS法分析测定龙眼肉中5种重金属及有害元素的含量, 污染情况评价采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法, 健康风险评价按照危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估和风险特征描述4个步骤进行评估。结果 5种重金属及有害元素在一定含量范围内具有良好的线性关系(r>0.999), 回收率在97.5%~106.8%, 相对标准偏差为0.11%~2.52%, 表明该方法准确可靠。参照《中华人民共和国药典》(2020年版)中药材和饮片的重金属及有害元素的限量标准, 1个产区龙眼肉药材中的Pb超标, 不合格率为5%; 安全性评价研究表明, 3个产区龙眼肉样品受到不同程度的重金属及有害元素污染, 其余17个产区安全; 健康风险评估研究表明, 少部分产区龙眼肉中的Pb和As暴露会对人体造成一定的非致癌健康风险, 需要引起关注。结论 本研究模型可对龙眼肉药材中的重金属及有害元素健康风险作出有效评估, 为制定龙眼肉中重金属的限量标准提供参考数据, 并为建立龙眼肉安全评价体系提供科学依据。

龙眼肉  /  风险评估  /  重金属及有害元素  /  安全性  /  电感耦合等离子体质谱法

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 5 kinds of heavy metals [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu)] and harmful elements in longan lour by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and to evaluate the safety of longan lour. Methods Microwave digestion-ICP-MS was used to determine 5 kinds of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour, single factor pollution index method and Nemero comprehensive pollution index method were used for pollution assessment, the health risk assessment was carried out according to 4 steps: Hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Results The 5 kinds of elements had a good linear relationship (r>0.999) within a certain content range, the recovery rates were 97.5%-106.8%, and relative standard deviations were 0.11%-2.52%, indicating that the method was accurate and reliable. According to the heavy metal and harmful element limit standards for medicinal materials and decoction pieces in the Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples Republic of China (2020 edition), longan lour from one producing region exceeded the Pb limit, with a non-compliance rate of 5%. Safety evaluation studies revealed that samples from 3 producing regions were contaminated with heavy metals and harmful elements to varying degrees, while those from the remaining 17 regions were safe. Health risk assessment studies indicated that Pb and As exposure from longan lour in a small number of producing regions might pose certain non-carcinogenic health risks to humans, warranting attention. Conclusion The model established in this study effectively assesses the health risks of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour, providing reference data for formulating limit standards for heavy metals in longan lour and offering a scientific basis for establishing a safety evaluation system for this medicinal material.

longan lour  /  risk assessment  /  heavy metals and harmful elements  /  safety  /  inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
