Article(id=1151437189847068953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733932800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453618727, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453618727, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453618727, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453618727, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895323858318336, articleId=1151437189847068953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the detection of aflatoxins in foods, columnId=1151895321526759957, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention and Control of Biotoxins in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aflatoxins are of difuran cyclotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and own good chemical stability, thermal stability, strong hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and other toxicity to human body. Due to the low content of aflatoxins in food and the complex food matrix, these food samples contain a large number of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, food additives, etc., which have great interference to the accurate qualitative and quantitative detection of aflatoxins. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore new sample pretreatment techniques and establish rapid and practical detection methods for aflatoxins. This paper reviewed the application of aflatoxin pretreatment techniques (liquid phase extraction, solid phase extraction, ultrasonic microwave assisted extraction, immunoaffinity chromatography) and detection methods(thin-layer analysis, high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunochromatography, nucleic acid aptamer sensing) in the analysis of aflatoxins in food, prospected the development trends towards online combination, the integration of new technologies with traditional equipment, ease of operation, and low cost, providing reliable support for the development of mycotoxin detection.

, correspAuthors=Qian-Qian JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lan-Ling CHU, Yun-Zheng WANG, Yu-Qi DAI, Dan-Dan WANG, Hong-Jun HE, Xiao-Man JIANG, Qian-Qian JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895329545793572, articleId=1151437189847068953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=食品中黄曲霉毒素检测研究进展, columnId=1151895321669366295, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄曲霉毒素是由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉等菌株产生的一类双呋喃环类毒素, 具有较好的化学稳定性和热稳定性, 对人体有极强的肝毒性、致癌性、致畸性等毒副作用。由于食品中黄曲霉毒素的含量较低且基质复杂, 其中含有大量的碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质、食品添加剂等, 对毒素的准确定性定量检测产生很大的干扰, 因此探寻新型的样品前处理技术, 建立快速、实用的检测方法, 对于毒素检测具有重要意义。本文综述了黄曲霉毒素前处理提取技术(液相萃取、固相萃取、超声波微波辅助萃取、免疫亲和层析)和检测方法(薄层分析法、高效液相色谱-质谱法、酶联免疫吸附法、免疫层析法、核酸适配体传感技术)在食品黄曲霉毒素分析中的应用, 并对其相关的在线联用、新技术结合传统设备、易操作、低成本化等发展趋势进行了展望, 对真菌毒素的检测发展提供了可靠支持。

, correspAuthors=姜倩倩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 姜倩倩(1986—), 女, 硕士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养与安全检测。E-mail:
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褚兰玲(1985—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品有害物分析。E-mail:

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褚兰玲(1985—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品有害物分析。E-mail:

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食品中黄曲霉毒素检测研究进展
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褚兰玲 1, 2 , 王云政 2, 3 , 戴宇琪 2 , 王丹丹 4 , 贺红军 4 , 蒋小满 1 , 姜倩倩 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025,16(11): 1-8
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中生物毒素检测与防控 2025, 16(11): 1-8
食品中黄曲霉毒素检测研究进展
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褚兰玲1, 2 , 王云政2, 3, 戴宇琪2, 王丹丹4, 贺红军4, 蒋小满1, 姜倩倩1, *
作者信息
  • 1. 烟台理工学院食品与生物工程学院, 烟台 264003
  • 2. 南京林业大学轻工与食品学院, 南京 210037
  • 3. 济南市天桥区市场监督管理局, 济南 250031
  • 4. 烟台大学生命科学学院, 烟台 264006
  • 褚兰玲(1985—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品有害物分析。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 姜倩倩(1986—), 女, 硕士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养与安全检测。E-mail:
Research progress on the detection of aflatoxins in foods
Lan-Ling CHU1, 2 , Yun-Zheng WANG2, 3, Yu-Qi DAI2, Dan-Dan WANG4, Hong-Jun HE4, Xiao-Man JIANG1, Qian-Qian JIANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Food and Biological Engineering, Yantai Institute of Technology, Yantai 264003, China
  • 2. College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
  • 3. Tianqiao District Market Supervision and Administration Bureau of Ji’nan City, Ji’nan 250031, China
