Article(id=1151437190522351900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737820800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453618889, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453618889, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453618889, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453618889, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749916800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1767768054466, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=96, endPage=102, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895324307107840, articleId=1151437190522351900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research on the preparation method of a low-cariogenic soft candy, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore a preparation method for low-cariogenic soft candy by adopting a dual-intervention strategy combining sugar replacement and dental plaque biofilm regulation. Methods Various gelatinous candies were prepared by substituting xylitol for partial maltose and incorporating food additives including arginine and dextranase. Texture profile analysis was employed to characterize the effects of functional components on candy texture. Dextran decomposition experiments assessed samples’ capacity to degrade dental plaque matrix, while Streptococcus mutans antibacterial tests evaluated the anti-cariogenic efficacy. Results Partial substitution of maltose with xylitol effectively reduced candy viscosity. Food-grade β-dextranase retained its dextran-degrading capability at 75 ℃. Food-grade L-arginine was identified as the primary growth-inhibiting factor against Streptococcus mutans. Compared to sucrose-induced bacterial growth (set as 100%), the optimal compound candy promoted Streptococcus mutans growth at 50.10% of sucrose’s level and 29.19% of control candy’s level. Conclusion The developed soft candy in this study aids in preventing dental caries, thereby contributing to the creation of children’s food products designed to address oral health issues.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-Qin PAN, Xian-Ling LAN, Shan XIAO, Yan-Xue CAI, Zhi-Yang FANG, Ji-Hui WANG, Wei XUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao-Qin PAN, Wei XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895349326132091, articleId=1151437190522351900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=一种低致龋软糖的制备方法研究, columnId=1151895323909124661, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 采用糖原替代与牙菌斑生物膜调控双重干预策略, 探讨一种低致龋软糖的制备方法。方法 通过木糖醇取代部分糖原、添加精氨酸、葡聚糖酶等食品辅料制备不同凝胶软糖, 使用全质构质地剖面分析明确不同功能因子对软糖质构的影响, 葡聚糖分解实验评估样品分解牙菌斑基质的能力, 变异链球菌抗菌实验评价样品低致龋效果。结果 使用木糖醇替代部分麦芽糖可以起到减低软糖黏性的作用; 在75 ℃条件下添加的食品级β-葡聚糖酶依旧能够发挥分解葡聚糖的作用; 食品级L-精氨酸是抑制变异链球菌生长的主要功能因子。以蔗糖处理下的病菌生长率为100%进行计算, 本研究制备的最佳复配软糖促进变异链球菌生长的作用是蔗糖的50.10%, 对照软糖的29.19%。结论 本研究所制备的软糖有助于预防龋齿, 有助于实现预防口腔问题的儿童食品的创制。

, authors=

潘晓琴(1996-),女,博士,主要研究方向为食品功能因子的纳米化修饰与利用、新型光动力抗菌技术的开发与应用。E-mail:

, authorsList=潘晓琴, 蓝先灵, 肖珊, 蔡燕雪, 方芝漾, 王际辉, 薛巍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=潘晓琴, 薛巍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 潘晓琴(1996—), 女, 博士, 主要研究方向为食品功能因子的纳米化修饰与利用、新型光动力抗菌技术的开发与应用。E-mail:
薛巍(1963—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为医用高分子材料、药物载体材料如水凝胶、眼科及经皮给药系统等。E-mail:
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2. School of Life and Health Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, China National Light Industry Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation, Dongguan 523808, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1167030843617849527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, authorId=1167030843466854579, language=CN, stringName=潘晓琴, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1. 暨南大学生物医学工程研究所, 广州 510642
