Article(id=1151437191009366638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736179200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453619005, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453619005, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453619005, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453619005, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895326752862835, articleId=1151437191009366638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the detection and removal of patulin based on thiol compounds, columnId=1151895321526759957, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention and Control of Biotoxins in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Patulin is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi such as Penicillium and Aspergillus species, widely present in fruits and their products. Due to its multiple toxicities, it poses a severe threat to food safety. The thiol group in sulfhydryl compounds exhibits chemical reactivity and demonstrates a significant role in the detection and removal of patulin. Through Michael addition reactions, thiol compounds specifically bind to the β-lactone ring of patulin, substantially reducing its toxicity and concentration. Furthermore, functionalized thiol materials, such as thiol-modified nanoparticles and aerogels, demonstrate excellent adsorption performance and separation efficiency, providing efficient, economical and environmentally friendly solutions for ensuring food safety. This paper reviewed the research progress and underlying mechanisms of thiol compounds in the detection and removal of patulin, aiming to provide theoretical references for future research and applications in food safety.

, correspAuthors=Jian-Kang DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-Hui GENG, Tong WU, Ya-Chun SHEN, Ming-Xue GENG, Wen-Jie ZHOU, Jing HU, Zhao-Zhi ZHANG, Jian-Kang DENG, Pei-Zi DUAN, Jing CUI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895340170440725, articleId=1151437191009366638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于巯基化合物检测和去除展青霉素的研究进展, columnId=1151895321669366295, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

展青霉素是一种由青霉属和曲霉属等真菌产生的次级代谢产物, 广泛存在于水果及其制品中。因其具有多种毒性, 对食品安全构成严重威胁。巯基化合物的硫醇基团具有化学活性, 在展青霉素的检测和去除中表现出显著的作用。巯基化合物通过迈克尔加成反应与展青霉素的丙内酯环特异性结合, 显著降低展青霉素的毒性和含量。此外, 功能化的巯基材料如巯基修饰的纳米颗粒和气凝胶等, 展现了优异的吸附性能和分离效率, 为食品安全提供了高效、经济且环保的解决方案。本文综述了巯基化合物在展青霉素检测和去除等方面的研究进展及其作用机制, 以期为未来的食品安全研究与应用提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=邓健康, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 邓健康(1989—), 男, 博士后, 副教授, 主要研究方向为纳米材料在食品安全中的应用。E-mail:
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耿春辉(1978—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品药品检验检测。E-mail:

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注: 氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide, GO); 硒纳米颗粒(selenium nanoparticles, SeNPs)。

, figureFileSmall=iH9HJSOKyCpNrRDvKiX34Q==, figureFileBig=jM6HO48Zk0ypb67x0GmlVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030743541756629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191009366638, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Limits standard for PAT in food established by various countries and organizations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中国 欧盟 世界卫生组织 联合国粮农组织 美国食品与药物管理局
苹果汁 ≤50 μg/L ≤50 μg/L ≤50 μg/L 每日最大耐受摄入量值为0.4 μg/kg BW ≤50 μg/L
苹果酒 ≤50 μg/L - ≤50 μg/L -
苹果酱 - ≤25 ng/g - -
苹果制品 ≤50 μg/L - ≤25 ng/g -
婴幼儿食品 ≤10 ng/g ≤10 ng/g ≤10 ng/g -
), ArticleFig(id=1167030743600476886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191009366638, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各国及组织制定的食品中PAT限量标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中国 欧盟 世界卫生组织 联合国粮农组织 美国食品与药物管理局
苹果汁 ≤50 μg/L ≤50 μg/L ≤50 μg/L 每日最大耐受摄入量值为0.4 μg/kg BW ≤50 μg/L
苹果酒 ≤50 μg/L - ≤50 μg/L -
苹果酱 - ≤25 ng/g - -
苹果制品 ≤50 μg/L - ≤25 ng/g -
婴幼儿食品 ≤10 ng/g ≤10 ng/g ≤10 ng/g -
), ArticleFig(id=1167030745643102936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191009366638, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Applications of thiol-functionalized materials in PAT detection and adsorption

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 名称 特性 用途 参考
文献
纳米
材料
SH-NCDs 简单快速、经济节约、荧光信号强、高灵敏度 检测 [12]
巯基封端的磁性氧化铁珠 低毒性、易于分离和回收、高去除率 吸附 [13]
CM6@Lip-SH 有效消除其他霉菌毒素和金属离子的背景干扰、高灵敏度和高选择性 检测 [24]
4-MBA的SERS适配体传感器 选择性好、相应快速、稳定性高 检测 [27]
UiO-66(NH2)@Au-Cys 吸附位点丰富、效率高、稳定性高、生物安全性高 吸附 [39]
GO-SH修饰硅藻土 低成本、高吸附能力、环保 吸附 [42]
SeNPs 高效、环保、吸附效率高 吸附 [44]
TPGA 去除效率高、吸附能力强 吸附 [51]
分离膜 巯基化PDA改性的尼龙膜 环保、吸附能力强 吸附 [32]
BCM-SH 操作简便、吸附能力强、良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性 吸附 [34]
气凝胶 g-C3N4-SH@KG 吸附能力强、可高效再生 吸附 [45]
Y-SH@Agar 吸附能力强、生物安全性高 吸附 [46]
掺杂巯基化石墨烯氧化物的气凝胶 高效、经济、便于分离、环保 分离 [49]
半胱氨酸与猪胰脂肪酶共同固定在HMMOF的气凝胶 去除效率高、制作简洁 分离 [50]
