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Article(id=1217845643800920914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250507001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746547200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286627960, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286627960, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286627960, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286627960, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=58, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845644300043123, articleId=1217845643800920914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in fruits from Handan City based on Monte Carlo simulation, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To detect and analyze the residue conditions of 57 kinds of pesticide in commercially available fruits in Handan Area from 2020 to 2024 and assess the health risks of pesticide residues for local residents. Methods Followed QuEChERS extraction, samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chronic dietary exposure was assessed via a Monte Carlo simulation-based risk model, whereas acute risk was determined by the acute reference dose. Results The p detection rate of pesticide types in 80 fruit samples was 28.1% with an overall item detection rate of 1.12% and overall sample detection rate of 33.8% in 80 fruit samples. Dimethoate residues exceeded national standards in 6 cherry and 3 jujube samples. Two or more pesticides were detected in 16.2% of the samples. No highly or extremely toxic pesticides were detected. The chronic dietary intake risk of dimethoate was 1.81, exceeded the safe range, while the chronic dietary intake risk of other pesticides were within acceptable limits. The hazard index value was 1.87, exceeded the safe range. Acute dietary risks for all detected pesticides were within safe ranges. Dimethoate and endosulfan were identified as higher-risk pesticides in both acute and chronic assessments. Conclusion The dietary intake risk of pesticide residues in Handan City (2020—2024) is generally within safe limits. However, there are cases of dimethoate exceeding the standard and multiple pesticides detected in the same sample. Dimethoate posed chronic dietary intake risk and the relevant authorities need to maintain ongoing attention.

, correspAuthors=Wei-Hao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying-Ying LIAN, Huan-Huan ZHOU, Guo-Tao DING, Yan-Fei FANG, Yong-Hong HAN, Meng-Yu LIU, Hua GUO, Wei-Hao LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845646304920513, articleId=1217845643800920914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于蒙特卡洛模拟评估邯郸地区水果中农药残留健康风险, columnId=1151923892102197877, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 对邯郸地区2020—2024年市售水果中57种农药残留情况进行检测分析, 并对当地居民农药残留的健康风险进行评估。方法 采用QuEChERS方法对水果样品进行前处理, 依据液相色谱-质谱法和气相色谱-质谱法对水果中57种农药残留进行上机检测, 通过蒙特卡洛模拟建立农药残留的风险模型对农药的慢性膳食风险进行评估, 通过急性参考剂量公式评估农药的急性膳食摄入风险。结果 80份水果样品农药种类检出率为28.1%, 项次总检出率为1.12%, 样品总检出率为33.8%。6份樱桃和3份枣中的乐果超出国家标准。16.2%的样品中检出两种或两种以上农药。检出农药中无剧毒和高毒农药种类。乐果的慢性膳食摄入风险为1.81, 超出安全范围, 其余农药慢性膳食摄入风险为可接受范围。农药的累积风险为1.87, 超出安全范围。所有农药的急性膳食摄入风险均在可接受范围。急慢性膳食摄入风险中排名较高的农药均为乐果与硫丹。结论 2020—2024年邯郸地区水果中农药残留整体处于较为安全水平, 但存在乐果检出超标和同一样品中多种农药检出情况, 乐果存在慢性膳食摄入风险, 相关部门需要持续关注。

, correspAuthors=李伟昊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李伟昊(1976—), 男, 博士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
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连莹莹(1985—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测。E-mail:

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连莹莹(1985—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测。E-mail:

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China Fruits, 2025(2): 6-13., articleTitle=Research progress on quality safety and risk assessment of strawberry in China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217883321850319724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, awardId=23422083170, language=CN, fundingSource=邯郸市科学技术研究与发展计划项目(23422083170), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217883316863292070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217883316867486376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, companyId=1217883316863292070, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Handan Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Handan 056002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217883316875874984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, companyId=1217883316863292070, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 邯郸市疾病预防控制中心, 邯郸 056002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217883316930400938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217883316934595243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, companyId=1217883316930400938, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Handan First Hospital, Handan 056004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217883316938789548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, companyId=1217883316930400938, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 邯郸市第一医院, 邯郸 056004)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217883320659137328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Detection of pesticide residues in fruit samples (n=80), figureFileSmall=5zWp1HjnkUYG43FyJ/fcgg==, figureFileBig=Fo2XXo9Fg1pnv272hgOggQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217883320743023413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=CN, label=图1, caption=水果样品中农药残留检出情况(n=80)

