Article(id=1217845641624080946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250418003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286627441, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286627441, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286627441, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286627441, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=304, endPage=311, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845641988985408, articleId=1217845641624080946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Study on semicarbazide residue levels and sources in crustacean aquatic, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To understand the residual levels of semicarbazide in crustacean aquatic products such as shrimp and crabs, analyze the causes of endogenous and exogenous contamination. Methods Data from nationwide sampling inspections of crustacean aquatic products from 2017 to 2023 were analyzed. A total of 178 batches of shrimp, 136 batches of crabs, and aquaculture pond water samples were collected and tested. The quantitative determination was conducted following the standard of Ministry of Agriculture Announcement No.783-1-2006 Determination of nitrofuran metabolite residues in aquatic products. Results The detection level of semicarbazide in crabs was significantly lower than that in shrimp. The semicarbazide levels in crabs showed little correlation with species, while significant variations were observed among different shrimp species. No semicarbazide residues were detected in aquaculture pond water. Conclusion The presence of semicarbazide in crustacean aquatic products such as shrimp and crabs is primarily related to endogenous sources, though the detected levels from endogenous origins are very low. It is recommended that national authorities resume routine supervision and sampling inspections for nitrofurazone metabolites in crustacean products, establish a national database for semicarbazide monitoring, and utilize big data analysis to address current policy gaps. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the national database, efforts should be made to develop semicarbazide residue limit standards for crustacean aquatic products to ensure the healthy development of the aquaculture industry.

, correspAuthors=Hui-Li XIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ting YANG, Jin-Jun ZHANG, Zhen-Ling LUO, Gang-Jian LIN, Hui-Li XIA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845642718794347, articleId=1217845641624080946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=甲壳类水产品中氨基脲残留水平及来源分析研究, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 了解甲壳类水产品虾蟹中氨基脲残留水平, 分析内源性和外源污染原因。方法 对2017—2023年每年全国范围内甲壳类水产品抽检数据进行分析, 对自抽检178批次虾类、136批次蟹类和养殖塘水, 参照农业部783号公告-1-2006《水产品中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量的测定》标准进行定量测定。结果 蟹类氨基脲检出水平明显低于虾类, 蟹类氨基脲检出水平跟种类关系不大, 虾类不同品种检出水平相差较大, 养殖塘水中未检测出氨基脲残留。结论 虾蟹等甲壳类水产品中氨基脲来源与内源性有关, 但是内源性来源导致的氨基脲检出水平很低, 建议国家层面恢复甲壳类水产品呋喃西林代谢物项目的日常监督抽检, 建立甲壳类水产品呋喃西林代谢物项目全国数据库, 利用大数据分析等方式补上目前客观存在的政策缺口, 同时在对全国数据库进行分析的基础上推动甲壳类水产品中氨基脲残留限量标准制订, 保障甲壳类水产品养殖产业健康发展。

, correspAuthors=夏慧丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 夏慧丽(1978—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全检测和分析。E-mail:
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杨挺(1992—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全检测和分析。E-mail:

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China Standardization, 2024(24): 239-243., articleTitle=Quality control study of azodicarbonamide and semicarbazide in wheat flour and its products, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864271279607894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=41, issue=4, pageStart=538, pageEnd=542, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=64, authorNames=徐英江, 孙玉增, 宋秀凯, journalName=海洋与湖沼, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐英江, 孙玉增, 宋秀凯, 等. 潮河口邻近海域氨基脲污染现状调查研究[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 2010, 41(4): 538-542., articleTitle=潮河口邻近海域氨基脲污染现状调查研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864271371882585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=41, issue=4, pageStart=538, pageEnd=542, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=65, authorNames=XU YJ, SUN YZ, SONG XK, journalName=Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU YJ, SUN YZ, SONG XK, et al. 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Yantai: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone, Chinese Academy of Sciences), 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864271619346534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=32, issue=1, pageStart=39, pageEnd=42, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=67, authorNames=于召强, 徐英江, 田秀慧, journalName=海洋环境科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于召强, 徐英江, 田秀慧, 等. 四十里湾海洋贝类对氨基脲的生物富集特性[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2023, 32(1): 39-42., articleTitle=四十里湾海洋贝类对氨基脲的生物富集特性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864271728398444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=32, issue=1, pageStart=39, pageEnd=42, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=68, authorNames=YU ZQ, XU YJ, TIAN XH, journalName=Marine Environmental Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU ZQ, XU YJ, TIAN XH, et al. Bioaccumulation characteristics of semicarbazide in marine shellfish from Sishili bay[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2023, 32(1): 39-42., articleTitle=Bioaccumulation characteristics of semicarbazide in marine shellfish from Sishili bay, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864271904559220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=72, pageStart=268, pageEnd=275, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=69, authorNames=KWON JW, journalName=Food Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KWON JW. Semicarbazide: Natural occurrence and uncertainevidence of its formation from food processing[J]. Food Control, 2017(72): 268-275., articleTitle=Semicarbazide: Natural occurrence and uncertainevidence of its formation from food processing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864272034582649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=70, authorNames=丁春燕, journalName=青虾中硝基呋喃代谢物残留的检测研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丁春燕. 青虾中硝基呋喃代谢物残留的检测研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江工业大学, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864272139440252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=71, authorNames=DING CY, journalName=Detection of nitrofuran metabolites residues in oriental river prawn, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DING CY. Detection of nitrofuran metabolites residues in oriental river prawn[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University of Technology, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864272256880769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=39, issue=6, pageStart=674, pageEnd=681, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=72, authorNames=HUANG XY, SHEN XS, HUANG DM, journalName=Marine Fisheries, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG XY, SHEN XS, HUANG DM, et al. Elimination rules of nitrofurazone metabolite residue in Eriocheir sinensis cultured in outdoor ponds[J]. Marine Fisheries, 2017, 39(6): 674-681., articleTitle=Elimination rules of nitrofurazone metabolite residue in Eriocheir sinensis cultured in outdoor