Article(id=1151437191630123634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250124001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737648000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453619152, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453619152, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453619152, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453619152, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=257, endPage=265, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895324815094333, articleId=1151437191630123634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of exogenous additives on the content of higher alcohols in Fructus Mori. wine, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of exogenous additives on the content of higher alcohols in Fructus Mori. wine. Methods This study systematically added 9 kinds of single factor experimental components from 3 major categories to the Fructus Mori. fermentation substrate, including enzyme preparations such as pectinase, cellulase and saccharifying enzyme; assimilating nitrogen sources: Diammonium dihydrogen phosphate, glutamic acid and arginine; metal ions: Calcium chloride, potassium chloride and magnesium chloride. Based on the Box-Benhnken central combination design principle, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the process of adding exogenous additives to reduce the total higher alcohol content in Fructus Mori. wine. Results The optimal exogenous additives and their amounts were: Cellulase 0.22 g/L, magnesium chloride 21.30 mg/L, potassium chloride 26.00 mg/L. Under these conditions, the total content of higher alcohols was 302 mg/L. Compared with the fermentation without adding exogenous additives, the total content of higher alcohols under these conditions was significantly reduced by 8.76%. Conclusion This study optimizes the process of adding exogenous additives to fermented Fructus Mori. wine, which can provide a theoretical basis for solving the problem of high content of advanced alcohols in Fructus Mori. wine that are prone to overgrowth.