  • 4. School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264006, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212004
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黄曲霉毒素是由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉等菌株产生的一类双呋喃环类毒素, 具有较好的化学稳定性和热稳定性, 对人体有极强的肝毒性、致癌性、致畸性等毒副作用。由于食品中黄曲霉毒素的含量较低且基质复杂, 其中含有大量的碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质、食品添加剂等, 对毒素的准确定性定量检测产生很大的干扰, 因此探寻新型的样品前处理技术, 建立快速、实用的检测方法, 对于毒素检测具有重要意义。本文综述了黄曲霉毒素前处理提取技术(液相萃取、固相萃取、超声波微波辅助萃取、免疫亲和层析)和检测方法(薄层分析法、高效液相色谱-质谱法、酶联免疫吸附法、免疫层析法、核酸适配体传感技术)在食品黄曲霉毒素分析中的应用, 并对其相关的在线联用、新技术结合传统设备、易操作、低成本化等发展趋势进行了展望, 对真菌毒素的检测发展提供了可靠支持。

黄曲霉毒素  /  分析检测  /  样品前处理

Aflatoxins are of difuran cyclotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and own good chemical stability, thermal stability, strong hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and other toxicity to human body. Due to the low content of aflatoxins in food and the complex food matrix, these food samples contain a large number of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, food additives, etc., which have great interference to the accurate qualitative and quantitative detection of aflatoxins. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore new sample pretreatment techniques and establish rapid and practical detection methods for aflatoxins. This paper reviewed the application of aflatoxin pretreatment techniques (liquid phase extraction, solid phase extraction, ultrasonic microwave assisted extraction, immunoaffinity chromatography) and detection methods(thin-layer analysis, high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunochromatography, nucleic acid aptamer sensing) in the analysis of aflatoxins in food, prospected the development trends towards online combination, the integration of new technologies with traditional equipment, ease of operation, and low cost, providing reliable support for the development of mycotoxin detection.

aflatoxins  /  analysis and detection  /  sample pretreatment
褚兰玲, 王云政, 戴宇琪, 王丹丹, 贺红军, 蒋小满, 姜倩倩. 食品中黄曲霉毒素检测研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212004
Lan-Ling CHU, Yun-Zheng WANG, Yu-Qi DAI, Dan-Dan WANG, Hong-Jun HE, Xiao-Man JIANG, Qian-Qian JIANG. Research progress on the detection of aflatoxins in foods[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212004