ponds, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864272391098498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=60, pageEnd=67, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=73, authorNames=DING JW, DENG JC, YANG XQ, journalName=South China Fisheries Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DING JW, DENG JC, YANG XQ, et al. Accumulation and elimination of four nitrofuran metabolites in muscle of grouper Epinephelus awoara[J]. South China Fisheries Science, 2018, 14(1): 60-67., articleTitle=Accumulation and elimination of four nitrofuran metabolites in muscle of grouper Epinephelus awoara, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217864259007074864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, awardId=QN2025058, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省市场监督管理局科技计划项目青年项目(QN2025058), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217864252602372192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864252610760800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, companyId=1217864252602372192, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Taizhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Taizhou Key Laboratory for Safety and Quality Enhancement of Characteristic Agricultural Products, Taizhou 318000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864252619149410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, companyId=1217864252602372192, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=台州市食品药品检验研究院, 台州市特色农产品质量安全与品质提升重点实验室, 台州 318000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217864257132220802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=SEM levels detected in 113 crab batches, figureFileSmall=0ZnF359JJ8B1jAOi7THh8g==, figureFileBig=L+VWXYL1KBhvzRrBcIfjsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257258049936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=CN, label=图1, caption=113批次蟹类中检出SEM水平, figureFileSmall=0ZnF359JJ8B1jAOi7THh8g==, figureFileBig=L+VWXYL1KBhvzRrBcIfjsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257362907548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Program of gradient elution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 流速/(mL/min) A相比例/% B相比例/%
0 0.30 90.0 10.0
0.50 0.30 90.0 10.0
4.00 0.30 5.0 95.0
5.50 0.30 5.0 95.0
6.00 0.30 90.0 10.0
7.00 0.30 90.0 10.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217864257463570858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 流速/(mL/min) A相比例/% B相比例/%
0 0.30 90.0 10.0
0.50 0.30 90.0 10.0
4.00 0.30 5.0 95.0
5.50 0.30 5.0 95.0
6.00 0.30 90.0 10.0
7.00 0.30 90.0 10.0
), ArticleFig(id=1217864257593594294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

MRM parameters for SEM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 母离子
(m/z)
子离子
(m/z)
去簇电压/V 碰撞能/V
SEM 209.200 192.100 80.000 16.000
209.200 166.200 80.000 14.000
SEM-13C15N2 212.100 168.000 80.000 14.000
), ArticleFig(id=1217864257706840511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SEM的MRM参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 母离子
(m/z)
子离子
(m/z)
去簇电压/V 碰撞能/V
SEM 209.200 192.100 80.000 16.000
209.200 166.200 80.000 14.000
SEM-13C15N2 212.100 168.000 80.000 14.000
), ArticleFig(id=1217864257853641163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Official websites for the release of food safety sampling inspection information by the State Administration for Market Regulation and all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家市场监督管理总局及除港澳台外其余各省、自治区和直辖市 网址
国家市场监管管理总局 https://www.samr.gov.cn/zw/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/spcjs/art/2025/art_67e00f420f8f417fb8e2fe16663ecc70.html
北京市 https://scjgj.beijing.gov.cn/zwxx/gs/202505/t20250530_4103174.html
上海市 http://scjgj.sh.gov.cn/922/20250529/2c984ad696f2ccd9019719b560f47ac6.html
