Article(id=1217845643318579860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250507003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746547200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286627844, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286627844, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286627844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286627844, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=157, endPage=165, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845643981279920, articleId=1217845643318579860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on detection technology of source components in meat products, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The frequent occurrence of adulteration in meat products not only affects people's quality of life but also restricts the healthy development of the industry. The technology of identifying adulteration in meat products has become a research hotspot. Fast, accurate, reliable, and simple meat ingredient detection technology is an effective means of identifying adulteration in meat products This article reviewed the principles, advantages, disadvantages and application research of various meat source component detection technologies that had been extensively studied, including spectroscopic technology, chromatographic and mass spectrometry analysis technology, immunoassay technology and isothermal amplification analysis technology. It also looked forward to the future research directions of these technologies, in order to provide theoretical basis and reference ideas for the research of meat product adulteration identification technology.

, correspAuthors=Kai SHENG, Ming-Yan HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yue-Hong CHENG, Jing-Shuang SHI, Xi-Feng GAO, Xiao-Meng ZHU, Ling-Yun CHENG, Jing LI, Zhen-Dong YANG, Kai SHENG, Ming-Yan HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845646732743492, articleId=1217845643318579860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=肉制品源性成分检测技术研究进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肉制品掺假现象频繁发生, 不仅影响人们生活质量而且制约行业的健康发展, 鉴别肉制品掺假技术已成为研究热点。快速、准确、可靠、简单的肉源成分检测技术是鉴别肉制品掺假的有效手段。本文针对目前研究较多的肉源成分检测技术, 包括光谱技术、色谱和质谱分析技术、免疫分析技术和基于等温扩增分析技术的原理、优点、缺点和应用研究进行综述, 并对这些技术以后的研究方向进行展望, 以期为肉制品掺假鉴别技术的研究提供理论依据和参考思路。