黄曲霉毒素是食品中常见的一类真菌毒素[1], 是由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉等菌株产生的一类双呋喃环类毒素[2], 包括黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素G1 (aflatoxin G1, AFG1)、黄曲霉毒素B2 (aflatoxin B2, AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G2 (aflatoxin G2, AFG2)以及黄曲霉毒素M1 (aflatoxin M1, AFM1)、黄曲霉毒素M2 (aflatoxin M2, AFM2)、毒醇等20多种衍生物。其中, 食品中的主要存在形式占比及毒性从大到小依次为AFB1、AFM1、AFG1、AFB2、AFG2[3], 如图1所示, 主要污染禾谷类作物、油料作物及其加工副产品, 是在食品和动物饲料中发现的最普遍的天然毒素[4], 其中AFB1的污染范围最广、毒性最大、致癌性最强[5], 已被国际癌症研究机构列为I类致癌物[6], 因此发达国家、世界卫生组织及我国对食品中黄曲霉毒素含量都进行了严格限定。另有研究表明, 哺乳类动物摄入被AFB1污染的饲料后, AFB1会在动物的肝脏微粒体以及细胞色素P-448的作用下, 呋喃环上的氢被羟基化形成AFM1[7], 相关数据表明有0.5%~5.0%的AFB1可在体内转换为AFM1[8], 则AFM1主要存在于牛奶、酸奶、奶酪、乳粉等乳及乳制品中。
由于黄曲霉毒素具有较好的化学稳定性和热稳定性, 对人体有极强的肝毒性、致癌性、致畸性等毒副作用。食品中黄曲霉毒素的含量较低且食品基质复杂, 对毒素的准确定性定量检测产生很大的干扰, 因此探寻新型的样品前处理技术, 建立快速、实用的检测方法, 对于毒素检测具有重要意义。本文综述了黄曲霉毒素分析中的前处理提取技术(液相萃取、固相萃取、超声波微波辅助萃取、免疫亲和层析)和检测方法(薄层分析、高效液相色谱-质谱、酶联接免疫吸附、免疫层析、核酸适配体传感)在食品中黄曲霉毒素分析中的应用, 并对其发展趋势进行了展望, 为检测黄曲霉毒素技术的进一步发展提供参考。
经典的液相萃取是利用目标物在两种溶剂(一般是一种极性溶剂和另一种非极性溶剂)中的溶解度不同, 将目标物从样品溶液中萃取到另一种溶剂中, 进而实现目标物与样品基质的分离。其中, 液-液萃取是最常用的液相萃取方法, 具有操作简单、所需设备简单、价格低廉、广谱性好等优点[9-11]。萃取黄曲霉毒素常用的有机溶剂有甲醇、丙酮、乙腈、氯仿等。SHEIJOONI-FUMANI等[12]在对大米和其他谷物样品中的AFB1进行提取时, 发现当甲醇浓度为60% (V:V)时提取效果最佳。王东旭等[13]建立了基于挥发性铵盐盐析辅助液液萃取结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测酱油中4种黄曲霉毒素含量的方法, 向样品溶液与萃取溶剂混合物中加入适当的无机盐, 促使萃取溶剂更好地从混合物中分离, 该方法的检出限为0.01~0.04 μg/kg, 定量限为0.03~0.12 μg/kg; SOLEIMANY等[14]以乙腈-乙酸-水混合溶液为萃取剂, 一步直接提取谷物中的黄曲霉毒素, 然后采用质谱进行定量分析, 方法检出限为0.01~20.00 ng/g, 回收率为76.8%~108.4%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)小于12.7%。该方法的优点是能够同时提取检测多种黄曲霉毒素, 并可用于玉米、大米等谷物实际样品分析, 但该方法有多次提取、复溶等步骤, 容易造成目标物损失。
分散液液微萃取也是一种液相萃取技术中应用比较广泛的萃取技术。JAHANI等[15]采用注射器内均相液-液萃取和基于离子液体的分散液-液微萃取相结合的方法萃取食用植物油中的AFB1。首先, 将含有目标物的油样与丙酮混合形成均质溶液, 然后加入去离子水, 目标物被萃取到丙酮液滴中。随后取丙酮相与1-己基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸磁性离子液体混合, 用玻璃注射器将混合物注入5% (m:V)氯化钠溶液中, 用外部磁铁收集液滴, 液相色谱法进行测定。在最佳条件下, 该方法的检出限为13 ng/kg, 定量限为44 ng/kg, 提取回收率为69%, RSD小于4.0%。MASROURI等[16]使用乙腈、去离子水、正己烷作为提取剂, N, N-二乙醇氯化铵和甲基异丙基苯酚制备疏水深共晶溶剂作为分散剂, 建立了基于溶剂萃取和深共晶溶剂分散液液微萃取相结合的新方法, 用于提取奶酪样品中的AFM1。该方法的检出限和定量限分别为0.74 ng/kg和2.56 ng/kg, 提取回收率为94%, 日间、日内RSD均小于或等于8.6%。该方法将萃取剂和分散剂快速注入样品水溶液中, 在分散剂的作用下, 形成水-分散剂-萃取剂乳浊液微珠, 增大萃取剂与样品液的接触面积, 有利于对目标物的提取。