), ArticleFig(id=1167030745756349146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437191009366638, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

巯基功能化材料在PAT检测与吸附中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 名称 特性 用途 参考
文献
纳米
材料
SH-NCDs 简单快速、经济节约、荧光信号强、高灵敏度 检测 [12]
巯基封端的磁性氧化铁珠 低毒性、易于分离和回收、高去除率 吸附 [13]
CM6@Lip-SH 有效消除其他霉菌毒素和金属离子的背景干扰、高灵敏度和高选择性 检测 [24]
4-MBA的SERS适配体传感器 选择性好、相应快速、稳定性高 检测 [27]
UiO-66(NH2)@Au-Cys 吸附位点丰富、效率高、稳定性高、生物安全性高 吸附 [39]
GO-SH修饰硅藻土 低成本、高吸附能力、环保 吸附 [42]
SeNPs 高效、环保、吸附效率高 吸附 [44]
TPGA 去除效率高、吸附能力强 吸附 [51]
分离膜 巯基化PDA改性的尼龙膜 环保、吸附能力强 吸附 [32]
BCM-SH 操作简便、吸附能力强、良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性 吸附 [34]
气凝胶 g-C3N4-SH@KG 吸附能力强、可高效再生 吸附 [45]
Y-SH@Agar 吸附能力强、生物安全性高 吸附 [46]
掺杂巯基化石墨烯氧化物的气凝胶 高效、经济、便于分离、环保 分离 [49]
半胱氨酸与猪胰脂肪酶共同固定在HMMOF的气凝胶 去除效率高、制作简洁 分离 [50]
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基于巯基化合物检测和去除展青霉素的研究进展
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耿春辉 1 , 吴曈 2, 3 , 申亚春 2 , 耿明雪 2 , 周文杰 2 , 扈婧 2 , 张兆志 2 , 邓健康 2, 3, * , 段培姿 4 , 崔婧 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025,16(11): 9-16
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025, 16(11): 9-16
基于巯基化合物检测和去除展青霉素的研究进展
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耿春辉1 , 吴曈2, 3, 申亚春2, 耿明雪2, 周文杰2, 扈婧2, 张兆志2, 邓健康2, 3, * , 段培姿4, 崔婧1
作者信息
  • 1. 衡水市综合检验检测中心, 衡水 053000
  • 2. 衡水学院生命科学学院, 衡水 053000
  • 3. 淮阴工学院生命科学与食品工程学院, 淮安 223000
  • 4. 衡水市农业环境与农畜产品质量监督管理站, 衡水 053000
  • 耿春辉(1978—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品药品检验检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 邓健康(1989—), 男, 博士后, 副教授, 主要研究方向为纳米材料在食品安全中的应用。E-mail:
Research progress on the detection and removal of patulin based on thiol compounds
Chun-Hui GENG1 , Tong WU2, 3, Ya-Chun SHEN2, Ming-Xue GENG2, Wen-Jie ZHOU2, Jing HU2, Zhao-Zhi ZHANG2, Jian-Kang DENG2, 3, * , Pei-Zi DUAN4, Jing CUI1
Affiliations
  • 1. Hengshui Comprehensive Inspection and Testing Center, Hengshui 053000, China
  • 2. College of Life Sciences, Hengshui University, Hengshui 053000, China
  • 3. College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223000, China
  • 4. Hengshui Agricultural Environment and Agricultural and Livestock Product Quality Supervision and Management Station, Hengshui 053000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107001
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展青霉素是一种由青霉属和曲霉属等真菌产生的次级代谢产物, 广泛存在于水果及其制品中。因其具有多种毒性, 对食品安全构成严重威胁。巯基化合物的硫醇基团具有化学活性, 在展青霉素的检测和去除中表现出显著的作用。巯基化合物通过迈克尔加成反应与展青霉素的丙内酯环特异性结合, 显著降低展青霉素的毒性和含量。此外, 功能化的巯基材料如巯基修饰的纳米颗粒和气凝胶等, 展现了优异的吸附性能和分离效率, 为食品安全提供了高效、经济且环保的解决方案。本文综述了巯基化合物在展青霉素检测和去除等方面的研究进展及其作用机制, 以期为未来的食品安全研究与应用提供理论参考。