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Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022, 14(1): 2015166., articleTitle=Arginine-induced metabolomic perturbation in Streptococcus mutans, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167030846595805424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, awardId=20231800905152, language=CN, fundingSource=东莞市社会发展科技项目(20231800905152), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167030846646137073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, awardId=2023DJC149, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省重点研发计划项目(2023DJC149), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167030843231973545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030843240362154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, companyId=1167030843231973545, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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School of Life and Health Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, China National Light Industry Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation, Dongguan 523808, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030843341025454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, companyId=1167030843311665324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 东莞理工学院生命健康技术学院, 中国轻工业健康食品开发与营养调控重点实验室, 东莞 523808)]), AuthorCompany(id=1167030843395551407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030843403940016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, companyId=1167030843395551407, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Dongguan Jintian Industrial Investment Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523213, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030843412328625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, companyId=1167030843395551407, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. 东莞金添实业投资有限公司, 东莞 523213)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167030845622726880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Textural properties results of soft candies by single-factor, figureFileSmall=4B8bzinPT/dQfGrCJqSt5w==, figureFileBig=fqmKBxwRFu9oPoFbdOovpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030845673058529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, language=CN, label=图1, caption=单因素软糖的质构特性结果

注: 不同字母表示组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 图2~4、6同。

, figureFileSmall=4B8bzinPT/dQfGrCJqSt5w==, figureFileBig=fqmKBxwRFu9oPoFbdOovpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030845727584482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Fehling experiment results of soft candies by single-factor, figureFileSmall=SMeAhPbpOTOjEarSa9ntRw==, figureFileBig=QFkRzP8Y1lf7MrKLjXNvEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030845777916131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, language=CN, label=图2, caption=单因素软糖的斐林实验结果

注: a. 斐林实验结果照片; b. 从照片中提取的RGB色彩图; c. RGB结果统计图。

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Ingredient lists of soft candies in different groups (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
80%主糖料 20%凝胶
木糖醇 麦芽糖 L-精氨酸 β-葡聚糖酶
对照 0 100.00 0.00 0.00 明胶
木1 15.00 85.00 0.00 0.00
木2 16.25 83.75 0.00 0.00
木3 17.50 82.50 0.00 0.00
木4 18.75 81.25 0.00 0.00
木5 20.00 80.00 0.00 0.00
精1 0.00 99.90 0.10 0.00
精2 0.00 99.80 0.20 0.00
精3 0.00 99.70 0.30 0.00
精4 0.00 99.60 0.40 0.00
精5 0.00 99.50 0.50 0.00
酶1 0.00 99.98 0.00 0.02
酶2 0.00 99.96 0.00 0.04
酶3 0.00 99.94 0.00 0.06
酶4 0.00 99.92 0.00 0.08
酶5 0.00 99.90 0.00 0.10
复1 17.50 82.38 0.10 0.02
复2 17.50 82.36 0.20 0.02
复3 17.50 82.28 0.10 0.04
复4 17.50 82.26 0.20 0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1167030846339952877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同组别软糖的配料表(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
80%主糖料 20%凝胶
木糖醇 麦芽糖 L-精氨酸 β-葡聚糖酶
对照 0 100.00 0.00 0.00 明胶
木1 15.00 85.00 0.00 0.00
木2 16.25 83.75 0.00 0.00
木3 17.50 82.50 0.00 0.00
木4 18.75 81.25 0.00 0.00
木5 20.00 80.00 0.00 0.00
精1 0.00 99.90 0.10 0.00
精2 0.00 99.80 0.20 0.00
精3 0.00 99.70 0.30 0.00
精4 0.00 99.60 0.40 0.00
精5 0.00 99.50 0.50 0.00
酶1 0.00 99.98 0.00 0.02
酶2 0.00 99.96 0.00 0.04
酶3 0.00 99.94 0.00 0.06
酶4 0.00 99.92 0.00 0.08
酶5 0.00 99.90 0.00 0.10
复1 17.50 82.38 0.10 0.02
复2 17.50 82.36 0.20 0.02
复3 17.50 82.28 0.10 0.04
