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Article(id=1151437191453487392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734710400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453619111, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453619111, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453619111, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453619111, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895322566472700, articleId=1151437191453487392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Pollution status and exposure risk assessment of deoxynivalenol in grain products, columnId=1151895321526759957, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention and Control of Biotoxins in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze the contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives in various cereals and their products and assess the dietary exposure risks. Methods A total of 435 commercially available grain samples of various types were collected from 2021 to 2023. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile-water (84:16, V:V), purified by the 226 purification column, and analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Quantification was performed using the isotope internal standard method. The dietary exposure risk of DON for residents was assessed based on adult dietary consumption levels.Results Among the 435 samples, the detection rate of DON was the highest, reaching 90.6%. The average detection value of DON in dried noodle samples was the highest, reaching 244.8 μg/kg. The dietary exposure amounts of DON were different for residents of different genders. The acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of DON in pasta products such as dried noodles and wheat flour for adult males were higher than those for adult females. The chronic exposure risk of DON caused by dried noodles was higher than that of other food categories; however, the acute exposure risk of DON to adult males and females caused by wheat flour were 8.84 μg/(kg·bw) and 8.34 μg/(kg·bw). Conclusion The detection rate of DON is the highest among different grain foods. Meanwhile, the concentration of DON in wheat flour poses a relatively high acute exposure risk to adult men and women. The contamination situation of DON shouldall be highly emphasized, in particular, attention shall be paid to the acute exposure risk of wheat flour to residents, which provides a reference for the risk assessment of DON in grains and subsequent research.

, correspAuthors=Lei SHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lei SHANG, Meng-Chao FAN, Jun-Qing LV, Zhi-Cai QI, Yu-Can WANG, Yi-Dong QI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895334646067371, articleId=1151437191453487392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=谷物制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染状况及暴露风险评估, columnId=1151895321669366295, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题：食品中生物毒素检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析不同谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)及其衍生物的污染状况, 并评估其膳食暴露风险。方法 收集2021—2023年市售的不同种类的谷物样品共计435份, 样品用乙腈-水(84:16, V:V)提取, 226净化柱进行净化处理, 超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱仪进行检测, 同位素内标法进行定量, 根据成人膳食消费量对居民的DON暴露风险进行评估。结果 在435份样品中, DON的检出最高, 检出率达到90.6%。挂面样品中DON的检测平均值最高, 达到244.8 μg/kg。DON在不同性别居民的膳食暴露量不同, 成年男性在干挂面和小麦粉等面制品中DON的急性和慢性膳食暴露风险均高于成年女性; 挂面引起的慢性暴露风险高于其他食品种类; 小麦粉引起的成年男性和女性的急性暴露风险最高分别为8.84 μg/(kg·bw)、8.34 μg/(kg·bw)。结论 不同谷物食品中DON的检出率最高, 同时小麦粉中DON的含量对成年男女的急性暴露风险较高。DON的污染状况应高度重视, 尤其注意小麦粉对居民的急性暴露风险, 为谷物中DON的风险评估和后续研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=商蕾, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 商蕾(1985—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化检验。E-mail:
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Risk assessment of dietary deoxynivalenol exposure in flour products from Henan Province by food safety index[J]. Henan Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2021, 32(12): 923-926, 965., articleTitle=Risk assessment of dietary deoxynivalenol exposure in flour products from Henan Province by food safety index, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167040874094535205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=56, authorNames=张莉, 吴莉, 李爽, journalName=现代疾病预防控制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张莉, 吴莉, 李爽, 等. 2016—2022年河南省驻马店市182份小麦粉及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物污染水平与膳食风险评估[J]. 现代疾病预防控制, 2023. DOI: 10.13515/j.cnki.hnjpm.1006-8414.2024.03.001,321-325., articleTitle=2016—2022年河南省驻马店市182份小麦粉及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物污染水平与膳食风险评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167040874149061158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=57, authorNames=ZHANG L, WU L, LI S, journalName=Modern Disease Prevention and Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG L, WU L, LI S, et al. Contamination and risk assessment of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives in 182 wheat flour and its products in Zhumadian of Henan, 2016—2022[J]. Modern Disease Prevention and Control, 2023. DOI: 10.13515/j.cnki.hnjpm.1006-8414.2024.03.001,321-325., articleTitle=Contamination and risk assessment of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives in 182 wheat flour and its products in Zhumadian of Henan, 2016—2022, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167040870403547628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, awardId=20251400, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省医学科学研究课题计划项目(20251400), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167040866888720817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167040866892915122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, companyId=1167040866888720817, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xingtai Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xingtai 054000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167040866901303731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, companyId=1167040866888720817, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=邢台市疾病预防控制中心, 邢台 054000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167040869162033628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=MRM chromatograms of standard solution, figureFileSmall=/Yi2ZEdMfujhJGw855jbOw==, figureFileBig=kXrjMIFrY1w3prVDeMRSAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167040869237531101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=CN, label=图1, caption=标准溶液MRM色谱图, figureFileSmall=/Yi2ZEdMfujhJGw855jbOw==, figureFileBig=kXrjMIFrY1w3prVDeMRSAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167040869304639966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Distribution of DON contamination level data in 435 samples, figureFileSmall=eOlYfHZs2aqKLXyR5Jnr3Q==, figureFileBig=H4X6I5DhG6mE+1xWoGhb7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167040869426274783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=CN, label=图2, caption=435份样品中DON污染水平数据分布情况, figureFileSmall=eOlYfHZs2aqKLXyR5Jnr3Q==, figureFileBig=H4X6I5DhG6mE+1xWoGhb7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167040869505966560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gradient elution program of liquid chromatography