巯基化合物  /  展青霉素  /  检测  /  吸附  /  分离

Patulin is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi such as Penicillium and Aspergillus species, widely present in fruits and their products. Due to its multiple toxicities, it poses a severe threat to food safety. The thiol group in sulfhydryl compounds exhibits chemical reactivity and demonstrates a significant role in the detection and removal of patulin. Through Michael addition reactions, thiol compounds specifically bind to the β-lactone ring of patulin, substantially reducing its toxicity and concentration. Furthermore, functionalized thiol materials, such as thiol-modified nanoparticles and aerogels, demonstrate excellent adsorption performance and separation efficiency, providing efficient, economical and environmentally friendly solutions for ensuring food safety. This paper reviewed the research progress and underlying mechanisms of thiol compounds in the detection and removal of patulin, aiming to provide theoretical references for future research and applications in food safety.

thiol compounds  /  patulin  /  detection  /  adsorption  /  separation
耿春辉, 吴曈, 申亚春, 耿明雪, 周文杰, 扈婧, 张兆志, 邓健康, 段培姿, 崔婧. 基于巯基化合物检测和去除展青霉素的研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 9 -16 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107001
Chun-Hui GENG, Tong WU, Ya-Chun SHEN, Ming-Xue GENG, Wen-Jie ZHOU, Jing HU, Zhao-Zhi ZHANG, Jian-Kang DENG, Pei-Zi DUAN, Jing CUI. Research progress on the detection and removal of patulin based on thiol compounds[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 9 -16 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107001
展青霉素(patulin, PAT), 又称棒曲霉素, 主要是由青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和丝衣霉属(Byssochlamys)等真菌产生的次级代谢产物[1], 主要存在于腐烂苹果、山楂及衍生制品中[2-3]。研究表明, PAT的毒理学作用包括致癌性、致畸性、胚胎毒性及免疫系统毒性, 摄入大量的PAT不仅能通过氧化应激损伤DNA, 还可引发肝、肾和神经系统等疾病[4-6]。因此, 控制和减少PAT污染已成为亟需解决的问题[7]。各国及地区组织针对食品中PAT的限量制定了严格标准(表1)[8]。我国GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》规定果汁中PAT的最高限量为50 μg/kg, 而婴幼儿食品中不得超过10 μg/kg。世界卫生组织、欧盟、美国食品与药物管理局等制定的PAT限量标准处于同一水平。
为保障食品安全, 确保各类食品中PAT的浓度不超过限量标准, 亟需开发高效的检测和去除技术。巯基化合物(如谷胱甘肽和半胱氨酸)含有硫醇基团(-SH), 具有优异的还原性和反应活性[9](图1)。PAT因其较强的亲电子性, 可与硫醇基团通过迈克尔加成反应生成PAT-硫醇加合物[10], 该加合物的毒性通常低于PAT本身[11]。基于巯基化合物与PAT的特异性反应, 研究者们开发了一系列巯基化探针和吸附剂, 用于PAT检测/去除[12-14]。本文旨在概述巯基化合物对PAT的检测、吸附、分离及降解等方面的研究进展, 以期为PAT风险评估、污染防控以及高效检测提供理论依据和参考。
