Article(id=1151437191533654641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453619130, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453619130, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453619130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453619130, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=103, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895323313533484, articleId=1151437191533654641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research on the stability and functional characteristics of polysaccharides and peptides from Auricularia auricula, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the impacts of diverse food processing environments on the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides and peptides derived from Auricularia auricula, and analyze the food functional characteristics of these polysaccharides and peptides. Methods Taking Auricularia auricula as the raw material, Auricularia auricula polysaccharides and peptides were prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis. Various conditions of different food additives, metal ions, high temperatures, pH and light intensity were simulated to assess the antioxidant stability, functional characteristics, and morphological features of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides and peptides. Results Exposure to light, strong acids and bases, as well as the presence of Na+, K+, and the sterilization method, had a minimal impact on the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. However, the addition of Fe3+, Cu2+, glucose and sucrose caused a decline in the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. In contrast, the addition of erythritol, citric acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate enhanced the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. Lighting, a pH range of 5-7, and the sterilization method had little effect on the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides. The addition of Fe3+, Cu2+, glucose and sucrose led to a decrease in the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides, while the addition of Na+, K+, erythritol, citric acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate increased the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides, with the highest antioxidant activity observed at 60 ℃. Auricularia auricula polysaccharide and polypeptide possessed general water-holding capacity and certain oil-holding capacity. Their foaming property, foam stability, emulsifying property and emulsifying stability increased in a dose-dependent manner. The freeze-dried powder became denatured and inactivated if it could not tolerate high temperatures. Conclusion The polysaccharides and peptides prepared from Auricularia auricula are suitable for use as emulsifiers, foaming agents, or functional ingredients in industries such as food, health products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. This study can offer a theoretical basis for the deep processing of Auricularia auricula.

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目的 研究不同食品加工环境对黑木耳多糖、多肽抗氧化活性的影响, 分析黑木耳多糖、多肽的食品功能特性。方法 以黑木耳为原料, 通过酶解法制备黑木耳多糖、多肽, 在不同食品添加剂、金属离子、高温、pH、光照强度条件下, 对黑木耳多糖、多肽的抗氧化稳定性、功能特性和性状特征进行评价。结果 光照、强酸强碱、Na+、K+、灭菌方式对黑木耳多糖的抗氧化活性影响不大, Fe3+、Cu2+、葡萄糖、蔗糖的添加会导致黑木耳多糖的抗氧化活性降低, 赤藓糖醇、柠檬酸、山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠的添加会导致黑木耳多糖的抗氧化活性增加。光照、pH 5~7、灭菌方式对黑木耳多肽的抗氧化活性影响不大, Fe3+、Cu2+、葡萄糖、蔗糖的添加会导致黑木耳多肽的抗氧化活性降低, Na+、K+、赤藓糖醇、柠檬酸、山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠的添加会导致黑木耳多肽的抗氧化活性增加, 其中在60 ℃时抗氧化活性最高。黑木耳多糖、多肽持水性偏低, 具有一定的持油能力, 起泡性、泡沫稳定性、乳化性和乳化稳定性均以剂量依赖性方式增加, 冻干粉不耐受高温会变性失活。结论 以黑木耳为原料制备的黑木耳多糖、多肽适用于作为乳化剂、起泡剂等辅料或功能性配料用于食品、保健品、药品、化妆品等行业, 本研究可为黑木耳精深加工提供理论基础。

, correspAuthors=孔祥辉, 毛雪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 孔祥辉(1971—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
毛雪(1990—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
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赵明(1997—), 男, 研究实习员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:

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赵明(1997—), 男, 研究实习员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:

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注: 不同小写字母表示组内差异显著(P<0.05), 图2~8同。

, figureFileSmall=8osrwiovHrVkDoT0zIxGrg==, figureFileBig=oiFvrnzsnGXMB1Ulqi6J1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030882499044349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191533654641, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of pH on the antioxidant activity of AAPP and AAPS, figureFileSmall=+04j1i7Cf+rciymYjPgGgQ==, figureFileBig=T40w4XQ8p+8teanoH6srnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030882578736126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191533654641, language=CN, label=图2, caption=pH对AAPP和AAPS抗氧化活性的影响, figureFileSmall=+04j1i7Cf+rciymYjPgGgQ==, figureFileBig=T40w4XQ8p+8teanoH6srnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030882645844991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191533654641, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of temperature on the antioxidant activity of AAPP (a) and AAPS (b), figureFileSmall=Hk+mAnY/cBfubkXgp8WzBw==, 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articleId=1151437191533654641, language=CN, label=图9, caption=温度对AAPP (a)和AAPS (b)外观的影响, figureFileSmall=l/tRIeLyAB5nS77FLTT2+A==, figureFileBig=yfOWt90PzWQfrnDThUkZ0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030883543425036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191533654641, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

