Article(id=1217845639602426383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250522002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747843200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286626959, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286626959, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286626959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286626959, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845639954747930, articleId=1217845639602426383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Determination of fasciolicides and its metabolite residues in raw milk by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of fasciolicides and its metabolite (nitroxinil, rafoxanide, closantel, triclabendazole and ketotriclabendazole) in raw milk by QuEChERS coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The raw milk samples was extracted with 3% triethylamine acetonitrile-ethyl acetate acetate solution (7:3, V:V), purified by C18 adsorbent powder, and determined by UPLC-MS/MS with external standard method. The chromatographic separation was performed on an ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm 1.8 μm) column with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile solution, and detected under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode in the positive and negative electrospray ion modes. Results The results showed that a good linear relationship was obtained in the mass concentration range of 1 to 100 μg/L for fasciolicides and its metabolite, and the correlation coefficients (r) were all greater than 0.9988, the limits of detection were 2.5 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 5 μg/kg. The average recoveries of 5 kinds of compounds at the concentration levels of 10, 20 and 100 μg/kg were between 86.0% and 108.2%, and the relative standard deviation ranged from 0.81% to 5.60%. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid accurate and reliable, and is suitable for the rapid determination of the residues of fasciolicides and its metabolite in raw milk.

, correspAuthors=Xia WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-Wen SHEN, Min WANG, Hong-Kang WANG, Bing QI, Meng-Feng GAO, Yi-Wen HUANG, Ben YU, Bo MEI, Qian-Nan LU, Xia WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845644186800834, articleId=1217845639602426383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定生乳中抗吸虫药物及其代谢物残留量, columnId=1151923892102197877, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立一种QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定生乳中抗吸虫药物及其代谢物(硝碘酚腈、碘醚柳胺、氯氰碘柳胺、三氯苯达唑和三氯苯达唑酮)的分析方法。方法 生乳样品加入3%三乙胺乙腈-乙酸乙酯(7:3, V:V)溶液提取, 经C18吸附剂净化后, 采用UPLC-MS/MS测定, 外标法定量。以0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈为流动相, ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm)色谱柱进行色谱分离, 在电喷雾正负离子切换扫描模式下, 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)方式进行测定。结果 抗吸虫药物及其代谢物在1~100 μg/L质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系, 相关系数(r)均大于0.9988, 检出限为2.5 μg/kg, 定量限为5 μg/kg。在10、20、100 μg/kg浓度水平下, 5种化合物的平均回收率在86.0%~108.2%范围之内, 相对标准偏差范围为0.81%~5.60%。结论 该方法简单快捷、准确可靠, 适用于生乳中抗吸虫药物及其代谢物残留量的快速测定。