江苏省 http://scjgj.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2025/6/6/art_78970_11577949.html
山东省 http://amr.shandong.gov.cn/col/col76551/index.html?number=SD089001
天津市 https://scjg.tj.gov.cn/tjsscjdglwyh_52651/xwdt/gs/spcjxx/cjgg/
黑龙江省 http://amr.hlj.gov.cn/amr/c103775/public_list.shtml
吉林省 http://scjg.jl.gov.cn/jianguan/
辽宁省 https://scjg.ln.gov.cn/scjdglj/fw/wyk/tbtg/spcj/index.shtml
河北省 http://scjg.hebei.gov.cn/node/939_2
河南省 https://scjg.henan.gov.cn/2025/05-28/3162717.html
山西省 https://scjgj.shanxi.gov.cn/zwgk/jgfl/gstg/202506/t20250605_9856902.shtml
陕西省 https://snamr.shaanxi.gov.cn/sy/ztzl/spaqcjzl/spaqcjxxfb/spaqcjxxfb_21339/
湖北省 http://scjg.hubei.gov.cn/bmdt/ztzl/cpzlanjg/zxcx_cpzlaqjg/spcjgg_spaqjg/
湖南省 http://amr.hunan.gov.cn/amr/ztx/ssjygkx/spcj/index.html
浙江省 http://zjamr.zj.gov.cn/col/col1228969898/index.html
安徽省 https://amr.ah.gov.cn/public/column/5248926?type=4&action=list&nav=3&catId=29785052
江西省 https://amr.jiangxi.gov.cn/amr/spcjxx/index.html
福建省 https://scjgj.fujian.gov.cn/zw/zfjd/ccjc/202506/t20250606_6922413.htm
四川省 http://scjgj.sc.gov.cn/scjgj/c104536/ccxx.shtml
甘肃省 http://scjg.gansu.gov.cn/scjg/c110156/202505/174148760.shtml
宁夏回族自治区 http://scjg.nx.gov.cn/tslm/spjg/spaqcjxxgs/
内蒙古自治区 http://amr.nmg.gov.cn/zw/tzgg/202505/t20250528_2730829.html
新疆维吾尔族自治区 https://scjgj.xinjiang.gov.cn/xjaic/c112985/zfxxgk_gknrz.shtml
新疆生产建设兵团 http://sjj.xjbt.gov.cn/xxgk/cjxx/
青海省 http://scjgj.qinghai.gov.cn/Article/ArticlePageSJJ?ParentSectionName=%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%BD%E6%A3%80%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF&section_id=666C81E4-9E71-4405-98D1-A89BE67C661C&page=1&pagesize=15
西藏自治区 http://amr.xizang.gov.cn/channel/spaqjdcjxxgs/index.htm
重庆市 https://scjgj.cq.gov.cn/zfxxgk_225/fdzdgknr/jdcj/spaq_1/jcjgxx/202505/t20250520_14640567.html
贵州省 https://amr.guizhou.gov.cn/zwgk/xxgkml/zdlyxx/sjspcjtg/
云南省 https://amr.yn.gov.cn/zwgk/fdzdgknr/spjg.htm
广西省 http://scjdglj.gxzf.gov.cn/zwgk/fdzdgk/zdxx/spaq/
海南省 https://amr.hainan.gov.cn/zw/spcjxx/
广东省 https://amr.gd.gov.cn/zwgk/zdlyxxgk/cjjc/spcj/index.html
), ArticleFig(id=1217864257987858907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

国家市场监督管理总局及除港澳台外其余各省、自治区、直辖市食品安全抽检信息公布网址

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家市场监督管理总局及除港澳台外其余各省、自治区和直辖市 网址
国家市场监管管理总局 https://www.samr.gov.cn/zw/zfxxgk/fdzdgknr/spcjs/art/2025/art_67e00f420f8f417fb8e2fe16663ecc70.html
北京市 https://scjgj.beijing.gov.cn/zwxx/gs/202505/t20250530_4103174.html
上海市 http://scjgj.sh.gov.cn/922/20250529/2c984ad696f2ccd9019719b560f47ac6.html
江苏省 http://scjgj.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2025/6/6/art_78970_11577949.html
山东省 http://amr.shandong.gov.cn/col/col76551/index.html?number=SD089001
天津市 https://scjg.tj.gov.cn/tjsscjdglwyh_52651/xwdt/gs/spcjxx/cjgg/
黑龙江省 http://amr.hlj.gov.cn/amr/c103775/public_list.shtml
吉林省 http://scjg.jl.gov.cn/jianguan/
辽宁省 https://scjg.ln.gov.cn/scjdglj/fw/wyk/tbtg/spcj/index.shtml
河北省 http://scjg.hebei.gov.cn/node/939_2
河南省 https://scjg.henan.gov.cn/2025/05-28/3162717.html
山西省 https://scjgj.shanxi.gov.cn/zwgk/jgfl/gstg/202506/t20250605_9856902.shtml
陕西省 https://snamr.shaanxi.gov.cn/sy/ztzl/spaqcjzl/spaqcjxxfb/spaqcjxxfb_21339/
湖北省 http://scjg.hubei.gov.cn/bmdt/ztzl/cpzlanjg/zxcx_cpzlaqjg/spcjgg_spaqjg/
湖南省 http://amr.hunan.gov.cn/amr/ztx/ssjygkx/spcj/index.html
浙江省 http://zjamr.zj.gov.cn/col/col1228969898/index.html
安徽省 https://amr.ah.gov.cn/public/column/5248926?type=4&action=list&nav=3&catId=29785052
江西省 https://amr.jiangxi.gov.cn/amr/spcjxx/index.html
福建省 https://scjgj.fujian.gov.cn/zw/zfjd/ccjc/202506/t20250606_6922413.htm
四川省 http://scjgj.sc.gov.cn/scjgj/c104536/ccxx.shtml
甘肃省 http://scjg.gansu.gov.cn/scjg/c110156/202505/174148760.shtml