WS, WHC and OHC of AAPP and AAPS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 WS/% WHC/(g/g) OHC/(g/g)
AAPP 98.91±0.77 0.63±0.02 3.20±0.02
AAPS 95.45±0.32 0.90±0.05 4.38±0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1167030883610533901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191533654641, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AAPP和AAPS的WS、WHC和OHC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 WS/% WHC/(g/g) OHC/(g/g)
AAPP 98.91±0.77 0.63±0.02 3.20±0.02
AAPS 95.45±0.32 0.90±0.05 4.38±0.15
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黑木耳多糖、多肽稳定性及功能特性研究
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赵明 , 杜婉嘉 , 李婷 , 孔祥辉 * , 毛雪 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(11): 103-112
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(11): 103-112
黑木耳多糖、多肽稳定性及功能特性研究
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赵明 , 杜婉嘉, 李婷, 孔祥辉* , 毛雪*
作者信息
  • 黑龙江省科学院微生物研究所, 哈尔滨 150010
  • 赵明(1997—), 男, 研究实习员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 孔祥辉(1971—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
毛雪(1990—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
Research on the stability and functional characteristics of polysaccharides and peptides from Auricularia auricula
Ming ZHAO , Wan-Jia DU, Ting LI, Xiang-Hui KONG* , Xue MAO*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Microbiology Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303004
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目的 研究不同食品加工环境对黑木耳多糖、多肽抗氧化活性的影响, 分析黑木耳多糖、多肽的食品功能特性。方法 以黑木耳为原料, 通过酶解法制备黑木耳多糖、多肽, 在不同食品添加剂、金属离子、高温、pH、光照强度条件下, 对黑木耳多糖、多肽的抗氧化稳定性、功能特性和性状特征进行评价。结果 光照、强酸强碱、Na+、K+、灭菌方式对黑木耳多糖的抗氧化活性影响不大, Fe3+、Cu2+、葡萄糖、蔗糖的添加会导致黑木耳多糖的抗氧化活性降低, 赤藓糖醇、柠檬酸、山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠的添加会导致黑木耳多糖的抗氧化活性增加。光照、pH 5~7、灭菌方式对黑木耳多肽的抗氧化活性影响不大, Fe3+、Cu2+、葡萄糖、蔗糖的添加会导致黑木耳多肽的抗氧化活性降低, Na+、K+、赤藓糖醇、柠檬酸、山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠的添加会导致黑木耳多肽的抗氧化活性增加, 其中在60 ℃时抗氧化活性最高。黑木耳多糖、多肽持水性偏低, 具有一定的持油能力, 起泡性、泡沫稳定性、乳化性和乳化稳定性均以剂量依赖性方式增加, 冻干粉不耐受高温会变性失活。结论 以黑木耳为原料制备的黑木耳多糖、多肽适用于作为乳化剂、起泡剂等辅料或功能性配料用于食品、保健品、药品、化妆品等行业, 本研究可为黑木耳精深加工提供理论基础。

黑木耳  /  多糖  /  多肽  /  抗氧化  /  功能特性

Objective To explore the impacts of diverse food processing environments on the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides and peptides derived from Auricularia auricula, and analyze the food functional characteristics of these polysaccharides and peptides. Methods Taking Auricularia auricula as the raw material, Auricularia auricula polysaccharides and peptides were prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis. Various conditions of different food additives, metal ions, high temperatures, pH and light intensity were simulated to assess the antioxidant stability, functional characteristics, and morphological features of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides and peptides. Results Exposure to light, strong acids and bases, as well as the presence of Na+, K+, and the sterilization method, had a minimal impact on the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. However, the addition of Fe3+, Cu2+, glucose and sucrose caused a decline in the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. In contrast, the addition of erythritol, citric acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate enhanced the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. Lighting, a pH range of 5-7, and the sterilization method had little effect on the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides. The addition of Fe3+, Cu2+, glucose and sucrose led to a decrease in the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides, while the addition of Na+, K+, erythritol, citric acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate increased the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides, with the highest antioxidant activity observed at 60 ℃. Auricularia auricula polysaccharide and polypeptide possessed general water-holding capacity and certain oil-holding capacity. Their foaming property, foam stability, emulsifying property and emulsifying stability increased in a dose-dependent manner. The freeze-dried powder became denatured and inactivated if it could not tolerate high temperatures. Conclusion The polysaccharides and peptides prepared from Auricularia auricula are suitable for use as emulsifiers, foaming agents, or functional ingredients in industries such as food, health products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. This study can offer a theoretical basis for the deep processing of Auricularia auricula.