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时间/min 流速/(mL/min) 流动相A/% 流动相B/%
0.0 0.3 95 5
1.0 0.3 95 5
3.5 0.3 50 50
4.0 0.3 10 90
5.0 0.3 10 90
5.5 0.3 95 5
7.0 0.3 95 5
), ArticleFig(id=1167040869573075425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

液相色谱梯度洗脱程序

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时间/min 流速/(mL/min) 流动相A/% 流动相B/%
0.0 0.3 95 5
1.0 0.3 95 5
3.5 0.3 50 50
4.0 0.3 10 90
5.0 0.3 10 90
5.5 0.3 95 5
7.0 0.3 95 5
), ArticleFig(id=1167040869644378594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Conditions of mass spectrometry

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化合物 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 锥孔电压
/V		 碰撞能量/eV
DON 294.96 138.05 22 20
265.13 22 12
13C15-DON 310.00 279.13 22 12
3-ADON 336.96 173.00 24 9
307.08 28 8
15-ADON 336.96 150.08 22 22
277.10 22 8
), ArticleFig(id=1167040869707293155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

质谱条件

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化合物 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 锥孔电压
/V		 碰撞能量/eV
DON 294.96 138.05 22 20
265.13 22 12
13C15-DON 310.00 279.13 22 12
3-ADON 336.96 173.00 24 9
307.08 28 8
15-ADON 336.96 150.08 22 22
277.10 22 8
), ArticleFig(id=1167040869774402020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Linear curve equations, linear ranges and correlation coefficients

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化合物 方程 线性范围
/(μg/L)		 r
DON Y=0.89703X+0.778158 20~1000 0.999
15-ADON Y=1.83719X+6.34908 20~1000 0.999
3-ADON Y=0.284683X+0.565595 20~1000 0.999
), ArticleFig(id=1167040869841510885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

线性曲线方程、线性范围和相关系数

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化合物 方程 线性范围
/(μg/L)		 r
DON Y=0.89703X+0.778158 20~1000 0.999
15-ADON Y=1.83719X+6.34908 20~1000 0.999
3-ADON Y=0.284683X+0.565595 20~1000 0.999
), ArticleFig(id=1167040869908619750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Mycotoxins detection situation in different cereals and their products

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检测项目 样品数量
/份		 检出数量
/份		 检出率
/%		 超标数
/份		 超标率
/%		 均值
/(μg/kg)		 标准差
/(μg/kg)		 P50
/(μg/kg)		 P95
/(μg/kg)		 最大值
/(μg/kg)
DON 435 394 90.6 8 1.8 202.4 312.5 103.6 694.0 3961.0
15-ADON 435 1 0.2 0 0.0 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 112.4
3-ADON 435 0 0.0 0 0.0 ND ND ND ND ND
), ArticleFig(id=1167040869992505831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同谷物制品中真菌毒素的检出情况