传统的PAT检测方法主要包括薄层色谱法(thin-layer chromatography, TLC)、高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)、气相色谱法(gas chromatography, GC)、高效液相色谱-质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS)、气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)和免疫分析法(immunoassay, IA)等[15-18]。以上方法虽然准确性高, 但检测仪器成本高、试剂/耗材消耗量大。巯基化合物功能化的生物传感器因其合成简单、廉价高效, 一定程度上克服了这些传统检测方法的不足。
近年来, 基于巯基化合物的传感器技术发展迅速。PAT分子包含两个共轭不饱和双键, 表现出强亲电子性, 因此巯基能够与PAT分子中的C-6位点发生迈克尔加成反应, 促使C-6=C-7双键转移至C-3=C-7位置(图2)[12]。基于巯基化合物的生物传感器通过巯基与PAT分子中的丙内酯环进行共价结合, 从而开发灵敏度高、操作简便的PAT检测方法。
荧光传感器是基于分子间相互作用, 将化学信息转换为荧光信号的变化(如荧光增强或猝灭、荧光特征峰的移动或荧光寿命变化等), 从而实现对目标物选择性识别的技术。在食品检测领域, 荧光探针的开发受到了越来越多的关注。LI等[19]开发了一种小分子荧光探针FITC-Lys用于果汁中PAT的可视化检测。该探针将赖氨酸基团引入到荧光素上, 当探针与PAT反应时会形成荧光素二聚体, 从而导致荧光猝灭。该荧光探针在苹果汁和梨汁中表现出良好的灵敏度, 最低检出限(limit of detection, LOD)分别为8 ng/mL(荧光光谱法)和12 ng/mL(荧光成像法), 回收率范围为98.60%~103.80%。与传统检测方法相比, FITC-Lys探针操作简单, 响应快速, 适用于复杂基质中PAT的灵敏检测。
纳米材料(如金属纳米团簇、碳纳米管、石墨烯和量子点等)比表面积大, 识别元件负载密度高, 在荧光传感领域得到了广泛应用[20-21]。巯基化合物与纳米材料表面形成共价键, 不仅可以改善纳米材料的表面性质, 还可将其他功能性分子(如聚乙二醇、环糊精等)引入到纳米材料表面, 提高其稳定性和生物相容性[22], 这对确保其在复杂食品基质的准确检测至关重要。碳点(carbon dots, CDs)是一类尺寸小于10 nm的“零维”碳纳米材料, 具有优异的光致发光性能、光稳定性以及易于功能化修饰等优点[23]。LIU等[12]采用水热合成的CDs与L-半胱氨酸酰胺化反应制备了巯基功能化氮掺杂碳点(sulfhydryl- functionalized nitrogen- doped carbon dots, SH-NCDs), 建立一种以SH-NCDs为探针的新型荧光传感器, NCDs表面修饰的巯基可作为特异性识别位点捕获PAT。PAT与SH-NCDs表面的-SH发生加成反应导致荧光信号增强。该传感器成功应用于苹果汁和葡萄汁中PAT的检测, 该方法在0.1~400 ng/mL范围内呈现良好的线性关系, LOD低至0.053 ng/mL。相比传统的检测方法, 该方法更加简单、快速和经济。
硫醇修饰的脂质体在PAT的检测中也展现了良好的应用前景。NIE等[24]通过薄膜分散法制备了一种封装香豆素-6的硫醇封端脂质体(CM6@Lip-SH), 构建了一种新型荧光传感器。通过硫醇基团特异性识别PAT, 并结合磁性NH2-Au@Fe3O4纳米颗粒实现分离, 有效消除了其他霉菌毒素和金属离子的背景干扰, LOD低至0.033 ng/mL。通过在苹果汁和葡萄汁中的检测结果表明, 该传感器具有高灵敏度和选择性, 为现场快速检测PAT提供了一种新的方法。
巯基化合物不仅能用于识别PAT, 还可以用于增强传感信号, 或是作为信号分子的连接器件。巯基修饰的适配体因其与金属表面的强结合能力, 常作为生物化学传感器构建中的关键元件。巯基通过与金属纳米材料表面形成Au-S或Ag-S共价键, 可实现优异的固定效果。这种化学键合不仅增强了传感器的稳定性, 还间接提升了其导电性能, 从而提高传感器的灵敏度和稳定性[25-26]。例如, XUE等[27]开发了一种基于4-巯基苯甲酸(4-mercaptobenzoic acid, 4-MBA)的表面增强拉曼光谱(surface enhanced raman scattering, SERS)适配体传感器, 该传感器以4-MBA的巯基通过Ag-S键与Au@Ag纳米颗粒结合作为信号分子, 并通过适配体与PAT的特异性结合, 实现PAT的高灵敏检测(LOD为0.46 ng/mL), 该方法选择性好、响应快速及稳定性高, 为高效检测水果和果汁中的PAT提供了一种新的可靠方法。近年来, 巯基修饰适配体广泛应用于各种小分子及有害物质的检测, 尤其在真菌毒素中, 展示了高效、灵敏和特异的PAT识别检测能力。如采用巯基修饰的适配体固定于电极表面, 通过PAT诱导适配体构象变化引发电流变化, 实现信号的“开-关”转换[28], 同时该方法具有良好的选择性和灵敏度(LOD为3.56 ng/mL), 并可用于苹果汁中PAT的检测, 为食品安全检测中PAT的快速定量分析提供了新的解决方案。
