Article(id=1151437190703182445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241203005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733155200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453618931, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453618931, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453618931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453618931, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=33, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895322541306875, articleId=1151437190703182445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Investigation on the current situation of mycotoxin contamination in Triticum aestivum L. from China in 2023 and 2024, columnId=1151895321526759957, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention and Control of Biotoxins in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate multiple mycotoxin contamination and patterns in Triticum aestivum L. samples from China in 2023 and 2024. Methods A total of 248 Triticum aestivum L. samples were randomly collected from the main Triticum aestivum L.-producing areas of the country (2023: 145; 2024: 103). Simultaneously, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the content of various mycotoxins in Triticum aestivum L.. Results The total exceeding rate of mycotoxin contamination in 248 Triticum aestivum L. was 98.0%. The positivity rate for these mycotoxins ranged from 0.4% to 87.1%, with average contamination levels ranging from 0.4 to 604.3 μg/kg. Positive mean values for regulated toxins such as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, and emerging toxins such as alternariol and enniatins in Triticum aestivum L. were lower in 2024 than in 2023. In addition, the results of zearalenone ELISA (2023: 91.5%, 88.5 μg/kg; 2024: 92.2%,79.4 μg/kg) had relatively large differencey from those of LC-MS/MS (2023: 28.7%, 17.7 μg/kg; 2024: 29.1%, 5.0 μg/kg). Conclusion Triticum aestivum L. mycotoxin contamination is less severe in 2024 than in 2023. Higher levels of contamination with deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, alternariol and beauvericin are also found in Triticum aestivum L..

, correspAuthors=Cai-Xia REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-Min WANG, Yi-Zhi HAN, Shu-Zhan ZHENG, Xian-Chun JIA, Da-Wei ZHANG, Xue-Ting ZHOU, Shu GUAN, Tian-Yu LI, Yang LIU, Cai-Xia REN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895329902309415, articleId=1151437190703182445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2023年和2024年中国小麦中霉菌毒素污染现状研究, columnId=1151895321669366295, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究2023—2024年我国小麦样品中多种霉菌毒素污染情况。方法 随机采集我国小麦主产区共248份小麦样品(2023年145份; 2024年103份), 同时使用液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)和酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)测定小麦中多种霉菌毒素的含量。结果 248份小麦中霉菌毒素的污染率达到98.0%, 这些毒素的阳性率范围在0.4%~87.1%, 平均污染水平在0.4~604.3 μg/kg。2024年小麦中呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮等管制毒素, 交链孢酚、恩镰孢菌素等新型毒素的阳性均值均低于2023年; 此外, 玉米赤霉烯酮ELISA法检测结果(2023: 91.5%, 88.5 μg/kg; 2024: 92.2%, 79.4 μg/kg)与LC-MS/MS法(2023: 28.7%, 17.7 μg/kg; 2024: 29.1%, 5.0 μg/kg)相差较大。结论 2024年小麦霉菌毒素污染程度比2023年低, 同时也发现呕吐毒素-3-葡萄糖苷、交链孢酚和白僵菌素等在小麦中的污染水平较高。

, correspAuthors=任彩霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 任彩霞(1982—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为真菌毒素检测, 食品理化检测。E-mail:
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王晓敏(1988—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为真菌毒素检测, 农兽残检测。E-mail:

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王晓敏(1988—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为真菌毒素检测, 农兽残检测。E-mail:

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王晓敏(1988—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为真菌毒素检测, 农兽残检测。E-mail:

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Cereal & Food Industry, 2015, 22(3): 97-100., articleTitle=A comparative research on the determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat with HPLC method and ELISA, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167030678450352330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=27, pageEnd=30, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=49, authorNames=董艾青, 刘少文, 柏凡, journalName=中国饲料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=董艾青, 刘少文, 柏凡, 等. 不同方法检测霉菌毒素的比较研究[J]. 中国饲料, 2017(4): 27-30., articleTitle=不同方法检测霉菌毒素的比较研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167030678509072587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=27, pageEnd=30, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=50, authorNames=DONG AIQ, LIU SW, BAI F, journalName=China Feed, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DONG AIQ, LIU SW, BAI F, et al. 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China Feed, 2017(4): 27-30., articleTitle=Study on comparison of the different method to detect concentration of mycotoxins, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167030678563598540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=52, issue=4, pageStart=84, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=51, authorNames=敬樊, 李勇刚, 王静之, journalName=山西农业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=敬樊, 李勇刚, 王静之, 等. 气候变化对商洛旱地冬小麦农艺性状的影响[J]. 山西农业科学, 2024, 52(4): 84-91., articleTitle=气候变化对商洛旱地冬小麦农艺性状的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167030678613930189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=52, issue=4, pageStart=84, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=52, authorNames=JIN F, LI YG, WANG JZ, journalName=Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIN F, LI YG, WANG JZ, et al. 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Microorganisms, 2024, 12(3): 567., articleTitle=Contamination and control of mycotoxins in grain and oil crops, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167030673673040023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, awardId=2022HK122, language=CN, fundingSource=海关总署科研项目(2022HK122), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167030673727565976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, awardId=2023HK082, language=CN, fundingSource=海关总署科研项目(2023HK082), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167030667645825083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030667650019388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, companyId=1167030667645825083, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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China, Tianjin 300457, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030667926843462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, companyId=1167030667910066244, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. 天津海关动植物与食品检测中心, 天津 300457)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167030671789797507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Composition of mycotoxin contamination in Triticum aestivum L. in 2023 and 2024, figureFileSmall=UWJj52hoLZynTAEnednCcw==, figureFileBig=DgqY2J7GdiUZnprmDqObsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030671861100676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2023年和2024年小麦中霉菌毒素污染组成, figureFileSmall=UWJj52hoLZynTAEnednCcw==, figureFileBig=DgqY2J7GdiUZnprmDqObsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030671957569669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Correlation