固相萃取技术是根据目标物性质, 选取合适的固相吸附材料作为萃取剂, 吸附样品中的目标物, 使其与样品基质分离, 再通过洗脱等操作步骤将目标物从固相吸附剂中解吸下来的一种方法。此方法具有富集效率高、专一性好以及净化、浓缩目标物[17]的优点。目前常用的固相萃取材料主要有C18、活性炭、硅胶、大孔树脂等。CHEN等[18]开发了一种基于固相萃取的微流控芯片和质谱组成的快速自动化测定花生油中AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2的系统, 黄曲霉毒素在填充C18颗粒的微流控芯片上的固相萃取技术通道上富集, 然后将其洗脱并引入质谱中, 以多反应监测模式进行定性和定量分析。LI等[19]利用合成的大孔金属有机骨架作为固相萃取剂, 通过有序的大孔结构、π-π相互作用、配位相互作用和静电相互作用实现对毒素的吸附, 从奶制品中吸附提取6种黄曲霉毒素, 取得良好的应用效果。
磁性固相萃取技术近几年逐渐成为复杂基质样品前处理的研究热点。其原理是将磁性吸附剂分散于样品提取液中, 使其与目标物充分接触, 目标物通过扩散从样品液中转移至吸附剂上, 再用强磁铁吸附磁性吸附剂, 弃去样品液, 最后将目标物从吸附剂上洗脱下来。目前应用于真菌毒素前处理方法的磁性固相萃取主要以羰基材料[20-21](如石墨烯、碳纳米管、活性炭、石墨化炭黑等)作为表面功能修饰材料。吴静娜等[22]在羧基化多壁碳纳米管的基础上采用共沉淀法制备磁性纳米颗粒, 利用多壁碳纳米管与目标物的π-π相互作用、氢键相互作用等作用力, 提高吸附剂对黄曲霉毒素的选择性, 为植物油中黄曲霉毒素的测定提供了一种新的前处理技术。YU等[23]采用单点溶热法合成了磁性石墨烯纳米复合材料, 提取植物油中的黄曲霉毒素, 在最佳条件下, 实现了良好的线性关系, 对AFB1和AFB2的检出限分别低至0.02 mg/kg和0.01 mg/kg, 回收率为80.4%~106.0%之间, RSD小于8.1%。该方法简单、快速、高效, 可用于常规测定脂质基质中的黄曲霉毒素。磁性固相萃取技术技术克服了传统固相萃取技术在过柱、离心或过滤操作中耗时、易损失的缺点, 提取效率高, 洗脱过程去除了提取液, 降低了基质、杂质的干扰。此外, 通过改变吸附剂的种类, 可以拓宽该技术在有毒有害物质检测前处理的应用范围。
超声波微波辅助提取主要依据基质中目标物在波的作用下加快进入萃取剂中, 该技术在提取热不稳定活性物质方面具有广阔的应用前景, 具有快速高效、节约能源等优势。MANOOCHEHRI等[24]采用超声辅助基质固相分散法, 提取大米中的AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2, 在最佳条件下, 检出限为0.09~0.14 ng/g, RSD为8.6%, 回收率为78%~83%。JAYASINGHE等[25]开发了一种基于使用超声波进行目标分离, 配合分子印迹聚合物作为吸附剂的多孔膜保护微固相萃取技术, 作为一种高选择性的萃取和净化步骤, 用于提取鱼饲料中AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2, 该方法的回收率为80%~100%, 检出限为0.42~1.15 mg/kg。KABOODI等[26]首次将基于深共晶溶剂的微波辅助萃取与基于离子液体的温控液相微萃取相结合, 用于萃取奶酪样品中的黄曲霉毒素。通过使用60 s、180 W的微波, 加速目标物的提取分离。此方法的检出限为9~23 ng/kg, 定量限为30~77 ng/kg, 萃取回收率为66%~83%, RSD小于5.2%。超声波微波辅助萃取法的不足之处是若设备受损, 可能导致微波辐射泄露, 对操作者身体造成慢性损伤。
免疫亲和层析是利用抗原抗体特异性结合的原理捕获样品基质中的黄曲霉毒素, 然后用合适的溶剂进行目标洗脱。ROMERO-SANCHEZ等[27]采用免疫亲和柱结合高效液相色谱串联质谱检测大米中的黄曲霉毒素, 该方法的回收率为86%~92%, 最低检出限为0.09~0.32 mg/kg, RSDs为5%~11%。ALIAKARBARZADEH等[28]将免疫亲和纯化前处理与高效液相色谱法相结合, 实现对花生仁样品中4种黄曲霉毒素的定性定量检测。方法的最低检出限为0.15 μg/kg, 最低定量限为0.50 μg/kg, RSDs为4.99%~7.85%, 回收率为81.2%~83.4%。该方法的优点是对目标物的结合效果较好, 具有特异性, 不足之处是制备单克隆抗体复杂, 难以保证修饰后抗体的活性, 成本高等。
薄层分析法(thin layer chromatography, TLC), 是根据目标物性质选择合适的吸附物质, 将此物质均匀地涂布在薄层板上, 然后将含有目标物的样品液加在薄层板上进行分离, 待分离完成后使用365 nm波长的紫外光进行照射, 通过分析荧光强度判断是否存在毒素或者半定量分析毒素含量[29]。TLC的优点是所使用检测仪器体积小巧、价格低廉, 特别适用于多批量样品中毒素的检测筛选, 其缺点也比较明显, 一是样品前处理过程复杂烦琐, 实验结果与实验人员的操作水平相关, 方法重复性较差; 二是只能实现对毒素的定性或半定量检测, 无法得到准确的毒素含量, 因此不适用于对含量结果要求精准的检测。目前单独使用TLC的场景已经较少, 常将其与其他检测方法相结合, 提高检测的精确度。
