Article(id=1151437190593655069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741708800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453618905, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453618905, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453618905, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453618905, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=314, endPage=320, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895321803109369, articleId=1151437190593655069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Process optimization of altering the properties of pear residue soluble dietary fiber by Aspergillus niger and study on its physiological activity and health function, columnId=1151895321719223288, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Processing and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To optimize the fermentation process of pear residue soluble dietary fiber (PSDF) modified by Aspergillus niger and study its characteristics. Methods Using single factor experiments to optimize the inoculation amount, fermentation temperature, and fermentation time of Aspergillus niger, and determine the optimal fermentation process; determine the characteristics of the modified PSDF: The water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OBC), fructose, glucose, arabinose, xylose and xylose content, 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability, 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) cationic radical scavenging ability, glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC).Results By optimizing the fermentation process, the optimal inoculation amount, fermentation temperature, and fermentation time of Aspergillus niger were determined to be 8%, 36 ℃ and 7 d. Based on the optimal fermentation process, the characteristic analysis of PSDF was conducted: WHC was 15.89 g/g, and OBC was 4.02 g/g; the content of glucose and arabinose increases, while the content of fructose, xylose and xylose decreases; the DPPH radical scavenging ability and ABTS cationic radical scavenging ability were significantly improved; GAC increased to 0.77 mg/g, and CAC increased to 0.56 mg/g. Conclusion Modifying PSDF with suitable fermentation processes can help improve yield. The use of Aspergillus niger modified pear pomace dietary fiber effectively improve its physiological activity and health function.

, correspAuthors=Ya-Nan JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-Nan JIN, Rui WU, Chen SUN, Quan WANG, Xiao-Wei ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895343139533326, articleId=1151437190593655069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=黑曲霉改性梨渣膳食纤维的工艺优化及其生理活性和保健功能研究, columnId=1151895322281734685, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品加工与工艺, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 优化黑曲霉改性梨渣膳食纤维(pear residue soluble dietary fiber, PSDF)发酵工艺, 并对其特性进行研究。方法 利用单因素实验, 优化黑曲霉的接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间, 确定最佳发酵工艺; 通过测定PSDF的持水性(water holding capacity, WHC), 持油性(oil holding capacity, OBC), 果糖、葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖和鼠李糖含量, 1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH)自由基清除能力, 2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸[2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate), ABTS]阳离子自由基清除能力, 葡萄糖吸附能力(glucose adsorption capacity, GAC), 胆固醇吸附能力(cholesterol adsorption capacity, CAC), 确定改性后PSDF的特性。结果 最佳发酵工艺为: 黑曲霉的接种量为8%, 发酵温度为36 ℃, 发酵时间为7 d; PSDF的WHC为15.89 g/g, OBC为4.02 g/g; 葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖的含量提高, 果糖、木糖和蔗糖的含量降低; DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力均显著提高; GAC提高至0.77 mg/g, CAC提高至0.56 mg/g。结论 适宜的发酵工艺改性PSDF, 有助于提高得率。黑曲霉改性PSDF有效地改善了其生理活性和保健功能。

, correspAuthors=靳雅楠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 靳雅楠(1989—), 女, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品检测及工艺研究。E-mail:
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注: 不同小写字母表示组内差异显著(P<0.05), 图2~3同。

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Comparative analysis of WHC and OBC of snowflake pear residue before and after fermentation (g/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 WHC OBC
发酵前梨渣 7.15±0.16 1.78±0.10
发酵后PSDF 15.89±0.08** 4.02±0.12**
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雪花梨渣发酵前后的WHC和OBC对比分析(g/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 WHC OBC