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检测项目 样品数量
/份		 检出数量
/份		 检出率
/%		 超标数
/份		 超标率
/%		 均值
/(μg/kg)		 标准差
/(μg/kg)		 P50
/(μg/kg)		 P95
/(μg/kg)		 最大值
/(μg/kg)
DON 435 394 90.6 8 1.8 202.4 312.5 103.6 694.0 3961.0
15-ADON 435 1 0.2 0 0.0 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.0 112.4
3-ADON 435 0 0.0 0 0.0 ND ND ND ND ND
), ArticleFig(id=1167040870063809000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

DON detection situation in different cereals and their products

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样品类型 样品数量
/份		 检出数量
/份		 检出率
/%		 超标数
/份		 超标率
/%		 均值
/(μg/kg)		 标准差
/(μg/kg)		 P50
/(μg/kg)		 P95
/(μg/kg)		 最大值
/(μg/kg)
干挂面 104 104 100.0 1 1.0 244.8 223.8 163.0 605.0 1376.0
小麦粉 265 246 92.8 7 2.6 216.1 359.6 110.0 1610.0 3961.0
玉米面 22 9 40.9 0 0.0 123.7 198.1 10.0 618.0 694.0
小米 20 18 90.0 0 0.0 20.3 42.2 4.6 69.6 186.6
薏米 24 17 70.8 0 0.0 92.4 198.7 10.0 597.8 609.6
), ArticleFig(id=1167040870143500777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同谷物类别中DON的检出情况

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样品类型 样品数量
/份		 检出数量
/份		 检出率
/%		 超标数
/份		 超标率
/%		 均值
/(μg/kg)		 标准差
/(μg/kg)		 P50
/(μg/kg)		 P95
/(μg/kg)		 最大值
/(μg/kg)
干挂面 104 104 100.0 1 1.0 244.8 223.8 163.0 605.0 1376.0
小麦粉 265 246 92.8 7 2.6 216.1 359.6 110.0 1610.0 3961.0
玉米面 22 9 40.9 0 0.0 123.7 198.1 10.0 618.0 694.0
小米 20 18 90.0 0 0.0 20.3 42.2 4.6 69.6 186.6
薏米 24 17 70.8 0 0.0 92.4 198.7 10.0 597.8 609.6
), ArticleFig(id=1167040870214803946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191453487392, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Risk of slow and acute exposure to DON among adult residents of different genders

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食品类别 平均值/(μg/kg) 最大值/(μg/kg) 成年男性暴露量
/[μg/(kg·bw)]		 成年女性暴露量
/[μg/(kg·bw)]		 PMTDI
/[μg/(kg·bw)]		 ARfD
/[μg/(kg·bw)]
慢性 急性 慢性 急性
干挂面 244.8 1376.0 0.55 3.07 0.52 2.90 1.0 8.0
小麦粉 216.1 3961.0 0.48 8.84 0.45 8.34 1.0 8.0
玉米面 123.7 694.0 0.05 0.25 0.05 0.27 1.0 8.0
小米 20.3 186.6 0.07 0.68 0.08 0.70 1.0 8.0
薏米 92.4 609.6 0.34 2.22 0.34 2.28 1.0 8.0
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成年居民不同性别DON的慢性和急性暴露风险

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食品类别 平均值/(μg/kg) 最大值/(μg/kg) 成年男性暴露量
/[μg/(kg·bw)]		 成年女性暴露量
/[μg/(kg·bw)]		 PMTDI
/[μg/(kg·bw)]		 ARfD
/[μg/(kg·bw)]
慢性 急性 慢性 急性
干挂面 244.8 1376.0 0.55 3.07 0.52 2.90 1.0 8.0
小麦粉 216.1 3961.0 0.48 8.84 0.45 8.34 1.0 8.0
玉米面 123.7 694.0 0.05 0.25 0.05 0.27 1.0 8.0
小米 20.3 186.6 0.07 0.68 0.08 0.70 1.0 8.0
薏米 92.4 609.6 0.34 2.22 0.34 2.28 1.0 8.0
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谷物制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染状况及暴露风险评估
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商蕾 * , 范梦超 , 吕俊庆 , 齐志彩 , 王育灿 , 戚义东
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025,16(11): 26-32
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025, 16(11): 26-32
谷物制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染状况及暴露风险评估
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商蕾* , 范梦超, 吕俊庆, 齐志彩, 王育灿, 戚义东
作者信息
  • 邢台市疾病预防控制中心, 邢台 054000