注: A. 水果种类构成; B. 各种农药残留的检出浓度; C. 水果中农药残留检出分布。

, figureFileSmall=5zWp1HjnkUYG43FyJ/fcgg==, figureFileBig=Fo2XXo9Fg1pnv272hgOggQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217883320868852542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=HQ values for 16 kinds of pesticide residues in fruit samples, figureFileSmall=dmOf1YJ3eH1EUWztY2ePYQ==, figureFileBig=dAP5A5AGxbBRquCT3Yzm4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217883320956932932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=CN, label=图2, caption=水果样品中16种农药残留的HQ, figureFileSmall=dmOf1YJ3eH1EUWztY2ePYQ==, figureFileBig=dAP5A5AGxbBRquCT3Yzm4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217883321099539272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistical analysis of pesticide mixtures in fruit samples (n=13)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 同时检出农药残留种类 农药
数量
杨梅 啶虫脒、烯酰吗啉、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、吡唑醚菌酯、噻虫嗪 6种
樱桃1\樱桃2 氯氟氰菊酯、乐果、硫丹 3种
樱桃3\樱桃4 氯氟氰菊酯、硫丹 2种
樱桃5 乐果、残杀威 2种
枣1 毒死蜱、乐果、硫丹 3种
枣2~4 氯氟氰菊酯、硫丹 2种
桃1 烯酰吗啉、呋虫胺 2种
桃2 多菌灵、烯酰吗啉、呋虫胺、吡唑醚菌酯 4种
桃3 百菌清、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺 3种
), ArticleFig(id=1217883321179231050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水果中农药混用情况(n=13)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 同时检出农药残留种类 农药
数量
杨梅 啶虫脒、烯酰吗啉、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、吡唑醚菌酯、噻虫嗪 6种
樱桃1\樱桃2 氯氟氰菊酯、乐果、硫丹 3种
樱桃3\樱桃4 氯氟氰菊酯、硫丹 2种
樱桃5 乐果、残杀威 2种
枣1 毒死蜱、乐果、硫丹 3种
枣2~4 氯氟氰菊酯、硫丹 2种
桃1 烯酰吗啉、呋虫胺 2种
桃2 多菌灵、烯酰吗啉、呋虫胺、吡唑醚菌酯 4种
桃3 百菌清、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺 3种
), ArticleFig(id=1217883321237951310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Toxicity and functional classification of pesticide in fruit samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 啶虫脒 多菌灵 百菌清 毒死蜱 氯氟氰菊酯 乐果 烯酰吗啉 呋虫胺
毒性分类 Ⅱ U U Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ
用途分类 杀虫剂 杀菌剂 杀菌剂 杀虫剂 杀虫剂 杀虫剂 杀菌剂 杀虫剂
农药种类 硫丹 烯啶虫胺 残杀威 嘧霉胺 吡唑醚菌酯 戊唑醇 氟啶虫胺腈 噻虫嗪
毒性分类 Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ III * Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ
用途分类 杀菌剂 杀虫剂 杀虫剂 杀菌剂 杀菌剂 杀菌剂 杀虫剂 杀虫剂
), ArticleFig(id=1217883321300865872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水果中农药分类情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 啶虫脒 多菌灵 百菌清 毒死蜱 氯氟氰菊酯 乐果 烯酰吗啉 呋虫胺
毒性分类 Ⅱ U U Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ
用途分类 杀虫剂 杀菌剂 杀菌剂 杀虫剂 杀虫剂 杀虫剂 杀菌剂 杀虫剂
农药种类 硫丹 烯啶虫胺 残杀威 嘧霉胺 吡唑醚菌酯 戊唑醇 氟啶虫胺腈 噻虫嗪
毒性分类 Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ III * Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ
用途分类 杀菌剂 杀虫剂 杀虫剂 杀菌剂 杀菌剂 杀菌剂 杀虫剂 杀虫剂
), ArticleFig(id=1217883321384751956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ADI values for 16 kinds of pesticides (mg/kg bw)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 啶虫脒 多菌灵 百菌清 毒死蜱 氯氟氰菊酯 乐果 烯酰吗啉 呋虫胺
ADI 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.002 0.2 0.2
农药种类 硫丹 烯啶虫胺 残杀威 嘧霉胺 吡唑醚菌酯 戊唑醇 氟啶虫胺腈 噻虫嗪
ADI 0.006 0.53 0.02 0.2 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.08
), ArticleFig(id=1217883321518969691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