发酵前梨渣 7.15±0.16 1.78±0.10
发酵后PSDF 15.89±0.08** 4.02±0.12**
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Comparative analysis of antioxidant capacity of snowflake pear residue before and after fermentation (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 DPPH自由基清除率 ABTS+自由基清除率
发酵前梨渣 60.45±1.25 48.54±1.10
发酵后PSDF 75.47±2.87** 57.18±2.18**
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雪花梨渣发酵前后的抗氧化能力对比分析(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 DPPH自由基清除率 ABTS+自由基清除率
发酵前梨渣 60.45±1.25 48.54±1.10
发酵后PSDF 75.47±2.87** 57.18±2.18**
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黑曲霉改性梨渣膳食纤维的工艺优化及其生理活性和保健功能研究
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靳雅楠 1, * , 吴蕊 2 , 孙琛 1 , 王权 1 , 朱晓炜 3
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025,16(11): 314-320
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品加工与工艺 2025, 16(11): 314-320
黑曲霉改性梨渣膳食纤维的工艺优化及其生理活性和保健功能研究
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靳雅楠1, * , 吴蕊2, 孙琛1, 王权1, 朱晓炜3
作者信息
  • 1. 衡水市综合检验检测中心, 衡水 053000
  • 2. 衡水市质量和标准化研究院, 衡水 053000
  • 3. 衡水市疾病预防控制中心, 衡水 053000

通讯作者:

* 靳雅楠(1989—), 女, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品检测及工艺研究。E-mail:
Process optimization of altering the properties of pear residue soluble dietary fiber by Aspergillus niger and study on its physiological activity and health function
Ya-Nan JIN1, * , Rui WU2, Chen SUN1, Quan WANG1, Xiao-Wei ZHU3
Affiliations
  • 1. Hengshui Comprehensive Inspection and Testing Center, Hengshui 053000, China
  • 2. Hengshui Quality and Standardization Research Institute, Hengshui 053000, China
  • 3. Hengshui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hengshui 053000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312001
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目的 优化黑曲霉改性梨渣膳食纤维(pear residue soluble dietary fiber, PSDF)发酵工艺, 并对其特性进行研究。方法 利用单因素实验, 优化黑曲霉的接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间, 确定最佳发酵工艺; 通过测定PSDF的持水性(water holding capacity, WHC), 持油性(oil holding capacity, OBC), 果糖、葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖和鼠李糖含量, 1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH)自由基清除能力, 2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸[2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate), ABTS]阳离子自由基清除能力, 葡萄糖吸附能力(glucose adsorption capacity, GAC), 胆固醇吸附能力(cholesterol adsorption capacity, CAC), 确定改性后PSDF的特性。结果 最佳发酵工艺为: 黑曲霉的接种量为8%, 发酵温度为36 ℃, 发酵时间为7 d; PSDF的WHC为15.89 g/g, OBC为4.02 g/g; 葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖的含量提高, 果糖、木糖和蔗糖的含量降低; DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力均显著提高; GAC提高至0.77 mg/g, CAC提高至0.56 mg/g。结论 适宜的发酵工艺改性PSDF, 有助于提高得率。黑曲霉改性PSDF有效地改善了其生理活性和保健功能。

梨渣膳食纤维  /  黑曲霉  /  工艺优化  /  生理活性  /  保健功能

Objective To optimize the fermentation process of pear residue soluble dietary fiber (PSDF) modified by Aspergillus niger and study its characteristics. Methods Using single factor experiments to optimize the inoculation amount, fermentation temperature, and fermentation time of Aspergillus niger, and determine the optimal fermentation process; determine the characteristics of the modified PSDF: The water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OBC), fructose, glucose, arabinose, xylose and xylose content, 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability, 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) cationic radical scavenging ability, glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC).Results By optimizing the fermentation process, the optimal inoculation amount, fermentation temperature, and fermentation time of Aspergillus niger were determined to be 8%, 36 ℃ and 7 d. Based on the optimal fermentation process, the characteristic analysis of PSDF was conducted: WHC was 15.89 g/g, and OBC was 4.02 g/g; the content of glucose and arabinose increases, while the content of fructose, xylose and xylose decreases; the DPPH radical scavenging ability and ABTS cationic radical scavenging ability were significantly improved; GAC increased to 0.77 mg/g, and CAC increased to 0.56 mg/g. Conclusion Modifying PSDF with suitable fermentation processes can help improve yield. The use of Aspergillus niger modified pear pomace dietary fiber effectively improve its physiological activity and health function.