江静, 梁盛斌, 蒋红芝, 孙良广, 伍国怡, 梁少东. 广西各产区龙眼肉中5种重金属及有害元素含量分析及风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 154 -161 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241226004
Jing JIANG, Sheng-Bin LIANG, Hong-Zhi JIANG, Liang-Guang SUN, Guo-Yi WU, Shao-Dong LIANG. Residue analysis and risk assessment of 5 kinds of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour from various production areas in Guangxi[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 154 -161 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241226004
龙眼肉, 俗名“桂圆”, 始载于《神农百草经》[1-2], 是无患子科植物龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)的假种皮[3]。我国龙眼主要产于海南、广东、广西、福建、四川和云南等地区[4]。现代医学研究表明, 龙眼肉药材中含有糖类、氨基酸及微量元素等化学成分, 具有抗氧化应激、抗菌、抗衰老、抗肿瘤、影响内分泌和增强免疫等药理作用[5]
近年来, 随着中医药在世界范围的广泛应用, 中药材安全问题也引起了全球的重点关注, 外源性污染[6], 尤其重金属[7-10]污染和农药残留[11-15], 是目前制约我国中药材进入国际市场最主要的风险因素, 严重影响了我国中药材的发展[16-17]
龙眼肉是多年生药用植物, 随着生态环境的污染以及加工炮制环节缺乏有效监管, 其中重金属污染的风险也逐渐增大。目前, 不少学者对龙眼肉的化学成分、药理作用、真菌毒素等方面做了深入研究[18-21], 然而对龙眼肉中重金属及有害元素含量的研究则较少。因此, 本研究拟采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)分析龙眼肉药材中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu) 5种重金属及有害元素的含量, 并通过计算内梅罗综合污染指数评价其安全性, 结合暴露限值(margin of exposure, MOE)法和危害指数(hazard index, HI)法评价其健康风险, 为龙眼肉药材安全限量的制定、质量控制提供科学依据, 以期促进中药产业的健康、可持续发展。
20份样品采集于广西贵港、玉林、博白、南宁、桂林、来宾、北海等地, 经蒋红芝教授鉴定为无患子科植物龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)的假种皮, 详细见表1。样品置于4 ℃保存备用。
ICP-MS Internal Std内标溶液(批号54-124CRY2, 100 μg/mL, 美国Agilent公司); Cu元素标准溶液(批号19041)、Hg元素标准溶液(批号21073)(1000 μg/mL, 中国计量科学研究院); 多元素标准溶液(Pb、As、Cd)(唯一性标识23D20401, 质量浓度1000 μg/mL, 国家有色金属及电子材料分析测试中心); 硝酸(优级纯, 美国MERCK公司); 水为娃哈哈纯净水。
MS 204型十万之一电子天平(瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司); G1879B冷水循环机、Agilent ICP-MS 7700X型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(美国Agilent公司); BHW赶酸仪(上海博通化学科技有限公司); MARS6微波消解仪(美国CEM公司)。
分别精密量取上述标准溶液适量, 用2%硝酸溶液稀释制成含汞和铜的质量浓度分别为0.1 μg/mL和10 μg/mL, 含Pb、Cd、As的质量浓度为1 μg/mL的混合标准贮备液。
精密量取上述混合标准储备溶液适量, 用2%硝酸溶液稀释制成含Hg的质量浓度为0、0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0 ng/mL, 含铜的质量浓度为0、50、100、200、500 ng/mL, 含Pb、Cd、As的质量浓度为0、1、5、10、20 ng/mL的系列浓度混合溶液。
精密量取锗(Ge)、铟(Im)、铋(Bi)混合内标溶液适量, 用2%硝酸溶液稀释制成质量浓度为0.5 μg/mL的内标溶液。
采样深度: 62 mm; 雾化室温度: 2 ℃; 萃取电压: -142 V; 积分时间: 0.3 s; 重复次数: 3次; 射频功率: 1400 W; 调谐模式: He模式。离子透镜1、2和3分别为2.2、-23和-173.5 V; 等离子体气体、辅助气体、载气、稀释气体流速分别为15、1、1和1 L/min。
本研究采用微波消解仪进行消解, 微波消解仪条件见表2
精密称取样品0.5 g置于消解罐中, 加入7 mL硝酸, 加盖浸泡过夜后, 置于微波消解仪中消解, 消解条件见表2。稍冷后取出, 待消解液冷却至室温, 用纯化水冲洗内盖, 合并冲洗液。用赶酸仪将消解罐进行赶酸至罐内溶液至1~2 mL。将消化液转移至25 mL容量瓶中, 洗涤内罐, 合并洗涤液, 用纯化水定容至刻度, 摇匀备用。同法制备空白溶液。
参照头花蓼[22]、37种植物类药材[23]和7种药用植物[24]中重金属污染评价的方法, 本研究拟采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对样品中的重金属及有害金属污染程度及综合污染程度进行评价[25-26]。单因子污染指数法可以衡量某种重金属因子的污染程度, 内梅罗综合污染指数法可以评价重金属综合污染程度, 是当前进行污染评价最常用的方法。
单因子污染指数计算如公式(1):
${{p}_{i}}=\frac{{{C}_{i}}}{{{S}_{i}}}$