, correspAuthors=Ya CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei-Jia LIAN, Wei LIU, Jing LEI, Chen HAN, Jia-Pa-Er AYIJIAMALI, Hong-Mei GUO, Ya CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895357539054479, articleId=1151437191630123634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=外源添加物对桑椹酒高级醇含量的影响研究, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究外源添加物质对桑椹酒高级醇含量的影响。方法 本研究在桑椹发酵基质中系统添加了3大类共9种单因素实验组分, 包括: 酶制剂类: 果胶酶、纤维素酶、糖化酶; 同化氮源类: 磷酸氢二铵、谷氨酸、精氨酸; 金属离子类: 氯化钙、氯化钾、氯化镁。基于Box-Benhnken中心组合设计原理, 采用响应面法优化桑椹酒添加外源物降低总高级醇含量工艺。结果 最佳外源添加物及添加量是: 纤维素酶0.22 g/L, 氯化镁21.30 mg/L, 氯化钾26.00 mg/L, 在此条件下总高级醇含量为302 mg/L, 与未添加外源物质进行发酵的情况相比, 此条件下的总高级醇的含量显著降低了8.76%。结论 本研究优化了发酵桑椹酒外源物添加工艺, 可为解决桑椹酒高级醇含量高易上头问题提供一定的理论依据。

, correspAuthors=陈雅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈雅(1987—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品加工。E-mail:
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廉苇佳(1991—), 女, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

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注: 不同字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 图2~9同。

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Factors and levels of response surface test

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水平 因子
纤维素酶添加量
/(g/L)
MgCl2添加量
/(mg/L)
KCl添加量
/(mg/L)
-1 0.10 10 10
0 0.20 20 20
1 0.30 30 30
), ArticleFig(id=1167036664011563336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191630123634, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面实验因素与水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 因子
纤维素酶添加量
/(g/L)
MgCl2添加量
/(mg/L)
KCl添加量
/(mg/L)
-1 0.10 10 10
0 0.20 20 20
1 0.30 30 30
), ArticleFig(id=1167036664070283593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191630123634, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design and results of response surface test

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实验号 A(纤维素
酶添加量)
/(g/L)
B (MgCl2
添加量)
/(mg/L)
C (KCl
添加量) /(mg/L)
Y(总高级
醇含量)
/(mg/L)
1 0.3 20 30 318
2 0.1 10 20 315
3 0.1 30 20 316
4 0.3 30 20 319
5 0.3 10 20 317
6 0.1 20 30 307
7 0.2 30 10 316
8 0.3 20 10 316
9 0.2 10 30 310
10 0.2 20 20 296
11 0.2 20 20 300
12 0.2 10 10 304
13 0.2 20 20 298
14 0.2 20 20 298
15 0.2 30 30 309
16 0.1 20 10 313
17 0.2 20 20 296
), ArticleFig(id=1167036664133198154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191630123634, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面实验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号 A(纤维素
酶添加量)
/(g/L)
B (MgCl2
添加量)
/(mg/L)
C (KCl
添加量) /(mg/L)
Y(总高级
醇含量)
/(mg/L)
1 0.3 20 30 318
2 0.1 10 20 315
3 0.1 30 20 316
4 0.3 30 20 319