Auricularia auricula  /  polysaccharides  /  peptides  /  antioxidant  /  function characteristics
赵明, 杜婉嘉, 李婷, 孔祥辉, 毛雪. 黑木耳多糖、多肽稳定性及功能特性研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 103 -112 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303004
Ming ZHAO, Wan-Jia DU, Ting LI, Xiang-Hui KONG, Xue MAO. Research on the stability and functional characteristics of polysaccharides and peptides from Auricularia auricula[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 103 -112 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303004
黑木耳(Auricularia auricula)是食药两用真菌, 富含人体所需的多种营养物质[1], 含有丰富的多糖、蛋白质、维生素、膳食纤维和矿物质等功效成分。黑木耳多糖是其主要活性成分, 具有抗氧化、降血脂、抗凝血、降血糖、抗肿瘤等生理活性[2]。同时, 黑木耳中蛋白质含量可达10%~16%, 可作为优质活性肽的原料来源, 通过酶解法制备活性肽。
心血管疾病、神经退行性疾病、癌症等重大疾病[3]都与机体内的氧化损伤有关, 人们可以通过补充体内的抗氧化剂, 来减轻与氧化损伤相关的问题。研究表明多肽、多糖可以通过清除机体内过量的自由基、提高抗氧化酶活性等[4]方式在机体内发挥抗氧化活性。与其他(动物或植物)来源相比, 食用菌来源的多肽和多糖具有来源渠道广泛、前期处理简单、得率较高等特点, 已在功能性食品、添加剂和药品等领域得到广泛应用[5]。近年来, 研究表明黑木耳多肽(Auricularia auricula peptides, AAPP)、黑木耳多糖(Auricularia Auricula polysaccharide, AAPS)具有很好的抗氧化活性, 而关于AAPP、AAPS的稳定性和功能特性报道较少。多肽、多糖会受到氧化、水解等作用发生降解, 不同加工环境(如食品添加剂、金属离子、高温、pH、光照强度)也会影响多肽、多糖的结构, 从而影响其抗氧化活性[6]。同时, 多肽、多糖的分子量、氨基酸或单糖组成以及空间结构等特点, 使它们具有乳化性、抗菌、保湿等食品特性[7], 在食品加工中可以用来改善食品稳定性, 增强口感和质地[7]。若将AAPP、AAPS开发为功能性食品、药物、化妆品等, 应对其稳定性和功能特性进行评价, 使其可以最大限度的发挥功能作用。
本研究主要以AAPP和AAPS对羟自由基清除能力为指标, 从贮存、加工的角度分析其抗氧化活性的稳定性, 以及食品功能特性, 提高AAPP和AAPS在食品领域的潜在应用价值, 为其进一步应用和功能性食品开发提供参考。
黑木耳(干品, 含水量13.2%)[黑龙江省科学院微生物研究所提供]。
中性蛋白酶(600000 U/g)、碱性蛋白酶(500000 U/g)(丹麦诺维信公司); 果胶酶(FDY-2212, 60000 U/mL)、纤维素酶(CEL-01, 11000 U/g)[夏盛(北京)生物科技开发有限公司]; 硫酸亚铁、水杨酸、过氧化氢、磷酸氢二钠、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化铜、氯化铁、蔗糖、葡萄糖、苯甲酸钠、柠檬酸(分析纯, 天津市科密欧化学试剂有限公司)。