式中: pi为药材中重金属i的单因子污染指数; Ci为药材中重金属i的含量, mg/kg; Si为重金属i的标准限值, mg/kg。Si参照《中国药典》(2020年版)限度值。
采用单因子污染指数评价某种金属的污染情况, 若单因子污染指数大于1, 即为污染。
内梅罗综合指数计算如公式(2):
$P_{\text {综 }}=\sqrt{\frac{\left(P_{\text {mean }}\right)^{2}+\left(P_{i \max }\right)^{2}}{2}}$
式中: P为药材中重金属综合污染指数; Pmax为药材中单项重金属单因子污染指数中最大值; Pmean为药材中各项重金属单因子污染指数的平均值。
根据综合污染指数对重金属污染进行评价, 并对重金属污染情况划分等级, 污染程度分级标准: P≤0.7, 安全(Ⅰ); 0.70<P≤1.00, 警戒线(Ⅱ); 1.00<P≤2.00, 轻度污染(Ⅲ); 2.00<P≤3.00, 中度污染(Ⅳ); P>3.00, 重度污染(Ⅴ)。P越大, 受污染程度越重。
中药中外源性有害残留物的风险评估需符合中药使用、“医疗价值-残留物风险”等特点。本研究按照中药中外源性有害残留物安全风险评估的基本程序: 危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估和风险特征描述, 对龙眼肉药材中5种重金属及有害元素对人体的健康风险进行评估。
世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构公布的致癌物清单将As和Cd列为1类致癌物、Pb为2B类致癌物、Hg为3类致癌[27], 摄入过量的Cu也会对人体健康造成危害[28], 如损伤DNA[29]
Cd、Cu、Hg的健康指导值(health-based guidance values, HBGV)参照2010年第73次联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织下的食品添加剂联合专家委员会会议世界卫生组织推荐经口摄入参考剂量。Cd的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable monthly intake, PTMI)值为25 μg/kg; Cu的每日最大容许摄入量(provisional maximum theoretical daily intake, PMTDI)值为500 μg/kg; Hg的暂定每周耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable weekly intake, PTWI)值为4 μg/kg[30-31]。Pb的PTWI值和As的PTWI值在2010年被世界卫生组织取消, Pb、As的HBGV参照世界卫生组织提出的毒理效应终点, 确定Pb、As的HBGV分别为1.3 μg/kg和3.0 μg/kg[32]
以日暴露量(daily exposure, Exp)对龙眼肉药材中5种重金属及有害元素进行暴露评估。
日暴露值计算如公式(3):
$\text{Exp}=\frac{\text{EF}\times \text{Ed}\times \text{IR}\times C\times t}{\text{AT}\times W}$
式中: EF为暴露频率(exposure frequency), 以90 d/每年计; Ed为暴露年限(exposure duration), 以20年计; IR为日摄入量(ingestion rate), IR的P95分位值为500 g; C为样品中重金属及有害元素的测定值, mg/kg; t为经过煎煮等方式提取后重金属及有害元素的转移率(transfer rate), Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cu的t值分别为14%、14%、35%、24%、14%; AT为平均寿命天数(averaging time), 取人类平均寿命70年, 以25550 d计; W为人体质量(weight), 以63 kg计[23,25]
参照左甜甜等[25]建立的风险特征描述方法, 采用HI法对已确立健康指导值的重金属及有害元素(Cd、Cu、Hg)进行风险特征描述; 采用MOE法对尚未确立健康指导值的重金属及有害元素(Pb、As)进行风险特征描述。
危害指数计算如公式(4):
$\text{HI}=\frac{\text{Exp}\times \text{10}}{\text{HBGV}}$
暴露限值计算如公式(5):
$\text{MOE=}\frac{\text{BMDL}}{\text{Exp}\times \text{10}}$
式中: Exp为日暴露量, μg/kg; 10为安全因子; HBGV为重金属及有害元素的健康指导值, μg/kg。Cd、Hg的HBGV=PTWI/7; Cu的HBGV=PMTDI。BMDL为重金属及有害元素的基准剂量下限值(benchmark dose lower), μg/kg[25]
若HI≤1或MOE>1, 重金属及有害元素的健康风险较低, 可以忽视; 若HI>1或MOE≤1, 重金属及有害元素的健康风险较高, 不可忽视。
检测结果采用Excel 2016软件进行统计分析。
本研究在仪器自动调谐后进行分析, 采用内标法进行定量分析, 各待测元素在相应浓度范围内线性良好, 其相关系数均大于0.999。取空白溶液连续进样11次, 以3倍信噪比(S/N)时对应的浓度为仪器检出限(limit of detection, LOD); 以10倍信噪比(S/N)时对应的浓度为仪器定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)。在样品中加入含量为5 μg的Cu标准品、0.25 μg的Pb、Cd、As标准品和0.025 μg的Hg标准品进行基质加标回收, 平均回收率为97.5%~106.8%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSDs)小于2.52%, 表明方法的测定结果准确可靠, 结果见表3表4