5 0.3 10 20 317
6 0.1 20 30 307
7 0.2 30 10 316
8 0.3 20 10 316
9 0.2 10 30 310
10 0.2 20 20 296
11 0.2 20 20 300
12 0.2 10 10 304
13 0.2 20 20 298
14 0.2 20 20 298
15 0.2 30 30 309
16 0.1 20 10 313
17 0.2 20 20 296
), ArticleFig(id=1167036664217084235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191630123634, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of variance analysis and significance test of the response surface regression model for the total content of higher alcohols

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差
来源
平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 1103.08 9 122.56 28.18 0.0001 **
A 45.13 1 45.13 10.37 0.0146 *
B 24.50 1 24.50 5.63 0.0494 *
C 3.13 1 3.13 0.72 0.4247
AB 0.25 1 0.25 0.06 0.8174
AC 16.00 1 16.00 3.68 0.0966
BC 42.25 1 42.25 9.71 0.0169 *
A2 552.01 1 552.01 126.90 <0.0001 **
B2 249.64 1 249.64 57.39 0.0001 **
C2 83.38 1 83.38 19.17 0.0032 **
残差 30.45 7 4.35
失拟项 19.25 3 6.42 2.29 0.2200
纯误差 11.20 4 2.80
总和 1133.53 16
R2=
0.9731
R2adj=
0.9386
变异系数=0.68%
), ArticleFig(id=1167036664292581708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191630123634, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

总高级醇含量响应面回归模型的方差分析及显著性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差
来源
平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
模型 1103.08 9 122.56 28.18 0.0001 **
A 45.13 1 45.13 10.37 0.0146 *
B 24.50 1 24.50 5.63 0.0494 *
C 3.13 1 3.13 0.72 0.4247
AB 0.25 1 0.25 0.06 0.8174
AC 16.00 1 16.00 3.68 0.0966
BC 42.25 1 42.25 9.71 0.0169 *
A2 552.01 1 552.01 126.90 <0.0001 **
B2 249.64 1 249.64 57.39 0.0001 **
C2 83.38 1 83.38 19.17 0.0032 **
残差 30.45 7 4.35
失拟项 19.25 3 6.42 2.29 0.2200
纯误差 11.20 4 2.80
总和 1133.53 16
R2=
0.9731
R2adj=
0.9386
变异系数=0.68%
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外源添加物对桑椹酒高级醇含量的影响研究
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廉苇佳 , 刘玮 , 雷静 , 韩琛 , 阿依加马丽·加帕尔 , 郭红梅 , 陈雅 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(11): 257-265
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(11): 257-265
外源添加物对桑椹酒高级醇含量的影响研究
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廉苇佳 , 刘玮, 雷静, 韩琛, 阿依加马丽·加帕尔, 郭红梅, 陈雅*
作者信息
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院吐鲁番试验站, 吐鲁番 838000
  • 廉苇佳(1991—), 女, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食品加工与安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈雅(1987—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品加工。E-mail:
Effects of exogenous additives on the content of higher alcohols in Fructus Mori. wine
Wei-Jia LIAN , Wei LIU, Jing LEI, Chen HAN, Jia-Pa-Er AYIJIAMALI, Hong-Mei GUO, Ya CHEN*
Affiliations
  • Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences Turpan Test Station, Turpan 838000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250124001
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目的 探究外源添加物质对桑椹酒高级醇含量的影响。方法 本研究在桑椹发酵基质中系统添加了3大类共9种单因素实验组分, 包括: 酶制剂类: 果胶酶、纤维素酶、糖化酶; 同化氮源类: 磷酸氢二铵、谷氨酸、精氨酸; 金属离子类: 氯化钙、氯化钾、氯化镁。基于Box-Benhnken中心组合设计原理, 采用响应面法优化桑椹酒添加外源物降低总高级醇含量工艺。结果 最佳外源添加物及添加量是: 纤维素酶0.22 g/L, 氯化镁21.30 mg/L, 氯化钾26.00 mg/L, 在此条件下总高级醇含量为302 mg/L, 与未添加外源物质进行发酵的情况相比, 此条件下的总高级醇的含量显著降低了8.76%。结论 本研究优化了发酵桑椹酒外源物添加工艺, 可为解决桑椹酒高级醇含量高易上头问题提供一定的理论依据。

外源添加物  /  桑椹酒  /  高级醇  /  工艺优化

Objective To investigate the effects of exogenous additives on the content of higher alcohols in Fructus Mori. wine. Methods This study systematically added 9 kinds of single factor experimental components from 3 major categories to the Fructus Mori. fermentation substrate, including enzyme preparations such as pectinase, cellulase and saccharifying enzyme; assimilating nitrogen sources: Diammonium dihydrogen phosphate, glutamic acid and arginine; metal ions: Calcium chloride, potassium chloride and magnesium chloride. Based on the Box-Benhnken central combination design principle, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the process of adding exogenous additives to reduce the total higher alcohol content in Fructus Mori. wine. Results The optimal exogenous additives and their amounts were: Cellulase 0.22 g/L, magnesium chloride 21.30 mg/L, potassium chloride 26.00 mg/L. Under these conditions, the total content of higher alcohols was 302 mg/L. Compared with the fermentation without adding exogenous additives, the total content of higher alcohols under these conditions was significantly reduced by 8.76%. Conclusion This study optimizes the process of adding exogenous additives to fermented Fructus Mori. wine, which can provide a theoretical basis for solving the problem of high content of advanced alcohols in Fructus Mori. wine that are prone to overgrowth.

exogenous additives  /  Fructus Mori. wine  /  higher alcohols  /  process optimization