吸附是去除PAT的重要手段之一。传统的吸附方法主要以活性炭和大孔树脂为主[29], 但其对PAT的吸附效率较低。巯基化纳米材料用于PAT吸附的主要类型及其结构示意图如图3所示。巯基化吸附剂通过迈克尔加成反应与PAT的活性位点结合, 提高了吸附效率和选择性。巯基化纳米材料作为一类重要的巯基化吸附剂, 其结构多样且对PAT的吸附能力提升显著。不同巯基化合物对PAT的吸附能力和去除效率也存在差异[30]
膜分离技术具有高效、环保和操作简单等特点。传统的分离膜对微污染物的去除主要基于尺寸排除效应和电荷效应, 但对于有机微污染物和有毒重金属离子的去除效果有限[31]。因此, 研究者们利用具有吸附功能的聚合物对膜进行表面功能化改性, 以提高膜对微污染物的吸附能力[32]
聚多巴胺(polydopamine, PDA)是一种具有生物黏附性的材料, 可作为多功能反应平台。PDA涂层可以通过迈克尔加成反应与含有巯基的功能分子结合[33]。利用PDA改性的尼龙膜, 通过聚乙烯亚胺接枝巯基化修饰, 使膜表面实现巯基功能化, 增加了膜表面发生巯基化反应的位点, 从而提高对PAT的吸附能力。该膜对PAT的吸附量可达1245.11 μg/g, 去除率为98.87%[34]。研究表明, 在水溶液中, 小分子的胺和巯基可以通过点击反应偶联在一起, 然后通过化学触发解点击反应再还原成原始的胺和巯基[35]。在一定条件下, 可用巯基将PAT从膜表面置换下来, 通过酰胺化反应使膜表面再次巯基化。经过吸附-脱附循环后, 巯基化分离膜对PAT的去除率未见显著降低[36]
细菌纤维素凝胶膜(bacterial cellulose gel membrane, BCMs)具有良好的生物相容性和广泛的来源[37]。LIANG等[32]利用3-巯基丙基三乙氧基硅烷对细菌纤维素凝胶膜进行巯基官能团化修饰, 制备了巯基改性细菌纤维素凝胶膜(BCM-SH)。其吸附原理是利用表面的活性巯基与PAT分子中的羰基发生反应, 从而实现对PAT的吸附。巯基与PAT的共价结合提高了BCM-SH在苹果汁中的吸附性能, BCM-SH在苹果汁中的最大吸附量为(498.78±35.94) μg/g, 比未改性的膜提高了125倍, 且吸附能力稳定。巯基与PAT的共价结合提高了BCM-SH在苹果汁中的吸附性能, 主要以单层化学吸附为主。且BCM-SH易于从苹果汁中分离, 对果汁品质无明显影响[32]。BCM-SH具有操作简便、吸附能力强、吸附速率快、生物相容性好和可生物降解等优点, 是一种高效的PAT吸附材料, 在食品工业领域具有广泛的应用前景。BCM-SH吸附性能受到多种因素的影响, 如温度、pH、膜材料和PAT浓度等。在酸性水溶液和苹果汁中, 吸附效率随温度升高而增加; 在pH 3~6范围内, 吸附容量随pH升高而增加, 当pH为5时, BCM-SH的吸附容量最高, pH过低时, H+与PAT竞争吸附位点, 吸附能力降低; pH升高时, 硫醇基去质子化程度增加, 与PAT的静电吸引力增强, 吸附能力提高; 膜材料的表面官能团(如硫醇基)和结构特性直接影响吸附性能, 硫醇基修饰的BCM吸附能力显著提高。通过综合优化这些条件, 可以显著提高BCM-SH对PAT的吸附性能, 使其在实际应用中表现出更高的吸附效率和稳定性。
纳米材料具有优异的化学稳定性和热稳定性, 与传统吸附剂相比, 具有比表面积大、孔径可调节和吸附效率高等优势。巯基化纳米材料中的巯基具有很强的反应活性, 可与PAT发生反应, 实现高效吸附。
金属有机框架(metal-organic frameworks, MOFs)是一类新型结晶多孔材料, 具有极高的比表面积、可调孔径和灵活的功能化特性[38]。LIU等[39]开发了一种新型的半胱氨酸功能化金属有机框架吸附剂[UiO-66(NH2)@Au-Cys], 用于去除苹果汁中的PAT。该吸附剂表面含有丰富的巯基、氨基和羧基功能团, 通过化学吸附与PAT分子中的羟基和羰基作用, 研究表明, 此吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温线模型, 且吸附过程为自发、吸热反应。在pH为5、吸附时间为200 min的条件下, 对PAT的最大吸附量为4.38 µg/mg, 与微生物吸附剂相比该吸附剂对PAT的吸附量和吸附时间都显著提高, 这是因为其表面丰富的活性位点加快了其吸附速率。应用于吸附苹果中的PAT, 吸附率为87%, 在苹果汁中的残留量为0.12 μg/mL, 经其处理后苹果汁品质无不良变化。UiO-66(NH2)@Au-Cys纳米吸附剂具有吸附位点丰富、效率高、稳定性好和生物安全性高等优点, 展示出良好的应用前景。
硅藻土是一种环境友好型吸附剂, 具有丰富的多孔结构, 为吸附提供了坚实的表面[40]。GO纳米片是一种碳基纳米材料, 具有丰富的活性位点、低成本和高吸附能力等优点[41]。通过制备巯基功能化氧化石墨烯(GO-SH)修饰硅藻土的复合材料, 用于高效去除苹果汁中的PAT。GO-SH提供了丰富的羟基、羧基和巯基活性位点, 能够与PAT分子中的羰基和羟基形成稳定的化学键结合, 显著提升了吸附性能[42]。研究表明, GO-SH/硅藻土的最大吸附容量达到10.68 μg/mg, 在4 h内可去除超过90%的PAT, 且对苹果汁品质无显著影响。吸附过程包括物理吸附和化学吸附, 其吸附机制为具有亲电子性的PAT与巯基发生共价结合。该吸附剂为一次性使用, pH对去除效率影响不大。
壳聚糖是一种新型纳米复合材料, 含有大量的氨基和羟基, 具有生物活性、生物相容性、安全无毒、化学稳定性和微生物降解性等优良性能[43]。通过硫脲改性壳聚糖树脂引入了大量巯基, 可以显著增强树脂与PAT中羰基和羟基的相互作用, 提高吸附效果。在低温、酸性条件下, 该树脂对PAT具有较高的吸附容量(最大可达626.4 μg/g), 且对果汁的营养和香气成分影响较小。吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型[10]。将壳聚糖/L-半胱氨酸交联的新型SeNPs用于吸附苹果汁中的PAT。其吸附机制是PAT可附着在Se-壳聚糖/半胱氨酸纳米粒子的-SH、-OH和-NH基团上, 实现PAT的有效吸附。在模拟果汁中加入5 mg的SeNPs作用150 min, 可吸附去除98%以上的PAT[44]