ZQLY-300V全温振荡培养箱(上海知楚仪器有限公司); Infinite 200多功能酶标仪[瑞士帝肯(Tecan)公司]; IKA T10 basic均质机(艾卡仪器设备有限公司); HVE-50灭菌锅[舜友(上海)生物技术有限公司]; CR21N高速冷冻离心机(日本日立HITACHI公司); SL-SM300超声波微波组合反应系统(南京顺流仪器有限公司); 雷磁PHS-3C型pH计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司); HMS-20大容量磁力搅拌器(上海沪析实业有限公司)。
实验室前期以黑木耳为原料, 通过酶解法制备得到多肽和多糖并对其酶解条件进行优化, 实验以优化后的多肽和多糖为实验对象。AAPP[8]: 固液比1:45、中性蛋白酶与碱性蛋白酶酶活比1:1.5、酶用量1600 U/mg、酶解时间120 min、酶解温度50 ℃、pH 7.5, 提取率为9.2%、纯度为65.2%。AAPS[9]: 固液比为1:40、果胶酶添加量为3%, 酶解时间90 min、酶解温度52 ℃、pH 5.0, 提取率为32.5%、纯度为76.8%。
参考唐雅园等[10]的方法, 将AAPP和AAPS配制成质量浓度1 mg/mL的溶液, 置于三角瓶中, 封住杯口。将三角瓶分别置于自然光、日光灯和避光处存放, 除光照条件外, 其他环境条件保持一致, 每隔2 d取样, 测定羟基自由基清除能力。
参考刘晓艺等[11]的方法, 将AAPP和AAPS样品溶解在不同pH下的缓冲液中, 配制成质量浓度为1 mg/mL的溶液, 2 h后, 测定羟基自由基清除能力。
参考宋姗姗等[12]的方法, 将AAPP和AAPS配制成质量浓度1 mg/mL的溶液。溶液分别置于不同温度下避光保温, 每0.5 h取样一次, 测定羟基自由基清除能力。
参考宋姗姗等[12]的方法, 使用不同浓度的氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化铜和氯化铁溶液配制AAPP和AAPS溶液(1 mg/mL), 室温避光放置2 h后, 测定羟基自由基清除能力。
参考赵广河等[13]的方法, 蔗糖、葡萄糖和赤藓糖醇分别为(0%、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%); 柠檬酸(0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%); 山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠(0%、0.005%、0.010%、0.015%、0.020%、0.025%)分别使用AAPP和AAPS溶液(1 mg/mL)溶解, 全部溶解后室温避光放置2 h, 测定羟基自由基清除能力。
参考赵广河等[13]的方法, 分别用煮沸灭菌(100 ℃, 10 min)、巴氏灭菌(70 ℃, 30 min)、微波灭菌(2.4 W/g, 10 min)、高压灭菌(121 ℃, 15 min, 0.11 MPa)、紫外线灭菌(30 W, 30 min)方式处理AAPP和AAPS溶液(1 mg/mL), 测定羟基自由基清除能力。
(1)水溶性测定
0.25 g AAPP或AAPS溶于25 mL超纯水, 90 ℃水浴1 h后10000 r/min离心10 min, 弃去上清液后冻干, 记录所得冻干粉末质量, 水溶性(water solubility, WS)的计算如公式(1)所示:
WS/%=$\frac{\text{1}-m}{M}$×100%
式中: WS为水溶性, %; m为冻干粉末质量, g; M为溶解后冻干粉末质量, g。
(2)膨胀度测定
0.25 g AAPP或AAPS置于15 mL离心管, 移入10 mL超纯水, 待AAPP或AAPS完全被超纯水湿润后静置放置20 h, 弃去上清液, 读取湿润后体积, 膨胀度(swelling power, SP)的计算如公式(2)所示:
SP/(mL/g)=$\frac{V}{{{M}_{1}}}$×100%
式中: SP为膨胀度, mL/g; V为冻干粉湿润后总体积, mL; M1为冻干粉末质量, g。