, correspAuthors=盛凯, 胡明燕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 盛凯(1983—), 男, 副教授, 主要研究方向为纳米材料。E-mail: ;
胡明燕(1980—), 女, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测与研究。E-mail:
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程月红(1982—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测与研究。E-mail:

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程月红(1982—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测与研究。E-mail:

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注: A. 重组酶蛋白与每个引物形成复合物; B. 扫描DNA寻找同源序列; C. 利用重组酶的链置换活性将引物插入同源位点; D. 单链结合蛋白稳定被置换的DNA链; E. 重组酶解体, 链置换DNA聚合酶结合到引物上发生链置换反应; F. 重复循环实现指数扩增。

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肉制品源性成分检测技术研究进展
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程月红 1 , 师景双 1 , 高喜凤 1 , 朱晓萌 1 , 程玲云 1 , 李静 1 , 杨振东 1 , 盛凯 2, * , 胡明燕 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(16): 157-165
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(16): 157-165
肉制品源性成分检测技术研究进展
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程月红1 , 师景双1, 高喜凤1, 朱晓萌1, 程玲云1, 李静1, 杨振东1, 盛凯2, * , 胡明燕1, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东省食品药品检验研究院, 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(肉及肉制品监管技术), 产业技术基础公共服务平台, 济南 250101
  • 2 山东交通学院航空学院, 济南 250000
  • 程月红(1982—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测与研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 盛凯(1983—), 男, 副教授, 主要研究方向为纳米材料。E-mail: ;
胡明燕(1980—), 女, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测与研究。E-mail:
Research progress on detection technology of source components in meat products
Yue-Hong CHENG1 , Jing-Shuang SHI1, Xi-Feng GAO1, Xiao-Meng ZHU1, Ling-Yun CHENG1, Jing LI1, Zhen-Dong YANG1, Kai SHENG2, * , Ming-Yan HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Shandong Institute of Food and Drug Inspection, Key Laboratory of the State Administration for Market Regulation (Meat and Meat Products Supervision Technology), Public Service Platform for Industrial Technology Foundation, Ji’nan 250101, China