通讯作者:

* 商蕾(1985—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化检验。E-mail:
Pollution status and exposure risk assessment of deoxynivalenol in grain products
Lei SHANG* , Meng-Chao FAN, Jun-Qing LV, Zhi-Cai QI, Yu-Can WANG, Yi-Dong QI
Affiliations
  • Xingtai Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xingtai 054000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221002
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摘要
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目的 分析不同谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)及其衍生物的污染状况, 并评估其膳食暴露风险。方法 收集2021—2023年市售的不同种类的谷物样品共计435份, 样品用乙腈-水(84:16, V:V)提取, 226净化柱进行净化处理, 超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱仪进行检测, 同位素内标法进行定量, 根据成人膳食消费量对居民的DON暴露风险进行评估。结果 在435份样品中, DON的检出最高, 检出率达到90.6%。挂面样品中DON的检测平均值最高, 达到244.8 μg/kg。DON在不同性别居民的膳食暴露量不同, 成年男性在干挂面和小麦粉等面制品中DON的急性和慢性膳食暴露风险均高于成年女性; 挂面引起的慢性暴露风险高于其他食品种类; 小麦粉引起的成年男性和女性的急性暴露风险最高分别为8.84 μg/(kg·bw)、8.34 μg/(kg·bw)。结论 不同谷物食品中DON的检出率最高, 同时小麦粉中DON的含量对成年男女的急性暴露风险较高。DON的污染状况应高度重视, 尤其注意小麦粉对居民的急性暴露风险, 为谷物中DON的风险评估和后续研究提供参考。

谷物类  /  挂面  /  脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇  /  暴露量  /  风险评估

Objective To analyze the contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives in various cereals and their products and assess the dietary exposure risks. Methods A total of 435 commercially available grain samples of various types were collected from 2021 to 2023. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile-water (84:16, V:V), purified by the 226 purification column, and analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Quantification was performed using the isotope internal standard method. The dietary exposure risk of DON for residents was assessed based on adult dietary consumption levels.Results Among the 435 samples, the detection rate of DON was the highest, reaching 90.6%. The average detection value of DON in dried noodle samples was the highest, reaching 244.8 μg/kg. The dietary exposure amounts of DON were different for residents of different genders. The acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of DON in pasta products such as dried noodles and wheat flour for adult males were higher than those for adult females. The chronic exposure risk of DON caused by dried noodles was higher than that of other food categories; however, the acute exposure risk of DON to adult males and females caused by wheat flour were 8.84 μg/(kg·bw) and 8.34 μg/(kg·bw). Conclusion The detection rate of DON is the highest among different grain foods. Meanwhile, the concentration of DON in wheat flour poses a relatively high acute exposure risk to adult men and women. The contamination situation of DON shouldall be highly emphasized, in particular, attention shall be paid to the acute exposure risk of wheat flour to residents, which provides a reference for the risk assessment of DON in grains and subsequent research.