结合近年来采用多相结构实现吸附-光催化偶联的机制, QIU等[45]制备了一种新型复合气凝胶材料, 魔芋葡甘露聚糖(konjac glucomannan, KG)固定巯基改性的石墨化氮化碳(graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4)。制备的复合气凝胶g-C3N4-SH@KG, 采用“暗吸收(在食物中)-光再生(在水中)”的方法实现了苹果汁中PAT的高效去除和材料的重复利用。g-C3N4-SH@KG对PAT表现出良好的吸附能力, 吸附容量达到1.10 mg/g, 显著高于未改性的g-C3N4, 同时在苹果汁中也表现出良好的PAT去除能力, 吸附容量达到0.93 mg/g, 3次吸附-再生循环后仍保持了81%的初始吸附能力, 并且吸附处理对苹果汁的品质参数(如可溶性固形物、还原糖、色泽等)没有显著影响。且可见光照射下可以高效再生, 4 h内-SH含量恢复到较高水平。鉴于传统酵母吸附剂难以分离的问题, QIU等[46]研究了一种新型的吸附剂硫醇功能化失活酵母(thiol-functionalized yeast, Y-SH)嵌入琼脂气凝胶(Y-SH@Agar), 用于高效去除苹果汁中的PAT。Y-SH(Gl)@Agar-10在苹果汁中对PAT的吸附容量是未修饰酵母的120倍, 对果汁质量参数无显著影响。且此吸附剂对细胞无毒性, 即使在5倍使用浓度下, 细胞活力仍高于95%。证明了该吸附剂在果汁中的应用潜力和生物安全性, 不仅为苹果汁中PAT的去除提供了一种新方法, 也为其他污染物的去除提供了新的思路。
巯基化纳米材料在PAT吸附领域展现出显著优势, 不仅吸附效率高, 且对果汁品质影响较小, 为果汁中PAT的去除提供了高效、环保的新思路。
巯基化合物在PAT的分离中发挥重要作用, 可与PAT分子发生特异性相互作用, 实现高效去除。磁性纳米颗粒由于具有高饱和磁化强度、低毒性、易于合成以及易于分离和回收等优点, 广泛用作吸附剂[47]。其中, 巯基封端的磁性氧化铁珠表面携带巯基基团, 能够与溶液中的PAT分子丙内酯基团发生反应, 从而实现吸附[13]。在短时间与磁珠接触后, 即可达到高去除率; 使用1.5 mg磁珠孵育2 h, 在中性和碱性水溶液中的PAT去除率达99%。此外, 分离过程中PAT的稳定性与磁珠表面活性基团未发生明显变化, 去除效率受温度影响小。该方法去除苹果汁PAT时, 去除效率可达71.25%, 且对苹果汁的颜色、澄清度和总糖等品质无负面影响。并且, 该吸附剂可以多次重复使用, 4次循环后吸附能力仍无显著降低[13]
GO纳米片因其丰富的活性位点、低成本和高吸附能力而受到广泛关注, 而气凝胶则以其孔道丰富、比表面积大及易于分离的特点在吸附领域占据重要地位[41,48]。掺杂GO-SH的气凝胶结合了二者优势, 其三维多孔网络结构与功能基团(如-COOH、-NH2、-SH)协同, 可实现对PAT的高效吸附, 最大吸附容量达24.75 μg/mg。该材料在复杂果汁体系中表现出优异的机械强度和分离便捷性, 避免了残留风险[49]。相比传统吸附剂, GO-SH气凝胶提供了一种高效、经济且环保的PAT去除方案。除此以外, YAN等[50]通过将半胱氨酸与猪胰脂肪酶(porcine pancreatic lipase, PPL)共同固定在层状介孔锆金属有机框架(hierarchical mesoporous zirconium metal-organic framework, HMMOF)气凝胶上, 显著提高了PAT的去除效率。半胱氨酸的巯基能够与PAT分子形成氢键和静电相互作用, 增强了对PAT的吸附能力。此外, PPL的加入通过催化降解PAT的内酯环, 减低了PAT的毒性且提高了其去除效率。该气凝胶在干扰物质存在下仍具有较高的PAT去除能力, 在20 mL酸性缓冲液、市售苹果汁和鲜榨苹果汁的条件下的平均PAT去除率分别为76.1%、63.4%和60.7%。CMC@HMMOF-Cys/PPL气凝胶极易与PAT反应, 无需复杂和耗时的程序。其降解产物和解毒产物安全无毒, 对苹果汁质量无显著影响, 在苹果汁中去除PAT方面具有巨大潜力。
硫脲(thiourea)和聚半乳糖醛酸(polygalacturonic acid, PGA)结合形成新型纳米复合材料 (thiourea-polygalacturonic acid, TPGA)。TPGA中的-SH、-NH2、-COOH和-OH等功能基团通过氢键和静电相互作用有效吸附PAT。TPGA (T1P2)(硫脲和聚半乳糖醛酸的比例为1:2)对PAT的去除效果最佳, 表明PGA比单一硫脲的吸附能力更强。该吸附过程符合伪一级动力学模型和Freundlich吸附等温线模型, 表明去除PAT是通过物理吸附与化学吸附的复合作用。TPGA纳米复合材料能够从苹果汁中高效去除PAT, 去除效率达到91.35%, 具有广泛的应用潜力[51]
巯基化合物在PAT的分离与去除中应用广泛(表2), 并且展现了良好的应用前景。未来, 需要进一步优化巯基化合物的结构设计与功能化机制, 并探索其在复杂食品体系中的规模化和低成本推广技术。
近年来, 多项研究发现了巯基化合物可以用于PAT降解, 并提出了潜在的作用机制和进一步的优化策略。