analysis of DON and its modified toxin concentrations in Triticum aestivum L. in 2023 and 2024, figureFileSmall=B/HwLD62JqH+a4kt6fXVqg==, figureFileBig=N9xozukloFG4F18pJExKeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030672062427270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2023年和2024年小麦中DON及其隐蔽型毒素浓度相关性分析, figureFileSmall=B/HwLD62JqH+a4kt6fXVqg==, figureFileBig=N9xozukloFG4F18pJExKeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030672179867783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Informations on the origin of the samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样省份 河南 河北 安徽 江苏 山东 湖北 陕西 天津 浙江 山西
2023年 31 32 12 19 33 10 2 3 0 3
2024年 24 17 12 19 17 0 7 3 4 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167030672251170952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品产地信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样省份 河南 河北 安徽 江苏 山东 湖北 陕西 天津 浙江 山西
2023年 31 32 12 19 33 10 2 3 0 3
2024年 24 17 12 19 17 0 7 3 4 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167030672330862729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Investigation outcomes of 53 kinds of mycotoxins in Triticum aestivum L. samples in 2023—2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
霉菌毒素 2023—2024年(248份样品)
阳性率/% 阳性均值
/(μg/kg)
阳性最大值/(μg/kg)
OTA 0.40 28.14 28.14
T-2 0.40 2.05 2.05
HT-2 / / /
AFB1 1.21 5.88 13.50
AFB2 / / /
AFG1 / / /
AFG2 / / /
FB1 4.03 24.48 43.05
FB2 2.02 3.26 4.62
FB3 1.21 10.48 14.26
DON 87.10 604.30 10845.57
PAT / / /
ZEN 29.84 15.83 212.10
D3G 44.35 195.67 1184.40
NIV 4.84 106.80 583.80
3ACDON 18.95 36.23 146.16
15ACDON 7.66 40.62 85.89
AOH 67.34 66.70 1344.00
T-2四醇 / / /
T-2三醇 / / /
BEA 56.85 7.95 125.79
STG 2.42 1.02 1.60
ENNA 22.58 0.89 5.80
ENNB 79.44 6.12 114.87
ENNB1 70.97 3.40 52.71
ENNA1 50.81 1.24 11.68
MON 22.18 22.20 75.18
MPA 2.42 20.07 59.64
酪青霉毒素 0.81 3.31 6.03
ZEA / / /
PA 2.42 125.23 268.80
GLI / / /
OTB / / /
DIA / / /
NEO / / /
15ACDIA 0.81 5.63 8.63
FUX / / /
麦角新碱 1.21 0.51 0.66
麦角柯宁碱 / / /
麦角生碱 / / /
麦角胺 / / /
麦角环肽 / / /
麦角克碱 / / /
麦角异新碱 2.42 0.36 0.74
麦角异柯宁碱 / / /
双氢麦角醇 2.42 4.99 10.90
麦角异克碱 0.81 1.23 1.76
异麦角克普汀 / / /
麦角啉-8-甲醇 / / /
麦碱 / / /
α-ZOL / / /
β-ZOL / / /
), ArticleFig(id=1167030672423137418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2023—2024年小麦样品中53种霉菌毒素调查结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
霉菌毒素 2023—2024年(248份样品)
阳性率/% 阳性均值
/(μg/kg)
阳性最大值/(μg/kg)
OTA 0.40 28.14 28.14
T-2 0.40 2.05 2.05
HT-2 / / /
AFB1 1.21 5.88 13.50
AFB2 / / /
AFG1 / / /
AFG2 / / /
FB1 4.03 24.48 43.05
FB2 2.02 3.26 4.62
FB3 1.21 10.48 14.26
DON 87.10 604.30 10845.57
PAT / / /
ZEN 29.84 15.83 212.10
D3G 44.35 195.67 1184.40
NIV 4.84 106.80 583.80
3ACDON 18.95 36.23 146.16
15ACDON 7.66 40.62 85.89
AOH 67.34 66.70 1344.00
T-2四醇 / / /
T-2三醇 / / /
BEA 56.85 7.95 125.79
STG 2.42 1.02 1.60
ENNA 22.58 0.89 5.80
ENNB 79.44 6.12 114.87
ENNB1 70.97 3.40 52.71
ENNA1 50.81 1.24 11.68
MON 22.18 22.20 75.18
MPA 2.42 20.07 59.64
酪青霉毒素 0.81 3.31 6.03
ZEA / / /
PA 2.42 125.23 268.80
GLI / / /
OTB / / /
DIA / / /
NEO / / /
15ACDIA 0.81 5.63 8.63
FUX / / /
麦角新碱 1.21 0.51 0.66
麦角柯宁碱 / / /
麦角生碱 / / /
麦角胺 / / /
麦角环肽 / / /
麦角克碱 / / /
麦角异新碱 2.42 0.36 0.74
麦角异柯宁碱 / / /
双氢麦角醇 2.42 4.99 10.90
麦角异克碱 0.81 1.23 1.76
异麦角克普汀 / / /
麦角啉-8-甲醇 / / /
麦碱 / / /
α-ZOL / / /
β-ZOL / / /
), ArticleFig(id=1167030672502829195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Contamination of Triticum aestivum L. with DON and ZEN in 2023 and 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 霉菌毒素 阳性率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(μg/kg) 中值/(μg/kg) 最大值/(μg/kg)
2023年 DON 89.0 21.0 773.9 268.5 10845.6