复4 17.50 82.26 0.20 0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1167030846428033262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Color difference analysis results of compound soft candies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 ΔL Δa Δb ΔE
对照 -25.65±0.25c 6.18±0.22b 0.91±0.04b 26.40±0.19b
复1 -25.70±0.08c 7.12±0.43a 1.17±0.14a 26.70±0.07a
复2 -25.45±0.17c 5.83±0.27bc 0.93±0.09b 26.13±0.11c
复3 -24.19±0.16a 4.71±0.08d 0.89±0.01b 24.66±0.17e
复4 -25.16±0.02b 5.36±0.32c 0.93±0.03b 25.74±0.07d
), ArticleFig(id=1167030846478364911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437190522351900, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

复配软糖的色差分析结果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 ΔL Δa Δb ΔE
对照 -25.65±0.25c 6.18±0.22b 0.91±0.04b 26.40±0.19b
复1 -25.70±0.08c 7.12±0.43a 1.17±0.14a 26.70±0.07a
复2 -25.45±0.17c 5.83±0.27bc 0.93±0.09b 26.13±0.11c
复3 -24.19±0.16a 4.71±0.08d 0.89±0.01b 24.66±0.17e
复4 -25.16±0.02b 5.36±0.32c 0.93±0.03b 25.74±0.07d
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一种低致龋软糖的制备方法研究
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潘晓琴 1, 2, * , 蓝先灵 2 , 肖珊 2 , 蔡燕雪 2 , 方芝漾 3 , 王际辉 2 , 薛巍 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(11): 96-102
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食品安全质量检测学报 |本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025 , 16 (11) : 96 -102
一种低致龋软糖的制备方法研究
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潘晓琴1, 2, * , 蓝先灵2, 肖珊2, 蔡燕雪2, 方芝漾3, 王际辉2, 薛巍1, *
作者信息
  • 1. 暨南大学生物医学工程研究所, 广州 510642
  • 2. 东莞理工学院生命健康技术学院, 中国轻工业健康食品开发与营养调控重点实验室, 东莞 523808
  • 3. 东莞金添实业投资有限公司, 东莞 523213
通讯作者:
* 潘晓琴(1996—), 女, 博士, 主要研究方向为食品功能因子的纳米化修饰与利用、新型光动力抗菌技术的开发与应用。E-mail:
薛巍(1963—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为医用高分子材料、药物载体材料如水凝胶、眼科及经皮给药系统等。E-mail:
Research on the preparation method of a low-cariogenic soft candy
Xiao-Qin PAN1, 2, * , Xian-Ling LAN2, Shan XIAO2, Yan-Xue CAI2, Zhi-Yang FANG3, Ji-Hui WANG2, Wei XUE1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 2. School of Life and Health Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, China National Light Industry Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation, Dongguan 523808, China
  • 3. Dongguan Jintian Industrial Investment Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523213, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126003
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目的 采用糖原替代与牙菌斑生物膜调控双重干预策略, 探讨一种低致龋软糖的制备方法。方法 通过木糖醇取代部分糖原、添加精氨酸、葡聚糖酶等食品辅料制备不同凝胶软糖, 使用全质构质地剖面分析明确不同功能因子对软糖质构的影响, 葡聚糖分解实验评估样品分解牙菌斑基质的能力, 变异链球菌抗菌实验评价样品低致龋效果。结果 使用木糖醇替代部分麦芽糖可以起到减低软糖黏性的作用; 在75 ℃条件下添加的食品级β-葡聚糖酶依旧能够发挥分解葡聚糖的作用; 食品级L-精氨酸是抑制变异链球菌生长的主要功能因子。以蔗糖处理下的病菌生长率为100%进行计算, 本研究制备的最佳复配软糖促进变异链球菌生长的作用是蔗糖的50.10%, 对照软糖的29.19%。结论 本研究所制备的软糖有助于预防龋齿, 有助于实现预防口腔问题的儿童食品的创制。

软糖  /  预防龋齿  /  L-精氨酸  /  木糖醇  /  β-葡聚糖酶

Objective To explore a preparation method for low-cariogenic soft candy by adopting a dual-intervention strategy combining sugar replacement and dental plaque biofilm regulation. Methods Various gelatinous candies were prepared by substituting xylitol for partial maltose and incorporating food additives including arginine and dextranase. Texture profile analysis was employed to characterize the effects of functional components on candy texture. Dextran decomposition experiments assessed samples’ capacity to degrade dental plaque matrix, while Streptococcus mutans antibacterial tests evaluated the anti-cariogenic efficacy. Results Partial substitution of maltose with xylitol effectively reduced candy viscosity. Food-grade β-dextranase retained its dextran-degrading capability at 75 ℃. Food-grade L-arginine was identified as the primary growth-inhibiting factor against Streptococcus mutans. Compared to sucrose-induced bacterial growth (set as 100%), the optimal compound candy promoted Streptococcus mutans growth at 50.10% of sucrose’s level and 29.19% of control candy’s level. Conclusion The developed soft candy in this study aids in preventing dental caries, thereby contributing to the creation of children’s food products designed to address oral health issues.