  • 2 School of Aeronautics, Shandong Jiaotong University, Ji’nan 250000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250507003
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肉制品掺假现象频繁发生, 不仅影响人们生活质量而且制约行业的健康发展, 鉴别肉制品掺假技术已成为研究热点。快速、准确、可靠、简单的肉源成分检测技术是鉴别肉制品掺假的有效手段。本文针对目前研究较多的肉源成分检测技术, 包括光谱技术、色谱和质谱分析技术、免疫分析技术和基于等温扩增分析技术的原理、优点、缺点和应用研究进行综述, 并对这些技术以后的研究方向进行展望, 以期为肉制品掺假鉴别技术的研究提供理论依据和参考思路。

肉制品掺假  /  光谱技术  /  色谱和质谱分析技术  /  免疫分析  /  等温扩增  /  源性成分

The frequent occurrence of adulteration in meat products not only affects people's quality of life but also restricts the healthy development of the industry. The technology of identifying adulteration in meat products has become a research hotspot. Fast, accurate, reliable, and simple meat ingredient detection technology is an effective means of identifying adulteration in meat products This article reviewed the principles, advantages, disadvantages and application research of various meat source component detection technologies that had been extensively studied, including spectroscopic technology, chromatographic and mass spectrometry analysis technology, immunoassay technology and isothermal amplification analysis technology. It also looked forward to the future research directions of these technologies, in order to provide theoretical basis and reference ideas for the research of meat product adulteration identification technology.

meat adulteration  /  spectroscopic techniques  /  chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques  /  immunoassay  /  isothermal amplification  /  source components
程月红, 师景双, 高喜凤, 朱晓萌, 程玲云, 李静, 杨振东, 盛凯, 胡明燕. 肉制品源性成分检测技术研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 157 -165 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250507003
Yue-Hong CHENG, Jing-Shuang SHI, Xi-Feng GAO, Xiao-Meng ZHU, Ling-Yun CHENG, Jing LI, Zhen-Dong YANG, Kai SHENG, Ming-Yan HU. Research progress on detection technology of source components in meat products[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 157 -165 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250507003