廉苇佳, 刘玮, 雷静, 韩琛, 阿依加马丽·加帕尔, 郭红梅, 陈雅. 外源添加物对桑椹酒高级醇含量的影响研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 257 -265 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250124001
Wei-Jia LIAN, Wei LIU, Jing LEI, Chen HAN, Jia-Pa-Er AYIJIAMALI, Hong-Mei GUO, Ya CHEN. Effects of exogenous additives on the content of higher alcohols in Fructus Mori. wine[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 257 -265 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250124001
桑椹酒是以新鲜桑椹为原料, 通过酵母菌进行完全或不完全酒精发酵制成的果酒类饮品[1]。该产品不仅完整保留了桑椹特有的果香风味和营养成分, 同时实现了桑椹资源的高效利用[2], 有效降低了原料浪费[3], 桑椹酒还是一种新型的保健果酒, 产品附加值高[4-5]。桑椹酒的代谢产物具有显著增强健康保健功能的作用。同时, 桑椹酒中花青素的含量超过红葡萄酒的5倍[6], 这一特性使其在营养价值方面具有较大优势。白黎芦醇含量达1.38 μg/mL[7], 长期饮用桑椹酒能够增强人体免疫力、抗氧化抑制衰老、提升生理机能[8-10], 桑椹酒广受喜爱和欢迎, 不仅很好地适应了酒类消费市场的变化, 而且表明了其还有很大的发展空间与市场潜力[11-12]。桑椹酒丰富果酒品类的同时还促进了果酒市场的繁荣发展, 既充分利用了桑资源, 又提高了桑产业的经济效益[13]
酒精发酵除了产生乙醇还生成许多副产物, 如各类醇、酯、羰基化合物、缩醛和酸[14]。高级醇是一类含有两个或更多碳原子与羟基(-OH)相连的醇类化合物, 这些醇类物质(如正丙醇、仲丁醇、异丁醇、戊醇、异戊醇等[15-16])可与羧酸或无机含氧酸发生酯化反应, 生成具有独特芳香特征的酯类化合物。此类反应产物不仅能够显著提升桑椹酒的风味层次, 还能改善其口感特征, 从而增强产品的适口性和市场接受度[17], 是评价酒质的重要指标之一[18]。由于高级醇具有较大的分子质量, 其在人体内的代谢速率相对缓慢, 导致这些物质在血液循环系统中的滞留时间延长。这种特性增强了其对中枢神经系统的持续刺激作用, 从而可能引发相应的生理反应, 如可能导致头痛、头晕等不适症状即常说的“上头”现象, 严重的长期食用会导致慢性中毒[19], 桑椹酒也会产生异杂味, 控制桑椹酒高级醇的含量在合适的范围非常必要, 对提高桑椹酒品质也有重要意义[18-20]
高级醇的产生主要与氨基酸代谢有关, 而氮源充足与否直接影响氨基酸的合成, 高级醇的生成特征受酵母菌株类型及其培养条件的显著影响, 具体表现为不同菌种及其生长环境会导致高级醇的种类组成和浓度水平产生明显差异[21-22]。在果酒的发酵过程中, 添加氨基酸或酶制剂等外来物质, 不仅能够促进果酒的发酵和澄清, 还能促进果酒中高级醇类物质的生成与降解[23]。胡荣锁等[24]的研究表明, 向咖啡果皮酒中添加氨基酸可以显著改善其风味和口感。此外, 研究还发现, 相比之下, 发酵糖对风味和口感的改善效果不如氨基酸。研究表明, 外源酶的添加对果酒风味具有显著改善作用, WILKOWSKA等[25]研究发现, 糖苷酶的添加能够有效增强樱桃酒的风味特征。谢克英等[26]的研究进一步证实, 通过调控酵母添加浓度可促进氮源同化, 从而在发酵初期加速功能成分的释放, 具体表现为总黄酮、总酚及1-脱氧野尻霉素(1-deoxynojirimycin, 1-DNJ)等活性物质的溶出率显著提升, 同时使酒体的自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力等抗氧化指标得到明显改善。张斌等[27]研究发现添加硫酸铵可抑制发酵荔枝果汁中高级醇的生成。傅红雪[28]研究结果表明, 在蓝莓酒发酵过程中, 适量添加硫胺素和磷酸氢铵可显著提升糖代谢效率, 同时有效降低挥发酸和高级醇的生成量, 从而显著改善蓝莓酒的感官品质。
本研究通过在新鲜桑椹汁发酵前添加特定外源物质, 系统考察不同类别添加剂对桑椹酒高级醇含量的影响, 选取3类外源物质: (1)酶制剂: 果胶酶、纤维素酶、糖化酶; (2)同化氮源: 磷酸氢二铵、谷氨酸、精氨酸; (3)金属离子: 氯化钙(CaCl2)、氯化钾(KCl)、氯化镁(MgCl2)。通过对比分析各组发酵产物中高级醇的含量变化, 探讨这些外源物质对桑椹酒品质的影响机制。通过响应面法, 找到最佳的组合比例, 以帮助解决桑椹酒因高级醇含量高而易上头的问题, 提高桑椹酒品质与口感, 促进桑椹产业健康高质量发展。
鲜黑桑椹于2024年5月从吐鲁番市高昌区占辉水果商店购买。
焦亚硫酸钾(食品级, 厦门百味香源生物科技有限公司); 白砂糖(食品级, 凤台旺来食用糖分装有限公司); 干酵母EC118(食品级, 加拿大拉曼集团); 纤维素酶(生物试剂, 酶活力20000 U/g, 南宁庞博生物工程有限公司); 糖化酶(生物试剂, 酶活力150000 U/g, 河南万邦实业有限公司); 果胶酶(生物试剂, 酶活力30000 U/g, 山东隆科特酶制剂有限公司); MgCl2、CaCl2、KCl(分析纯, 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司); 磷酸氢二铵(分析纯, 天津希恩思奥普德科技有限公司); 谷氨酸、精氨酸(生物试剂, 河南万邦化工科技有限公司); 正丙醇、异丁醇、苯乙醇(色谱纯, 西陇科学股份有限公司); 异戊醇(色谱纯, 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司)。