(3)持水性和持油性测定
0.5 g AAPP或AAPS和25 mL蒸馏水或大豆油在50 mL离心管混合, 100 r/min磁力搅拌60 min, 10000 r/min离心10 min, 弃去上清液, 持水性(water holding capacity, WHC)/持油性(oil holding capacity, OHC)的计算如公式(3)所示:
$\mathrm{WHC} /\mathrm{OHC} /(\mathrm{g} /\mathrm{g})=\frac{\text { 样品吸收水或油的重量/g }}{\text { 样品重量/g }}$
(4)起泡性和泡沫稳定性测定
将不同浓度的AAPP或AAPS溶液均质, 记录均质前后体积V1V2计算起泡性(foaming capatical, FC), 在30 min后记录总体积V3, 计算泡沫稳定性(foaming stability, FS), 计算如公式(4)和(5)所示:
FC/%=$\frac{{{V}_{2}}-{{V}_{1}}}{{{V}_{1}}}$×100%
FS/%=$\frac{{{V}_{3}}-{{V}_{2}}}{{{V}_{2}}-{{V}_{1}}}$×100%
式中: FC为起泡性, %; FS为泡沫稳定性, %; V1为均质前体积, mL; V2为均质后体积, mL; V3为均质后30 min后体积, mL。
(5)乳化性和乳化稳定性测定
将不同浓度的AAPP或AAPS溶液与大豆油混匀, 均质后离心, 计算乳化性(emulsifying capacity, EC), 将乳液在80 ℃下加热30 min, 冷却后离心, 计算乳化稳定性(emulsifying stability, ES), 计算如公式(6)和(7)所示:
$\mathrm{EC} /\%=\frac{\text { 乳化层体积 } /\mathrm{mL}}{\text { 混合液总体积 } /\mathrm{mL}} \times 100 \%$
$\mathrm{ES} /\%=\frac{\text { 最终乳化层体积 } /\mathrm{mL}}{\text { 混合液总体积 } /\mathrm{mL}} \times 100 \%$
式中: EC为乳化性, %; ES为乳化稳定性, %。
(6)温度耐受性
称量AAPP或AAPS粉末6份, 每份0.5 g, 放入5 mL的小离心管内, 并用封口膜密封, 分别放置在预先设定好温度[20(室温)、35、50、65、80、95 ℃]的恒温干燥箱内30 min, 将处理好的AAPP或AAPS粉末转移至称量纸上, 观察AAPP或AAPS粉末在不同温度条件下的颜色变化并拍照记录。
酶解液、6 mmol/L水杨酸乙醇溶液和6 mmol/L硫酸亚铁溶液各0.5 mL, 混合均匀, 加入3%双氧水溶液0.5 mL, 在37 ℃下反应30 min。在510 nm处测定样品的吸光度A1; 对照组用等体积去离子水代替双氧水溶液, 测定相应的吸光度A2; 空白组用等体积去离子水代替样品溶液, 测定相应的吸光度A0。计算公式如公式(8)所示。
羟基自由基清除能力=(1–$\frac{{{A}_{1}}-{{A}_{2}}}{{{A}_{0}}}$)×100%
实验重复3次, 结果以平均值±标准偏差表示, 采用Origin 2021软件绘图。
图1所示, 随着光照时间的延长, AAPP和AAPS溶液的羟基自由基清除能力均呈下降趋势。影响顺序为自然光>日光灯>避光, 其中自然光对AAPP和AAPS溶液的羟基自由基清除能力影响最大。赵广河等[13]的研究结果则显示3种光照处理条件下对多糖的羟基自由基清除率影响无显著差异, 这与本研究结果相悖, 可能和多糖的糖苷键类型以及分子量等有关。通常单批次食品加工不会超过6 h[14], 同时大部分生产加工的机器为不锈钢避光仪器, 因此可以认为, 光照对AAPP和AAPS溶液食品加工过程的氧化稳定性影响较小。