, correspAuthors=王霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王霞(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级畜牧师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全及风险评估研究。E-mail:
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沈斯文(1997—), 女, 助理畜牧师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全检测及风险评估研究。E-mail:

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沈斯文(1997—), 女, 助理畜牧师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全检测及风险评估研究。E-mail:

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沈斯文(1997—), 女, 助理畜牧师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全检测及风险评估研究。E-mail:

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Analytical Instrumentation, 2024(3): 31-36., articleTitle=Determination of metamifop residues in fruits, vegetables and grains by dual-liquid extraction QuEChERS-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217864264816186155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, awardId=沪农委[2024]74号, language=CN, fundingSource=2023年上海市奶业优势特色产业集群科研类项目(沪农委[2024]74号), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217864253080522901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864253088911511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, companyId=1217864253080522901, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Quality and Safety Testing Centre of Agricultural Product, Shanghai 201708, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864253097300121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, companyId=1217864253080522901, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海市农产品质量安全中心, 上海 201708)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217864260768682591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Total ion chromatograms of 5 kinds of analytes (10 μg/L), figureFileSmall=rbu6UfaoSzkFBthyxHsg4A==, figureFileBig=Rw4t3FJ5UrZmR7dQuvwSKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864260865151594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=CN, label=图1, caption=5种目标分析物的总离子流图(10 μg/L), figureFileSmall=rbu6UfaoSzkFBthyxHsg4A==, figureFileBig=Rw4t3FJ5UrZmR7dQuvwSKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864261011952243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different extraction reagents on the recoveries of 5 kinds of analytes, figureFileSmall=M/aD2kKxup7BPlxOHKWU6A==, figureFileBig=UGFAFazs1Z6EG4lP9BmOqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864261087449723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同提取试剂对5种目标分析物回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=M/aD2kKxup7BPlxOHKWU6A==, figureFileBig=UGFAFazs1Z6EG4lP9BmOqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864261234250373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different