soft candy  /  prevention of dental caries  /  L-arginine  /  xylitol  /  β-dextranase
潘晓琴, 蓝先灵, 肖珊, 蔡燕雪, 方芝漾, 王际辉, 薛巍. 一种低致龋软糖的制备方法研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 96 -102 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126003
Xiao-Qin PAN, Xian-Ling LAN, Shan XIAO, Yan-Xue CAI, Zhi-Yang FANG, Ji-Hui WANG, Wei XUE. Research on the preparation method of a low-cariogenic soft candy[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 96 -102 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126003
儿童是糖果主要消费群体, 其牙齿发育尚未完全, 牙釉质较薄、钙化程度低且渗透性强, 过度摄入糖分是导致他们患上龋齿的主要原因。龋齿本质上是口腔生物膜微生态失衡引发的病理过程, 其中变异链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)作为关键致龋菌, 通过双重机制加剧牙齿脱矿。一方面, 变异链球菌能够代谢碳水化合物(如蔗糖、葡萄糖)产生乳酸等有机酸, 导致牙菌斑pH降至临界阈值(pH<5.5)以下, 破坏牙釉质的脱矿-再矿化动态平衡, 尤其在高糖环境下, 其糖酵解途径被激活, 产酸效率显著提升, 进一步加速牙体硬组织破坏[1-3]。另一方面, 该菌分泌的糖基转移酶(glycosyltransferases, Gtfs)可催化蔗糖分解为葡萄糖和果糖, 并通过α-1,3/1,6糖苷键聚合葡萄糖单元生成水不溶性葡聚糖[2-4]。此类胞外多糖作为生物膜基质, 不仅增强细菌对牙面的黏附, 还促进微生物群落结构化, 形成致密的牙菌斑屏障, 从而维持致龋微环境[5-8]。由此可见, 在开发低致龋性软糖的过程中, 使用糖原替代与病菌生物膜调控双重干预策略, 是一种重要的研究思路[9]
在食品工业中, 降低糖果致龋风险的策略主要包括糖源替代、牙釉质矿化强化及功能性添加剂应用, 但其在软糖开发中仍存在局限性。如使用赤藓醇糖、木糖醇、磷酸寡糖和异麦芽酮糖等非发酵性甜味剂替代蔗糖[10], 可减少致龋菌的代谢底物。然而, 糖醇类物质(如木糖醇)过量摄入易引发胃肠道渗透压失衡, 导致儿童腹胀、腹泻等不良反应[11-13]。添加钙、磷等矿质元素虽能通过沉积羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite, HAP)增强牙釉质抗酸蚀性[14-16], 但对已萌出牙齿的再矿化效果有限, 且难以在软糖基质中实现有效生物利用度。部分技术尝试引入抗菌成分(如氟化钠), 但其应用场景受限。例如胡佳伟等[17]于2023年06月15日申请的“一种防治龋齿的胶基型咀嚼物及其制备方法”(公开号: CN116711875A), 该专利的有效防龋齿成分为30%~70%的木糖醇和0.09%~0.33%的氟化钠。尽管氟化钠可通过抑制变异链球菌的糖酵解酶活性降低产酸量, 但其毒性风险(如氟斑牙症状)与摄入安全性争议使其仅适用于局部外用(如含氟牙膏), 而非可食性产品。现有降低糖果致龋风险的策略难以迁移至软糖体系, 故而开发适配软糖特性的低致龋方案亟待突破。