pear residue soluble dietary fiber  /  Aspergillus niger  /  process optimization  /  physiological activity  /  health function
靳雅楠, 吴蕊, 孙琛, 王权, 朱晓炜. 黑曲霉改性梨渣膳食纤维的工艺优化及其生理活性和保健功能研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 314 -320 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312001
Ya-Nan JIN, Rui WU, Chen SUN, Quan WANG, Xiao-Wei ZHU. Process optimization of altering the properties of pear residue soluble dietary fiber by Aspergillus niger and study on its physiological activity and health function[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 314 -320 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312001
膳食纤维具有良好的加工特性、生理活性和保健功能[1], 且简单易得、成本低, 在促进肠道蠕动[2]、减肥食品[3]、家畜生物饲料研发[4-5]等方向具有较大的研究潜力。目前, 关于石榴渣膳食纤维、竹笋渣膳食纤维、山楂渣膳食纤维、甘薯渣膳食纤维等研究已屡见不鲜[6-9], 但罕见对于梨渣膳食纤维(pear residue soluble dietary fiber, PSDF)的研究。
梨渣膳食纤维是天然食物产物[10-11], 由梨皮、核和干瓤组成, 主要为不溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber, IDF), 具有促进肠道蠕动、降血糖、降血清胆固醇、调节肠道菌群、促进禽畜养殖业健康发展等多种功效[12-15]。目前, 膳食纤维的提取方法有化学法、酶解法和生物发酵法等。其中, 化学法会影响膳食纤维色泽、口感和气味均较差; 酶解法提取膳食纤维具有成本高的弊端, 不适用于大规模工业生产; 生物发酵提取法具有环境友好、条件温和、成本低、生物活性物质丰富等优点。黑曲霉是广泛应用于发酵降解的一种真菌, 可以产生丰富的纤维素酶[16]、改善PSDF的理化功能性质和饲喂效果、可以通过其转化作用增加生物活性物质[17]、提高抗氧化能力和营养成分。如符慧珍等[18]选用黑曲霉发酵改性葛根, 通过优化料液比、接种量、发酵时间、发酵温度等确定了最佳发酵条件, 膳食纤维得率增加到13.75%, 结构更为疏松多孔, 持水力(water holding capacity, WHC)和溶胀力均提高了0.2倍, 葡萄糖吸附能力提高了0.70倍, 胆固醇吸附能力0.28倍; 裴曾薇[19]选用黑曲霉发酵香菇柄, 通过探讨料液比、接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间对膳食纤维的理化功能性质的影响, 确定了最佳改性条件, 持水力、持油力、膨胀性、胆固醇吸附能力提升了24.04%、27.37%、8.26%、19.64%。
本研究通过优化黑曲霉的接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间, 确定最佳发酵工艺。在最佳发酵工艺的基础上, 对PSDF的WHC、持油性(oil holding capacity, OBC)、单糖组成、抗氧化性、葡萄糖吸附能力(glucose adsorption capacity, GAC)和胆固醇吸附能力(cholesterol adsorption capacity, CAC)进行测定和分析, 确定其生理活性和保健功能, 以期为后续研究提供有效的数据支持。
雪花梨、胡姬花花生油、无抗鸡蛋均购自衡水吉美超市; 黑曲霉菌株购自中国普通微生物菌种保藏管理中心。