随着经济的快速发展和人们生活水平的不断提高, 消费者对高品质肉类的需求也在不断提升[1]。肉及肉制品富含蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质、维生素和必需氨基酸等营养物质, 是居民膳食结构中不可或缺的组成部分。但是, 一些不法商贩为追逐利润, 生产加工劣质肉类, 导致肉制品掺杂掺假事件层出不穷[2-4]。肉制品掺假, 不仅危害消费者健康, 而且扰乱正常的市场秩序, 增加食品安全监管的难度和成本。因此, 开发科学、有效的肉源检测方法, 为市场监管提供有力的技术支持, 规范肉制品行业的生产行为、维护市场的公平竞争环境、提升整个肉制品行业的质量控制水平以及推动行业的高质量发展具有重要意义。
随着技术的发展, 肉制品掺假手段也在不断提高, 传统的肉源成分鉴别技术已不能满足市场需求。目前, 肉源检测技术的研究呈现出多样化和高灵敏度的特点。本文针对目前研究较多的肉源检测技术, 包括光谱技术、色谱和质谱分析技术、免疫分析技术和基于等温扩增的分析技术, 系统综述了其原理、优缺点及应用研究进展, 以期为肉及肉制品真实性鉴别技术深入研究提供理论依据和参考思路。
光谱分析是根据肉类中不同成分, 在特定波长下产生差异性光谱特性进而对肉制品种类进行快速检测的一种分析技术[5-6], 因其具有高灵敏度、高分辨率、快速且无污染等优点, 已经成为成分分析和定量检测的重要手段[7]。目前, 多种基于光谱分析的方法已经应用于肉源鉴别检测, 主要有红外光谱技术[8-9]、拉曼光谱技术[10-11]、高光谱成像技术[12-13]和激光诱导击穿光谱技术[14-15]等。
红外光谱技术是根据分子内原子在平衡位置, 做相对振动和转动而对分子结构和物质组成进行鉴别分析的方法[16]。由于不同品种肉类的官能团对红外光的吸收波长不同, 致使吸收光谱呈现一定的特异性, 可以根据这种特异性来鉴别肉类品种[17]。白京等[18]利用近红外光谱分析技术, 实现了对掺假羊肉卷中猪肉掺假比例的定量检测。JIA等[19]联合电子鼻、近红外光谱融合数据和机器学习方法, 并引入基于F1值的模型对掺假羊肉进行检测, 使检测结果判断更简单, 准确率为98.58%。牟晓晴[8]利用近红外光谱技术对熟肉糜中的掺假样品进行定性分析, 并能够对掺假样品中驴肉含量进行定量测定, 自此实现了肉源掺伪定量检测。徐记各等[20]利用广域照射拉曼光谱技术和簇类独立软模式法, 结合多元散射校正, 光谱仪降噪和波长标定降噪技术, 建立了猪、羊、鸭原料肉和掺假羊肉的定性识别模型。模型的建立使掺假行为更容易被确定, 快速服务食品监管。并对37批不同产地的原料肉、4批掺假羊肉、5批未掺假羊肉进行定性鉴别, 正确率均为100%。红外光谱技术因效率高、操作简单、快捷等优势, 已被广泛应用于肉及肉制品掺假检测, 此外由于肉制品掺假的多面性和复杂性, 红外光谱和生物科学相结合以其适用于多种样品、特异性高、快速检测等优点已成为普遍使用的技术之一[16]
拉曼光谱技术是一种当光照射到样品, 使其分子发生振动和转动导致其极化率变化产生散射的光谱分析方法。早期拉曼光谱技术因受传统光源限制, 存在拉曼散射强度低、瑞利散射干扰强等问题, 应用范围受到很大限制[7]。1974年, FLEISCHMANN等[21]通过对银电极表面进行粗糙化处理来增强拉曼光谱, 显著提高了拉曼光谱的灵敏度, 由此表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, SERS)产生。随着科学技术的发展, SERS在多个领域得到广泛应用, 但在实际检测过程中也存在一些问题和挑战, 如被测样品受复杂组分干扰, 需使用贵金属材料做SERS基底, 而基底对被分析成分的富集有限, 且构建SERS活性热点过程太复杂。为改善这些缺陷, 孙梅[22]合成了立方体状磁性SERS纳米复合材料, 进一步优化了表面增强拉曼光谱技术。ROBERT等[23]利用拉曼光谱技术成功实现了对完整牛肉、羊肉和鹿肉的快速辨别。李丽[24]利用拉曼光谱对金银花有效成分进行了定性分析, 在此基础上结合深度学习方法, 建立了测定金银花有效成分的定量模型, 对其有效成分实现了快速监测评估。WAN等[25]基于拉曼光谱数据开发了TA-Net分类模型, 实现了对癌症的早期筛查, 减少了对人员经验的依赖。与传统拉曼光谱技术相比, SERS技术表现出诸多优势, 如稳定性好, 特征峰窄而尖, 能够实现多重检测以及灵敏度高等特点。
高光谱成像(hyper spectral imaging, HSI)技术是以多个窄波段的影像数据技术为基础, 结合光谱学和成像原理, 来分析目标物的空间分布和光谱信息, 得到高光谱分辨率的连续窄波段图像数据, 从而形成全面、多维的数据表示[26]。随着科技的发展, HSI技术在数据处理、图像特性、模型复杂度和隐私保护等方面还存在诸多挑战。为了解决这些问题, 研究者将HIS技术与深度学习相结合[27-28], 这种融合能够提供被测样品更多的化学成分和功能状态信息。AHMED等[29]利用HIS技术和深度学习相结合, 采用模型分析实现了甘薯的空间分布可视化, 提高了甘薯质量的检测效率。戴欧俊等[30]论述了HSI技术结合深度学习的优势和在食品领域的应用, 并为该领域的研究提供了重要参考思路。ACHATA等[31]对高光谱成像进行优化, 用于牛肉掺假检测。MASITHOH等[32]采用主成分分析对光谱数据进行分析和可视化, 利用光谱数据建立偏最小二乘回归模型, 用来检测牛肉和羊肉中掺假的猪肉。