acid-base conditions on the recoveries of 5 kinds of analytes, figureFileSmall=zCiKOAoMUiJ9nBS7fMoVmw==, figureFileBig=wpXbe++rYuidbY+qD+yprA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864261355885198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同酸碱条件对5种目标分析物回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=zCiKOAoMUiJ9nBS7fMoVmw==, figureFileBig=wpXbe++rYuidbY+qD+yprA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864261469131415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different salting agents on the recoveries of 5 kinds of analytes, figureFileSmall=hH8Mrt12xbDeN7RmjP/nsw==, figureFileBig=AiAimosd1KAiHEkVavW4oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864261599154851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同盐析试剂对5种目标分析物回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=hH8Mrt12xbDeN7RmjP/nsw==, figureFileBig=AiAimosd1KAiHEkVavW4oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864261729178286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different C18 dosages on the recoveries of 5 kinds of analytes, figureFileSmall=2K3BVhQTYBtp63fkCMrrSg==, figureFileBig=e2A4BSJY89TiJ4epbvBuuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864261838230196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同C18用量对5种目标分析物回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=2K3BVhQTYBtp63fkCMrrSg==, figureFileBig=e2A4BSJY89TiJ4epbvBuuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864261972447937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different microporous membrane on the recoveries of 5 kinds of analytes, figureFileSmall=KsHkr4qcEA8zxmX74YzFTw==, figureFileBig=rtavdv50ZEvzUHKRLH1afw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864262073111243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同材质膜材料对5种目标分析物回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=KsHkr4qcEA8zxmX74YzFTw==, figureFileBig=rtavdv50ZEvzUHKRLH1afw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864262219911890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Fragment ion mass spectrometry images of 5 kinds of analytes (5 μg/kg), figureFileSmall=cIYZrhvNAEO2mlAQcTpDJg==, figureFileBig=EfkBp9EJMEwoJ7qhl/47Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864262383489765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=CN, label=图7, caption=5种目标分析物的碎片离子质谱图(5 μg/kg), figureFileSmall=cIYZrhvNAEO2mlAQcTpDJg==, figureFileBig=EfkBp9EJMEwoJ7qhl/47Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864262517707499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mass spectrometric parameters of 5 kinds of analytes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标分析物 保留时间/min 加合模式 前体离子(m/z) 碎片离子(m/z) 碎裂电压/V 碰撞能量/eV
硝碘酚腈 2.99 [M-H]- 288.9 127.0*/162.0 -380 -28/-20