氢氧化钠、硫酸镁、磷酸氢二钾、三氟乙酸、醋酸钠、葡萄糖、酒石酸钾钠、无水亚硫酸钠、3,5-二硝基水杨酸、邻苯二甲醛、胆固醇(分析纯, 天津市大茂化学试剂厂); 1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH)、2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸[ABTS](分析纯, 北京酷来搏科技有限公司); 无水乙醇、冰乙酸、甲醇(分析纯, 天津市永大化学试剂有限公司); 98%硫酸[分析纯, 默克化工技术(上海)有限公司]。
DFT-100粉碎机(冠森生物科技上海公司); DHG-9000-9005烘箱(上海合恒仪器设备有限公司); 214DDFBA电子天平(精度0.01 g, 赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司); LGJ-12A-80冷冻干燥机(上海继谱电子科技有限公司); SX-700高压蒸汽灭菌锅(三洋电机株式会社); HS-1300-U洁净工作台(苏州安泰空气技术有限公司); DK-98-Ⅱ电热恒温水浴锅(天津泰斯特科技有限公司); UV2700紫外分光光度计(上海岛津实验器材有限公司); MJ-500-II恒温生化培养箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司); ST3100 pH计(奥豪斯集团有限公司); 1260高效液相色谱仪(美国安捷伦科技有限公司)。
马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(potato dextrose agar, PDA)培养基: 土豆汁、葡萄糖20 g/L、琼脂粉20 g/L。
种子培养基: 3%葡萄糖、1.5%蛋白胨、0.1%硫酸镁、0.3%磷酸氢二钾、100 mL蒸馏水, 中性pH, 121 ℃灭菌20 min。
发酵培养基: 梨渣5 g, 葡萄糖1 g, (NH4)2SO4 0.4 g, 蒸馏水100 mL, 121 ℃灭菌20 min。
将黑曲霉接种于PDA斜面培养基上, 37 ℃下培养6 d得到新鲜孢子, 用无菌水洗涤获得孢子悬液。
采用血球计数板计数1×107个孢子, 接种于30 mL种子培养基中, 36 ℃、220 r/min条件下于摇床上培养24 h,得到黑曲霉种子液。
将雪花梨渣粉碎过40目筛, 粉碎样品置于80 ℃烘箱中至恒重。接种6%的黑曲霉种子液于发酵培养基中, 36 ℃、220 r/min条件下于摇床上培养8 d后得到梨渣发酵液。过滤发酵液, 在滤液中加入4倍体积的乙醇, 静置过夜, 收集沉淀, 冷冻干燥得到PSDF。在此基础上进行单因素试验, 探究菌接种量(4%、6%、8%、10%、12%)、发酵温度(32、34、36、38、40 ℃)、发酵时间(6、7、8、9、10 d)对得率的影响。得率得率的计算见公式(1)。
$得率 /\%= 沉淀得到的冷冻干燥组分质量/未发酵前干燥梨渣质量 \times 100 \% $
在单因素实验结果基础上进行发酵, 提取PSDF, 并对其WHC、OBC、单糖组成、抗氧化性、GAC和CAC进行测定。
(1) WHC
参考刘鹏等[20]的方法, 准确称取1.0 g样品于50 mL干燥离心管中, 加入20 mL蒸馏水, 上下颠倒摇匀3次后, 涡旋1 min, 室温下静置18 h, 3500 r/min离心25 min, 弃去上清液, 记录残余物质量m2, 计算见公式(2):
WHC/(g/g)=(m2m1)/m1
式中: m1为沉淀得到的冷冻干燥组分质量, g; m2为残余物质量, g。
(2) OBC
参考黄芮等[21]的方法, 准确称取5.0 g样品于50 mL干燥离心管中, 加入15 mL花生油, 上下颠倒摇匀3次后, 涡旋10 min, 2000 r/min离心20 min, 弃去上清液, 记录残余物质量m4, 计算见公式(3):
OBC/(g/g)=(m3m4)/m3
式中: m3为沉淀得到的冷冻干燥组分质量, g; m4为残余物质量, g。
(3)单糖组成测定
参考金书涵等[22]的方法, 准确称取10.0 mg样品于10 mL色谱瓶中, 加入2 mol/L三氟乙酸溶液1 mL, 120 ℃加热2 h, 氮气吹干。加入甲醇清洗并吹干, 重复3次。加入1 mL甲醇, 混匀, 过0.45 μm滤膜后待测。采用Dionex™ CarboPac™ PA20 (150 mm×3.0 mm, 10 μm)液相色谱柱; 进样量为5 μL。流动相A (H2O), 流动相B (0.1 mol/L 氢氧化钠), 流动相C (0.1 mol/L 氢氧化钠, 0.2 mol/L 醋酸钠), 流速0.5 mL/min; 柱温为30 ℃。