图2所示, 当pH在3~8范围时, AAPP溶液的抗氧化活性呈现先下降再缓慢升高后下降的趋势, AAPS溶液的抗氧化活性呈现先缓慢降低后缓慢升高的趋势。AAPP溶液在pH 5~7之间表现出了稳定的抗氧化活性, 但在pH 8时抗氧化活性显著下降, 可能原因是在碱性条件下, 多肽含有的L-型氨基酸能够部分转化为D-型氨基酸, 以混合型氨基酸的形式存在, 导致多肽的结构性质发生改变, 同时在碱性条件下还会影响多肽带电荷性质, 导致抗氧化活性下降[14]。AAPS溶液在强酸条件下, 可以与溶液中的色素形成交联结构, 来增加抗氧化活性[10]; 但随着体系中酸性的减弱, 色素会发生降解[10], 导致抗氧化活性降低。但随着体系中碱性的增强(OH-), 多糖中某些基团发生去质子化带上负电荷, 这些带负电的基团能够增强多糖分子与自由基之间的静电吸引作用, 使多糖更容易与自由基结合并将其清除。同时, 碱性环境可能会诱导多糖分子发生构象变化, 暴露出更多潜在的抗氧化活性位点, 增加了多糖与自由基的反应几率。
加热是食品最常见的加工方式之一, 探究加热温度对AAPP和AAPS溶液抗氧化活性的影响具有重要的意义。如图3所示。随着加热时间的延长, AAPS溶液抗氧化活性变化不显著。但不同温度下对AAPP溶液抗氧化活性的影响存在差异, 其中60 ℃>80 ℃>40 ℃>100 ℃。刘丹[15]从大豆中得到的抗氧化肽在温度为63~70 ℃时, 抗氧化活性最好。温度过高会导致多肽的二级结构发生改变[15], 从而导致其活性降低。
在温度40~80 ℃的条件下, AAPS溶液的抗氧化活性随时间上下波动, 在2.5 h后, 3个条件下的多糖抗氧化活性处于下降状态, 加热温度越低, AAPS溶液的抗氧化能力下降速度越缓慢。在温度100 ℃条件下, AAPS溶液的抗氧化活性随着时间的延长呈下降趋势。温度的变化可诱发多糖结构的改变[16], 从而导致多糖的理化性质发生改变。AAPS溶液对温度的耐热性较差, 储存时或在食品加工过程中, 不易长时间维持在较高的温度。
图4可知, 在不同浓度的Na+、K+溶液体系中AAPS溶液的抗氧化能力均未出现明显改变, 而AAPP溶液随着Na+、K+浓度的升高, 羟基自由基清除能力总体上呈上升趋势, 这可能是离子化的Na+、K+和Cl打破多肽的电荷平衡, 使得体系内的离子强度发生变化, 从而增强了其抗氧化能力, 这与SHEN等[17]和李雪[18]发现的结论一样。不同浓度的Fe3+、Cu2+处理后, AAPP和AAPS溶液抗氧化活性随Fe3+、Cu2+离子浓度的增加呈现下降趋势。Fe3+、Cu2+能够破坏多肽之间的特殊化学力作用, 导致多肽的理化性质发生改变, 溶解度变低, 一些基团外露在表面[19], 使得其活性发生改变。多糖可以和金属离子结合形成复合物, 从而使得溶液中多糖的浓度下降, 羟基自由基清除能力下降。加入Fe3+、Cu2+后AAPP和AAPS溶液抗氧化活性下降的原因还可能是溶液中的Fe3+被还原成Fe2+, Cu2+被还原成Cu+, 导致溶液体系内的抗氧化活性降低[10]。因此在加工生产AAPP和AAPS溶液时, 应当尽量避免添加Fe3+、Cu2+相关添加剂。
(1)甜味剂对AAPP和AAPS溶液的羟基自由基清除能力影响分析
加入甜味剂葡萄糖、蔗糖后, AAPP和AAPS溶液的抗氧化能力总体上显著降低(P<0.05)(图5a、5b所示); 而加入赤藓糖醇后AAPP和AAPS溶液的羟基自由基清除能力总体上随赤藓糖醇浓度的增大而呈现上升趋势(图5c所示)。与AAPP相比葡萄糖、蔗糖对AAPS溶液的影响更大。有研究表明, 赤藓糖醇能够与自由基反应生成赤藓酮糖和赤藓糖[20-21], 达到清除自由基的目的; 赤藓糖醇也可抑制机体内自由基的产生[22]。因此, 在未来生产AAPP和AAPS加工产品时, 应该尽量避免添加传统甜味剂蔗糖和葡萄糖, 可以考虑使用赤藓糖醇这类的代糖来达到增甜的目的。
(2)柠檬酸对AAPP和AAPS溶液的羟基自由基清除能力影响分析