高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)是目前检测食品中黄曲霉毒素最常用的方法。此方法常用的色谱柱为C18柱。方法的基本原理是: 根据目标物的性质选择合适的溶剂作为流动相, 样品进样后, 流动相会携带样品液通过色谱柱, 样品液中的物质根据分配系数不同从色谱柱中先后流出, 流经检测器检测到相关信号, 根据物质出峰时间以及峰面积大小实现对目标物的定性、定量分析。SOMSUBSIN等[30]建立了一种基于涡旋辅助低密度溶剂-微萃取结合高效液相色谱-荧光检测的方法, 实现对大米样品中AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2的同时检测, 在最佳条件下, 最低检出限为0.001~0.170 μg/kg, RSD低于6.2%, 加标回收率为70%~104%。
超高效液相色谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography, UPLC)的基本原理与HPLC基本相同, 其主要优势是检测时间、检测速度、仪器灵敏度、响应值等均要好于HPLC。KIM等[31]使用70%甲醇超声提取和免疫亲和柱从红辣椒和泡菜中分离出黄曲霉毒素。使用超高效液相色谱与荧光检测器对毒素进行定性、定量检测。该方法RSDs为5.2%~11.9%, 回收率为86.7%~112.6%。
这两种色谱法的优点是经过设置程序后可以自动运行, 实现对多样品的不间断检测, 效率高, 灵敏度高, 所得结果精确, 同时通过色谱柱可以实现对多物质的分离和检测。其不足一是使用该方法进行检测前的样品处理较为繁琐, 要经过提取、净化、过膜等多步操作; 二是检测所需时间长, 不能快速得到结果, 样品进样前的准备步骤如洗针、洗进样器、脱气、平衡等就需要较长时间; 三是使用的流动相大多为有毒有机溶剂, 可能对操作者身体产生不良影响; 四是高效液相色谱仪器体积较大、价格昂贵, 需要定期维护, 维修价格高昂。
高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)集合了色谱和质谱的优点, 将色谱极佳的分离效果与质谱极好的多组分鉴定能力相结合, 可对样品中的多种类型毒素如黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等同时检测[32-33]。RAUSCH等[34]开发了一种测定38种霉菌毒素的可靠且灵敏的方法。采用基于QuEChERS的萃取方法[乙腈/水/甲酸(75:20:5, V:V:V)], 在不同条件下进行两次高效液相色谱串联质谱检测, 分析了谷物中的相关霉菌毒素。该方法根据欧盟委员会相关要求对性能标准进行了验证。方法定量限为0.05~150.00 μg/kg。大多数霉菌毒素都具有良好的线性(r2>0.99), 回收率在61%~120%范围内, 日间、日内RSD分别低于15%和20%。该方法对样品前处理的要求与单纯使用HPLC相比更低, 样品复杂基质对毒素的检出干扰较小, 方法选择性好、灵敏度高。
酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)是一种特异性较好的检测方法, 其基本原理是: 将已知的、有免疫活性的抗原或抗体固定在酶标板的孔洞内, 然后将待测样品加入到酶标板中, 样品中的目标物会与固定的抗原或抗体发生特异性结合, 然后将与酶结合的抗体或抗原(酶标抗体或酶标抗原)加入到酶标板中, 经过洗涤等步骤去除非特异性分子, 留在酶标板中的酶量与待测目标物的量成正比。加入酶反应底物, 触发酶的催化反应, 生成可测量信号(一般为颜色变化), 通过分析相关数据得到待测目标物的浓度[35]。该方法在测量黄曲霉毒素时的显著优点是不需要对毒素进行衍生, 操作更加方便快捷。在传统的ELISA检测AFB1中, 所使用的过氧化物酶成本高且环境稳定性差, GUO等[36]以Fe-N-C单原子纳米酶为基础, 开发了一种直接竞争性免疫吸附法。所提出的方法具有灵敏度高、检测速度快、制作成本低等优点。在最佳条件下, 新方法的检出限为3.3 pg/mL, 在加标样品中的回收率为84.50%~103.75%, RSD低于10%。陈文星等[37]开发了一种快速检测谷物中AFB1的生物发光ELISA法, 系统测试了3种抗AFB1特异性纳米抗体与纳米荧光素酶融合蛋白的可溶性表达、纯化情况及酶催化活性。综合考虑融合蛋白的可溶性表达量、稳定性及检测性能, 选择最佳融合蛋白进行实际样品的分析和验证, 结果表明, 方法回收率在91.1%~104.1%之间, 与商业化酶联免疫试剂盒测定结果相比基本一致, 而检测的时间和试剂成本明显降低。
免疫层析法的原理是利用抗原-抗体间的特异性免疫结合和色谱层析作用建立的一种固相免疫检测方法。免疫层析试纸条的基本构成主要有聚氯乙烯底板、样品垫、结合垫、NC膜[上面喷涂检测线(T线)和质控线(C线)]以及吸水垫。目前免疫层析法根据所使用的标记物质不同细分为胶体金免疫层析法、上转发光免疫层析法、荧光微球免疫层析法等。童璐等[38]从比色和荧光两种方法介绍了最新的侧流免疫层析技术在AFB1检测中的研究进展, 重点阐述不同信号标记材料及其对应方法学。
上转换发光免疫层析法使用的上转换纳米材料通常由稀土材料制备而来, 制备方法目前常用的有水热合成法、共沉淀法等[39]。该方法的优点是反斯托克位移大, 本底干扰小, 检测速度较快, 可以通过改变使用的稀土材料类型改变发光颜色、强度等。CHEN等[40]研制的上转换免疫层析检测卡采用竞争结合的原理, 以上转化发光材料作为标记物, 结合免疫层析方法, 构建了一种适用于现场快速定量检测谷物中玉米赤霉烯酮的新技术, 最低检出限可达0.5 μg/kg, 线性范围良好, 20 min内即可完成对样品的检测。该方法特异性强、灵敏度高、稳定性好、储存期长, 可同时进行多重分析且不受检测环境影响。