宁夏回族自治区 http://scjg.nx.gov.cn/tslm/spjg/spaqcjxxgs/
内蒙古自治区 http://amr.nmg.gov.cn/zw/tzgg/202505/t20250528_2730829.html
新疆维吾尔族自治区 https://scjgj.xinjiang.gov.cn/xjaic/c112985/zfxxgk_gknrz.shtml
新疆生产建设兵团 http://sjj.xjbt.gov.cn/xxgk/cjxx/
青海省 http://scjgj.qinghai.gov.cn/Article/ArticlePageSJJ?ParentSectionName=%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%BD%E6%A3%80%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF&section_id=666C81E4-9E71-4405-98D1-A89BE67C661C&page=1&pagesize=15
西藏自治区 http://amr.xizang.gov.cn/channel/spaqjdcjxxgs/index.htm
重庆市 https://scjgj.cq.gov.cn/zfxxgk_225/fdzdgknr/jdcj/spaq_1/jcjgxx/202505/t20250520_14640567.html
贵州省 https://amr.guizhou.gov.cn/zwgk/xxgkml/zdlyxx/sjspcjtg/
云南省 https://amr.yn.gov.cn/zwgk/fdzdgknr/spjg.htm
广西省 http://scjdglj.gxzf.gov.cn/zwgk/fdzdgk/zdxx/spaq/
海南省 https://amr.hainan.gov.cn/zw/spcjxx/
广东省 https://amr.gd.gov.cn/zwgk/zdlyxxgk/cjjc/spcj/index.html
), ArticleFig(id=1217864258088522207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sampling and testing results of nitrofurazone in food products in China (2017—2023)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份/年 水产品
总不合格
批次
呋喃西林
代谢物
检出批次
水产品中SEM
检出批次(占水产品
总不合格比/%)
水产品中SEM
检出批次(占呋喃西林
总不合格比/%)
甲壳类水产品虾、蟹、牛蛙中
SEM的检出情况
2017 505 61 59 (11.7) 59 (96.7) 虾: 28, 47.5%, 检出平均值为27.1 µg/kg
蟹: 8, 13.6%, 检出平均值为4.7 µg/kg
2018 881 100 93 (10.6) 93 (93.0) 虾: 69, 74.2%, 检出平均为45.5 µg/kg
蟹: 7, 7.2%, 检出平均值为2.5 µg/kg
2019 807 65 55 (6.8) 55 (84.6) 虾: 30, 54.5%, 检出平均值为13.1 µg/kg
蟹: 10, 15.4%, 检出平均值为5.2 µg/kg
2020 1448 136 126 (8.7) 126 (92.7) 虾: 111, 88.1%, 检出平均值为8.6 µg/kg
蟹: 4, 3.2%, 检出平均值为4.8 µg/kg
2021 1963 153 113 (5.8) 113 (73.9) 虾: 93, 81.6%, 检出平均值为14.4 µg/kg
蟹: 3, 2.6%, 检出平均值为1.5 µg/kg
2022 1773 56 26 (1.5) 26 (46.4) 虾: 不作监督要求
蟹: 不作监督要求
牛蛙: 20, 72.92%
2023 1418 52 37 (2.6) 37 (71.2) 虾: 不作监督要求
蟹: 不作监督要求
牛蛙: 30, 81.08%
), ArticleFig(id=1217864258201768427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2017—2023年我国食品中呋喃西林项目抽检检测情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份/年 水产品
总不合格
批次
呋喃西林
代谢物
检出批次
水产品中SEM
检出批次(占水产品
总不合格比/%)
水产品中SEM
检出批次(占呋喃西林
总不合格比/%)
甲壳类水产品虾、蟹、牛蛙中
SEM的检出情况
2017 505 61 59 (11.7) 59 (96.7) 虾: 28, 47.5%, 检出平均值为27.1 µg/kg
蟹: 8, 13.6%, 检出平均值为4.7 µg/kg
2018 881 100 93 (10.6) 93 (93.0) 虾: 69, 74.2%, 检出平均为45.5 µg/kg
蟹: 7, 7.2%, 检出平均值为2.5 µg/kg
2019 807 65 55 (6.8) 55 (84.6) 虾: 30, 54.5%, 检出平均值为13.1 µg/kg
蟹: 10, 15.4%, 检出平均值为5.2 µg/kg
2020 1448 136 126 (8.7) 126 (92.7) 虾: 111, 88.1%, 检出平均值为8.6 µg/kg
蟹: 4, 3.2%, 检出平均值为4.8 µg/kg
2021 1963 153 113 (5.8) 113 (73.9) 虾: 93, 81.6%, 检出平均值为14.4 µg/kg
蟹: 3, 2.6%, 检出平均值为1.5 µg/kg
2022 1773 56 26 (1.5) 26 (46.4) 虾: 不作监督要求
蟹: 不作监督要求
牛蛙: 20, 72.92%
2023 1418 52 37 (2.6) 37 (71.2) 虾: 不作监督要求
蟹: 不作监督要求
牛蛙: 30, 81.08%
), ArticleFig(id=1217864258327597553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

SEM detection in different shrimp and crab species monitored by the research team

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
大类
样品
亚类
品种 检出率/% SEM检出平均值/(µg/kg) 备注
虾类 淡水虾 小龙虾 96.2 (51/53) 0.86
罗氏沼虾 94.4 (17/18) 2.02
其他淡水虾 87.5 (21/24) 5.70 其中有一批长潭虾检出84.4 µg/kg, 去掉后平均值为1.77 µg/kg
海水虾 对虾 51.4 (36/70) 0.29
基围虾 0 (0/2) 0
其他海水虾 63.6 (7/11) 0.58
蟹类 淡水蟹 中华绒螯蟹 90.9 (40/44) 0.80
海水蟹 梭子蟹 23.8 (5/21) 0.29
青蟹 95.8 (68/71) 0.48
), ArticleFig(id=1217864258516341253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

项目组监测的不同品种虾蟹中SEM检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
大类
样品
亚类
品种 检出率/% SEM检出平均值/(µg/kg) 备注
虾类 淡水虾 小龙虾 96.2 (51/53) 0.86
罗氏沼虾 94.4 (17/18) 2.02
其他淡水虾 87.5 (21/24) 5.70 其中有一批长潭虾检出84.4 µg/kg, 去掉后平均值为1.77 µg/kg
海水虾 对虾 51.4 (36/70) 0.29
基围虾 0 (0/2) 0
其他海水虾 63.6 (7/11) 0.58
蟹类 淡水蟹 中华绒螯蟹 90.9 (40/44) 0.80
海水蟹 梭子蟹 23.8 (5/21) 0.29
青蟹 95.8 (68/71) 0.48
), ArticleFig(id=1217864258646364683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