本研究的目的在于克服上述现有技术中降低糖果致龋风险技术所存在的生理耐受性不足(如糖醇胃肠道刺激)、生物有效性受限(如矿物质再矿化效果有限)和抗菌剂安全性(如氟化物毒性)等问题, 提供一种能够直接抑制变异链球菌生长的低致龋软糖制备方法。基于β-葡聚糖聚合物对于牙菌斑基质的重要贡献作用[18-19], 本研究将采用β-葡聚糖酶对牙菌斑基质中的葡聚糖进行裂分解, 降低软糖的致龋能力; 通过添加精氨酸调控变异链球菌的生物膜pH, 抑制病菌的活性; 结合低糖策略, 使用木糖醇替代部分蔗糖, 制备一种低致龋软糖。本研究所使用的原料容易获取, 对使用的原料没有特殊条件的限制, 且方法简单易行, 兼容常规软糖工业化流程, 有助于实现预防口腔问题的儿童食品的创制。
麦芽糖浆(食品级, 东莞益海嘉里淀粉有限公司); 明胶(食品级, 山东恒鑫生物科技有限公司); 木糖醇(食品级, 山东绿健生物技术有限公司); L-精氨酸(食品级, 诸城东晓生物科技有限公司); β-葡聚糖酶(食品级, 山东隆科特酶制剂有限公司); β-葡聚糖(纯度≥90%, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 醋酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.0, 中科瑞泰北京生物科技有限公司); 斐林试剂、磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS)(pH 7.4)(福州飞净生物科技有限公司); 变异链球菌[ATCCR 25175, 中国微生物菌种查询网(https://www.biobw.org/)]; 变异链球菌培养基(山东拓普生物工程有限公司)。
DHG-9030A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司); HH-2数显恒温水浴锅(上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司); SMS TA.XTPLUSC质构分析仪(厦门超技仪器设备有限公司); NH310便携式色差分析仪(广东三恩时智能科技有限公司); Spark多功能微孔板检测仪(瑞士Tecan集团); ZQZY-78BV振荡培养箱(上海知楚仪器有限公司)。
软糖包括80%主糖料以及20%凝胶, 其中主糖料包括木糖醇、麦芽糖、L-精氨酸和β-葡聚糖酶, 具体配比如表1所示(按其占主糖料的百分比进行计算)。先使用纯水分别溶解分散L-精氨酸、β-葡聚糖酶至澄清透明溶液备用。而后按表1配比将木糖醇、蔗糖与明胶混合熬煮成初步糖浆, 在75 ℃保温状态下边缓慢搅拌边加入L-精氨酸、β-葡聚糖酶溶液, 得到混合糖浆。最后, 将糖浆浇筑到玉米淀粉聚酯胶盘中, 干燥成型, 得到软糖样品。
参考符秀敏[20]进行全质构质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis, TPA)测试: 参数设定为探头P/50 R, 操作模式: 测试前1.0 mm/s、测试速度5.0 mm/s、测试后速度10 mm/s、测试距离50%、停留时间5 s、触发力5 g。重复测试5次, 测定参数: 硬度、胶着性、黏性、咀嚼性、弹性、内聚性。
参考青木優子等[21]方法, 采用斐林实验研究实验所制备含β-葡聚糖酶的软糖样品对葡聚糖的分解作用, 进而评价其分解牙菌斑基质的能力。首先, 使用0.1 mol/L的醋酸缓冲液配制2.5%的葡聚糖溶液待用。随后, 使用0.1 mol/L的PBS缓冲液(pH=7.4)水浴加热融化样品软糖, 配制为30%的待测液。按照2:2:1的体积比分别加入葡聚糖溶液、待测样液和斐林试液, 涡旋20 s, 静置5 min观察溶液的颜色变化并拍照记录。空白组采用纯水代替待测样液。
取20 μL变异链球菌甘油母液于20 mL变异链球菌培养基中, 在37 ℃厌氧条件下培养7 d。随后, 取20 μL该培养液加入到含有1%软糖样品的培养基中, 继续在37 ℃厌氧条件下培养15 d后, 通过测量其在560 nm处的吸光值来明确样品对变异链球菌的生长影响作用。在单因素实验中, 以对照组处理下的细菌生长率为100%进行计算, 得到各组处理下的细菌生长率。而在复配实验中, 以等浓度蔗糖处理条件下的细菌生长率为100%进行计算, 得到各组处理下细菌的生长率。