ZEN 30.3 2.0 20.4 7.1 212.1
2024年 DON 84.5 11.6 434.8 122.0 4242.0
ZEN 29.1 1.2 11.2 5.0 67.2
), ArticleFig(id=1167030672578326668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2023年和2024年小麦中DON和ZEN污染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 霉菌毒素 阳性率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(μg/kg) 中值/(μg/kg) 最大值/(μg/kg)
2023年 DON 89.0 21.0 773.9 268.5 10845.6
ZEN 30.3 2.0 20.4 7.1 212.1
2024年 DON 84.5 11.6 434.8 122.0 4242.0
ZEN 29.1 1.2 11.2 5.0 67.2
), ArticleFig(id=1167030672674795661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Contamination of Triticum aestivum L. with modified mycotoxins in 2023 and 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
霉菌毒素 2023年 2024年
阳性率/% 均值/(μg/kg) 中值/(μg/kg) 最大值/(μg/kg) 阳性率/% 均值/(μg/kg) 中值/(μg/kg) 最大值
/(μg/kg)
D3G 43.5 198.0 128.3 1184.4 45.6 193.4 113.8 699.3
NIV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 213.6 159.4 583.8
3AcDON 21.4 35.7 26.7 146.2 15.5 36.8 27.2 95.3
15AcDON 11.0 25.3 17.7 83.6 2.9 55.9 47.0 85.9
), ArticleFig(id=1167030672746098830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2023年和2024年小麦中隐蔽型毒素毒素污染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
霉菌毒素 2023年 2024年
阳性率/% 均值/(μg/kg) 中值/(μg/kg) 最大值/(μg/kg) 阳性率/% 均值/(μg/kg) 中值/(μg/kg) 最大值
/(μg/kg)
D3G 43.5 198.0 128.3 1184.4 45.6 193.4 113.8 699.3
NIV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 213.6 159.4 583.8
3AcDON 21.4 35.7 26.7 146.2 15.5 36.8 27.2 95.3
15AcDON 11.0 25.3 17.7 83.6 2.9 55.9 47.0 85.9
), ArticleFig(id=1167030672863539343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Contamination of Triticum aestivum L. with emerging mycotoxins in 2023 and 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
霉菌毒素 2023年 2024年
阳性率/% 均值/(μg/kg) 中值/(μg/kg) 最大值/(μg/kg) 阳性率/% 均值/(μg/kg) 中值/(μg/kg) 最大值/(μg/kg)
AOH 71.7 116.4 40.5 1344.0 61.2 17.0 6.6 150.8
BEA 39.3 10.2 2.1 125.8 81.6 5.7 1.1 105.4
ENNA 26.9 1.4 0.9 5.8 16.5 0.4 0.3 1.1
ENNB 77.2 8.2 3.4 114.9 82.5 4.0 1.1 72.7
ENNB1 75.9 4.7 1.8 52.7 64.1 2.1 0.9 21.4
ENNA1 55.9 1.9 0.9 11.7 43.7 0.5 0.3 4.4
MON 18.6 28.8 16.0 114.5 27.2 15.6 7.0 75.2
), ArticleFig(id=1167030672930648208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2023年和2024年小麦中新型毒素污染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
霉菌毒素 2023年 2024年
阳性率/% 均值/(μg/kg) 中值/(μg/kg) 最大值/(μg/kg) 阳性率/% 均值/(μg/kg) 中值/(μg/kg) 最大值/(μg/kg)
AOH 71.7 116.4 40.5 1344.0 61.2 17.0 6.6 150.8
BEA 39.3 10.2 2.1 125.8 81.6 5.7 1.1 105.4
ENNA 26.9 1.4 0.9 5.8 16.5 0.4 0.3 1.1
ENNB 77.2 8.2 3.4 114.9 82.5 4.0 1.1 72.7
ENNB1 75.9 4.7 1.8 52.7 64.1 2.1 0.9 21.4
ENNA1 55.9 1.9 0.9 11.7 43.7 0.5 0.3 4.4
MON 18.6 28.8 16.0 114.5 27.2 15.6 7.0 75.2
), ArticleFig(id=1167030673014534289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Mycotoxin contamination of Triticum aestivum L. from different origins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 霉菌
毒素
河南
(23年: 31份
24年: 24份)
河北
(23年: 32份
24年: 17份)
安徽
(23年: 12份
24年: 12份)
江苏
(23年: 19份
24年: 19份)
山东
(23年: 33份
24年: 17份)
阳性率
/%
均值
/(μg/kg)
阳性率
/%
均值
/(μg/kg)
阳性率
/%
均值
/(μg/kg)
阳性率
/%
均值
/(μg/kg)
阳性率/% 均值
/(μg/kg)
2023 BEA 35.5 9.2Aa 21.9 3.4Aa 75.0 8.2Aa 57.9 4.8Aa 30.3 13.5Aa
DON 83.9 350.7Ab 96.9 1152.4Aa 83.3 460.8Aab 100.0 789.6Aab 84.9 1014.0Aab
ZEN 48.4 14.5Aa 25.0 31.9a 25.0 16.7Aa 26.3 7.8Aa 24.2 27.8a
AOH 100.0 230.2Aa 37.5 14.4Ab 100.0 193.3Aa 94.7 33.0Ab 54.6 21.9Ab
2024 BEA 87.5 0.9Bb 52.9 0.6Bb 100.0 6.2Ab 68.4 20.9Aa 100.0 3.9Ab
DON 91.7 661.1Aa 94.1 85.0Ba 100.0 595.1Aa 73.7 162.5Ba 64.7 156.8Ba
ZEN 41.7 10.6Aa / / 91.7 6.3Ba 5.3 7.8Aa / /
AOH 66.7 17.5Bab 70.6 4.9Ab 91.7 37.2Ba 31.6 8.27Ab 41.2 14.4Aab