SEM detection table in 71 self-sampled mud crab batches at different sampling times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测值 上市初期
(7—8月)
销售旺季
(9—10月)
老蟹
(1—3月)
检测批次 48 16 7
检出批次 48 13 7
检出率/% 100.00 81.25 100.00
检出平均值
/(μg/kg)
0.48 0.20 0.94
), ArticleFig(id=1217864258814136860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641624080946, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

71批次自抽检青蟹不同取样时间SEM检出表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测值 上市初期
(7—8月)
销售旺季
(9—10月)
老蟹
(1—3月)
检测批次 48 16 7
检出批次 48 13 7
检出率/% 100.00 81.25 100.00
检出平均值
/(μg/kg)
0.48 0.20 0.94
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甲壳类水产品中氨基脲残留水平及来源分析研究
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杨挺 , 张今君 , 罗振玲 , 林刚健 , 夏慧丽 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(16): 304-311
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(16): 304-311
甲壳类水产品中氨基脲残留水平及来源分析研究
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杨挺 , 张今君, 罗振玲, 林刚健, 夏慧丽*
作者信息
  • 台州市食品药品检验研究院, 台州市特色农产品质量安全与品质提升重点实验室, 台州 318000
  • 杨挺(1992—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全检测和分析。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 夏慧丽(1978—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全检测和分析。E-mail:
Study on semicarbazide residue levels and sources in crustacean aquatic
Ting YANG , Jin-Jun ZHANG, Zhen-Ling LUO, Gang-Jian LIN, Hui-Li XIA*
Affiliations
  • Taizhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Taizhou Key Laboratory for Safety and Quality Enhancement of Characteristic Agricultural Products, Taizhou 318000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250418003
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目的 了解甲壳类水产品虾蟹中氨基脲残留水平, 分析内源性和外源污染原因。方法 对2017—2023年每年全国范围内甲壳类水产品抽检数据进行分析, 对自抽检178批次虾类、136批次蟹类和养殖塘水, 参照农业部783号公告-1-2006《水产品中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量的测定》标准进行定量测定。结果 蟹类氨基脲检出水平明显低于虾类, 蟹类氨基脲检出水平跟种类关系不大, 虾类不同品种检出水平相差较大, 养殖塘水中未检测出氨基脲残留。结论 虾蟹等甲壳类水产品中氨基脲来源与内源性有关, 但是内源性来源导致的氨基脲检出水平很低, 建议国家层面恢复甲壳类水产品呋喃西林代谢物项目的日常监督抽检, 建立甲壳类水产品呋喃西林代谢物项目全国数据库, 利用大数据分析等方式补上目前客观存在的政策缺口, 同时在对全国数据库进行分析的基础上推动甲壳类水产品中氨基脲残留限量标准制订, 保障甲壳类水产品养殖产业健康发展。

甲壳类水产品  /  氨基脲  /  来源  /  残留水平

Objective To understand the residual levels of semicarbazide in crustacean aquatic products such as shrimp and crabs, analyze the causes of endogenous and exogenous contamination. Methods Data from nationwide sampling inspections of crustacean aquatic products from 2017 to 2023 were analyzed. A total of 178 batches of shrimp, 136 batches of crabs, and aquaculture pond water samples were collected and tested. The quantitative determination was conducted following the standard of Ministry of Agriculture Announcement No.783-1-2006 Determination of nitrofuran metabolite residues in aquatic products. Results The detection level of semicarbazide in crabs was significantly lower than that in shrimp. The semicarbazide levels in crabs showed little correlation with species, while significant variations were observed among different shrimp species. No semicarbazide residues were detected in aquaculture pond water. Conclusion The presence of semicarbazide in crustacean aquatic products such as shrimp and crabs is primarily related to endogenous sources, though the detected levels from endogenous origins are very low. It is recommended that national authorities resume routine supervision and sampling inspections for nitrofurazone metabolites in crustacean products, establish a national database for semicarbazide monitoring, and utilize big data analysis to address current policy gaps. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the national database, efforts should be made to develop semicarbazide residue limit standards for crustacean aquatic products to ensure the healthy development of the aquaculture industry.