碘醚柳胺 4.68 [M-H]- 623.8 126.9*/344.7 -380 -48/-40
氯氰碘柳胺 4.28 [M-H]- 660.9 315.0*/344.9 -380 -40/-44
三氯苯达唑 3.53 [M+H]+ 359.0 274.0*/242.0 380 40/40
三氯苯达唑酮 3.16 [M-H]- 327.1 181.9*/146.1 -380 -40/-44
), ArticleFig(id=1217864262660313843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

5种目标分析物的质谱参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标分析物 保留时间/min 加合模式 前体离子(m/z) 碎片离子(m/z) 碎裂电压/V 碰撞能量/eV
硝碘酚腈 2.99 [M-H]- 288.9 127.0*/162.0 -380 -28/-20
碘醚柳胺 4.68 [M-H]- 623.8 126.9*/344.7 -380 -48/-40
氯氰碘柳胺 4.28 [M-H]- 660.9 315.0*/344.9 -380 -40/-44
三氯苯达唑 3.53 [M+H]+ 359.0 274.0*/242.0 380 40/40
三氯苯达唑酮 3.16 [M-H]- 327.1 181.9*/146.1 -380 -40/-44
), ArticleFig(id=1217864262928749312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Linear equations, coefficients of correlation, limits of detection, limits of quantitation and MEs of 5 kinds of analytes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称 线性范围/(μg/L) 线性方程 相关系数(r) 检出限/(μg/kg) 定量限/(μg/kg) MEs
硝碘酚腈 1~100 Y=115649.8X+17555.0 0.9999 2.5 5 1.26
碘醚柳胺 1~100 Y=264258.3X-24070.6 0.9988 2.5 5 1.02
氯氰碘柳胺 1~100 Y=553.26X-295.0 0.9995 2.5 5 1.01
三氯苯达唑 1~100 Y=246229.9X-70422.7 0.9996 2.5 5 1.15
三氯苯达唑酮 1~100 Y=14726.X-10468.8 0.9996 2.5 5 0.88
), ArticleFig(id=1217864263109104394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

5种目标分析物的线性方程、相关系数、检出限、定量限和MEs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物名称 线性范围/(μg/L) 线性方程 相关系数(r) 检出限/(μg/kg) 定量限/(μg/kg) MEs
硝碘酚腈 1~100 Y=115649.8X+17555.0 0.9999 2.5 5 1.26
碘醚柳胺 1~100 Y=264258.3X-24070.6 0.9988 2.5 5 1.02
氯氰碘柳胺 1~100 Y=553.26X-295.0 0.9995 2.5 5 1.01
三氯苯达唑 1~100 Y=246229.9X-70422.7 0.9996 2.5 5 1.15
三氯苯达唑酮 1~100 Y=14726.X-10468.8 0.9996 2.5 5 0.88
), ArticleFig(id=1217864263222350612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Average recoveries and relative standard deviations of 5 kinds of analytes (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标
分析物
添加浓度/(μg/kg) 平均回收率
/%
相对标准偏差
/%
硝碘酚腈 10 90.3 1.70
20 96.3 1.80
100 91.3 1.70
碘醚柳胺 10 88.2 3.00
20 93.4 1.40
30 86.0 2.80
氯氰碘柳胺 10 103.3 1.50
20 102.3 0.81
100 86.8 3.40
三氯苯达唑 10 90.4 5.60
20 89.1 2.70
100 86.9 4.20
三氯苯达唑酮 10 101.1 1.40
20 108.2 1.30
100 107.0 2.20
), ArticleFig(id=1217864263352374042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639602426383, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

5种目标分析物的平均回收率和相对标准偏差(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标
分析物
添加浓度/(μg/kg) 平均回收率
/%
相对标准偏差
/%
硝碘酚腈 10 90.3 1.70
20 96.3 1.80
100 91.3 1.70
碘醚柳胺 10 88.2 3.00
20 93.4 1.40
30 86.0 2.80
氯氰碘柳胺 10 103.3 1.50
20 102.3 0.81
100 86.8 3.40
三氯苯达唑 10 90.4 5.60
20 89.1 2.70
100 86.9 4.20
三氯苯达唑酮 10 101.1 1.40
20 108.2 1.30
100 107.0 2.20
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QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定生乳中抗吸虫药物及其代谢物残留量
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沈斯文 , 王敏 , 汪弘康 , 祁兵 , 高猛峰 , 黄祎雯 , 俞奔 , 梅博 , 陆倩楠 , 王霞 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(16): 28-35