巯基化合物可通过与PAT分子中的活性双键发生加成反应, 生成稳定的非毒性产物。CIEGLER等[52]通过巯基化合物与PAT的反应条件与特性, 指出巯基化合物用于PAT降解的反应机制主要涉及PAT的不饱和内酯与巯基化合物的巯基发生迈克尔加成反应, 生成复杂的加合物, 从而减弱PAT的毒性。在高温和强酸性条件下, 巯基化合物与PAT的反应速率显著提高。例如, MA等[53]研究了不同环境因素对半胱氨酸降解PAT的影响, 发现pH和反应温度是关键影响因素。在强酸性条件(pH<3)下, PAT分子更易受到巯基攻击, 形成稳定的降解产物。此外, 进一步的热辅助实验揭示了酸性和高温协同促进PAT降解的作用机制[54], 发现热作用不仅能加速半胱氨酸与PAT之间的加成反应, 还可通过环内酯开环、脱羧和酯化等多重化学过程生成一系列降解产物, 从而显著降低PAT的稳定性和毒性。
巯基化合物与其他物理或生物降解技术结合使用, 也是未来研究的趋势之一。例如, RODRÍGUEZ- BENCOMO等[55]提出了一种高效降解苹果汁中PAT的方法, 通过在苹果汁中添加谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)和亚铁离子(Fe2+)并结合脉冲光技术, 使GSH与PAT发生化学反应, Fe2+则作为催化剂, 形成毒性较低的GSH-PAT共轭物。脉冲光处理进一步激活了GSH与PAT之间的反应, 从而显著提高了降解效率。在最佳条件下(GSH浓度125 mg/L, Fe2+浓度2 mg/L, 液体层厚度0.33 cm, 脉冲光脉冲次数30次), PAT的降解率可达98.5%。即使在较低的GSH/Fe2+摩尔比(如0.5)下, 降解率也能达到94%。这种方法有效降低了苹果汁中PAT的含量, 还生成了相对低毒的降解产物, 提升了苹果汁的安全性。此外, 酵母发酵过程中谷胱甘肽可与PAT发生反应, 并发现发酵过程中形成的谷胱甘肽-PAT结合物是PAT浓度降低的重要原因[56]。DIAO等[54]基于液相色谱四极杆飞行时间质谱法(liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, LC-Q-TOF-MS)对PAT降解产物进行分析, 在分子水平上初步阐明了巯基化合物与PAT的反应机制, 在高温(120 °C)和强酸性条件(pH 3.5)下, 半胱氨酸的巯基与PAT的C2-C3双键发生迈克尔加成反应, 形成PAT-半胱氨酸加合物, 随后通过一系列反应进一步降解为多种产物, PAT的功能基团(如内酯环、双键和羟基)被破坏, 所以降解产物的毒性显著低于PAT本身。在没有半胱氨酸的情况下, PAT在120℃下加热处理30~90 min, 仅能减少19.19%~38.43%。在半胱氨酸存在的情况下, PAT的降解率超过99.9%, 表明半胱氨酸显著促进了PAT的降解。这些研究为进一步优化降解条件和开发新型巯基化合物奠定了基础。
PAT作为由霉菌产生的次级代谢产物, 因其多种毒性而成为食品安全领域的重大挑战。巯基化合物凭借其独特的化学活性, 在PAT的检测、吸附、分离和降解中展现出显著优势和广阔应用潜力。通过迈克尔加成反应, 巯基化合物与PAT的丙内酯环特异性结合, 形成毒性较低的加合物, 从而显著提升检测灵敏度和去除效率。功能化的巯基材料(如纳米颗粒、气凝胶、磁性颗粒和改性分离膜)通过优化结构设计和表面功能化, 进一步实现了PAT的高效检测与去除, 为食品安全提供了创新解决方案。
然而, 巯基化合物在实际应用中仍面临若干挑战。首先, 在复杂食品基质中仍可能受到其他霉菌毒素或金属离子的干扰, 导致检测灵敏度和准确性下降。其次, 在吸附和分离方面, 巯基化材料的再生性能有限, 增加了成本和环境负担。最后, 巯基化合物-PAT-加合物的长期稳定性及潜在毒性仍需进一步评估, 尤其是在高温或酸性条件下可能产生的副产物, 可能会引发新的安全隐患。
未来研究重点关注: 开发具有更高选择性和抗干扰能力的巯基化探针; 针对吸附材料的再生问题, 重点研究其可重复利用性和经济性, 同时优化工艺参数以减少对环境条件依赖; 结合光催化、酶催化等技术与巯基化合物的协同作用, 有望进一步提升PAT的降解效率, 并生成更安全的降解产物。
综上所述, 巯基化合物及其功能化材料在PAT检测与去除领域展现出巨大潜力, 有望为应对PAT污染提供有力支持。
  • 河北省市场监督管理局科研计划项目(2024ZC03)
  • 衡水学院校级重点项目(2023ZRZ02)
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107001
  • 接收时间:2025-01-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-07
基金
河北省市场监督管理局科研计划项目(2024ZC03)
衡水学院校级重点项目(2023ZRZ02)
作者信息
    1. 衡水市综合检验检测中心, 衡水 053000
    2. 衡水学院生命科学学院, 衡水 053000
    3. 淮阴工学院生命科学与食品工程学院, 淮安 223000
    4. 衡水市农业环境与农畜产品质量监督管理站, 衡水 053000

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* 邓健康(1989—), 男, 博士后, 副教授, 主要研究方向为纳米材料在食品安全中的应用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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