crustacean aquatic products  /  semicarbazide  /  sources  /  residue levels
杨挺, 张今君, 罗振玲, 林刚健, 夏慧丽. 甲壳类水产品中氨基脲残留水平及来源分析研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 304 -311 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250418003
Ting YANG, Jin-Jun ZHANG, Zhen-Ling LUO, Gang-Jian LIN, Hui-Li XIA. Study on semicarbazide residue levels and sources in crustacean aquatic[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 304 -311 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250418003
甲壳类水产品主要包括虾、蟹、龙虾、淡水鳌虾等4大类别的所有产品形式, 因含有丰富的蛋白质等多种营养物质[1-2], 深受消费者喜爱。我国甲壳类水产品资源丰富, 是世界甲壳类水产品主要供给国。近年来, 随着消费需求的持续增长, 甲壳类水产品的养殖总产量年均增幅超过5.5%, 2023年中国甲壳类水产品养殖总产量已超过3000万t, 比2018年上涨了70%。然而, 随着养殖规模的不断增大, 养殖水产品的质量安全问题引起了社会的广泛关注, 尤其是滥用兽药问题成为当下影响我国水产养殖可持续发展的关键制约因素。
呋喃西林是一种广谱抗菌药, 对多种革兰阳性和阴性菌有抗菌作用, 是世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构公布的一种致癌物, 被国家列为水产养殖禁用兽药[3]。氨基脲(semicarbazide, SEM)是呋喃西林的特征性代谢产物, 具有一定致畸、致癌和致病性[3-5], 严重时还会影响内分泌系统和神经系统的运作[6]。SEM在动物体内能与蛋白质结合形成稳定的结合物[7], 故通常作为判断水产品中是否滥用呋喃西林的标志物[8]。为掌握了解全国食品抽检不合格情况, 给当地市场监督管理部门制定食品抽样靶向依据, 台州市食品检验检测中心成立全国食品抽检情况分析小组, 每年对国家市场监督管理总局和除港澳台外的其余各省、自治区、直辖市市场监督管理局(厅)官网公布的食品安全监督抽检信息进行汇总分析, 形成了2017—2023年每年全国食品抽检情况数据库和分析报告。在对2017—2023年全国食品抽检情况数据库进行分析发现, 虾、蟹等甲壳类水产品中SEM的检出率超过40%。然而, 越来越多的研究发现[9-11], 在养殖过程中没有使用呋喃西林药物的情况下, 在虾、蟹等甲壳类水产品中仍有不同程度的SEM检出。表明SEM作为内源性物质在甲壳类产品中是普遍存在的[12-14], 从而导致该类产品的质量安全问题备受质疑, 严重影响养殖业的发展。
当前研究主要集中在证明虾蟹等甲壳类水产品中存在SEM内源性因素, 但是对内源性水平尤其是不同种类虾蟹中SEM内源性水平差异性研究不多, 暂无办法对推动甲壳类水产品中呋喃西林代谢物项目进行常态化检测提供数据支撑, 杜绝个别养殖户抓住政策缺口, 为提升存活率在养殖过程中违规使用呋喃西林药物, 给甲壳类水产品的质量安全带来严重威胁。因此, 本研究通过对2017—2023年全国范围内甲壳类水产品监测数据进行分析, 结合对养殖和流通环节自抽检314批次虾蟹进行定量检测, 摸清甲壳类水产品中不同虾蟹体内SEM的残留水平, 为推动出台甲壳类水产品中SEM内源性限值标准提供数据支撑, 进而推动水产品养殖业健康发展。
青蟹均采自浙江三门湾区域养殖塘, 其他蟹及虾采自台州市域各菜市场、农贸市场, 用便携保温箱运回实验室。
SEM标准品(质量浓度100 mg/L)、SEM-13C15N2标准品(质量浓度100 mg/L)(上海安谱云实验用品有限公司); 甲醇(色谱纯, 美国默克公司); 盐酸(优级纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 醋酸铵(色谱纯)、磷酸氢二钾、二甲基亚砜(分析纯)(上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 2-硝基苯甲醛(色谱纯, 德国CNW技术有限责任公司); 乙酸乙酯(色谱纯, 美国天地有限公司)。
Qtrap5500超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(美国AB SCIEX公司); BUCHI B-400均质仪(瑞士BUCHI有限公司); VORTEX 3涡旋混匀器、KS4000ic恒温振荡器(德国IKA公司); LebTecH MV5氮吹浓缩仪(北京莱伯泰科仪器股份有限公司); Allegra X-30离心机(美国BECKMAN公司); PR1602ZH/E电子天平[精度0.01 g, 奥豪斯国际贸易(上海)有限公司]; Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) (Waters爱尔兰分公司)。