16种农药的ADI值(mg/kg bw)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 啶虫脒 多菌灵 百菌清 毒死蜱 氯氟氰菊酯 乐果 烯酰吗啉 呋虫胺
ADI 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.002 0.2 0.2
农药种类 硫丹 烯啶虫胺 残杀威 嘧霉胺 吡唑醚菌酯 戊唑醇 氟啶虫胺腈 噻虫嗪
ADI 0.006 0.53 0.02 0.2 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.08
), ArticleFig(id=1217883321598661470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Acute hazard quotient values for all the 16 kinds of pesticide residues in fruits

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 啶虫脒 多菌灵 百菌清 毒死蜱 氯氟氰菊酯 乐果 烯酰吗啉 呋虫胺
ARfD/(mg/kg bw) 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.02 0.02 0.6 1
aHQ/% 0.514 1.086 0.029 0.108 1.425 59.100 0.126 0.124
农药种类 硫丹 烯啶虫胺 残杀威 嘧霉胺 吡唑醚菌酯 戊唑醇 氟啶虫胺腈 噻虫嗪
ARfD/(mg/kg bw) 0.02 * * * 0.7 0.3 0.3 1
aHQ/% 2.204 * * * 0.249 0.080 0.039 0.226
), ArticleFig(id=1217883321682547557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845643800920914, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

16种农药的急性膳食摄入风险

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
农药种类 啶虫脒 多菌灵 百菌清 毒死蜱 氯氟氰菊酯 乐果 烯酰吗啉 呋虫胺
ARfD/(mg/kg bw) 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.02 0.02 0.6 1
aHQ/% 0.514 1.086 0.029 0.108 1.425 59.100 0.126 0.124
农药种类 硫丹 烯啶虫胺 残杀威 嘧霉胺 吡唑醚菌酯 戊唑醇 氟啶虫胺腈 噻虫嗪
ARfD/(mg/kg bw) 0.02 * * * 0.7 0.3 0.3 1
aHQ/% 2.204 * * * 0.249 0.080 0.039 0.226
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基于蒙特卡洛模拟评估邯郸地区水果中农药残留健康风险
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连莹莹 1 , 周欢欢 2 , 丁国涛 1 , 方彦飞 1 , 韩永红 1 , 刘梦瑜 1 , 郭花 1 , 李伟昊 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(16): 58-66
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(16): 58-66
基于蒙特卡洛模拟评估邯郸地区水果中农药残留健康风险
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连莹莹1 , 周欢欢2, 丁国涛1, 方彦飞1, 韩永红1, 刘梦瑜1, 郭花1, 李伟昊1, *
作者信息
  • 1 邯郸市疾病预防控制中心, 邯郸 056002
  • 2 邯郸市第一医院, 邯郸 056004

    • 连莹莹(1985—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李伟昊(1976—), 男, 博士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in fruits from Handan City based on Monte Carlo simulation
Ying-Ying LIAN1 , Huan-Huan ZHOU2, Guo-Tao DING1, Yan-Fei FANG1, Yong-Hong HAN1, Meng-Yu LIU1, Hua GUO1, Wei-Hao LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Handan Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, Handan 056002, China
  • 2 Handan First Hospital, Handan 056004, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250507001
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摘要
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目的 对邯郸地区2020—2024年市售水果中57种农药残留情况进行检测分析, 并对当地居民农药残留的健康风险进行评估。方法 采用QuEChERS方法对水果样品进行前处理, 依据液相色谱-质谱法和气相色谱-质谱法对水果中57种农药残留进行上机检测, 通过蒙特卡洛模拟建立农药残留的风险模型对农药的慢性膳食风险进行评估, 通过急性参考剂量公式评估农药的急性膳食摄入风险。结果 80份水果样品农药种类检出率为28.1%, 项次总检出率为1.12%, 样品总检出率为33.8%。6份樱桃和3份枣中的乐果超出国家标准。16.2%的样品中检出两种或两种以上农药。检出农药中无剧毒和高毒农药种类。乐果的慢性膳食摄入风险为1.81, 超出安全范围, 其余农药慢性膳食摄入风险为可接受范围。农药的累积风险为1.87, 超出安全范围。所有农药的急性膳食摄入风险均在可接受范围。急慢性膳食摄入风险中排名较高的农药均为乐果与硫丹。结论 2020—2024年邯郸地区水果中农药残留整体处于较为安全水平, 但存在乐果检出超标和同一样品中多种农药检出情况, 乐果存在慢性膳食摄入风险, 相关部门需要持续关注。