LC-SPX-50B型生化培养箱(上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司); TJ06A-400榨汁机(浙江苏泊尔家电制造有限公司); 7890B型气相色谱仪(美国安捷伦科技有限公司); GDX-102不锈钢填充柱(2 m×4 mm)[浩瀚色谱(山东)应用技术开发有限公司]; YX100001型电子天平(精度0.1 g, 成都倍赛克仪表研究所); DLX-GM761型笔式pH检测计(杭州德力西集团有限公司); DLX-SDJ1514型糖度计(德力西电气有限公司)。
去除桑椹原料中的树枝、树叶、石子等杂质以及烂果、霉果, 称取适量的桑椹, 用打浆机榨汁, 加入一定量的焦亚硫酸钾(添加量0.05 g/kg)、有益外源物质和干酵母EC118(添加量0.3 g/kg), 在20 ℃相同条件下发酵10 d, 发酵第3 d加入白砂糖(添加量150 g/kg), 并监测桑椹酒的发酵情况, 直到发酵结束检测酒精度和总高级醇含量。
根据GB 2760—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》, 向桑椹发酵液中添加酶制剂、金属离子和氮源。
准确称取桑椹汁800 g, 加入焦亚硫酸钾、有益外源物质和干酵母EC118进行发酵, 以外源添加物的种类和含量进行单因素实验, 考察外源添加物的种类和添加量对桑椹酒酒精度和总高级醇含量的影响。分别探究: (1)酶制剂(果胶酶、纤维素酶、糖化酶)(每种质量浓度均为0、0.025、0.050、0.100、0.200、0.300 g/L); (2)同化氮源(磷酸氢二铵、谷氨酸、精氨酸)(每种质量浓度均为0、20、40、60、80、100 mg/L); (3)金属离子(CaCl2、KCl、MgCl2)(每种质量浓度均为0、10、20、30、40、50 mg/L)对桑椹酒酒精度和总高级醇含量的影响。
基于单因素实验所得的结果, 运用Box-Behnken响应面设计方法, 以桑椹酒中的总高级醇含量作为优化的目标响应值。在此过程中, 选取了3种能够显著降低桑椹酒总高级醇含量的外源添加物, 进行3因素3水平的响应面实验, 其因素水平见表1
酒精度测定: 参照GB/T 15038—2006《葡萄酒、果酒通用分析方法》, 采用蒸馏法进行测定; 总高级醇含量测定: 依据GB/T 5009.48—2003《蒸馏酒与配制酒卫生标准的分析方法》, 使用气相色谱法进行分析。色谱柱: 不锈钢填充柱(2 m×4 mm); 固定相: 聚二乙烯苯多孔小球, 60~80目; 载气为氮气, 流速40 mL/min; 进样口温度: 260 ℃; 柱温: 170 ℃; 气化室温度: 190 ℃; 检测器温度: 190 ℃; 进样量: 0.5µL; 空气流速450 mL/min。
实验数据采用3次重复测定, 结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。数据分析使用Excel 2007进行基础统计处理, 并运用IBM SPSS Statistics V22.0软件进行回归分析。同时, 采用Design Expert 8.0.6软件进行图形绘制和响应面分析。
图1显示, 果胶酶添加量的变化对桑椹酒酒精度未产生显著影响, 所有实验组的酒精度均维持在10.4%vol以上。然而, 随着果胶酶添加量的增加, 桑椹酒中总高级醇含量呈现先降后升的趋势。当果胶酶添加量为0.05 g/L时, 总高级醇含量达到最低值313 mg/L, 较对照组降低了4.28%。这一现象可归因于适量果胶酶能够促进酵母对糖分的利用, 抑制氨基酸分解代谢, 从而减少高级醇的生成。然而, 过量添加果胶酶可能导致桑椹酒中蛋白质含量增加, 这些蛋白质在发酵后期转化为氨基酸, 进而促进高级醇的生成。
图2显示, 随着纤维素酶添加量的增加, 酒精度呈现上升趋势。实验结果表明, 当纤维素酶添加量为0.20 g/L时, 桑椹酒中总高级醇含量降至最低值307 mg/L, 较未添加纤维素酶的对照组降低了5.83%。这一现象可归因于纤维素酶通过提高桑椹酒中酵母可利用的葡萄糖浓度, 从而促进糖分代谢过程。这种代谢途径的改变不仅有效抑制了酵母对氨基酸的降解代谢, 同时也显著降低了高级醇的生成量。
图3显示, 随着糖化酶添加量的增加, 桑椹酒的酒精度总体上呈现上升趋势。与此同时, 总高级醇含量表现出先降后升的变化特征, 其中当糖化酶添加量为0.20 g/L时, 总高级醇含量达到最低值310 mg/L, 较未添加糖化酶的对照组降低了4.91%。这一现象的产生机制在于糖化酶能够特异性水解淀粉分子中的α-1,4糖苷键和α-1,6糖苷键, 将淀粉转化为可发酵性糖, 从而提高发酵基质中葡萄糖的可利用性。这种转化促使酵母优先进行糖代谢, 减少了对氨基酸的分解代谢, 在提升酒精度的同时有效降低了高级醇的生成[29]。然而, 当糖化酶添加量超过一定阈值后, 过量的糖分通过合成代谢途径转化为高级醇, 导致其含量回升。