), ArticleFig(id=1167030673085837458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同产地小麦霉菌毒素污染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 霉菌
毒素
河南
(23年: 31份
24年: 24份)
河北
(23年: 32份
24年: 17份)
安徽
(23年: 12份
24年: 12份)
江苏
(23年: 19份
24年: 19份)
山东
(23年: 33份
24年: 17份)
阳性率
/%
均值
/(μg/kg)
阳性率
/%
均值
/(μg/kg)
阳性率
/%
均值
/(μg/kg)
阳性率
/%
均值
/(μg/kg)
阳性率/% 均值
/(μg/kg)
2023 BEA 35.5 9.2Aa 21.9 3.4Aa 75.0 8.2Aa 57.9 4.8Aa 30.3 13.5Aa
DON 83.9 350.7Ab 96.9 1152.4Aa 83.3 460.8Aab 100.0 789.6Aab 84.9 1014.0Aab
ZEN 48.4 14.5Aa 25.0 31.9a 25.0 16.7Aa 26.3 7.8Aa 24.2 27.8a
AOH 100.0 230.2Aa 37.5 14.4Ab 100.0 193.3Aa 94.7 33.0Ab 54.6 21.9Ab
2024 BEA 87.5 0.9Bb 52.9 0.6Bb 100.0 6.2Ab 68.4 20.9Aa 100.0 3.9Ab
DON 91.7 661.1Aa 94.1 85.0Ba 100.0 595.1Aa 73.7 162.5Ba 64.7 156.8Ba
ZEN 41.7 10.6Aa / / 91.7 6.3Ba 5.3 7.8Aa / /
AOH 66.7 17.5Bab 70.6 4.9Ab 91.7 37.2Ba 31.6 8.27Ab 41.2 14.4Aab
), ArticleFig(id=1167030673207472275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Determination of DON content in Triticum aestivum L. by LC-MS/MS and ELISA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 2023年 2024年
阳性率/% >1000 μg/kg 200~1000 μg/kg 阳性率/% >1000 μg/kg 200~1000 μg/kg
ELISA法 48.8 2199.0a 453.8a 43.7 1968.9a 521.1a
LC-MS/MS法 88.4 2502.5a 459.6a 84.5 2020.8a 496.7a
), ArticleFig(id=1167030673299746964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

LC-MS/MS法和ELISA法测定小麦中DON的含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 2023年 2024年
阳性率/% >1000 μg/kg 200~1000 μg/kg 阳性率/% >1000 μg/kg 200~1000 μg/kg
ELISA法 48.8 2199.0a 453.8a 43.7 1968.9a 521.1a
LC-MS/MS法 88.4 2502.5a 459.6a 84.5 2020.8a 496.7a
), ArticleFig(id=1167030673404604565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Determination of ZEN content in Triticum aestivum L. by LC-MS/MS and ELISA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 2023年 2024年
阳性率/% >60 μg/kg 20~60 μg/kg 阳性率/% >60 μg/kg 20~60 μg/kg
ELISA法 91.5 88.5a 40.0a 92.2 79.4a 43.9a
LC-MS/MS法 28.7 17.7b 2.0b 29.1 5.0b 2.0b
), ArticleFig(id=1167030673475907734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190703182445, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

LC-MS/MS法和ELISA法测定小麦中ZEN的含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 2023年 2024年
阳性率/% >60 μg/kg 20~60 μg/kg 阳性率/% >60 μg/kg 20~60 μg/kg
ELISA法 91.5 88.5a 40.0a 92.2 79.4a 43.9a
LC-MS/MS法 28.7 17.7b 2.0b 29.1 5.0b 2.0b
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2023年和2024年中国小麦中霉菌毒素污染现状研究
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王晓敏 1 , 韩祎陟 1 , 郑书展 1 , 贾先春 2 , 张大伟 2 , 周雪婷 2 , 关舒 3 , 李天宇 3 , 刘旸 4 , 任彩霞 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025,16(11): 33-40
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025, 16(11): 33-40
2023年和2024年中国小麦中霉菌毒素污染现状研究
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王晓敏1 , 韩祎陟1, 郑书展1, 贾先春2, 张大伟2, 周雪婷2, 关舒3, 李天宇3, 刘旸4, 任彩霞1, *
作者信息
  • 1. 呼和浩特海关技术中心, 呼和浩特 010020
  • 2. 江南大学生物工程学院, 无锡 214000
  • 3. 百奥明饲料添加剂(中国)有限公司, 无锡 214101
  • 4. 天津海关动植物与食品检测中心, 天津 300457
  • 王晓敏(1988—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为真菌毒素检测, 农兽残检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 任彩霞(1982—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为真菌毒素检测, 食品理化检测。E-mail:
Investigation on the current situation of mycotoxin contamination in Triticum aestivum L. from China in 2023 and 2024
Xiao-Min WANG1 , Yi-Zhi HAN1, Shu-Zhan ZHENG1, Xian-Chun JIA2, Da-Wei ZHANG2, Xue-Ting ZHOU2, Shu GUAN3, Tian-Yu LI3, Yang LIU4, Cai-Xia REN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Technical Center of Hohhot Customs, Hohhot 010020, China
  • 2. School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
  • 3. Biomin Feed Addictive (China) Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214101, China