加入柠檬酸, AAPP和AAPS溶液的羟基自由基清除能力总体上显著升高(P<0.05)(图5d所示)。柠檬酸是一种抗氧化剂增效剂, 能够增加抗氧化剂的抗氧化活性[23]。肽链上的氨基酸残基可与柠檬酸中的羧基和羟基结合成为供氢体[11], 进而增强AAPP的抗氧化活性。刘晓艺等[11]的研究表明柠檬酸对红花籽抗氧化肽具有增效协同作用, 增强其抗氧化活性。有研究也证实, 柠檬酸可以作为食品的抗氧化剂提高食品的安全使用时间[23]
(3)防腐剂对AAPP和AAPS溶液的羟基自由基清除能力影响分析
食品防腐剂是日常食品加工中应用最为广泛的一种添加剂。通过添加防腐剂可以预防食品在保藏过程中的腐败和变质, 进而延长食品的可食用时间[24]。两种常见防腐剂山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠添加后AAPP和AAPS溶液的羟基自由基清除能力总体上升高(图5e图5f所示)。山梨酸钾是一种弱抗氧化性的防腐剂[25], 含有共轭双键可清除自由基, 抑制氧化链式反应, 在AAPP和AAPS溶液中添加山梨酸钾可以提高抗氧化活性。苯甲酸钠为酸性添加剂, 在其干预下, AAPP和AAPS溶液得失电子的能力增强, 进而提高其抗氧化能力[10]。其中苯甲酸钠对AAPS溶液的影响更大。柠檬酸和山梨酸钾均为酸性添加剂, 均表现出增强抗氧化活性。
图6所示的5种灭菌方式对AAPP和AAPS溶液的抗氧化活性影响程度较小。多肽和多糖的结构相对稳定, 分子内的化学键能够抵御热作用, 在温度、压力条件下不易被破坏, 因此灭菌过程没有对其产生影响, 保持了原有清除羟基自由基的活性位点和结构特征, 使得其清除能力不因灭菌而改变。因此, 对AAPP和AAPS溶液进行加工产品时可任意挑选灭菌方式。
表1所示, AAPP和AAPS的WS均超过95%, 表现出了较好的溶解性。WHC对产品加工中的黏性、可塑性以及样品流动性等影响很大, WHC的高低对产品的质地和感官有很大的影响[26-27]。而OHC的高低对食品风味的保留时间存在一定的影响, 因此较高OHC的物质可以延长食品保质期[28-29]。如表1所示, 与其他已报道的多肽、多糖相比, AAPP和AAPS的WHC略有不足, AAPP的WHC (0.63±0.02 g/g)低于碱性蛋白酶酶解多肽的WHC (2.02 g/g)[28]; AAPS的WHC [(0.90±0.05) g/g]与酸李果实多糖(0.95±0.04)[30]比较相似, 但低于马铃薯皮多糖[(4.097±0.537) g/g]、火龙果多糖[(3.87±0.35) g/g][31]和三七多糖[(6.75±0.67) g/g][32]等。ALETOR等[33]建议WHC在1.49~4.72 g/g范围内, 可以应用在相对黏性大的食品加工中。AAPS的WHC略低还可归因于其分子质量和粒径的分布, 分子质量较大的多糖分子可以重叠交错形成网状结构, 当与水分子结合后形成刚性水凝胶结构, 不易与水分子分散, 而相对分子质量较小的多糖难以形成网状结构与水分子结合相对弱一些[30]。AAPP的OHC为[(3.20±0.02) g/g]低于马梦婷[28]报道的多肽OHC (4.553 g/g)。AAPS的OHC为[(4.38±0.15) g/g]与马铃薯皮多糖(4.398±0.040) g/g和菠萝芯多糖(4.250±0.055) g/g具有相似的OHC[33]。AAPP和AAPS可以作为食品风味保持剂来增加食品的口感, 同时因其具有较高的抗氧化活性, 还可以防止食品中油脂的氧化, 延长食品的保质期。
图7可知, 溶液在5~30 mg/mL时AAPP和AAPS的FC和FS均以剂量依赖性方式增加。AAPS在5~15 mg/mL范围内, 形成的泡沫不稳定, 在30 min内几乎全部消散, 而随着AAPS质量浓度的增加, FC和FS逐渐增大, 在30 mg/mL时FS达到16.38%, 与AAPP 20 mg/mL时的FS相近, 在相同质量浓度下AAPP的FC和FS较AAPS高。AAPP的FC和FS较高的原因可能是随着溶液体系内多肽浓度的增大, 会使多肽与水的表面形成稳定的泡沫, 同时泡沫表面膜的黏附性也会随之增加[27]