荧光微球免疫层析法以荧光纳米球形颗粒作为示踪标记物, 通过对颗粒进行基团修饰等, 使其与特异性抗体结合形成荧光探针, 然后根据需要喷涂、组装成试纸条, 将样品液滴加到样品垫上, 通过扩散流经T线和C线, 使用试纸条荧光检测仪分析荧光信号, 对样品中所含的目标物进行定量分析[41]。SHENG等[42]开发了一种基于荧光微球的免疫层析法检测玉米、大米、燕麦中的黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素以及赭曲霉毒素四种真菌毒素。该方法中选用了发光性能好、稳定性强的单分散聚苯乙烯荧光微球作为标记物, 与4种毒素的抗体相偶联制备荧光探针。在最佳条件下, 在10 min内即可完成对样品的检测, 对AFB1、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素、赭曲霉毒素A的检出限分别为0.093、0.072、0.320、0.190 μg/L。方法显示出良好的特异性, 与其他真菌毒素无交叉反应, 通过对实际样品进行检测, 所得结果与HPLC-MS/MS的结果高度一致。该方法使用的荧光微球由于有外壳的保护, 荧光不易被猝灭, 发光持久且稳定。
核酸适配体是一段DNA或RNA序列, 能够与多种目标物高选择性、高特异性的结合。与传统ELISA法使用蛋白质作为探针相比, 适配体的体积更小, 经过指数富集适配体系统进化技术筛选富集后, 灵敏度会大大提高。目前, 核酸适配体传感器检测技术应用于食品中黄曲霉毒素的检测主要有电化学法、比色法、荧光法、以及表面增强拉曼法[43-44]
电化学法是将目标物与适配体探针之间发生的反应转变成电信号实现对待测目标物的分析, 主要分为阻抗法和循环伏安法, 广泛应用于多种目标物的检测[45]。KARCZMARCZYK等[46]使用与碱性磷酸酶结合的二抗作为标志物, 结合改进的金丝网印刷电极对红酒和牛奶中的赭曲霉毒素和AFM1进行伏安检测, 方法在ng/mL级别具有良好的应用效果。AN等[47]采用氧化石墨烯-壳聚糖修饰丝网印刷的工作电极, 以增加电极的电导率和表面积, 以固定更多的抗AFM1抗体。为了进一步提高电子转移效率, 还在该修饰电极上涂覆了氧化铈-壳聚糖, 该方法对AFM1的最低检出限为9 pg/mL。该方法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、耗时短、所需设备(电化学工作站)简单等优点。
比色法中经典的ELISA法的比色信号仅限于单色反应, 不适合精确地裸眼检测, 为了解决这一问题, 金属纳米颗粒被引入免疫传感器。FANG等[48]开发了一种基于酶催化金纳米棒蚀刻检测牛奶样品中AFM1的比色法。在该方法中, 用葡萄糖氧化酶取代辣根过氧化物酶作为产生过氧化氢的酶标物, 金纳米棒被I-与H2O2氧化生成的I2蚀刻, 导致局域表面等离子体共振蓝移, 形成鲜明的颜色变化。采用该方法, 裸眼定性分析的最低检出限为0.5 ng/mL, 定量分析的最低检出限为110 pg/mL, 比基于HRP的ELISA法低4.1倍。该方法的主要优点是设备简单和操作简便, 但肉眼观察存在主观误差, 准确度较低。
荧光法利用目标物与适配体之间的作用导致荧光信号发生变化, 通过分析荧光强度实现对目标物的定量分析[49]。WU等[50]利用背景荧光猝灭开发了一种横向流动免疫传感器用来检测牛奶中的AFM1。该方法将荧光染料喷涂在硝酸纤维素膜垫上作为背景荧光, 在没有AFM1的情况下, 抗AFM1抗体标记的金纳米棒结合到牛血清白蛋白标记的AFM1上。牛血清白蛋白偶联AFM1导致T线上的背景荧光猝灭和减少。根据荧光强度实现对牛奶中AFM1的检测, 方法的最低检出限为0.9 pg/mL。研究表明, 荧光法比比色法的灵敏度高1~2个数量级, 检出限更低, 结果定量更准确。
基于表面增强拉曼散射(surface enhanced Raman scatting, SERS)的免疫传感器是一种结合了抗原-抗体相互作用和SERS标记的传感技术。随着纳米技术的发展和纳米材料的不断丰富, 为了放大拉曼信号, 研究者在SERS传感器中引入了贵金属纳米粒子, 如银纳米粒子、金纳米粒子和双金属纳米颗粒。WANG等[51]利用Au(内核)/Ag(外壳)(Au@Ag)纳米颗粒作为拉曼增强剂, 开发了一种基于SERS的测试条用于AFM1检测。将Au@Ag纳米颗粒与抗AFM1抗体和拉曼分子5,5-二硫双(2-硝基苯甲酸)偶联作为SERS信号探针, 将牛血清白蛋白偶联AFM1标记的AuNP喷涂在T线上作为捕获探针, 在没有AFM1的情况下, 在T线上捕获SERS探针, 产生较强的SERS信号; 有AFM1会减弱了T线的信号, 根据信号变化检测AFM1, 检测水平低至1.7 pg/mL。该方法对目标物敏感, 可实现检测快速, 在食品安全检测中具有广泛的应用。