(4) DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基清除率
参考WANG等[23]的方法测定样品的DPPH自由基清除率; 参考于佳琪等[6]的方法测定样品的ABTS+自由基清除率。
(5) GAC
参照郭逍等[24]的方法, 准确称取1.0 g样品, 加入20 mL的1.0 mg/mL葡萄糖溶液, 37 ℃水浴培养2 h, 4000 r/min离心20 min, 采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS)法测定上清液中葡萄糖浓度, 计算见公式(4):
GAC/(mg/g)=(C1C2)/m×V1
式中: C1为吸附前葡萄糖质量浓度, mg/mL; C2为吸附后葡萄糖质量浓度, mg/mL; V1为溶液体积, mL; m为样品质量, g。
(6) CAC
参考沈琳[25]的方法, 取新鲜蛋黄一枚, 加9倍质量的蒸馏水, 搅拌均匀配制成蛋黄溶液。准确称取0.5 g样品于离心管中, 加入50 mL蛋黄溶液上下颠倒摇匀3次后, 涡旋10 min, 分别调节pH到2.0和7.0, 于37 ℃振荡2 h后离心。采用邻苯二甲醛(1,2-Phthalic dicarboxaldehyde, OPA)法测定胆固醇含量, 记录‌待测液在波长为550 nm处的吸光度, 计算为公式(5):
CAC/(mg/g)=(C4C3)/M×V2
式中: M为样品质量, g; C4为空白组中胆固醇质量浓度, mg/mL; C3为经过样品吸附后胆固醇质量浓度, mg/mL; V2为加入的蛋黄液体积, mL。
采用Excel 2016进行数据统计; 采用SPSS 22.0软件进行显著性差异分析(Duncan), 显著差异水平取P<0.05; 实验重复次数n≥3。
不同菌接种量对得率的影响见图1。由图1可知, 不同接种量提高PSDF得率的作用: 8%>10%>12%>6%>4%。得率随着接种量的提高, 呈现出先升高后降低的现象。其中, 通过添加8%黑曲霉进行发酵, PSDF的得率最高, 为72.68%。接种量为4%、6%、10%和12%时, PSDF的得率分别为67.46%、70.03%、72.36%和72.35%。在4%~8%接种量范围内, 得率随着接种量的提高而显著提高。这是由于菌体总量的增加, 通过更多微生物的代谢活动可以释放更多的酶, 加快了降解速率, 进而提高了得率。但在8%~12%接种量范围内, 得率随着接种量的提高而缓慢降低。这可能是由于过量的微生物竞争营养物质, 对发酵效果产生了负面影响, 从而降低了得率。综上, 确定8%为最适接种量。
不同发酵温度对得率的影响见图2。由图2可知: 不同发酵温度提高PSDF得率的作用: 36 ℃>38 ℃>34 ℃> 40 ℃>32 ℃。当发酵温度为36 ℃时, PSDF的得率最高, 为72.33%; 当发酵温度为32 ℃时, PSDF的得率最低, 为57.85%。得率随着发酵温度的提高, 呈现出先显著升高后缓慢降低的现象。这可能是由于温度低时, 黑曲霉生长缓慢限制了发酵进程。当温度超过最适温度后, 不仅菌的代谢活动受抑制, 酶的结构性还产生变化导致活性降低。综上, 确定最适发酵温度为36 ℃。
不同发酵时间对得率的影响见图3。由图3可知: 不同发酵时间提高PSDF得率的作用: 7 d>8 d>9 d>10 d>6 d。其中, PSDF的得率在第7 d时最高(71.26%), 在第6 d时最低(70.25%)。PSDF的得率随着发酵时间的延长先提高后缓慢降低。这可能是随着发酵的时间延长, 发酵更充分, 进而提高了得率。但考虑到发酵时间越长PSDF的得率越低, 且时间、人力、生产周期等经济成本相应提高。综上, 确定最佳发酵时间是7 d。
在接种8%黑曲霉, 温度为36 ℃发酵7 d后, 对PSDF进行分析研究。
WHC是指其与水分的物理吸附能力[26], 可以增加粪便的含水量及体积, 有助于粪便的排泄; 可以延长胃排空时间, 有助于调节血糖和血脂水平; 可以产生饱腹感, 有助于控制体重‌‌。OBC指其对油脂的吸附能力, 可以阻止肠道对多余胆固醇的吸收, 有助于预防高血脂、动脉粥样硬化等疾病[27]; 可以减少食品加工中脂质的损失[28]。PSDF的羟基易通过氢键与水分子结合, 又携带亲油基团, 同时兼具疏松多孔结构, 使其有良好的持水性和持油性[29]