grains  /  dried noodles  /  deoxynivalenol  /  exposure  /  risk assessment
商蕾, 范梦超, 吕俊庆, 齐志彩, 王育灿, 戚义东. 谷物制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染状况及暴露风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 26 -32 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221002
Lei SHANG, Meng-Chao FAN, Jun-Qing LV, Zhi-Cai QI, Yu-Can WANG, Yi-Dong QI. Pollution status and exposure risk assessment of deoxynivalenol in grain products[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 26 -32 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221002
正文
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0 引言
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根据联合国粮农组织的调查, 全球每年都有不同的粮食受到真菌毒素的污染[1-2]。目前已知的真菌毒素种类繁多, 包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)及其衍生物、黄曲霉毒素B族和G族、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素等[2]。其中, DON是一种能够破坏生物体免疫系统的真菌毒素, 具有一定的致畸性和胚胎毒性[3-4], 国际癌症机构将DON列为三级致畸物。DON广泛存在小麦、玉米、大米等谷物及其制品的粮食中[5-9], 通过被污染的粮食进入人体, 从而对人类健康造成危害[10-13]。因此, 监测不同种类谷物中DON的含量, 对本地区的粮食安全保障起到至关重要的作用。
在中国的长江以北地区, 居民的饮食结构主要以米面制品为主。冀中南地区属于粮食的主要产区, 该地区夏季高温多雨, 占全年平均降水的62%以上, 这种潮湿多雨的环境容易导致各种粮食受到真菌毒素的污染[14-15]。目前, 针对河北省尤其省内中南部地区的不同谷物粮食中的DON的污染状况和膳食暴露评估的研究很少。为了解这一状况, 本研究通过在市场上购买干挂面、小麦粉、玉米面、小米、薏米等谷物制品, 进行DON污染物的监测, 结合谷物的消费量及成年人群暴露风险水平, 通过DON对不同性别成年人的慢性和急性暴露风险进行膳食暴露风险评估。为制定DON的污染防控和管理措施提供有力的数据支撑, 更好地了解和保护居民的健康, 确保谷物制品的安全和质量。
1 材料和方法
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1.1 材料与试剂
从不同的商店超市、农贸市场等地随机采集市售的谷物及其制品, 主要包括小麦粉、干挂面、玉米面、小米、薏米等5类样品, 其中小麦粉265份, 干挂面104份, 玉米面22份, 小米20份, 薏米24份, 共计样品435份样品。
甲酸、乙腈(色谱纯, 德国默克公司); DON标准溶液(质量浓度100.1 μg/mL)、13C15-DON标准溶液(质量浓度25.0 μg/mL)、3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 3-ADON)标准溶液(质量浓度100.1 μg/mL)、15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-ADON)标准溶液(质量浓度100.2 μg/mL)[Romer国际贸易(北京)有限公司]; 实验用水为蒸馏水(蒸馏水, 香港屈臣氏集团)。
1.2 仪器与设备
UPLC H CLASS/XEVO TQD超高效液相色谱质谱仪、HSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm)[沃特世科技(上海)有限公司]; Mycosep 226多功能净化柱[Romer国际贸易(北京)有限公司]; VORIEX GENIE2涡旋振荡器(德国IKA公司); FA2004电子天平(万分之一, 上海精密科学仪器有限公司); GM200刀式研磨仪(德国莱驰公司); KQ-600E超声波清洗仪[小美超声仪器(昆山)有限公司]; X-3R台式高速冷冻离心机[赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]; N-EVAP112氮吹仪(美国Organomation公司)。
1.3 实验条件
1.3.1 样品前处理
根据国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册食品中DON及其乙酰化衍生物和玉米赤霉烯酮测定的标准操作程序要求, 准确称取2.00 g样品, 放入50 mL离心管中, 加入100 μL 13C15-DON(质量浓度1.0 μg/mL)内标使用液, 静置30 min, 加入提取液乙腈和水按体积比84:16(总体积为8 mL), 超声提取40 min, 8000 r/min离心5 min, 取上清液4 mL至玻璃管中, 再向其中加入4 mL乙腈, 混匀, 随后将净化柱的填料管插入玻璃管中缓慢推动, 然后准确移取4 mL过滤后的上清液至氮吹管中, 氮气吹至近干, 用乙腈和水按体积比10:90(总体积为1 mL)定容, 涡旋30 s, 用0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤至进样瓶中, 待测定。