  • 4. Animal, Plant & Foodstuff Inspection Center of Tianjin Customs District P. R. China, Tianjin 300457, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241203005
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目的 探究2023—2024年我国小麦样品中多种霉菌毒素污染情况。方法 随机采集我国小麦主产区共248份小麦样品(2023年145份; 2024年103份), 同时使用液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)和酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)测定小麦中多种霉菌毒素的含量。结果 248份小麦中霉菌毒素的污染率达到98.0%, 这些毒素的阳性率范围在0.4%~87.1%, 平均污染水平在0.4~604.3 μg/kg。2024年小麦中呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮等管制毒素, 交链孢酚、恩镰孢菌素等新型毒素的阳性均值均低于2023年; 此外, 玉米赤霉烯酮ELISA法检测结果(2023: 91.5%, 88.5 μg/kg; 2024: 92.2%, 79.4 μg/kg)与LC-MS/MS法(2023: 28.7%, 17.7 μg/kg; 2024: 29.1%, 5.0 μg/kg)相差较大。结论 2024年小麦霉菌毒素污染程度比2023年低, 同时也发现呕吐毒素-3-葡萄糖苷、交链孢酚和白僵菌素等在小麦中的污染水平较高。

小麦  /  霉菌毒素  /  液相色谱-串联质谱法  /  酶联免疫吸附试验

Objective To investigate multiple mycotoxin contamination and patterns in Triticum aestivum L. samples from China in 2023 and 2024. Methods A total of 248 Triticum aestivum L. samples were randomly collected from the main Triticum aestivum L.-producing areas of the country (2023: 145; 2024: 103). Simultaneously, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the content of various mycotoxins in Triticum aestivum L.. Results The total exceeding rate of mycotoxin contamination in 248 Triticum aestivum L. was 98.0%. The positivity rate for these mycotoxins ranged from 0.4% to 87.1%, with average contamination levels ranging from 0.4 to 604.3 μg/kg. Positive mean values for regulated toxins such as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, and emerging toxins such as alternariol and enniatins in Triticum aestivum L. were lower in 2024 than in 2023. In addition, the results of zearalenone ELISA (2023: 91.5%, 88.5 μg/kg; 2024: 92.2%,79.4 μg/kg) had relatively large differencey from those of LC-MS/MS (2023: 28.7%, 17.7 μg/kg; 2024: 29.1%, 5.0 μg/kg). Conclusion Triticum aestivum L. mycotoxin contamination is less severe in 2024 than in 2023. Higher levels of contamination with deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, alternariol and beauvericin are also found in Triticum aestivum L..

Triticum aestivum L.  /  mycotoxin  /  liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry  /  enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
王晓敏, 韩祎陟, 郑书展, 贾先春, 张大伟, 周雪婷, 关舒, 李天宇, 刘旸, 任彩霞. 2023年和2024年中国小麦中霉菌毒素污染现状研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 33 -40 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241203005
Xiao-Min WANG, Yi-Zhi HAN, Shu-Zhan ZHENG, Xian-Chun JIA, Da-Wei ZHANG, Xue-Ting ZHOU, Shu GUAN, Tian-Yu LI, Yang LIU, Cai-Xia REN. Investigation on the current situation of mycotoxin contamination in Triticum aestivum L. from China in 2023 and 2024[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 33 -40 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241203005
小麦是世界上最重要的主粮之一, 每年贡献约占全球卡路里消耗量的18%, 也是动物饲料的重要组成部分, 其质量安全影响着全球粮食安全[1]。然而, 经生长收割、储存和加工过程后, 小麦产量的损失率多达一半。其中, 霉菌毒素污染是小麦产量损失的重要因素[2-3]。霉菌毒素是一类由产毒真菌经各种生物合成途径产生的次级代谢产物。常见对小麦影响较大的毒素有呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol, DON)和玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN), 主要来源于镰刀菌属。这类霉菌还能产生其他例如雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol, NIV)、T-2毒素(T-2 toxin, T-2)和HT-2毒素(T-2 toxin, HT-2)等[4]。此外, 一些不受监管的新型毒素和隐蔽性毒素因其高发生率也不容忽视, 例如交链孢酚(alternariol, AOH)、白僵菌素(beauvericin, BEA)、3乙酰基呕吐毒素(3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3ACDON)和15乙酰基呕吐毒素(15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15ACDON)等[5]。这些毒素经由食物链进入动物或人体内, 会对其健康造成不同程度的危害, 例如过敏反应、肝肾毒性、遗传毒性和免疫抑制等, 甚至导致癌变或死亡[6]。然而, 霉菌毒素污染的预防控制是一项艰巨的任务, 这主要是因为: 污染谷物的霉菌毒素复杂多样且迭代更新, 一类真菌可产生多种毒素, 而一种毒素也能由不同真菌产生[7]; 其次, 霉菌毒素分子量小, 残留水平低[8]。现已知的霉菌毒素都具有化学稳定性, 大部分食品或饲料加工步骤都无法完全将其消除, 从而威胁消费者的生命安全和我国小麦及其产品的进出口贸易[9]