雪花梨渣发酵前后的WHC和OBC对比分析见表1。由表1可知, 经黑曲霉发酵后, PDSF的持水力提高了近1.22倍, PDSF的持油力提高了近1.26倍, PSDF的WHC为15.89 g/g, OBC为4.02 g/g。此外, 有研究发现蒸汽爆破有助于提高膳食纤维的持水力和持油力[6]。因此, 在后续研究中, 有潜力的研究方向有: 对比蒸汽爆破与生物发酵对PSDF特性的影响; 不同菌种发酵对PSDF特性的影响。
雪花梨渣发酵前后的单糖组成对比分析见图4。由图4可知, 发酵结束后, PSDF中葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖含量提高, 果糖、木糖和蔗糖的含量降低。糖的含量发生变化是由于黑曲霉的生长代谢改变了多糖的结构, 导致分子链不同位置的断裂[30]。黑曲霉产生的果糖基转移酶能够催化蔗糖生成低聚果糖。双糖和多糖被分解成葡萄糖, 黑曲霉的生长代谢会消耗部分葡萄糖, 因分解产物大于消耗所需导致了葡萄糖含量提高。部分半纤维素被水解, 提高了阿拉伯糖和木糖的含量。此外, 不同的改性操作和不同的菌种发酵破坏的糖苷键的位置不同, 也会导致糖的比例不同[31]
雪花梨渣发酵前后的抗氧化能力对比分析见表2。由表2可知, 黑曲霉发酵梨渣后, PSDF的DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS+自由基清除能力均显著提高, 说明黑曲霉改性PSDF可以提高其抗氧化能力。唐孝青[32]也有相似的研究结论: 梨渣膳食纤维对DPPH·和O2-具有一定清除能力, 最高清除率分别为60.28%和41.32%。这可能是由于黑曲霉改性PSDF后, ‌总酚含量显著增加。此外, 改性后的PSDF的比表面积增大, 增强了与自由基的物理接触效率, 从而提升了抗氧化能力。‌‌
GAC和CAC分别是评价膳食纤维抑制餐后血糖升高、抑制胆固醇吸收的重要指标。雪花梨渣发酵前后对葡萄糖和胆固醇的吸附作用见图5。PSDF的黏性可以阻碍葡萄糖扩散, 从而延缓碳水化合物的吸收和消化, 改善人体对血糖浓度的调节能力[33]。PSDF可以直接抑制胆固醇在胶束中的溶解度, 降低胆固醇在肠道中的吸收水平[34], 可以与胆汁酸结合间接降低血清和肝脏的胆固醇水平[35]。GAC由发酵前的0.42 mg/g上升到发酵后的0.77 mg/g, 这是由于游离羟基、醚基、酚基和羧基等基团得以暴露, 使其更加疏松多孔, 增大了PSDF与葡萄糖分子之间的相互作用。CAC由发酵前的0.35 mg/g上升到发酵后的0.56 mg/g, 这与符慧珍等[18]的研究结果相似。这可能是由于发酵能够改变PSDF的物理结构, 增大了比表面积, 为胆固醇的吸附提供了更多的接触位点和吸附空间。
PSDF的得率随着接种量的提高, 呈现出先升高后降低的现象; 随着发酵温度的提高, 先显著升高后缓慢降低; 随着发酵时间的延长先提高后缓慢降低。通过优化发酵工艺, 确定了黑曲霉的最佳接种量为8%, 最适发酵温度为36 ℃, 最佳发酵时间为7 d。黑曲霉改性的PSDF具有良好的持水性和持油性, 且显著提高了GAC和CAC。这一特性可能有助于粪便的排泄、调节血糖和血脂水平、控制体重、预防高血脂、动脉粥样硬化等疾病‌‌。生物发酵可以改变PSDF的含糖比例, 提高其抗氧化能力。综上, 利用黑曲霉改性PSDF, 有效地改善了其生理活性和保健功能。此外, 对比蒸汽爆破与生物发酵对PSDF特性的影响和不同菌种发酵对PSDF特性的影响均可作为后续的研究方向。
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312001
  • 接收时间:2025-03-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-12
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    1. 衡水市综合检验检测中心, 衡水 053000
    2. 衡水市质量和标准化研究院, 衡水 053000
    3. 衡水市疾病预防控制中心, 衡水 053000

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* 靳雅楠(1989—), 女, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品检测及工艺研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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