农药残留  /  风险评估  /  水果  /  蒙特卡洛

Objective To detect and analyze the residue conditions of 57 kinds of pesticide in commercially available fruits in Handan Area from 2020 to 2024 and assess the health risks of pesticide residues for local residents. Methods Followed QuEChERS extraction, samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chronic dietary exposure was assessed via a Monte Carlo simulation-based risk model, whereas acute risk was determined by the acute reference dose. Results The p detection rate of pesticide types in 80 fruit samples was 28.1% with an overall item detection rate of 1.12% and overall sample detection rate of 33.8% in 80 fruit samples. Dimethoate residues exceeded national standards in 6 cherry and 3 jujube samples. Two or more pesticides were detected in 16.2% of the samples. No highly or extremely toxic pesticides were detected. The chronic dietary intake risk of dimethoate was 1.81, exceeded the safe range, while the chronic dietary intake risk of other pesticides were within acceptable limits. The hazard index value was 1.87, exceeded the safe range. Acute dietary risks for all detected pesticides were within safe ranges. Dimethoate and endosulfan were identified as higher-risk pesticides in both acute and chronic assessments. Conclusion The dietary intake risk of pesticide residues in Handan City (2020—2024) is generally within safe limits. However, there are cases of dimethoate exceeding the standard and multiple pesticides detected in the same sample. Dimethoate posed chronic dietary intake risk and the relevant authorities need to maintain ongoing attention.