当前, 小麦中霉菌毒素的污染重点主要集中在单端孢霉烯类毒素, 研究范围也只在个别省市, 缺少对我国小麦中多种毒素污染的整体描述[10-12]。因此, 本研究利用液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)和酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)同时检测来自中国各地的248份小麦样品中霉菌毒素含量, 旨在探究2023年和2024年我国小麦中霉菌毒素污染现状及规律, 为相关行业进行霉菌毒素防治和原料选择提供参考依据。
所有小麦样品来自于2023—2024年度中国9个省份, 共计248份, 均由百奥明饲料添加剂(中国)有限公司提供, 具体信息见表1, 在某些数据处理过程中, 部分省份由于样品量较少(陕西、天津、浙江、山西), 统一做“其他”处理。
ELISA试剂盒(奥地利Romer公司、河北伊莱莎生物技术有限公司); 甲醇、乙腈、甲酸、醋酸铵(色谱纯, 德国Merck公司); 氯化钠(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
Agilent 1290-Sciex QTRAP 5500高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(美国安捷伦公司、美国SCIEX公司); Milli-Q超纯水仪(德国默克密理博公司); BSA2202S-CW分析天平(精密度0.01 mg, 德国赛多利斯公司); 离心机SIGMA 3-15(美国SIGMA公司); RAS Mill研磨机(奥地利Romer公司)。
LC-MS/MS法: 准确称取研磨过的小麦样品10.00 g± 0.05 g于250 mL三角烧瓶中, 参照张大伟等[13]的方法进行样品前处理以及检测。
ELISA法: 针对DON, 准确称取研磨过的小麦样品10.00 g±0.05 g于250 mL三角烧瓶中, 加入100 mL超纯水振荡提取30 min, 定量滤纸过滤, 收集滤液至50 mL离心管, 待测。将试剂盒提前恢复至室温, 向空白孔中加入100 μL酶联偶合物, 再加入50 μL样品待测液, 移液器抽吸至孔内液体混匀。吸取100 μL混合液到抗体板中, 孵育5 min。弃掉孔内液体, 重复洗板4次, 用吸水纸吸干至无水珠, 加入100 μL底物溶液, 避光孵育5 min后加入50 μL停止液, 置于酶标仪中读数。DON检出限为200 μg/kg, 线性范围200~2500 μg/kg。
针对ZEN, 准确称取研磨过的小麦样品20.00 g±0.05 g于三角烧瓶中, 加入100 mL的70%甲醇水溶液和4.00 g± 0.05 g氯化钠, 振荡提取30 min, 定量滤纸过滤, 收集滤液至50 mL离心管, 待测。将试剂盒提前恢复至室温, 向空白孔中加入100 μL酶联偶合物, 再加入50 μL样品待测液, 移液器抽吸至孔内液体混匀。吸取100 μL混合液到抗体板中, 孵育10 min。弃掉孔内液体, 重复洗板4次, 用吸水纸吸干至无水珠, 加入100 μL底物溶液, 避光孵育5 min后加入50 μL停止液, 置于酶标仪中读数。ZEN检出限为20 μg/kg, 线性范围20~1000 μg/kg。
采用Microsoft Excel 2022和IBM SPSS statistics 26进行数据均值计算、显著性分析和线性回归分析, Origin 2021进行相关性分析和图像绘制。
2023年和2024年248份小麦样品中53种霉菌毒素阳性率、阳性均值和阳性最大值如表2所示。2023采集145份小麦样品, 其中未检测到任何毒素的小麦样品3份, 占比为2.1%(见图1); 检出1~5种霉菌毒素的样品58份, 阳性率为40.0%; 含有6~10种霉菌毒素的样品80份, 阳性率为55.2%; 检出毒素种类大于10种的样品4份, 阳性率为2.8%。2024共采集103份小麦样品, 未检测到任何毒素的小麦样品2份, 占比为1.9%; 检出1~5种霉菌毒素的样品45份, 阳性率为43.7%; 含有6~10种霉菌毒素的样品41份, 阳性率为39.8%; 检出毒素种类大于10种的样品15份, 阳性率为14.6%。这表明小麦样品中多种霉菌毒素污染共存现象严重。2023年和2024年收集的248份样品仅有5份未检出霉菌毒素, 污染率达到98.0%, 这些毒素的阳性率范围在0.4%~87.1%, 平均污染水平在0.4~604.3 μg/kg; 其污染情况见表2图1
DON是由镰刀菌属产生的次级代谢产物, 属单端孢霉烯类化合物, 常见于温带大陆性气候下生长的谷物中[14]。镰刀菌往往会引起小麦以及一些其他谷物产生赤霉病(fusarium head blight, FHB), DON因其高发生率成为小麦中FHB发生的重要标志[15]。已有研究表明, DON会诱发动物厌食和呕吐, 还对免疫系统和肠道平衡以及肝肾器官有损伤[16]。如表3所示, 2023年小麦样品中DON的阳性率为89.0%, 阳性样品平均值为773.9 μg/kg。GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》规定, 小麦中DON最大残留限量是1000 μg/kg, 所检阳性样品中, 超出限量标准的小麦有31份, 超标率21.0%。2024年DON毒素阳性率为84.5%, 但阳性均值和超标率均有所下降, 分别为434.8 μg/kg和11.6%。ZEN是一种会导致动物生育力下降及高雌激素血症的非甾体毒素[17], 首次在发霉玉米中被发现, 可由镰刀菌、禾谷镰刀菌、半镰刀菌等产生。ZEN在结构上因与内源性雌激素相似而主要引起生殖系统的病变[18]。2023年ZEN的阳性率为30.3%, 阳性样品平均值为20.4 μg/kg, 小麦中ZEN的最大残留限量为60 μg/kg, 所检阳性样品中, 超出限量标准的小麦有4份, 超标率为2.00%。相较于2023年, 2024年所采小麦样品中DON和ZEN的阳性率和阳性均值均有所下降。
在一些特定情况下, 霉菌毒素会通过与另一分子结合而解毒, 这种产物就被称之为某一毒素的隐蔽性毒素[2]。D3G、3ACDON、15ACDON和NIV都是隐蔽性的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇。隐蔽性毒素在动物体消化道内分解后可能表现出比原型更高或相似的毒性, 也可能通过加工、消化等方式释放出毒素原型[19-21]。其污染情况如表4所示, D3G的污染程度为小麦样品中呕吐毒素类隐蔽性毒素中最高(2023年: 43.5%、198.0 μg/kg; 2024年: 45.6%、193.4 μg/kg)。当前研究也表明, D3G是呕吐毒素类隐蔽型毒素的调查研究焦点[22]。但值得注意的是, 虽然3ACDON (2023年: 21.4%,35.7 μg/kg; 2024年: 15.5%, 36.8 μg/kg)和15ACDON (2023年: 11.0%, 25.3 μg/kg; 2024年: 2.9%, 55.9 μg/kg)的发生率没有D3G高, 但体外研究显示15ACDON和3ACDON的毒性或高于D3G, 欧洲食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)曾将15ACDON+3ACDON+D3G的总可耐受摄入量设定为1 μg/(kg bw d)[23-24]。NIV只在2024年的小麦中有检出, 阳性率为11.7%, 阳性均值为213.6 μg/kg。
此外, 本研究也发现这些隐蔽性毒素的浓度水平与DON原型浓度水平均具有正相关。图2显示了2023年和2024年DON及其隐蔽型毒素浓度之间的相关性, 由于2023年采集的小麦样品中未检出NIV, 此处不做相关性分析。由图2可知, DON与15ACDON、3ACDON、D3G和NIV呈正相关。其中, 2023年DON与15ACDON的相关性最强, 而2024年与DON相关性最强的是D3G和3ACDON。此外, 分别对2023年及2024年中DON和其他隐蔽性毒素浓度做线性回归分析, 2023年线性回归方程为DON=462.476+22.076×15ACDON+ 7.274×3ACDON-1.015×D3G, r2为0.620; 2024年线性回归方程DON=38.694-3.729×15ACDON+1.071×D3G+28.996×3ACDON- 2.169×NIV, r2为0.997。结果同上, 根据平方相关系数亦可知小麦中DON污染水平与另外4种隐蔽性毒素具有较强相关性。