使用便携式色差仪进行软糖色差测试, 采用国际照明委员会的CIE1976色度系统, 以普通A4白纸作为标样(L=50, a=0.36, b=0.58), 测定不同样品的总色差值ΔE
采用SPSS 24软件进行数据统计分析, 采用平均值±标准偏差的形式呈现数据, 经邓肯多重比较检验, 对实验所取得的数据结果进行差异显著性分析(P<0.05, n≥4)。最后使用Origin 2022软件进行绘图。
图1所示, 添加不同含量的木糖醇、L-精氨酸和β-葡聚糖酶会对软糖的质构产生一定的影响。与对照组相比, 除了添加0.02%的β-葡聚糖酶组外, 其余组别的硬度和胶着性均出现显著性降低(图1a、1b)。降低软糖的黏性可以减少糖分残留于牙齿表面的概率, 进而降低龋齿的风险。采用15.00%以上木糖醇代糖策略可以显著降低软糖的黏性, 尤其是当木糖醇含量占比大于等于17.50%时, 效果极显著(图1c)。这是因为木糖醇作为一种糖醇, 与纯糖相比, 其黏性较低[22]。添加0.02%~0.08%的β-葡聚糖酶也可以达到降低软糖黏性的目的。然而, 当L-精氨酸含量≥0.30%时, 会提高软糖的黏性。此外, 使用木糖醇替代部分蔗糖还可以降低软糖的咀嚼性(图1d)。儿童的牙齿尚处于发育阶段, 咀嚼能力较弱, 降低软糖的咀嚼性同样将有利于减少软糖与牙齿表面的摩擦次数。本研究所采用的方法制备出来的软糖与对照组相比, 弹性方面的特性没有出现显著性差异变化(图1e)。同时, 样品组与对照比相比, 内聚性也没有发现显著性改变(图1f), 说明在相同明胶的添加量的条件下, 单独添加木糖醇、L-精氨酸和β-葡聚糖酶不会对其与蔗糖之间形成的网络结构造成显著性影响[23]。此部分研究结果突出了木糖醇在降低软糖黏性方面的重要贡献作用。
利用斐林实验研究含β-葡聚糖酶软糖对葡聚糖的分解作用, 以评价其分解牙菌斑能力。如图2a所示, 不含还原糖的空白组溶液呈蓝色, 对照组因使用麦芽糖作为糖原, 具有还原性, 也出现了红棕色沉淀。对图2a的照片进行RGB色彩提取分析, 如图2b所所示, 在β-葡聚糖酶含量为0.06%以内, 随着β-葡聚糖酶添加量的提高, 溶液的红棕色颜色加深。添加量为0.02%时就有肉眼可见的红棕色加深现象。RGB值统计结果如图2c所示, 与对照组相比, 当添加的β-葡聚糖酶含量为0.04%~0.06%时, 溶液的G值显著性降低, 说明适量添加β-葡聚糖酶能够进一步分解反应液中存在的富含糖苷链的葡聚糖, 产生还原糖将二价铜离子还原为一价铜离子[21], 有助于分解牙菌斑基质生物膜[24]。此部分研究结果证明了在软糖制备工艺过程中添加β-葡聚糖酶的可行性。
在进行抗菌实验前, 需对软糖样品进行高压灭菌处理, 该过程可能会使软糖中添加的β-葡聚糖酶出现高温失活, 故而此部分实验没有进行酶组样品测试。
前人研究表明, 变异链球菌无法利用木糖醇进行发酵, 可以降低龋齿发生率[25-26]。而在本研究中, 如图3所示, 当木糖醇含量占比介于15.00%~20.00%时, 不能达到抑制变异链球菌生长的目的, 推测是该木糖醇的含量占比过低, 80%的麦芽糖占比已足够变异链球菌生长利用。随着L-精氨酸含量的增加, 其抑制变异链球菌生长的效果提高。当L-精氨酸含量为0.10%时, 与对照组相比其变异链球菌生长率显著降低, 而当其含量≥0.30%时, 细菌生长抑制率不再提高, 以L-精氨酸含量0.40%的软糖组抗菌效果最佳, 细菌生长率是对照组的49.94%。这是因为L-精氨酸在被口腔微生物利用时可以通过抑制糖酵解、核苷糖代谢及肽聚糖的合成, 减少酸的产生、调节生物膜代谢, 降低口腔生物膜的厚度与胞外多糖浓度, 有助于预防龋齿的发生[27-30]
基于上述单因素实验结果, 在质构方面以软糖黏性为主指标, 选定木糖醇含量为17.50%; 在分解牙菌斑方面, 选定β-葡聚糖酶含量为0.02%和0.04%; 在抑制变异链球菌生长方面, 考虑到当L-精氨酸含量≥0.30%时会显著提高软糖的黏性, 在复配软糖中, L-精氨酸含量定为0.10%和0.20%。