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(16): 28-35
QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定生乳中抗吸虫药物及其代谢物残留量
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沈斯文 , 王敏, 汪弘康, 祁兵, 高猛峰, 黄祎雯, 俞奔, 梅博, 陆倩楠, 王霞*
作者信息
  • 上海市农产品质量安全中心, 上海 201708
  • 沈斯文(1997—), 女, 助理畜牧师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全检测及风险评估研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王霞(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级畜牧师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全及风险评估研究。E-mail:
Determination of fasciolicides and its metabolite residues in raw milk by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Si-Wen SHEN , Min WANG, Hong-Kang WANG, Bing QI, Meng-Feng GAO, Yi-Wen HUANG, Ben YU, Bo MEI, Qian-Nan LU, Xia WANG*
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Quality and Safety Testing Centre of Agricultural Product, Shanghai 201708, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250522002
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目的 建立一种QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定生乳中抗吸虫药物及其代谢物(硝碘酚腈、碘醚柳胺、氯氰碘柳胺、三氯苯达唑和三氯苯达唑酮)的分析方法。方法 生乳样品加入3%三乙胺乙腈-乙酸乙酯(7:3, V:V)溶液提取, 经C18吸附剂净化后, 采用UPLC-MS/MS测定, 外标法定量。以0.1%甲酸溶液-乙腈为流动相, ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm)色谱柱进行色谱分离, 在电喷雾正负离子切换扫描模式下, 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)方式进行测定。结果 抗吸虫药物及其代谢物在1~100 μg/L质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系, 相关系数(r)均大于0.9988, 检出限为2.5 μg/kg, 定量限为5 μg/kg。在10、20、100 μg/kg浓度水平下, 5种化合物的平均回收率在86.0%~108.2%范围之内, 相对标准偏差范围为0.81%~5.60%。结论 该方法简单快捷、准确可靠, 适用于生乳中抗吸虫药物及其代谢物残留量的快速测定。

QuEChERS  /  抗吸虫药物  /  超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法  /  生乳

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of fasciolicides and its metabolite (nitroxinil, rafoxanide, closantel, triclabendazole and ketotriclabendazole) in raw milk by QuEChERS coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The raw milk samples was extracted with 3% triethylamine acetonitrile-ethyl acetate acetate solution (7:3, V:V), purified by C18 adsorbent powder, and determined by UPLC-MS/MS with external standard method. The chromatographic separation was performed on an ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm 1.8 μm) column with a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile solution, and detected under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode in the positive and negative electrospray ion modes. Results The results showed that a good linear relationship was obtained in the mass concentration range of 1 to 100 μg/L for fasciolicides and its metabolite, and the correlation coefficients (r) were all greater than 0.9988, the limits of detection were 2.5 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 5 μg/kg. The average recoveries of 5 kinds of compounds at the concentration levels of 10, 20 and 100 μg/kg were between 86.0% and 108.2%, and the relative standard deviation ranged from 0.81% to 5.60%. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid accurate and reliable, and is suitable for the rapid determination of the residues of fasciolicides and its metabolite in raw milk.