除各国法律法规有限量标准的毒素外, 一些新出现但未立法规定限量值的新型毒素也在小麦中被检出, 例如AOH、恩镰孢菌素类(enniatins, ENNs)、BEA、MON等。如表5所示, 污染程度较为严重的是AOH, 23年的阳性均值达到了116.4 μg/kg, AOH是一种可通过阻碍细胞增殖的毒性化合物, 摄入过多可引起机体内分泌失调或癌变[25]。ENNs和BEA在小麦中的阳性率较高但浓度水平仅在0~11.0 μg/kg, 二者毒性原理相似, 都可作为离子载体破坏离子稳态, 影响细胞活力和诱导细胞凋亡[5,26-27];2024年小麦中AOH、ENNs等新型毒素的阳性均值均低于2023年。有研究表明, MON的毒性作用主要与暴露于高剂量霉菌毒素后的急性毒性有关, 会影响机体免疫系统, 增加感染风险[28], 其污染情况见表5
我国小麦主产区主要种植冬小麦, 按照小麦产地面积由大到小进行省份排序依次是河南、山东、河北、安徽和江苏等[29]表6分析了上述5个省份小麦中备受关注的霉菌毒素污染情况。由表6可知, 从阳性均值看, 2023年河北产地小麦的DON污染情况最严重(阳性率96.9%, 均值1152.4 μg/kg), 显著高于河南产地(P<0.05), 但与其他省份污染水平无显著差异(P>0.05); 同年, 小麦ZEN的污染范围在7.8~31.9 μg/kg, 各产地污染水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。这可能是因为DON和ZEN发生率与FHB有关, 而这种植物病在气候相近的区域发生情况也接近, 这5个省份在小麦开花、成熟阶段具备温暖潮湿的天气条件, 有利于镰刀菌属的生长[30]。AOH和BEA在5省采集样品中均有检出。其中, 2023年河南、安徽产地小麦中AOH的污染情况明显高于其他几省(P<0.05),。2024年各产地小麦DON污染范围在85.0~661.1 μg/kg, 污染程度较轻, 河北、江苏、山东污染水平较2023年显著下降(P<0.05); ZEN污染范围在未检出~10.6 μg/kg, 河北、安徽和山东等地污染水平较23年也显著下降(P<0.05); 河南、安徽产地的AOH和河南、河北产地的BEA污染程度明显减轻(P<0.05)。具体数值如表6所示。
根据试剂盒说明书得到DON的检出限为200 μg/kg。由表7可知, 2023年和2024年ELISA法检测DON的总体阳性率都远低于LC-MS/MS法, 仅为LC-MS/MS法的50%左右, 这一情况出现的原因是某些样品DON含量低, 仅被LC-MS/MS法检出。因此, 为判断ELISA试剂盒检出限之上的测定数据与LC-MS/MS法是否接近, 利用试剂盒的检出限和DON在小麦中的限量值(1000 μg/kg)分别作为区间范围点, 对两种方法的检测结果分区间分析。结果表明, 小麦中DON残留量超出试剂盒检出限时, 两种方法检测结果均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。这也说明本试验中使用的酶联免疫试剂盒对于小麦基质中DON残留的检测结果准确性较好。
表8所示, 相较于LC-MS/MS法, ELISA法检测小麦中ZEN的阳性率偏高, 2023年和2024年阳性率分别为91.5%和92.2%, 而LC-MS/MS法阳性率仅有28.7%和29.1%。以试剂盒的检出限(20 μg/kg)和ZEN在小麦中的限量值(60 μg/kg)分别作为区间范围点, 对两种方法的检测结果分区间分析。结果显示, 两种浓度区间ELISA法检测ZEN的结果都显著高于LC-MS/MS法(P<0.05)。这可能是由于实验室所使用的试剂盒生物耗材特异性识别能力较低, 对ZEN的结构类似物α-ZOL、β-ZOL、α-玉米赤霉醇、β-玉米赤霉醇和玉米赤霉酮等产生交叉反应; 其次, ELISA法本身易受环境影响, 本研究周期较长, 气温和湿度的变化可能导致结果不准确; 且ELISA法的前处理较为简便, 样品基质效应也可能对酶联免疫过程造成一定影响。
本研究采集了中国小麦主产区样品进行霉菌毒素检测, 对不同年份、不同省份和不同检测方法的毒素检出情况进行分析。研究结果表明, 小麦被霉菌毒素污染的风险较高, 2年收集的248份样品仅有5份未检出霉菌毒素, 被污染的样品中, 毒素共存的现象较为哦严重。同前人的研究结果一样[31-33], DON仍然是小麦中污染率和含量最高的霉菌毒素, 且高于报道的2010—2017年中国小麦样品中DON的均值(250.8 μg/kg)[34]。受管制的毒素中, ZEN是除DON之外污染第二严重的霉菌毒素, 小麦中DON和ZEN的发生主要由谷物收割前或储存条件不当被镰刀菌属污染所引起。FBs、OTA和AFs在小麦中的污染程度较小, 这也与ZHAO等[33]的研究结果相同。
本研究还发现, 多种新型毒素在小麦中暴露出较高污染率和污染水平, 例如AOH (67.3%)、BEA (56.9%)和ENNB (79.4%)。过去的调查结果证实BEA、ENNs是污染最普遍的新型毒素, 也只有当新型毒素的浓度水平远超于一般情况时才会对动物造成不良影响, 但这些新型毒素与受管制的其他毒素同时污染作物时, 其对动物的毒性可能会产生协同或累加效应, 造成动物健康和生产性能的危害[35]
在此次小麦霉菌毒素含量分析中, 试验采取了ELISA法和LC-MS/MS法两种检测方法。从检测结果来看, DON含量在ELISA试剂盒检出限之上的检测结果与LC-MS/MS法接近, 其阳性率低于LC-MS/MS法是因为检出限差异。而检测小麦中ZEN时, 不论是哪一种浓度水平, ELISA法检测结果都远高于LC-MS/MS法, 这一结果与佘容等[36]、贾卫昌等[37]和董艾青等[38]研究结果相似, ELISA法早已被证实具有便捷、经济和快速等优点, 检测结果也能满足市场要求。但本研究用到的试剂盒对于小麦基质中ZEN的测定结果假阳性概率较大, 可能造成结果误导, 在实际检测应用中, 将两种方法结合使用更为有效。
总体来看, 2024年霉菌毒素污染情况较2023年有所好转, 这可能是由于2024年小麦开花成熟期产地降水量较少, 而降雨量是产毒真菌定植和毒素暴露的关键驱动因素, 温暖而潮湿的环境有助于镰刀菌属的生长繁殖, 随即带来如DON、ZEN及其他镰刀菌属所产毒素的污染[39-43]
本研究对2年采集到的248份小麦样品中霉菌毒素进行分析。结果表明, 基于实验室方法检出限得到2023年和2024年总体阳性率分别为97.9%和98.1%, 各类毒素的检出率在0.4%~87.1%, 平均污染水平在0.4~604.3 μg/kg。其中, 小麦中DON、ZEN、D3G和AOH的污染程度较高。24年霉菌毒素整体污染情况较23年有所好转。此外, 本研究也给小麦中多毒素共存现象提供了依据。从产地来看, 各省地理位置接近, 霉菌毒素污染情况差异不明显且与年份有较大关联。此外, 由于各地样本数量不一, 此次试验结果并不能完全反映各省真实毒素污染情况, 未来还需要增加样本采集数量, 并扩大采集范围, 以期为行业相关人员提供更多数据参考。
  • 海关总署科研项目(2022HK122)
  • 海关总署科研项目(2023HK082)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241203005
  • 接收时间:2024-12-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-03
基金
海关总署科研项目(2022HK122)
海关总署科研项目(2023HK082)
作者信息
    1. 呼和浩特海关技术中心, 呼和浩特 010020
    2. 江南大学生物工程学院, 无锡 214000
    3. 百奥明饲料添加剂(中国)有限公司, 无锡 214101
    4. 天津海关动植物与食品检测中心, 天津 300457

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* 任彩霞(1982—), 女, 工程师, 主要研究方向为真菌毒素检测, 食品理化检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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