由上述可得出结论, 纤维素酶降低桑椹酒中高级醇含量效果最好, 根据单因素实验结果, 响应面纤维素酶添加量应该选0.10、0.20和0.30 g/L 3个水平。
图4显示, 随着KCl添加量的增加, 桑椹酒酒精度呈现先上升后下降的趋势。这种现象可能与高浓度K+对酵母活性的抑制作用有关, 导致发酵效率降低, 从而影响酒精生成。在总高级醇含量方面, 实验结果显示其随KCl添加量变化呈现明显的先降后升趋势。当KCl添加量为20 mg/L时, 总高级醇含量达到最低值308 mg/L, 较对照组降低了5.81%。然而, 随着K+质量浓度的持续增加, 总高级醇含量也随之上升, 这是因为低浓度的K+能够有效地维持酵母细胞内外的渗透压, 从而支持桑椹酒的正常发酵。然而, 当K+的质量浓度提升时, 发酵环境的渗透压增高, 进而抑制了酵母细胞的生长和代谢, 导致总高级醇的含量上升。
图5显示, MgCl2添加量对桑椹酒发酵过程具有显著影响。随着MgCl2质量浓度的增加, 酒精度呈现先升后降的趋势, 这可能是由于适量Mg2+能够促进酵母细胞增殖, 而过高浓度则会抑制酵母活性, 导致发酵效率下降。在总高级醇含量方面, 实验结果表明其随MgCl2质量浓度变化呈现明显的先降后升趋势。当Mg2+质量浓度为20 mg/L时, 桑椹酒中高级醇含量达到最低值309 mg/L, 较对照组降低了5.50%。随着MgCl2添加量增加至50 mg/L, 总高级醇含量呈现上升趋势。这一现象的产生机制可能是: 适宜浓度的Mg2+能够激活糖酵解途径中的关键酶, 促进酵母的正常代谢过程; 然而, 当Mg2+质量浓度超过一定阈值时, 会对酵母细胞生长产生抑制作用, 干扰正常发酵进程, 进而导致高级醇含量的增加。这种浓度依赖性效应反映了Mg2+在酵母代谢中的双重作用, 既可作为酶促反应的辅助因子, 又可能在过量时产生细胞毒性。
图6显示, CaCl2添加量对桑椹酒发酵过程具有显著影响。随着Ca2+质量浓度的增加, 酒精度和总高级醇含量均呈现先降后升的变化趋势。当Ca2+添加量为40 mg/L时, 总高级醇含量达到最低值311 mg/L, 较对照组降低了4.60%。这一现象的产生机制可能与Ca2+对高级醇代谢相关酶活性的调节作用有关。Ca2+可能通过影响关键酶的构象或活性中心, 改变高级醇的代谢途径, 从而降低其生成量。然而, 过高浓度的Ca2+可能会破坏这种调节平衡, 导致高级醇含量的回升。
实验结果表明, Mg2+和K+在降低桑椹酒总高级醇含量方面表现出显著效果, 分别较对照组降低了5.50%和5.81%, 而Ca2+降低总高级醇含量效果不如Mg2+和K+。基于单因素实验结果, 确定响应面分析中MgCl2和KCl的添加量应分别设置为10、20和30 mg/L 3个浓度梯度, 以系统考察其对桑椹酒高级醇含量的优化效果。
图7中可以分析出, 谷氨酸的添加量对桑椹酒的酒精浓度以及总高级醇的含量并未表现出显著的影响。这表明, 在实验的范围内, 调整谷氨酸的添加量不会明显改变桑椹酒的酒精度和高级醇的总体水平。在发酵过程中, 谷氨酸作为氮源物质被微生物利用转化为其他化合物, 从而间接降低高级醇的生成, 所以谷氨酸不直接参与生成高级醇。
图8可知, 添加磷酸氢二铵对桑椹酒酒精度影响不显著, 对桑椹酒总高级醇含量影响显著, 呈现先降低后升高的趋势, 这与宫振英[30]向苹果酒中添加磷酸氢二铵后高级醇含量趋势一致。实验结果表明, 当磷酸氢二铵添加量为60 mg/L时, 桑椹酒中高级醇含量达到最低值319 mg/L, 较对照组降低了2.15%。这一现象的产生机制在于: 外源添加的磷酸氢二铵为酵母细胞提供了易于利用的铵离子作为氮源, 确保了氨基酸生物合成途径中转氨作用所需的α-氨基氮充足, 从而减少了α-酮酸向高级醇的转化[31-32]。然而, 当磷酸氢二铵浓度不足时, α-氨基氮的缺乏会导致过量积累的α-酮酸通过代谢途径转化为高级醇, 导致其含量升高。
图9可以看出, 精氨酸的添加量对桑椹酒的酒精度没有显著的影响, 且所有样品的酒精度均保持在10.8%vol以上。实验结果显示, 随着精氨酸添加量的增加, 桑椹酒中高级醇含量呈现先降后升的变化趋势。当精氨酸添加量为40 mg/L时, 高级醇含量达到最低值316 mg/L, 较对照组降低了2.77%。虽然精氨酸本身并不直接参与氨基酸分解代谢生成高级醇的过程, 但其在发酵过程中能够调节酵母对其他氨基酸的代谢途径, 从而间接抑制高级醇的生成。这种调节作用可能与精氨酸对酵母代谢网络的整体调控有关, 但其具体分子机制仍需进一步研究阐明。
实验结果表明, 磷酸氢二铵、精氨酸作为可同化氮源能够降低桑椹酒中高级醇含量, 但其效果显著低于纤维素酶、MgCl2和KCl。基于这一发现, 本研究在后续响应面实验设计中, 将重点考察纤维素酶、MgCl2和KCl 3个因素的优化组合。
在进行单因素实验的基础上, 选择了具有显著影响的因素, 并确定了其最优实验范围, 最终以总高级醇含量作为优化的关键指标, 采用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件构建响应面模型, 对纤维素酶添加量、MgCl2添加量和KCl添加量 3个关键影响因素进行系统优化分析, 响应面模型的因素和水平设置请参见表2
运用Design Expert 8.0.6统计分析软件对表1中的实验数据进行多元回归分析, 建立了总高级醇含量(Y)与编码自变量纤维素酶添加量(A)、MgCl2添加量(B)、KCl添加量(C)之间的二次多项式回归模型, 其数学表达式为:
Y=297.60+2.38A+1.75B–0.63C+0.25AB+2.00AC–3.25BC+11.45A2+7.70B2+4.45C2