HSI技术多与其他技术结合来实现对肉类掺假样品的快速鉴别。然而, 这种多种技术结合的检测手段大多需要采集大量数据并建立复杂模型, 费时费力, 且模型稳定性易受到仪器情况和外界环境影响, 难以满足现场快速鉴别肉制品掺假的需求[33], 因此, 开发操作简单、便捷、数据可靠的检测方法或在线检测设备成为鉴别肉制品掺假的重要发展趋势和研究方向。
激光诱导击穿光谱(laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS)技术是一种同时能够对多种元素实现光学成像的技术, 即利用超短脉冲激光聚焦到被测样品表面使其形成等离子体, 然后对等离子体发射光谱进行分析, 来确定样品的物质成分[34]。肉制品种类不同其物质组成就会有差异, 利用LIBS技术形成特征光谱图, 能够实现肉制品源性成分鉴定。WU等[35]采用多元散射校正处理光谱来校正光谱散射, 并利用K-最近邻(K-nearest neighbor, KNN)模型识别光谱, 建立了基于LIBS的肉制品种类鉴别的有效方法, 提高了检测的准确性和稳定性。VELIOGLU等[36]采用LIBS和多元数据分析对纯牛肉和牛内脏进行定性鉴别和定量分析, 检出限为3.8%。LIBS技术具有原位、多元素、快速检测等优点, 已被广泛应用到多个领域, 但在其应用过程中存在发射光谱信号弱和基体效应大的局限。为了解决这一问题, WU等[37]利用微波等离子体炬来增强LIBS信号强度, 从而改善了该技术。随着科技的发展, 人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI)进入人们的视野, AI与LIBS技术的结合在食品工业中展现出广阔的应用前景。ALEMAYHU等[38]系统论述了AI与LIBS技术结合在食品工业中的应用, 为食品从业人员和食品研究者提供了保障食品质量和食品安全的重要参考。尽管LIBS技术在前处理简单、多元素分析、检测方法快速高效等方面具有显著优势, 但其在鉴别肉制品掺假领域的应用方面还处于发展阶段, 还存在一些不足, 如检测方法灵敏度低、重复性不佳等。
光谱技术具有高灵敏度、高分辨率、快速、无损且无污染的优点, 已在多个领域得到广泛应用, 但在肉制品掺假鉴别中仍面临一些挑战[39-40]: (1)肉制品成分复杂, 其特性受肉种类、饲养条件等多种因素影响, 要建立适用性强的模型较困难。除此之外, 光谱采集参数、环境因素和光学仪器都会对模型的稳定性产生影响; (2)拉曼光谱技术虽然无需样品处理, 但其成分之间会相互干扰, 可见光激发下产生较强荧光, 导致灵敏度降低。可以通过融合其他技术, 样品进行预处理, 优化检测条件等方式来提高灵敏度; (3)光谱技术多依靠大型昂贵仪器和国外数据库。完善国内数据库, 研制便携式、小型化仪器, 是肉及肉制品掺假鉴别技术的重要研究方向。此外, 开发具有针对性、成本低、能够与其他分离、检测设备联用的在线检测设备, 也是该领域的发展趋势。
色谱分析是基于被测物质在固定相与流动相中分配系数的不同而实现分离、分析的方法。按照流动相状态不同分为液相色谱、气相色谱和超临界流体色谱法等。近几年, 在鉴别肉及肉制品源性成分研究中应用较多的是液相色谱技术。质谱分析则是通过制备、分离、检测气相离子来鉴定化合物的一种技术, 该技术特异性好、灵敏度高, 在多个领域得到广泛应用。
液相色谱-质谱技术结合了液相色谱的分离能力和质谱的检测能力, 实现了两种技术的优势互补。检测过程是将被测样品通过液相色谱分离出目标物, 然后利用质谱对其组成和特征成分进行表征和鉴定, 从而进行定性或定量分析, 因该方法简单、灵敏、准确等优点, 已被广泛应用于肉及肉制品源性成分检测[41-42]。JORFI等[43]利用反相高效液相色谱法分析猪、牛、羊、鸡肉中氨基酸组成, 确定猪肉的特征氨基酸为缬氨酸、组氨酸、丝氨酸、丙氨酸和精氨酸, 为检测清真食品中猪肉成分提供评价依据。陈柔含等[44]利用超高效液相色谱法从蛋白质中分离出多个肽段, 并利用质谱分析其氨基酸组成和特征肽段, 确定蛋白质来源。JENNA等[45]利用质谱对大豆蛋白进行定量评估, 避免了样品因热处理或基质相互作用而影响到酶联免疫法对过敏源检测的灵敏度和准确性。张颖颖等[46]从猪、马、驴肉中各选取3条专属性多肽链, 并将其转化为特异性离子对信息, 建立了液相色谱-质谱法, 该方法能够对0.5%的掺假比例准确检测。此外, 液相色谱-质谱技术还可以对多种肽标记物同时检测, 对肉源成分准确判定, 降低结果的假阳性率[47]。潘志文等[48]建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法, 能够对牛、羊、猪、马、骆驼和鹿6种动物皮异源性成分同时检测, 方法灵敏度高、特异性强。尽管液相色谱和质谱技术在肉源性成分检测中表现出显著优势, 但对于当下快节奏、高效运作的生活方式, 其也存在一些不足: (1)数据分析复杂, 对人员要求高; (2)分析周期长, 且步骤烦琐; (3)设备及其维护费用昂贵。