pesticide residues  /  risk assessment  /  fruit  /  Monte Carlo
连莹莹, 周欢欢, 丁国涛, 方彦飞, 韩永红, 刘梦瑜, 郭花, 李伟昊. 基于蒙特卡洛模拟评估邯郸地区水果中农药残留健康风险. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250507001
Ying-Ying LIAN, Huan-Huan ZHOU, Guo-Tao DING, Yan-Fei FANG, Yong-Hong HAN, Meng-Yu LIU, Hua GUO, Wei-Hao LI. Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in fruits from Handan City based on Monte Carlo simulation[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250507001
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0 引言
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农药是农业中用于保护农作物免受昆虫、真菌、杂草或者其他害虫的化学物质[1]。世界各地的农药种类约有1000多种, 每种农药都有各自不同的性质和毒理学作用, 大多数农药残留物质都属于有毒有害物质, 如果长期在人体富集, 将会引起多种疾病[2]。中国是农药的最大的使用国[3], 根据联合国粮农组织(United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO)统计, 中国2018年共施用农药141万t, 施药量13.07 kg/公顷[4]。农药的残留水平和健康风险已成为农作物质量安全监管的重要内容[5]。国际上如欧盟、美国、日本、韩国和澳大利亚等国家和地区对于食品中农药残留限量都有着严格的规定, 我国也制定了严格的食品国家标准。我国农业农村部、卫生健康委员会与市场监督管理总局对于食品中农药最大残留量(maximum residue limits, MRL)制定了GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》, 该标准是我国现行的判定食品中农药残留是否超标的强制性国家标准。
水果富含膳食纤维、多种维生素、钙、磷、钾和其他营养素, 是人类饮食的重要组成部分[6]。过去几十年的科学研究表明, 富含水果的饮食可以预防多种癌症, 并减少冠心病的发生[7]。《中国膳食指南(2022)》[8]鼓励多摄入新鲜水果, 推荐成年人每天水果摄入量200~350 g。多项研究发现水果中存在农药残留, 例如: 温州地区2020—2023年水果农药总体检出率76.21%, 超标率4.41%[9]; 贵阳地区水果农药残留检出率为64.63%[10]; 上海地区2014—2023年水果中毒死蜱的检出率为5.26%[11], 河南地区猕猴桃和苹果农药残留检出率分别为24.4%和15.6%[12]等。人们在摄入营养的同时, 对水果中农药残留健康风险也需要持续关注。
农药中膳食风险包括慢性膳食摄入风险与急性膳食摄入风险[13]。膳食风险的计算与评估方式多样[14], 如点评估、校正评估、概率评估等, 我国主要采用点评估方法开展膳食暴露评估[15], 美国环保局(United States Environment Protection Agency, US EPA)还采用蒙特卡洛模型进行概率评估结果的不确定性[16]。相比于点评估模型, 蒙特卡洛模型可以进行非参数模拟, 通过动态抽样对食品中待测物质的含量、不同人群的消费量、不同人群的体质量等健康暴露因素进行概率评估, 综合反映评估结果的变异度与不确定度[2]。该评估模型已在农药残留、重金属、食品添加剂和生物毒素等多领域应用, 来进行健康风险评估[15-16]。本研究采用蒙特卡洛模拟建立健康模型, 对慢性膳食摄入风险进行动态评估, 并结合农药联合累积风险与急性膳食摄入风险对水果中农药残留进行全方面的评估。本研究对邯郸地区2020—2024年水果中农药残留进行检测分析与风险评估, 为本地居民健康评估与有关部门制定政策与安全监管提供有效理论支持。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 样品来源
采集2020—2024年邯郸地区市售的水果样品。采集环节覆盖磁县、肥乡区、鸡泽县、成安县、大名县、曲周县、大名县、武安市、魏县、馆陶县、邱县等县区内当地大型超市、小型超市、批发市场、农贸市场、商店及路边摊位, 采样地区覆盖农村与城市。共采集8类水果(橘子、苹果、杨梅、草莓、樱桃、枣、梨和桃), 80份样品。
1.2 仪器与试剂
8050岛津液相色谱-质谱联用仪, 配有电喷雾离子源(electrospary ionization, ESI)(日本Shimadzu公司); Thermo FisherTM Accucore aQ Q色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 2.6 μm, 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 7000D安捷伦气相色谱-质谱联用仪(配有电子轰击源)、Agilent DB-5 ms色谱柱(30 m× 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)(美国Agilent公司); AE-240天平(精度0.1 mg, 瑞士梅特勒托利多公司); H2500R高速冷冻离心机(湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司); 5510超声震荡仪(美国BRANSON公司); HP-M20涡旋振荡器[华派科仪(青岛)仪器有限公司]。