QuEChERS  /  fasciolicides  /  ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry  /  raw milk
沈斯文, 王敏, 汪弘康, 祁兵, 高猛峰, 黄祎雯, 俞奔, 梅博, 陆倩楠, 王霞. QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定生乳中抗吸虫药物及其代谢物残留量. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 28 -35 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250522002
Si-Wen SHEN, Min WANG, Hong-Kang WANG, Bing QI, Meng-Feng GAO, Yi-Wen HUANG, Ben YU, Bo MEI, Qian-Nan LU, Xia WANG. Determination of fasciolicides and its metabolite residues in raw milk by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 28 -35 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250522002
生乳营养丰富, 深受消费者喜爱, 其质量作为食品安全问题备受全球关注。在奶牛养殖中, 兽药被广泛用于防治疾病和促进生长。吸虫病是牛和羊等反刍动物易感染的寄生虫病之一, 以肝片吸虫最为常见, 主要寄生于哺乳动物的肺部、胆道和肝脏位置, 直接破坏器官, 导致动物瘦弱、发育障碍, 从而造成产肉量减少或肉质品质下降, 给畜牧业经济造成巨大损失[1-4]
肝片吸虫病是人畜共患的寄生虫病, 诊断较困难。人感染后可引起肝脏损害和出血, 可造成胆管阻塞、肝实质变性、黄疸等[5-6]。我国牛羊养殖中, 抗吸虫病药物普遍使用, 常用的主要有氯氰碘柳胺、硝碘酚腈、碘醚柳胺和三氯苯达唑[7]。不合理用药或动物产品生产加工不规范等情况下, 容易导致该类药物在牛羊乳中残留。长期食用含有抗吸虫药物残留的乳及乳制品, 易产生抗药性, 给牲畜和人类健康带来巨大威胁, 也会对畜牧业生产造成严重的经济损失。
为了确保消费者健康和牛奶质量, 欧盟、韩国、新西兰等已经制定了抗吸虫药物的最大残留量(maximum residue limits, MRLs)。我国GB 31650—2019《食品安全国家标准 食品中兽药最大残留量》也规定了硝碘酚腈、碘醚柳胺、氯氰碘柳胺、三氯苯达唑在牛乳、羊乳中的限量, 分别为10~45 μg/kg, 其中三氯苯达唑残留标志物为三氯苯达唑酮。目前, 报道较多的抗吸虫药物残留的检测方法主要有高效液相色谱法[8-10]和液相色谱-串联质谱法[11-15]
兽药残留前处理方法主要有液液萃取法(liquid-liquid extraction, LLE)、固相萃取法(solid-phase extraction, SPE)和分散固相萃取法(dispersive solid-phase extraction, dSPE)等[16-18]。目前用于抗吸虫药物检测的样品前处理技术主要有液液萃取法[19-21]和固相萃取法[11,22]。LLE作为一种经典的分离技术, 具有一定的优势, 但存在操作复杂、耗时、成本高等缺点[16]。SPE是通过固相和液相之间的化学作用, 实现对目标化合物的分离、富集和净化, 具有有机溶剂消耗量少, 适合批量样品处理等特点, 在农药、兽药残留等检测领域使用较为广泛。在样品前处理方面SPE有许多优势, 但前处理中需要活化、上样、淋洗、洗脱等一系列操作, 过程耗时长, 且成本、技术要求和样品适用性等方面也存在局限性[23-24]。dSPE是一种新兴的样品前处理技术, 结合了LLE和SPE的优点, 具有操作简单、耗时短、耗材少、成本低等优势, 已被广泛应用于环境、食品、药物、生物等领域的样品前处理中[25-26]。QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe)是一种快速、简便、价格低廉的分析方法, 通过使用dSPE对萃取液进行净化, 具有回收率高和操作简单快速的特点, 被广泛用于农药残留检测方面[27-29]。目前, QuEChERS前处理技术多用于动物源食品中大环内酯类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类和四环素类等兽药残留的测定[30-31], 但针对生乳基质中的硝碘酚腈等抗吸虫药物残留测定的报道则相对有限。
本研究基于QuEChERS前处理技术, 结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS), 建立一种同时测定生乳中抗吸虫药物及其代谢物的检测方法, 以期为批量生乳中抗吸虫药物快速筛查提供依据。
甲醇、乙腈、乙酸乙酯(色谱纯, 德国Merck公司); 甲酸、醋酸、三乙胺(色谱纯, 上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); Na2SO4、NaCl、MgSO4、氨水(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 硝碘酚腈、碘醚柳胺、氯氰碘柳胺、三氯苯达唑、三氯苯达唑酮标准溶液(质量浓度100 μg/mL, 天津阿尔塔科技有限公司); 乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(primary secondary amine, PSA)、C18吸附剂(天津博纳艾杰尔科技有限公司); 实验用水为超纯水。