免疫分析是利用抗原与抗体的特异性亲和反应而对目标物进行检测的技术[49-50]。该技术具有操作简单, 检测周期短, 能够检测大量样品等优点, 已被广泛应用于多个领域。常用的检测方法有琼脂凝胶免疫扩散法、免疫组化、对流免疫电泳法、酶联免疫吸附法和侧向层析试纸法, 其中酶联免疫法吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)[51-52]和侧向层析试纸法(lateral flow strip, LFS)[53]在肉及肉制品掺假鉴别中研究较多。
ELISA是将抗原或抗体固定在固相载体表面, 利用抗原-抗体的特异性反应和标记酶催化底物发生显色反应, 来检测目标物含量的免疫分析方法[54]。该方法原理: 首先酶与抗体或抗原结合形成酶标记物, 当抗原与抗体发生特异性反应时, 酶标记物催化底物分子转化为易于识别的有色产物, 从而确定目标物并计算其浓度, 实现对目标物定性和定量分析[55-56]。ELISA特异性强、成本低, 可用于鉴别肉及肉制品种类[57]。PERESTAM等[58]利用基于蛋白质ELISA试剂盒, 对肉制品中牛肉和猪肉成分进行检测, 该方法耗时少, 易于操作, 适用于肉制品的现场快速鉴定。WATCHARAVONGTIP等[59]设计了磁性核-金壳纳米杂化物, 并将其应用到比色夹心磁免疫分析中, 有效降低背景信号, 优化检测方法。MENDICINO等[60]开发了一种ELISA试剂盒和智能手机联用的系统, 能够对登革病毒进行简单、快速的检测, 这一方法为肉源性成分检测研究提供了重要借鉴。尽管ELISA技术具有诸多优势, 但还存在一些不足, 如可能出现交叉反应, 导致鉴别相近肉制品时易出现假阳性[61]。此外, 蛋白质变性会使其空间结构发生改变, 严重影响抗原与抗体的特异性结合, 因此寻找特异性蛋白质是ELISA鉴别肉及肉制品种类的困难所在[62]
lateral flow strip, LFS是一种已被商业化生产用于现场快速检测目标物的纸基检测装置。LFS常用胶体金作为标记物, 当抗原与抗体在检测线上发生特异性结合后发生颜色变化, 根据颜色变化实现对目标物的快速检测。HENDRICKSON等[63]以胶体金作为抗体的标记物, 检测鸡免疫球蛋白, 据此检测肉制品中掺假的鸡肉。该方法特异性好、灵敏度高, 能够在20 min内检测到0.063%的掺假鸡肉。ATEF等[64]建立了一种检测牛肉中掺假驴肉的侧流免疫层析快速检测方法, 该方法灵敏度高且能在2 min内检测出牛肉中掺假1%的驴肉。随着技术的发展, LFS与其他技术联用表现出更好的检测效果。尚柯等[65]利用多酶恒温快速扩增和封闭式侧向流层析技术联用, 建立了牛、羊、猪、鸡、鸭的源性成分快速检测方法, 该方法假阳性率3.49%, 假阴性率3.54%。LFS技术以其快速、简便、单人份检测、经济实惠等优点, 已被广泛应用于医学检测、食品质量监测、环境监测等多个领域。但是, 传统的LFS技术是单检测, 即一条检测线(T线)和一条控制线(C线), 检测范围较窄, 只能定性不能定量。为了拓展线性响应范围, 实现定量检测, 研究者开始探索多参数、多条检测线的免疫定量检测技术, 虽然目前还未见有文献报道, 但为LFS技术实现快速定量检测提供了重要思路。
然而, 免疫分析方法是以抗原和抗体的特异性反应为基础, 其中抗体的获得存在一定难度。此外, 多数肉制品需要经过热加工和复杂加工工艺, 而大多数蛋白质对热不稳定, 致使肉制品特异性抗体的开发困难[66]
等温扩增技术(isothermal amplification technology, ITA), 是在恒定温度条件下对目标片段进行核酸扩增的技术, 即一种核酸体外扩增技术。该技术因其简便快捷已成为核酸快速检测领域新的研究方向。与传统的聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)技术相比, 不需要昂贵的热循环控制仪器控制温度反复变化, 具有恒温、耗时少、高效等优点[67]。目前, 在肉源性成分检测中常用的等温扩增技术主要有环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)技术[68-70]和重组酶聚合酶扩增(recombinase polymerase amplification, RPA)技术[71-72]
1998年, 日本Eiken Chemical Co. Ltd.建立了LAMP DNA的方法[73], 使DNA扩增速度显著提高。LAMP因使用2~3对引物(外部、内部和环)识别DNA或RNA靶上最多8个特定位置, 所以具有高度特异性。LAMP使用的Bst DNA聚合酶因具有较高的链置换活性, 使得该方法省去了DNA变性阶段, 使扩增速度明显提高, LAMP的反应过程如图1[70]。LAMP技术以其特异性强、灵敏度高、简便、快速的优点, 已成为现场鉴别肉及肉制品掺假的理想工具。FANG等[74]以LAMP技术为基础, 设计了一种结合LAMP比色和荧光检测的便携式装置。该装置能够检测出掺假肉中0.1%的猪肉成分, 为市场上快速鉴别肉类掺假提供可靠工具。CAI等[75]结合LAMP的高效指数扩增能力和CRISPR的高特异性识别能力开发了快速、高灵敏度和现场检测肉制品掺假的诊断平台, 该平台能够减少假阳性结果, 并减少LAMP气溶胶污染风险, 推动了等温扩增技术在食品安全领域的广泛应用, 为开发更快速、便捷的肉源掺假检测方法提供新的思路。