乙腈(色谱纯, 美国默克公司); SelectCore QuEChERS萃取盐包(含4 g MgSO4, 1 g NaCl, 1 g柠檬酸钠, 0.5 g柠檬酸氢二钠)、净化管(含900 mg MgSO4, 150 mg 乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷化硅胶)、陶瓷均质子[纳普分析技术(苏州)有限公司]; 57种农药标准物质: 氧乐果、甲拌磷及其氧类似物(甲拌磷、甲拌磷砜、甲拌磷亚砜)、毒死蜱、水胺硫磷、三唑磷、灭线磷、乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷、乐果、克百威及其代谢物(克百威、3-羟基克百威)、涕灭威及其代谢物(涕灭威、涕灭威砜、涕灭威亚砜)、残杀威、氯氟氰菊酯、硫丹及其代谢物(α-硫丹、β-硫丹、硫丹硫酸酯)、阿维菌素、灭蝇胺、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、氯噻啉、哌虫啶、环氧虫啶、氟啶虫胺腈、氟吡呋喃酮、哒螨灵、乙螨唑、杀螨酯、螺螨酯、炔螨特、联苯肼酯、氟啶胺、腐霉利、苯醚甲环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、烯酰吗啉、五氯硝基苯、嘧霉胺、甲霜灵、多菌灵、三唑酮、百菌清、丙环唑、戊唑醇、恶霜灵、腈菌唑、吗菌灵(纯度≥95%, 中国农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所和农业农村部环境保护科研检测所)。
1.3 实验方法
1.3.1 样品的制备与上机检测
参照《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》、GB 23200.121—2021《食品安全国家标准 植物源性食品种331种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定 液相色谱-质谱联用法》和GB 23200.113—2018《食品安全国家标准 植物源性食品种208种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定 气相色谱-质谱联用法》对样品进行QuEChERS前处理和上机检测。共检测57种农药残留, 其中: 毒死蜱、水胺硫磷、三唑磷、灭线磷、氯氟氰菊酯、硫丹(α-硫丹、β-硫丹、硫丹硫酸酯)、杀螨酯、腐霉利、丙环唑、五氯硝基苯、百菌清、恶霜灵14种农药残留采取气相色谱-质谱法检测; 氧乐果、甲拌磷及其氧类似物(甲拌磷、甲拌磷砜、甲拌磷亚砜)、乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷、乐果、克百威及其代谢物(克百威、3-羟基克百威)、涕灭威及其代谢物(涕灭威、涕灭威砜、涕灭威亚砜)、残杀威、阿维菌素、灭蝇胺、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、氯噻啉、哌虫啶、环氧虫啶、氟啶虫胺腈、氟吡呋喃酮、哒螨灵、乙螨唑、螺螨酯、炔螨特、联苯肼酯、氟啶胺、苯醚甲环唑、吡唑醚菌酯、烯酰吗啉、嘧霉胺、甲霜灵、多菌灵、三唑酮、戊唑醇、腈菌唑、吗菌灵43种农药残留采取液相色谱-质谱法检测。
1.3.2 质控措施与评判标准
所有实验均严格执行质量控制措施: 试剂空白、样品空白、加标回收、平行测试等, 确保数据的准确性。参考GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》对水果中农药残留检测结果进行合格率判定。
1.4 膳食暴露风险评估
根据中华人民共和国农业部公告2308号制定的《食品中农药残留风险评估指南》对水果中农药残留进行长期膳食摄入和短期膳食摄入评估。通过计算水果的每日摄入量(estimated daily intake, EDI)与每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)的比值: 危害商(hazard quotient, HQ), 来评估水果中农药慢性膳食摄入风险; 通过危害指数(hazard index, HI)来评估农药的累积风险; 通过短期摄入量(estimated short-term intake, ESTI)与急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)的比值: 急性危害商(acute hazard quotient, aHQ)来评估水果中农药急性膳食摄入风险。当HQ、HI和aHQ的值大于1时, 表明存在水果中农药残留膳食摄入风险, 风险不可接受; 当值小于1时, 表示水果中农药残留膳食摄入风险处于较为安全状态, 风险可接受[17]。具体计算见公式(1)~(5)。
EDI=$\frac{C\times \text{IR}\times \text{ED}\times \text{EF}}{\text{BW}\times \text{AT}}$
HQ=$\frac{\text{EDI}}{\text{ADI}}$
ESTI=$\frac{\text{HR}\times \text{LP}}{\text{BW}}$
aHQ/%=$\frac{\text{ESTI}}{\text{ARfD}}$×100%
HI=$\sum \text{HQ}$