6495 QQQ超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪[配电喷雾离子源(electron spray ionization, ESI)]、ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm 1.8 μm)(美国Agilent公司); ML204电子分析天平(精度0.0001 g)、ML802电子分析天平(精度0.01 g)(瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司); X1R冷冻离心机(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); SIGMA 2-16K高速离心机(转速≥15000 r/min, 德国Sigma公司); DC-24水浴氮吹仪(上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); Vortex-230V涡旋振荡器(美国Talboys公司); Milli-Q超纯水仪(美国Millipore公司); HSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) (美国Waters公司)。
生乳样品参照NY/T 4631—2025《生乳采样技术规范》的采样要求, 采集自上海市某一规模化奶牛场。生乳样品用聚丙烯塑料样品瓶盛装, 4 ℃冷链运输至实验室后于-18 ℃条件下保存。
准确称取5 g生乳(精确至0.01 g)置于50 mL聚丙烯塑料离心管中, 精确加入10 mL 3%三乙胺乙腈-乙酸乙酯溶液(7:3, V:V), 涡旋混匀, 超声提取15 min后, 加入7.5 g无水Na2SO4, 剧烈振荡1 min, 4 ℃条件下10000 r/min离心10 min。吸取4 mL上清液至含有100 mg C18的15 mL聚丙烯塑料离心管中, 涡旋混匀1 min, 4 ℃条件下3000 r/min离心5 min。准确吸取1 mL上清液至另一15 mL聚丙烯塑料离心管, 30 ℃水浴氮气吹干, 精确加入1 mL乙腈溶解残渣, 混匀, 4 ℃条件下12000 r/min离心10 min, 取上层清液供UPLC-MS/MS测定。
色谱柱: ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18柱(2.1 mm×100 mm 1.8 μm); 进样体积: 2 μL; 柱温: 30 ℃。流动相A为0.1%甲酸-水溶液, B为乙腈。流速: 0.4 mL/min。梯度洗脱程序: 0~0.5 min, 95% A; 0.5~3.0 min, 95%~5% A; 3.0~4.0 min, 5%A; 4.0~4.5 min, 5%~95% A; 4.5~7.0 min, 95% A。
离子源: ESI源; 扫描方式: 正负离子扫描; 监测方式: 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM); 毛细管电压: 正离子3500 V, 负离子-4000 V; 离子源温度: 450 ℃; 干燥气温度: 210 ℃; 干燥气流速: 13 L/min; 鞘气温度: 400 ℃; 鞘气流速: 12 L/min; 质谱采集参数见表1
本研究采用安捷伦MassHunter (Version B.09.00)工作站采集和处理数据, Microsoft Excel 2013统计和分析数据, Origin 2021绘制图表。
分别将0.5 μg/mL的硝碘酚腈、碘醚柳胺、氯氰碘柳胺、三氯苯达唑和三氯苯达唑酮标准溶液注入质谱系统, 以正离子和负离子模式在m/z 100~700的范围内进行一级质谱图扫描, 自动对化合物进行优化, 得到各目标物的分子离子[M+H]+和[M-H]-峰。以分子离子作为母离子, 进行二级子离子扫描, 选取丰度最强的碎片离子作为定量离子, 次强碎片离子作为定性离子, 优化选择每种目标物的母离子和子离子所需碰撞能量和锥孔电压, 优化后的质谱参数详见表1
考虑到5种目标分析物的极性不同, 本研究考察了ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm)和HSS T3 (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm)色谱柱对目标物的分离保留作用。结果发现, 碘醚柳胺和三氯苯达唑在ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱上的分离优于HSS T3色谱柱, 且目标分析物的峰形及响应值均优于HSS T3色谱柱, 故选择使用ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱。5种目标分析物的总离子流图详见图1
C18色谱柱常用流动相包括乙腈、甲醇和水溶液等, 流动相中加入适量的甲酸、甲酸铵和乙酸铵等, 可以提高离子化效率, 减少色谱峰拖尾, 改善峰形。本研究分别考察了0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈、5 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液-乙腈和5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液-乙腈3种流动相对目标分析物的影响。结果发现, 采用0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈作为流动相时, 大部分目标分析物的响应最好, 且峰形尖锐、对称, 分离效果更好。因此, 最终选择0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈作为流动相进行实验。
生乳样品含有脂肪、蛋白质等营养物质, 其药物残留检测常用提取溶剂主要有甲醇、乙腈、乙酸乙酯等。甲醇和乙腈的极性相对较高, 提取效率较好, 且有沉淀蛋白的作用; 乙酸乙酯为中等极性的溶剂, 适用于提取游离生物碱、有机酸、黄酮等中等极性的物质。5种目标化合物的结构不同, 极性不同, 其中碘醚柳胺和氯氰碘柳胺的极性相对较弱, 受提取溶剂影响较大。本研究考察了甲醇、乙腈、乙酸乙酯以及乙腈-乙酸乙酯不同比例组合溶剂作为提取剂时对5种目标分析物的提取效果影响。结果表明(图2), 采用乙腈-乙酸乙酯(7:3, V:V)溶液提取, 5种目标分析物的平均回收率在50.9%~88.0%范围内, 提取结果整体上优于其他提取剂。