1.3.2 色谱条件
色谱柱: HSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm), 流速0.3 mL/min; 进样量5 μL, 柱温30 ℃。流动相A为超纯水, 流动相B为乙腈, 梯度洗脱程序见表1所示。
1.3.3 质谱条件
离子源为电喷雾离子源(electron spray ionization, ESI)负离子模式, 采用多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)检测方式, 毛细管电压3.0 kV, 离子源温度150 ℃, 反吹气流速150 L/h, 脱溶剂气温度500 ℃, 脱溶剂气流速800 L/h, 碰撞气为氩气, 碰撞气流量0.15 mL/min。
1.4 膳食暴露评估方法
本研究参考美国环保局(US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA)推荐的风险评估模型[16], 将食物日消费量数据和平均体重, 与DON的浓度数据进行整合, 计算18岁以上的成年人DON的膳食暴露风险。通过与每日最大耐受摄入量(provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, PMTDI)进行比较, 评价慢性暴露风险评估。当每日最大摄入量(estimated daily intake, EDI)小于PMTDI时, 表示膳食风险处在可控水平; 反之, 则表明存在膳食暴露的风险, 并且暴露风险随着数值的增大而增大。此外, 根据DON的高污染水平和人群的日摄入量, 结合急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)进行急性暴露评估, 当污染物的摄入量超过ARfD时, 可认为存在急性中毒风险。计算如公式(1):
EDI=Σ(C×I)/M
式中: EDI为污染物每日最大摄入量, μg/(kg·bw); C为食品中污染物的含量, μg/kg; I为食品的消费量, kg/d; M为成人消费者的平均体重, kg。食品消费量和体重数据是依据《中国人群暴露参数手册(成人版)》中的报告, 规定对于成年男性, 米及其制品每人摄入量为254.0 g/d、面及其制品每人摄入量为155.3 g/d、其他谷类每人摄入量为25.6 g/d; 对于成年女性, 米及其制品每人摄入量为220.5 g/d、面及其制品每人摄入量为124.3 g/d、其他谷类每人摄入量为23.2 g/d。中国成年男性和女性的平均体重分别为69.6 kg和59.0 kg。2010年世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会将DON的PMTDI定为1.0 g/(kg·bw), DON的ARfD为8.0 μg/(kg·bw)[17]。
1.5 数据处理
运用Excel 2016和Origin 2022统计软件对DON污染水平的实验数据进行处理和分析, 若DON在谷物中的检出值低于检出限时, 定义为未检出, 对于未检出的数据大于数据总量的60%时, 统计时用1/2检出限替代[8]。计数资料用%表示, 计量资料采用分位数表示谷物中DON的污染水平差异, 检验标准为P<0.05。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 方法学验证
待测物的离子化模式采用ESI-, 利用标准溶液直接进样, 确定目标物的母离子和子离子, 目标物的MRM色谱图及具体实验条件见图1和表2。
本研究采用同位素内标法进行定量分析, 实验过程中目标物的线性关系良好, 相关系数均在0.999, 见表3。为了验证方法的准确度, 以小麦粉阴性样品为基质, 添加3个不同的浓度水平的标准进行加标实验。结果表明, 方法的回收率在80.9%~102.6%之间。同时对小麦粉的有证标准物质进行测定, 其测定范围也在规定的数值内。综上所述, 本研究方法具有较高的准确度、精密度和回收率, 适用于目标物的定量分析。
2.2 谷物制品中DON及其衍生物的污染情况
在435份样品谷物及其制品中, 有394份检出了DON, 检出率高达90.6%, 说明DON在谷物制品中存在着普遍的真菌污染。样品检出的DON平均值为202.4 μg/kg, P50值为103.6 μg/kg, P95值为694.0 μg/kg, 最大值为3961.0 μg/kg; 15-ADON检出了1份, 检出率为0.2%, 检出平均值为5.2 μg/kg, P50值为5.0 μg/kg, P95值为5.0 μg/kg, 最大值为112.4 μg/kg; 3-ADON在所有样品中均未检出。根据GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》的规定, 小麦、玉米中DON的限量标准为1000 μg/kg。在394份样品中有8份超出国家限量标准, 超标率为1.8%。详见表4。
2.3 谷物制品中DON的含量分布情况
在435份样品中, DON的检出率最高, 比较不同区间的含量有助于了解DON的分布规律。从含量区间的数量分布情况来看, 样品数量分布最多的为0~200 μg/kg, 所占比例为68.82%。对比不同含量区间的样品, 可以发现DON含量小于600 μg/kg的样品比例达92.84%; 样品中DON含量高于600 μg/kg的样品比例仅为7.16%。见图2。低含量的样品比例高, 说明市售的谷物及其制品中普遍存在DON的污染。