本研究采集了广西不同产区(贵港、来宾、桂林、宾阳、玉林、南宁、博白、北海)的20份样品, 并对其重金属的含量进行检测, 每份样品平行测定3次, 结果见表5。由表5可知, 龙眼肉药材中Cu含量最高, Pb次之, Hg基本未检出。Cu、Pb、As、Cd、Hg 5种重金属质量分数分别为4.8500~14.2519、0.0218~6.7621、0.0096~1.9834、0.0054~0.2605、0.0000~0.0040 mg/kg。根据《中国药典》(2020年版)、WM/T2—2004《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》、ISO 18664:2015《中草药重金属限量国际标准》中重金属限度规定, 除1个样品的Pb含量超标, 其余19个样品中5种重金属及有害元素的含量均在规定范围内, 各标准限量规定见表6
单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数通过样品中重金属含量及限量标准计算而得。药材中重金属限量标准参照《中国药典》(2020年版)中相关规定。结果见表7。本研究样品中单项重金属及有害金属污染程度结果为: 博白产区龙眼肉样品S15的Pb的Pi为1.3524, 表明该产区存在Pb污染; 其余样品的Cu、Hg、Pb、As、Cd的Pi均≤1, 表明其他产区受到重金属污染程度较低。内梅罗综合污染指数计算结果显示: 玉林产区龙眼肉样品S11和博白产区龙眼肉样品S17的P分别为0.8068、0.7499, 达到警戒线水平; 博白产区龙眼肉样品S15的P为1.0835, 存在轻度污染; 其他产区的P小于0.7, 为安全等级。综合污染程度结果表明大部分产区样品的重金属污染水平符合要求, 不会对人体健康造成威胁, 而博白和玉林产区存在一定程度的重金属污染。重金属污染主要来源于土壤污染、工业“三废”污染、农药肥料污染以及中药材储存和加工过程污染[33]。如长期不合理使用化肥、农药, 或者工业“三废”的不合理排放, 都会导致土壤中重金属超标, 从而增加龙眼肉重金属污染风险。此外, 在龙眼肉储存和加工、运输过程中, 如设备清洁不够彻底或者违规添加含重金属的添加剂, 也会增加重金属污染的风险。
本研究拟采用符合我国中药使用特点的重金属健康风险评估模型, 该模型结合权威机构发布的健康指导值、样品含量、Ed等因子对样品中重金属的健康风险进行评价。本研究的样品中Cd、Cu、Hg的HI的平均值由高到低依次为0.0808、0.0109、0.0010, Pb、As的MOE的平均值分别为6.7205和15.0139, 对HI和MOE值贡献最高的分别为Cd和Pb, 是主要风险因素。6个产区样品中的Pb和2个产区样品中的As的暴露限值MOE<1, 表明相应产区样品中的Pb、As会对人体健康造成一定危害, 应引起重点关注。大部分产区样品中的Cd、Cu、Hg的HI小于1, Pb、As的MOE大于1, 表明大部分产区样品中的重金属的健康风险较低, 可以忽略。结果见表8
龙眼肉药材是《广西“十四五”中药材种植业高质量发展专项规划(2021—2025年)》重点发展的名贵道地药材之一, 同时也是广西中医药局公示的“桂十味”道地药材及区域特色药材品种。为探讨广西龙眼肉药材中重金属的污染状况, 本研究以不同产区的20份龙眼肉作为样本, 采用ICP-MS分析龙眼肉中的5种重金属及有害元素的含量。结果表明, 不同产区龙眼肉中重金属元素含量各有差异, 除1个产区的龙眼肉中的Pb超标外, 其余产区的龙眼肉均符合《中国药典》(2020年版)及WM/T2—2004《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》中药材重金属限量的规定。
不同产区的龙眼肉中As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Hg 5种重金属及有害元素的Pi小于0.7的占比分别80%、85%、90%、95%、100%, P小于0.7的占比为85%, Pb和As的MOE值大于1的占比分别为70%和90%, 表明大部分地区龙眼肉中的重金属不会对人体健康造成威胁, 但是少部分产区龙眼肉受到轻度到中重金属污染, 会对人体健康造成一定影响。中药材的种植过程和生长环境是其受重金属污染的主要来源[34]。建议龙眼种植基地应远离重工业污染区, 避免水土污染导致的重金属富集; 在种植过程中, 科学合理规范使用农药, 严禁滥用农药[35]; 加大中药材种植技术研究投入, 以科技创新助推中药材产业提质增效, 开展中药材种植技术培训。
本研究建立龙眼肉药材中Cu、As、Cd、Hg、Pb 5种有害重金属的微波消解-ICP-MS联合测定方法, 并进行健康风险评估, 为精准防治重金属污染问题提供了参考价值, 也对中药材重金属安全限度标准的制定、药材质量体系的建立和中药材入药安全性的提高具有重要意义。
  • 广西农业科技自筹经费项目(Z2023116)
  • 广西农业职业技术大学科学研究与技术开发项目(YKJ2236)
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241226004
  • 接收时间:2024-12-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-26
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广西农业科技自筹经费项目(Z2023116)
广西农业职业技术大学科学研究与技术开发项目(YKJ2236)
作者信息
    1. 广西农业职业技术大学食品药品工程学院, 南宁 530007
    2. 北海市供水有限责任公司, 北海 536000
    3. 北海市公共检验检测中心, 北海 536000

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* 梁少东(1982—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向是食品、药品质量与安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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