式中: 式(1)中C为水果样品中农药残留的浓度, mg/kg; IR为水果的每日消费量(daily intake rates), kg/d; 根据河北省统计局《河北统计年鉴2024》中, 河北居民2023年鲜瓜果的年平均消费量为81.0 kg, 式(1)中按照0.22 kg/d进行计算。ED为暴露持续时间(exposure duration), 成年人按照30年计算[18]; EF为暴露频率(exposure frequnecy), 365 d/年; BW为体重(body weight), kg; 式(1)按照《中国人群暴露手册(成人卷)》中河北地区人均体重65.1 kg计算; AT为平均暴露时间(average exposure time), EFED[19]。式(3)中, HR为农药残留最大检出值(highest residue); LP为水果的最大消费量(highest large portion)。根据《中国居民膳食指南2022》, 水果每日推荐消费量为200~350 g, 本式中按照0.35 kg/d进行计算。式(2)和式(4)中的ADI和ARfD数据来自GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》和粮农组织/世界卫生组织农药残留联合专家会议官方网站[20]。
1.5 数据处理
所有的数据通过Excel 2021汇总后, SPSS 22.0进行数据与组间差异统计, 按照检验水准α=0.05, P<0.05, 认为存在有统计学意义差异。通过Oracle Crystall Ball11.0软件进行蒙特卡洛模拟水果中的慢性膳食摄入风险。每组农药残留风险抽样过程进行10000次迭代, 按照根据95%的危险度进行评判[2]。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 水果中农药残留的检出情况
80份水果样品中共有16种农药残留检出, 农药种类检出率为28.1%; 共检出51项次农药残留, 项次总检出率为1.12%; 有27份水果检出农药残留, 样品检出率为33.8%。按照水果中检出农药残留的数量高低排序依次为: 乐果>硫丹>氯氟氰菊酯>吡唑醚菌酯>烯酰吗啉>呋虫胺>氟啶虫胺腈>烯啶虫胺=噻虫嗪>啶虫脒=多菌灵=百菌清=毒死蜱=残杀威=嘧霉胺=戊唑醇。农药残留检出浓度范围为: 0.006~2.200 mg/kg, 检出最大值为枣中的乐果, 2.2 mg/kg, 检出最低值为樱桃中残杀威0.006 mg/kg。参考GB 2763—2021中水果中农药残留MRL标准, 核果类水果中乐果的MRL为0.01 mg/kg, 有9份水果样品(6份樱桃和3份枣)中乐果含量超标, 超标率为11.2% (9/80)。其他所有水果样品均未超标。8类水果中, 除橘子样品无农药残留检出外, 其他类水果均有检出。杨梅和桃样品中检出的农药残留种类最多, 均有共6种, 杨梅中检出农药残留种类为: 多菌灵、百菌清、烯酰吗啉、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、吡唑醚菌酯; 桃样品中检出农药残留种类为: 啶虫脒、烯酰吗啉、呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺、吡唑醚菌酯和噻虫啉。樱桃和枣中均有4种农药残留检出。草莓和苹果中均有2种农药检出。梨有1种农药检出。烯酰吗啉在杨梅、草莓和梨这3种水果中均有检出(3/8), 是检出水果种类最多的农药。水果中农药残留的具体检出情况见图1。
由于存在频数小于5, 对水果中16种农药残留的检出率进行组间Fisher’s确切检验法检验,不同类农药残留检出率差异存在统计学意义(χ2=29.78, P<0.05); 对8种水果中农药残留检出种类进行Fisher’s确切检验法检验, 不同水果农药残留种类差异存在统计学意义(χ2=12.58, P<0.05)。
2.2 水果中农药混用情况分析
杨梅、樱桃、枣和桃4种水果中检出联合用药情况。16.2% (13/80)水果样品中检出2种及以上的农药, 其中: 7.5% (6/80)水果样品中检出2种农药, 5% (4/80)水果样品检出3种农药, 1.25% (1/80)水果样品检出4种农药残留, 1.25% (1/80)水果样品中检出6种农药残留。一份杨梅样品中检出联合用药种类最多。见表1。
2.3 水果中检出农药的分类
WHO根据大鼠急性经口半数致死量(lethal dose 50%, LD50)对农药进行毒性分级[21], 共分为5类: Ⅰa剧毒; Ⅰb高毒; Ⅱ中等毒性; Ⅲ低毒; U微毒。按照农药的用途将农药分为杀虫剂和杀菌剂[20]。邯郸地区水果中检出农药主要为Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类和U类农药, 分别占检出农药种类的: 62.5%、18.8%和12.5%, 无剧毒和高毒类农药, 整体较为安全。水果中杀虫剂和杀菌剂农药占比分别为: 56.2%和43.8%, 比例较为平均, 杀虫剂种类略多。具体分类见表2。
2.4 水果中慢性膳食风险评估
2.4.1 各类农药残留含量数据拟合
使用Crystal Ball软件对各类农药残留含量数据进行分布拟合, 利用Anderson-Darling检验、Kolmogorov- Smirnow检验和卡方检验评估拟合度最优函数分布。16种农药残留拟合概率分布如下: (1)对数正态L分布: 烯酰吗啉; (2) Beta PERT分布: 烯啶虫胺; (3)最小极值: 戊唑醇、嘧霉胺、氯氟氰菊酯、硫丹、乐果、氟啶虫胺腈、呋虫胺、多菌灵、毒死蜱、啶虫脒、残杀威、百菌清; (4)逻辑分布: 噻虫嗪、吡唑醚菌酯。
2.4.2 各类农药HQ和HI风险评估
根据16种农药残留的ADI值, 基于2.4.1的拟合数据, 根据公式(2), 建立慢性膳食风险模型, 10000次迭代后, 以95%百分位值HQ作为评估依据。16种农药残留按照HQ从大到小排序依次为: 乐果>硫丹>多菌灵>吡唑醚菌酯>氯氟氰菊酯>毒死蜱>百菌清>戊唑醇>啶虫脒>呋虫胺>噻虫嗪>嘧霉胺>氟啶虫胺腈>残杀威>烯啶虫胺>烯酰吗啉。乐果的HQ为1.81, 根据判定标准, 说明乐果存在慢性膳食风险摄入风险, 且风险值处于不可接受范围, 需要重点关注。其余15种农药残留的HQ均远小于1, 说明其慢性膳食风险处于可接受范围。这15种农药中: 硫丹和多菌灵HQ值范围为10-2; 吡唑醚菌酯、氯氟氰菊酯、毒死蜱、百菌清、戊唑醇、啶虫脒、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和嘧霉胺HQ值范围为10-3; 氟啶虫胺腈、残杀威、烯啶虫胺和烯酰吗啉HQ值范围为10-4。