表3数据显示, 该回归模型具有高度统计学意义(P<0.01), 同时模型失拟项不显著(P=0.2200>0.05), 表明模型拟合良好。此外, 模型的确定系数R²=0.9731, 说明该模型能够解释97.31%的实验数据变异, 具有较高的预测可靠性。R2adj=0.9386, 变异系数=0.68%, 以上参数证明该模型拟合程度好, 实验误差小, 且模型的残差可能是由随机误差所产生, 能用于本研究的预测分析。模型能反映纤维素酶添加量(A)、MgCl2添加量(B)、KCl添加量(C)与总高级醇含量之间的变化关系, 能够用来对添加外源物降低桑椹酒高级醇含量工艺进行分析和预测。
图10展示了桑椹酒总高级醇含量受各因素交互作用影响的三维响应面分析结果。该图直观地反映了各变量间的交互效应及其对总高级醇含量的影响程度。图10中曲面的斜率变化可作为判断因素影响强度的指标: 曲面越陡峭, 表明该因素对总高级醇含量的影响越显著; 反之, 则影响相对较小。这种可视化分析为优化桑椹酒发酵工艺提供了重要的理论依据。从图10可看出影响桑椹酒总高级醇含量的排序是: 纤维素酶添加量(A)>MgCl2添加量(B)>KCl添加量(C), 与方差分析结果一致。根据实验分析结果, 计算并预测二次回归方程, 结果添加外源物质降低桑椹酒总高级醇含量最优预测添加量为: 纤维素酶添加量0.22 g/L、MgCl2添加量21.31 mg/L、KCl添加量26.09 mg/L, 此条件下总高级醇含量为300 mg/L。
验证实验: 根据最优工艺筛选结果, 结合实际情况, 将外源物质添加量调整为纤维素酶添加量0.22 g/L、MgCl2添加量21.30 mg/L、KCl添加量26.00 mg/L。基于优化结果进行的3组平行验证实验显示, 桑椹酒中总高级醇含量的平均测定值为302 mg/L, 与理论预测值的偏差仅为0.67%, 这表明通过添加纤维素酶、MgCl2、KCl可以显著降低桑椹酒中的高级醇含量, 说明该实验结果合理可靠。与未添加外源物质发酵的总高级醇含量331 mg/L相比, 总高级醇含量降低了8.76%。
采用响应面分析法, 以总高级醇含量为响应值, 对桑椹酒发酵过程中的外源物添加量进行优化。通过实验验证, 确定最佳工艺条件为: 纤维素酶添加量0.22 g/L、MgCl2添加量21.30 mg/L、KCl添加量26.00 mg/L, 经3组平行验证实验测定, 总高级醇含量平均值为302 mg/L, 与理论预测值的相对误差仅为0.67%, 表明该优化模型具有较高的预测精度和可靠性, 与未添加外源物质发酵的总高级醇含量331 mg/L相比, 总高级醇含量降低了8.76%。因此, 本研究优化的发酵桑椹酒外源物及添加量工艺条件, 能够为解决桑椹酒高级醇含量高易上头问题提供一定的理论依据。
孙时光等[33]研究证实, 在桑椹酒发酵过程中添加丙氨酸、精氨酸和磷酸氢二铵可降低高级醇含量, 其中以丙氨酸和精氨酸的效果最为明显, 而谷氨酸的添加则未表现出显著的降高级醇效果。本研究结果显示, 磷酸氢二铵和精氨酸的添加对桑椹酒中高级醇的含量产生了显著的降低效果, 谷氨酸添加量的变化对桑椹酒中总高级醇含量未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。谢克英等[34]研究结果表明酵母可同化氮类型影响桑椹酒发酵, 硫酸铵能促进酵母生长, 提高可同化氮的消耗, 降低高级醇含量, 这与本研究磷酸氢二铵是降低桑椹酒高级醇含量较好的可同化氮源结果一致。张丹等[35]研究表明磷酸氢二铵降低了红枣蒸馏酒中的高级醇总量, 与本研究结果一致。孙时光等[33]研究发现, 纤维素酶、Mg2+和K+的联合使用在降低桑椹果酒中的高级醇含量方面表现出了最佳效果, 通过响应面实验的设计与实施, 获得了这些成分的最优复配比例, 为提升桑椹果酒的品质提供了科学依据, 本研究所用桑椹的产地和酵母与该研究不同, 但本研究结果与该发现基本一致。因为本研究及相关研究所用外源物质金属离子都是化学试剂, 进一步深入研究需要找到食品级可添加的金属离子或者其他外源添加物质进行相关实验, 以便获得能应用于桑椹酒生产中的外源物质最优复配比。
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250124001
  • 接收时间:2025-01-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-24
基金
吐鲁番市重点研发专项项目(2023002)
自治区科技特派员农村科技创业行动项目(2024KY027)
自治区乡村振兴产业发展科技行动项目(2022NC200)
“天山英才”培养计划项目(2023TSYCJC0019)
“天山英才”培养计划项目(2023TSYCJC0023)
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    新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院吐鲁番试验站, 吐鲁番 838000

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* 陈雅(1987—), 女, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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