图8可知, 溶液在5~30 mg/mL时AAPP和AAPS的EC和ES均以剂量依赖性方式增加, 且与浓度有很大的关系, 这与WANG等[34]和DRANCA等[35]的研究结果相似。随着AAPP浓度的增加, 其在体系中排列的更加致密, 可以形成一定强度的界面膜, 从而使其EC和ES都逐渐增强。毕晓娟[27]的研究表明, 多糖的EC主要受到其结构内的疏水基团(特别是甲氧基)的影响, 而ES主要受到多糖的分子量和其单糖组成、官能团和支链结构等在空间上所产生的位阻的影响[36]。BAI等[37]实验表明高分子量多糖所对应的EC和ES更强, 这是因为高分子量可以使样品分子更好地停留在油/水界面, 从而表现更强的EC[31]
将AAPP和AAPS的冻干粉分别放置于提前预热的35、50、65、80、95 ℃的烘箱内, 恒温30 min后用肉眼观察其状态, 结果如图9所示, 同未处理冻干粉末对照组相比, 随着温度的增加AAPP和AAPS粉末颜色都有不同程度的加深。由于AAPP的粉末自身就是灰黑色, 观察效果不理想, 但随着温度的增加AAPP和AAPS均出现了微微焦糊香气。结果表明, AAPP和AAPS的冻干粉不耐受高温, 在高温下会变性失活, 因此需要低温储存。这与王童欣[38]所得到的结论一致, 多肽冻干粉不耐受温度的影响。AAPP和AAPS的溶液因有溶剂水作为缓冲热传递并且分子较分散, 可限制氧化反应; 而在冻干粉状态下无溶剂缓冲, 同时分子聚集紧密, 易充分接触氧气, 高温时抗氧化活性受影响较大。因此, AAPP和AAPS的溶液较冻干粉更耐受高温。
本研究主要围绕AAPP和AAPS在不同加工环境下的抗氧化活性稳定性及部分食品功能特性展开。得出如下结论, AAPP和AAPS的WS均超过95%, 溶解性较好; 二者OHC较高, 可作为食品风味保持剂增加食品口感, 防止食品中油脂氧化, 延长保质期; 在一定浓度范围内, AAPP和AAPS的FC、FS、EC和ES均以剂量依赖性方式增加, 可用于改善食品的相关品质。此外, 添加柠檬酸、山梨酸钾、赤藓糖醇和苯甲酸钠等可增强AAPP和AAPS溶液的抗氧化活性, 在食品加工中合理利用这些特性, 可开发出具有更高抗氧化活性的功能性食品。
尽管本研究从多个方面研究了AAPP和AAPS的部分理化性质, 但仍存在一些局限性和待解决问题, 如在探讨影响因素时, 影响机制的研究还不够深入, 缺乏更深入的机制层面的分析等。综上, AAPP和AAPS适合于作为乳化剂、起泡剂等辅料或功能性配料用于食品、保健品、药品、化妆品等行业中。
  • 黑龙江省省属科研院所科研业务费项目(A类)(CZKYF2024-1-A003)
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303004
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
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黑龙江省省属科研院所科研业务费项目(A类)(CZKYF2024-1-A003)
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    黑龙江省科学院微生物研究所, 哈尔滨 150010

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* 孔祥辉(1971—), 女, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
毛雪(1990—), 女, 硕士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为食药用菌精深加工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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