2.4 不同谷物制品中DON的污染情况
通过研究发现, 干挂面的DON检出率为100.0%, 超标率为1.0%, 检出平均值为244.8 μg/kg, P50值为163.0 μg/kg, P95值为605.0 μg/kg, 最大值为1376.0 μg/kg, 有1份超出国家限量标准; 小麦粉的DON检出率为92.8%, 超标率为2.6%, 平均值为216.1 μg/kg, P50值为110.0 μg/kg, P95值为1610.0 μg/kg, 最大值为3961.0 μg/kg, 有7份超出国家的限量标准; 玉米面、小米和薏米中, DON的检出率分别为40.9%、90.0%和70.8%, 检测平均值相对较低分别为123.7 μg/kg、20.3 μg/kg和92.4 μg/kg, 检测的最高值分别为694.0 μg/kg、186.6 μg/kg和609.6 μg/kg, 均未超出国家的限量标准。在435份样品中, 干挂面的检出率和平均值都高于其他谷物制品, 其次为小麦粉。详见表5。
2.5 DON的膳食暴露量及成年人的暴露风险评估
由于两种衍生物在本次研究中的检出率极小, 因此在估算摄入量时, 忽略两种衍生物对膳食摄入风险的控制, 认为摄入的风险来自于谷物中的DON, 结合谷物制品的消费量, 结合暴露量公式分别计算成年男性和成年女性的慢性和急性膳食暴露情况。研究表明, 成年男性在干挂面和小麦粉等面制品中DON的急性和慢性膳食暴露风险均高于成年女性; 从不同的谷物制品上看, 干挂面中DON引起的慢性暴露风险高于其他谷物制品; 小麦粉中DON引起的急性暴露风险不论男女均高于其他谷物制品。详见表6。
3 讨论与结论
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本研究对市售的5类谷物制品中DON及其衍生物的污染水平进行调查分析。结果表明, 在干挂面、小麦粉、玉米面、小米和薏米这5类谷物中, DON的污染情况较为普遍, 污染检出率达到了90.6%。王丽英等[18]对河北地区焙烤食品、生面制品和馒头的研究中发现, 主要的污染物为DON; 李俊玲等[19]的研究发现, DON的污染也较为普遍; 宇盛好等[20]对上海市市售的小麦粉的研究发现, DON的检出率较高, 达到77.3%; 冯荣虎等[21]对深圳面制品中的DON研究也发现其检出率较高; MALACHOVA等[22]检测捷克的谷物和面粉样品(共116份)的数据表明, DON在样品中的检出率为75%。国内外的相关研究与本研究较为吻合[23-24]。
研究中还发现, 干挂面中DON的检出率和平均值均高于其他4类谷物, 检出率达到100.0%, 平均值为244.8 μg/kg; 其次为小麦粉, 超标样品共8份, 主要是小麦粉和干挂面。由此可见, 粮食及其制品被DON污染是普遍存在的问题[25-27]。这表明小麦及其初级加工制品中DON的污染较为普遍和严重, 小麦粉的污染主要源于小麦生长成熟期阴雨天气的影响, 以及在小麦加工生产运输环节阴暗潮湿的储存条件, 适宜真菌的生长和繁殖, 从而导致DON含量的增加; 干挂面的污染主要源于原材料小麦粉在其生产、加工、运输、储存等环节受到产毒真菌的污染导致。因此, 需要加强对小麦粉及其制品中DON的污染风险控制和监测, 采取有效控制措施, 比如改善存储条件, 控制温湿度, 防治小麦吸潮长霉, 尽可能减少真菌毒素的污染风险, 从而使DON等污染问题得到有效控制。
由于DON在谷物制品中的普遍存在, 有一定程度的摄入暴露风险[28-31]。成年男性摄入干挂面、小麦粉等5种谷物的慢性暴露量在0.045~0.550 μg/(kg·bw)之间, 成年女性摄入5种谷物的慢性暴露量在0.049~0.520 μg/(kg·bw)之间, 暴露风险均可被接受; 成年男性和女性摄入小麦粉的急性暴露量分别为8.84 μg/(kg·bw) 和8.34 μg/(kg·bw), 均超过ARfD值, 有可能存在急性中毒风险。因此, 为了更好地保障食品安全和公众健康, 建议有关部门加强对小麦粉及其他谷物制品在存储运输过程中温湿度条件的控制, 降低真菌的生长繁殖和毒素的产生, 以降低膳食暴露风险, 确保食品的质量和安全。
基金
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  • 河北省医学科学研究课题计划项目(20251400)
文献
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221002
  • 接收时间：2024-12-21
  • 首发时间：2025-07-14
  • 出版时间：2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-21
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河北省医学科学研究课题计划项目(20251400)
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    邢台市疾病预防控制中心, 邢台 054000

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* 商蕾(1985—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品理化检验。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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