复配软糖样品的色差结果如表2所示。与对照组相比, 复配组1和2对软糖的亮度没有显著性影响, 而复配组3和4会提高软糖的亮度, 说明复配软糖的亮度主要受β-葡聚糖酶含量的影响。复配组2~4的Δb较对照组没有显著性差异变化。所有复配软糖的ΔE与对照组相比均具有显著性差异, 主要是受Δa的影响。当β-葡聚糖酶含量为0.04%时, 会显著降低软糖的Δa
复配软糖的质构分析结果如图4所示。与对照组相比, 复1、复2和复3组样品的硬度、胶着性显著降低(图4a、4b)。由图4c可知, 得益于木糖醇的低黏性, 所有复配组的黏性均得到显著性降低, 其中以复4组的黏性最低, 为对照组的20.95%, 可以最大化降低软糖黏附在牙齿形成牙菌斑的风险。当使用木糖醇、L-精氨酸和β-葡聚糖酶进行复配时, 样品的咀嚼性没有发生显著性变化(图4d), 反而显著提高了软糖的弹性和内聚性(图4e、4f)。
复配软糖的斐林反应结果如图5所示。在研究中, 降低软糖待测液浓度至15%, 以方便肉眼直接观察分解牙菌斑效果。与对照组相比, 复配组产生的红棕色沉淀明显增多, 其中复3和复4组的反应液比复1和复2组浑浊, 归因于复3和复4组含有较高的β-葡聚糖酶含量, 说明在制备软糖的过程中, 75 ℃保温条件下的辅料添加均质环节并不会完全破坏β-葡聚糖酶的活性, 复配软糖具有分解牙菌斑基质的能力[24]
通过测定复配组对变异链球菌的生长影响, 进一步评估复配软糖的致龋性。以等浓度蔗糖的细菌生长率为100%进行计算, 结果如图6所示。由于复配软糖中存在L-精氨酸, 所有组别均展示出较对照组显著下降的变异链球菌生长能力, 其中以复4组的效果最优, 细菌生长率为50.10%, 为对照组的29.19%。可能是因为β-葡聚糖酶即便经过高温处理, 依旧存有分解葡聚糖的能力, 能够与L-精氨酸一起协同抑制变异链球菌的生长。
含木糖醇、L-精氨酸和β-葡聚糖酶的软糖展现出降低软糖致龋作用的能力。当木糖醇含量占比≥15%时具有显著的降低软糖黏性的功能; 在75 ℃保温条件下添加β-葡聚糖酶不会使其完全失活, 含有0.02% β-葡聚糖酶的软糖具有切断葡聚糖糖苷链分解牙菌斑基质的能力; L-精氨酸是抑制变异链球菌生长的主要功能因子, 其含量为0.10%时即可达到降低变异链球菌生长活性的作用。对3种功能因子进行复配制成软糖, 本研究的最佳样品为含有17.50%木糖醇、0.04% β-葡聚糖酶和0.20% L-精氨酸的复配软糖, 其黏性仅为对照组的20.95%, 具有分解牙菌斑的能力, 促进变异链球菌生长的作用是蔗糖的50.10%, 对照软糖的29.19%, 可以有效降低软糖的致龋能力。
  • 东莞市社会发展科技项目(20231800905152)
  • 湖北省重点研发计划项目(2023DJC149)
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250126003
  • 接收时间:2025-01-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-26
基金
东莞市社会发展科技项目(20231800905152)
湖北省重点研发计划项目(2023DJC149)
作者信息
    1. 暨南大学生物医学工程研究所, 广州 510642
    2. 东莞理工学院生命健康技术学院, 中国轻工业健康食品开发与营养调控重点实验室, 东莞 523808
    3. 东莞金添实业投资有限公司, 东莞 523213

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* 潘晓琴(1996—), 女, 博士, 主要研究方向为食品功能因子的纳米化修饰与利用、新型光动力抗菌技术的开发与应用。E-mail:
薛巍(1963—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为医用高分子材料、药物载体材料如水凝胶、眼科及经皮给药系统等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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