为进一步提高提取效果, 加入适量氨水、三乙胺、甲酸调节提取液酸碱性, 考察不同酸碱条件下目标分析物的提取效果。结果发现(图3), 酸性条件下碘醚柳胺和氯氰碘柳胺中的酰胺基可能发生水解或质子化, 增强了与基质的结合导致回收率降低。而三乙胺对化合物的提取效果有显著提升, 原因可能在于三乙胺与目标分析物的酸性基团(如酚羟基、羧酸)结合, 减少了基质中蛋白质、乳脂等物质对分析物的包裹。比较不同浓度下三乙胺对回收率的影响, 3%三乙胺乙腈-乙酸乙酯(7:3, V:V)作为提取试剂时, 各化合物的回收率在71%~101%之间。因此, 选用3%三乙胺乙腈-乙酸乙酯(7:3, V:V)溶液作为提取剂。
生乳样品水分占比大, 采用乙腈提取时, 乙腈与水互相溶解, 可通过盐析效应提高提取效率。本研究考察了3种盐析材料(NaCl、无水Na2SO4和无水MgSO4)对目标物提取效果的影响。结果发现(图4), 采用无水Na2SO4进行盐析, 5种目标分析物的回收率在80%~101%范围内。而采用NaCl和无水MgSO4进行盐析时, 碘醚柳胺和氯氰碘柳胺提取效率受影响较大。NaCl具有较高的离子强度, 盐析效应强, 可能与氯氰碘柳胺的卤代物发生离子交换, 造成特异性增强。无水MgSO4具有强脱水性和放热特性, 其水合后形成的多孔结晶水合物可物理吸附疏水性药物, 而碘醚柳胺的疏水性较强, 可能被包裹滞留在结晶物中, 造成碘醚柳胺的损失。此外, 碘醚柳胺中含有多个碘原子, 其热稳定性较差, 无水MgSO4吸水时的局部过热也可能导致碘醚柳胺热分解。为确保样品中的水分除尽且不影响定量结果, 最终选择无水Na2SO4进行盐析。
生乳富含蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质和维生素等营养物质, 本研究考察了dSPE常用的PSA和C18吸附剂的去杂效果。与PSA相比, C18能有效去除生乳中的脂肪、磷脂和蛋白质等杂质, 且对目标分析物有较弱的吸附。本研究进一步考察了25、50、75 mg C18吸附剂对目标分析物回收率的影响。结果发现(图5), 随C18使用量的增加, 三氯苯达唑酮的回收率从90.1%大幅下降至72.5%, 其余4种目标分析物的回收率在81.3%~95.3%之间, 综合考虑净化效果和实验成本, 最终确定每毫升提取液采用25 mg C18吸附剂进行净化。
采用液相色谱法或液相色谱-串联质谱法检测分析时, 需采用微孔滤膜过滤或高速离心法去除溶液中的不溶性粒子, 以避免堵塞色谱系统, 同时消除杂质干扰, 获得理想的色谱分离结果。微孔滤膜是一种具有微小孔径的薄膜, 能够过滤微粒、细菌等物质。实验过程中, 应考虑到目标分析物的特性和实验需求, 选择合适的滤膜材质以减少或避免不必要的吸附作用。本研究通过将0.05 μg/mL混合标准溶液分别过膜上机测定, 考察不同材质微孔滤膜(疏水性聚四氟乙烯、有机相尼龙、疏水性聚偏氟乙烯、疏水性聚丙烯)的吸附作用。结果发现, 与未过膜的混合标准溶液相比, 4种微孔滤膜对目标分析物均有一定吸附作用, 吸附作用最小的聚丙烯材质滤膜, 氯氰碘柳胺的回收率也仅到66.8%(图6)。因此, 选择采用低温高速离心(4 ℃条件下12000 r/min离心10 min)方式去除最终提取液中的杂质。
基质效应(matrix effect, ME)指样品中除目标分析物以外的组分对检测结果的影响, ME的存在会使目标物的响应出现增强或者抑制, 影响分析结果的准确性[32]。为评估生乳基质对5种目标分析物的影响, 采用相对响应值法(ME=基质标准曲线斜率/溶剂标准曲线斜率)进行ME的评价[11]。若ME<1, 说明存在基质抑制效应; 若ME>1, 说明存在基质增强效应; 若0.8<ME<1.2, 通常认为ME较弱, 可以忽略, 若ME≤0.8或ME≥1.2, 则表明ME较强, 在测定时需考虑基质对结果的影响。分别采集10 μg/L的乙腈混合标准溶液和生乳空白基质匹配标准工作溶液, 检测响应值并计算ME。结果显示, 三氯苯达唑酮表现为基质抑制效应, 其他4种目标分析物呈现为基质增强效应, 详见表2
为了能更准确地测定目标分析物, 本研究采用基质匹配标准曲线来消除ME。
选择空白生乳基质溶液配制1、5、10、20、40、100 μg/L的系列基质匹配标准工作溶液, 以目标物的标准溶液质量浓度(X, μg/L)为横坐标, 定量离子提取离子流色谱峰面积(Y)为纵坐标, 最小二乘法回归分析拟合标准曲线, 得到各目标分析物的回归方程和相关系数(r)。结果表明, 5种目标分析物在1~100 μg/L质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系, 相关系数(r)为0.9988~0.9999。以3倍和10倍信噪比(S/N)确定各化合物的检出限为2.5 μg/kg, 定量限为5 μg/kg, 符合NY/T 1896—2010《兽药残留实验室质量控制规范》中对方法灵敏度至少满足1/2 MRLs的测定要求。具体详见表2
以不含目标分析物的生乳样品为测试对象进行加标回收实验, 考察方法的准确度和精密度。选择3个添加水平, 分别为10、20、100 μg/kg, 每个添加浓度6个平行, 计算其加标回收率和精密度。结果表明, 生乳中5种目标分析物的平均回收率在86.0%~108.2%之间, 精密度均在0.81%~5.60%之间, 方法的准确度和精密度可以满足GB/T 27404—2008《实验室质量控制规范 食品理化检测》中的技术要求, 详见表3图7
采用本研究所建立的方法, 对市售的35份鲜奶样品进行5种抗吸虫药物的检测, 结果未发现样品中检出抗吸虫药物残留现象。
本研究将QuEChERS前处理方法应用于生乳中抗吸虫药物及其代谢物的检测, 通过对前处理提取、净化过程及仪器条件进行优化, 建立了生乳中5种抗吸虫药物及其代谢物的UPLC-MS/MS, 检出限为2.5 μg/kg, 定量限为5 μg/kg。该方法简单快捷、准确可靠, 适用于生乳中抗吸虫药物及其代谢物残留量的批量监测。
  • 2023年上海市奶业优势特色产业集群科研类项目(沪农委[2024]74号)
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250522002
  • 接收时间:2025-05-22
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-22
基金
2023年上海市奶业优势特色产业集群科研类项目(沪农委[2024]74号)
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    上海市农产品质量安全中心, 上海 201708

通讯作者:

* 王霞(1985—), 女, 硕士, 高级畜牧师, 主要研究方向为农产品质量安全及风险评估研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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