基于16种农药的HQ值, 根据公式(5), 计算16种农药残留的累积风险HI, 计算值为1.87, 根据判定标准, 说明水果中农药存在累积风险, 该风险值处于不可接受水平。其余15种农药残留HI为0.07, 说明除乐果外, 其余农药残留累积风险处于安全水平, 16种农药残留的HI中, 乐果的贡献率为96.8%。
16种农药的ADI值见表3。16种农药残留的HQ模拟结果见图2。
2.4.3 各类农药急性膳食风险评估
根据各类农药的ARfD和公式(3)和(4)计算各自的急性膳食风险aHQ。结果显示, 所有农药的急性膳食风险aHQ均小于100%, 说明水果中农药急性膳食风险均在安全可接受范围内。除烯啶虫胺、残杀威和嘧霉胺无ARfD值外, 所有农药按照aHQ值从大到小排序依次为: 乐果>硫丹>氯氟氰菊酯>多菌灵>啶虫脒>吡唑醚菌酯>噻虫嗪>烯酰吗啉>呋虫胺>毒死蜱>戊唑醇>氟啶虫胺腈>百菌清。其中乐果和硫丹的aHQ最大, 分别为59.100%与2.204%, 该排名结果与慢性膳食风险HQ一致。具体结果见表4。
3 讨论与结论
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本研究对邯郸地区2020—2024年市售的80份水果样品中的57种农药残留进行检测分析与健康评估。57种农药中共有16种农药检出, 种类检出率为28.1%, 16种农药分别为: 乐果、硫丹、氯氟氰菊酯、吡唑醚菌酯、烯酰吗啉、呋虫胺、氟啶虫胺腈、烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪、啶虫脒、多菌灵、百菌清、毒死蜱、残杀威、嘧霉胺、戊唑醇, 检出农药种类与广州地区[22]与河南地区[12]水果基本一致。所有农药中, 乐果整体检出值较高, 检出最大值是规定限值的220倍, 9份水果中乐果检出值超出国家限值, 超标率为11.2%, 该结果与陕西省[23]2018—2021年水果和埃及地区[24]蔬果中检出超标农药种类一致。乐果是一种广谱有机磷杀虫剂和杀螨剂, Ⅱ类毒性, 1962年首次面世, 广泛应用于农业害虫防治, 对多种昆虫、蚜虫、螨虫等害虫作用显著。其作用机制是通过抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性[25], 破坏昆虫神经传导, 从而起到杀虫作用[26], 樱桃与枣中可能因为该类水果遭虫害较多, 导致乐果农药残留超标。成年居民樱桃和枣每日摄入量超过0.22 kg/d, 会导致乐果的慢性膳食摄入风险超过健康安全范围, 需要引起关注。
80份水果中有27份水果检出农药残留, 样品检出率为33.8%, 8类水果中, 除橘子外, 其余水果样品中均有农药残留检出。水果中存在联合用药情况, 16.2%的水果中检出2种及以上的农药残留, 杨梅与桃子检出农药残留种类最多, 多农药残留现象与其他地区研究结果一致[27-29]。烯酰吗啉是一种高效、广谱的杀菌剂, 属于吗啉类化合物[30], Ⅲ类毒性, 主要用于真菌病的防治, 如霜霉病和晚疫病。其作用机制是通过抑制细胞壁合成过程中的纤维素合成酶, 干扰病原菌菌丝生长和孢子形成, 从而有效控制病害蔓延[31]。在本研究中, 烯酰吗啉在杨梅、草莓和梨均有检出, 检出水果种类最多, 该结果与温州市杨梅[32]与中山草莓[33]检出农药残留种类一致。
本研究评估结果显示邯郸地区2020—2024年水果农药残留除乐果存在慢性与急性膳食摄入风险外, 其余农药的急性与慢性摄入风险处于安全范围。本次评估也存在一定的局限性: 首先是样品范围为2020—2024年邯郸地区市售水果样品, 覆盖的年份与样品种类不够全面, 样品的数量较少会对蒙特卡洛模拟模型结果产生一定的影响; 其次检测农药残留种类为国家食品安全风险监测计划规定的57种样品, 可能会漏检一些其他种类农药, 导致评估的种类不够全面; 最后本次评估采用的河北地区居民的平均体重和平均摄入量, 可能与当地居民实际情况有所偏差。未来的研究中, 需要提高水果中农药残留研究的广度、深度与精确度。综上, 邯郸地区水果中农药残留风险评估属于较为安全水平, 整体可控, 需要重点关注乐果膳食风险, 水果中农药残留需要持续检测关注。本次研究为有关部门精准监管提供了科学依据。
基金
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  • 邯郸市科学技术研究与发展计划项目(23422083170)
文献
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250507001
  • 接收时间：2025-05-07
  • 首发时间：2026-01-13
  • 出版时间：2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-05-07
基金
邯郸市科学技术研究与发展计划项目(23422083170)
作者信息
    1 邯郸市疾病预防控制中心, 邯郸 056002
    2 邯郸市第一医院, 邯郸 056004

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* 李伟昊(1976—), 男, 博士, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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