但是, LAMP在实际应用中还存在一些挑战[76]: (1)使用多条引物存在弊端, 引物要求高, 设计难度大, 引物多导致引物二聚体的出现, 致使LAMP不适合多组分检测; (2)产物复杂, 不适用长片段扩增; (3)容易被污染。
RPA技术由PIEPENBURG等[77]在2006年首次被提出, 其原理是: 重组酶与引物结合形成复合物, 复合物在双链DNA模板中寻找同源序列并促使引物与同源序列互补, 被替换的DNA单链与单链DNA结合蛋白(single-stranded DNA-binding protein, SSB)结合被稳定, 借助DNA聚合酶从引物开始发生链交换反应, 实现对目标DNA的快速扩增, 如图2所示[78]。相比其他方法, RPA引物设计简单、反应耗时短[79], 已被应用于肉及肉制品掺假成分的检测。KISSENKOTTER等[80]分别以猪线粒体ND2和马ATP6-8基因为靶基因, 基于RPA技术, 建立了快速检测猪和马源性成分的方法。两种方法都具有高度的特异性, 在混合肉制品中, 最低能检测到0.1%的目标成分。方法快速、准确, 可用于现场快速检测掺假肉制品中的猪肉和马肉。LI等[71]将高通量DNA分离与RPA、磁分离和高通量荧光检测相结合, 开发了检测肉制品中马肉掺假的定性和定量检测方法, 该方法快速、灵敏、高通量、选择性好, 可检测到掺假样品中0.1%的马肉。GANG等[81]采用CRISPR/Cas12a和RPA技术, 建立了快速鉴别猪源性成分的检测方法。通过对125种商品检测并与国家标准实时PCR方法对比, 证明该方法能够快速便捷地实现猪源成分的可视化识别, 可用于现场快速检测。在等温扩增技术中, RPA以其简便性、高灵敏度、高选择性、与多种技术的兼容性等优点, 已被广泛应用于食品质量控制。但为了满足现场快速检测的需求, 该方法还需进一步优化, 如RPA通常需要在扩增后进行纯化, 多重扩增需要对引物浓度进行优化, 没有设计RPA专用引物的软件, 这会使引物序列在长时间内还需要优化等[78]
肉及肉制品掺假是全球性的食品质量安全问题并会长期存在, 为了保障食品质量, 维护市场秩序, 保护消费者权益, 本文针对目前研究较多的肉及肉制品掺假鉴别技术: 光谱技术、色谱和质谱分析技术、免疫分析和基于等温扩增的分析技术的原理、优缺点及应用进行综述, 以期为肉及肉制品真实性鉴别技术的研究提供理论依据和技术参考。
光谱技术具有高灵敏度、高分辨率、快速、无损且无污染的优点, 已在多个领域得到广泛应用, 但在肉制品掺假鉴别中还存在一定挑战, 多数依赖大型仪器, 依赖复杂模型, 模型的建立费时费力, 所建模型一般适用性不强, 且数据处理烦琐。因此未来的发展方向应侧重于提高模型适用性, 融合多种检测技术, 并开发高效、便捷、低成本检测仪器, 以实现更广泛的应用。针对液相色谱技术和质谱技术在肉源性成分检测中的不足, 应开发简便、快速、准确的检测方法, 同时研制高效、低成本的分析仪器, 以适应现场快速检测需求。免疫分析具有操作简单, 检测周期短, 能够检测大量样品等优点, 但在肉及肉制品掺假鉴别中, 蛋白质在加工过程中易变性, 寻找不同肉类特异性抗体是该技术面临的主要挑战。等温扩增技术以其恒温、耗时少、高效等优点在近年来得到广泛应用, 但在肉类掺假鉴别中需解决的问题有: 优化引物设计, 避免多个引物形成二聚体, 提高扩增特异性。
  • 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2024MB023)
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250507003
  • 接收时间:2025-05-07
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-07
基金
山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2024MB023)
作者信息
    1 山东省食品药品检验研究院, 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(肉及肉制品监管技术), 产业技术基础公共服务平台, 济南 250101
    2 山东交通学院航空学院, 济南 250000

通讯作者:

* 盛凯(1983—), 男, 副教授, 主要研究方向为纳米材料。E-mail: ;
胡明燕(1980—), 女, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测与研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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