静电纺丝是一种简单、快捷制备亚微米、纳米级纤维的新技术。当纤维的直径由微米级下降至亚微米级甚至纳米级时, 就会呈现许多优异的性能, 如较大的比表面积、较强的韧性及优异的力学性能等。静电纺丝技术的原理是: 使高聚物溶液或熔体带电, 并置于针筒喷丝口与接收屏之间的高压电场中, 当电场强度增加时, 针筒尖端呈半球形的液滴变长从而形成泰勒锥, 当电场强度达到一定值时, 库仑力克服液体的表面张力, 带电的溶液射流便从泰勒锥的尖端喷射出去, 经过一段距离的飞行, 射流变细, 溶剂挥发或者熔体固化, 从而在收集装置上得到由亚微米或者纳米纤维构成的, 以随机或定向排列的形式存在的静电纺丝产品[52-53]。静电纺丝的孔隙率、形貌、性能等受到多种因素的影响, 如所配制溶液的相对分子质量、黏度、电导率、挥发性, 制备过程施加电压、推进速度、接收距离, 以及制备环境的温度、湿度、气流速率等。
随着纳米技术和纳米材料的发展, 通过静电纺丝技术制造的电纺纳米纤维与固相萃取技术相结合, 作为一种新兴的萃取技术, 已经成功应用于食品添加剂和农兽药残留的检测, 临床样品中特定目标物的分析, 以及环境样品中污染物的检测等。CHU等[54]采用静电纺丝法制备了聚苯乙烯-四氯乙烯复合纳米纤维材料, 并建立了基于填充纳米纤维固相萃取-UPLC-MS/MS提取检测猪肉组织中的6种β激动剂。该方法在最佳条件下, 各目标物之间分离良好, 回收率为79.3%~110.1%, 日间RSDs为4.7%~11.8%, 日内RSDs为1.5%~10.5%。US等[55]以聚苯乙烯和聚乙二醇聚合物作为纸基衬底, 通过静电纺丝形成无珠状静电纺纳米纤维, 制备纸基诊断平台并通过智能手机比色分析法实现了对胶质母细胞瘤细胞的监测。WANG等[56]采用静电纺丝法制备了聚苯乙烯-聚乙烯吡咯烷酮-蒙脱土复合纳米纤维材料, 并将其填充于自制的固相萃取器件, 建立了基于纳米纤维固相萃取技术的食品中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1和G2同时检测的分析方法, 方法回收率为60.1%~98.4%, 日内RSD为1.9%~5.8%, 日间RSD为1.3%~8.0%, 检出限为0.07~0.17 ng/g, 该方法具有适用于多种样品基质、操作简单省时、成本低等优点。HAN等[57]通过静电纺丝法制备聚苯乙烯纳米纤维, 再用FeCl3氧化引发吡咯聚合, 在PS纤维骨架上沉积聚吡咯涂层, 得到聚苯乙烯-聚吡纤维, 并以此建立了纳米纤维固相萃取-高效液相色谱法, 测定食品中7种人工合成色素的简便分析方法。在提取过程中, 净化、浓缩、解吸可一步完成。所建立的方法对休闲零食(果脯、风味酸奶、果味硬糖)中的人工合成色素具有较好的灵敏度、选择性、重现性。
由于电纺纳米纤维具有比表面积大、孔隙率高和孔深小等优点, 作为固相萃取剂用于样品预处理, 具有较高的吸附效率、较好的解吸能力、杂质净化效果好、浓缩目标物等优点[58-59], 与其他传统的固相吸附剂(如大孔树脂)相比, 基于纳米纤维的大比表面积有利于其与目标物质相互作用的假设, 在样品溶液中吸附相同数量的目标物质只需要较小体积的固相萃取材料, 同时也减少了用于洗脱的有机溶剂的体积[60]。具有经济、有机有毒溶剂用量少等优点。
黄曲霉毒素是食品中常见的一类污染广、毒性强的真菌毒素, 快速、准确分析检测食品中黄曲霉毒素的含量是降低其危害性的重要手段。由于食品基质复杂且黄曲霉毒素含量低, 分离系数小, 基质背景会干扰对黄曲霉毒素的检测, 降低分析方法的灵敏度和准确性[61], 因此针对不同的样品选用合适的预处理方法, 对于毒素分析过程中浓缩目标物、降低杂质干扰[62]是瓶颈问题及研究热点。随着新材料技术的发展, 制备专属性好的新材料用以更新萃取介质, 发展高效、可行的样品前处理方法, 再与传统的检测设备在线联用, 是目前实验室检测毒素方法研究的重点; 另外, 随着抗体、适配体、识别肽等专一性强的基因片段筛选技术的发展, 将此用于快速检测技术并提高检测专属性和定量性, 是食品中黄曲霉毒素检测的又一研究重点。本文综述了黄曲霉毒素前处理提取技术和检测方法在食品中黄曲霉毒素分析中的应用, 并对其发展趋势进行了展望, 为食品毒素分析的发展提供参考。
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2024MH183)
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241212004
  • 接收时间:2024-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-12
基金
山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2024MH183)
作者信息
    1. 烟台理工学院食品与生物工程学院, 烟台 264003
    2. 南京林业大学轻工与食品学院, 南京 210037
    3. 济南市天桥区市场监督管理局, 济南 250031
    4. 烟台大学生命科学学院, 烟台 264006

通讯作者:

* 姜倩倩(1986—), 女, 硕士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养与安全检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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