色谱条件: Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm); 柱温: 30 ℃; 流速: 0.30 mL/min; 进样量: 5.0 μL; 流动相水相A为5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液, 流动相有机相B为乙腈; 梯度洗脱程序见表1
质谱条件: 电喷雾离子源(electrospray ionization, ESI), 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)正离子模式; 电喷雾电压: 5000 V; 离子源温度500 ℃; 气帘气35 psi; 喷雾气GS1 50 psi; 辅助气GS2 50 psi。其他质谱参数见表2
将采集到的虾蟹外表面清洗干净后去壳取可食部分, 尤其是蟹要用专业取肉工具仔细去壳取可食部分, 混浆机混匀后-18 ℃保存。
称取样品2.0 g(精确到0.01 g)于50 mL棕色离心管中, 分别用8 mL冰浴甲醇、冰浴乙醇、冰浴乙醚清洗2次, 洗涤后的样品离心管中加入SEM内标工作溶液5 ng, 涡旋混合后再加入5 mL 0.5 mol/L盐酸溶液和0.15 mL 0.05 mol/L 2-硝基苯甲醛溶液, 涡旋振荡1 min后, 置于恒温振荡器中37 ℃避光振荡16 h(通过前期研究发现置于50 ℃恒温水浴锅中避光4 h也能达到衍生效果)。取出离心管冷却至室温, 用磷酸氢二钾溶液调节pH至7.0~7.5, 加入8 mL乙酸乙酯, 涡旋振荡50 s, 4000 r/min离心5 min, 取上层清液转移至15 mL棕色离心管中于40 ℃下氮气吹干。准确加人1.0 mL 10%甲醇水溶液涡旋振荡溶解残留物, 过0.22 μm滤膜, 待测。
准确移取适量SEM (100 ng/mL)标准中间液于50 mL棕色离心管中, 加入SEM内标工作溶液5 ng, 除不加样品外, 其余按照样品前处理步骤衍生提取净化, 配制成质量浓度为0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0 ng/mL的标准系列曲线, 其中内标质量浓度均为5.0 ng/mL。
实验数据分析采用Qtrap5500超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪自带软件MultiQuant, 所有样品均采用双平行同步进行, 检测结果以平均值计, 有效数字保留至小数点后一位, 要求批内相对标准偏差≤10%。
为全面掌握甲壳类水产品中SEM的残留状况, 项目组对国家市场监督管理总局和除港澳台外其余各省、自治区、直辖市市场监督管理局(厅)官网公布的2017—2023年食品安全监督抽检信息进行汇总分析(信息发布网址见表3)。通过分析2017—2023年每年全国食品抽检情况数据库和相关的食品抽检分析报告[15], 发现食品中检出的呋喃西林代谢物大都来源于水产品, 具体情况见表4。从表4中数据可以看出: 2017—2021年, 呋喃西林代谢物在水产品中的检出率占不合格水产品的5.8%以上, 占呋喃西林代谢物总不合格批次的73%以上, 主要集中在虾、蟹等甲壳类水产品, 但检出值相对不高, 虾类检出值介于8.6~45.5 µg/kg之间, 蟹类检出值介于1.5~5.2 µg/kg, 蟹类检出水平明显低于虾类。甲壳类水产品中SEM检出率情况与王鼎南等[16]研究结果基本一致, 可能是虾、蟹中存在内源性呋喃西林代谢物。诸多研究ZHANG等[17]、于慧娟等[18]发现甲壳类水产品中可能存在内源性呋喃西林代谢物, 从科学角度出发, 自2022年开始, 国家食品安全监督抽检实施细则不再将呋喃西林作为甲壳类水产品监督抽检项目, 因此从2022年开始国家市场监督管理总局及除港澳台外其余各省、自治区和直辖市公布的食品安全监督抽检信息中没有了虾蟹中呋喃西林项目的不合格数据。
为科学评估甲壳类水产品中SEM残留内源性影响程度, 减少外源性污染包括养殖塘水水质和运输环节污染等干扰, 项目组针对养殖环节和流通环节共采集虾类样品178批次、蟹类样品136批次、养殖塘水79瓶, 其中流通环节主要是野生海水虾和野生海水蟹, 样本来源以三门湾、乐清湾区域为代表, 三门湾和乐清湾是虾蟹主要养殖区域, 三门湾和乐清湾的地理特点是三面环陆, 辖区内水网密布, 众多支流最终都汇集于此, 存在重金属污染、富营养化污染等风险, 可见三门湾、乐清湾区域是天然的污染汇集地。实地调研发现, 在养殖过程中养殖户没有使用禁用兽药呋喃西林, 样品检测以农业部783号公告-1-2006检测标准为主[19-20], 对其SEM含量进行检测。涉及的具体品种有淡水虾、蟹和海水虾蟹, 淡水虾包括小龙虾、青虾、河虾、白虾等, 淡水蟹包括中华绒螯蟹(毛蟹、大闸蟹)等, 海水蟹包括梭子蟹、青蟹, 海水虾包括基围虾、虾姑、对虾、龙虾等, 各样品中SEM检出情况如表5所示。从表5中数据可以发现, 海水类产品中检出率明显低于淡水类(青蟹除外), 海水类除个别在咸淡水交接处养殖外其余皆为野生, 野生海水虾蟹检出平均值为0.33 µg/kg, 但79批养殖塘水中均未检出SEM, 这表明样品中检出的SEM与内源性有关, 但是内源性导致的SEM检出影响较少。另外发现不同品种的虾类样品中, SEM的检出水平差别较大, 蟹类样品的检出水平与其品种关系不大, 检出值大都处于1.5 µg/kg以内, 具体见图1。同时对71批次青蟹数据(表6)分析发现, 销售旺季青蟹的检出率和检出值相对较低, 老蟹的检出值相对较高, 这可能是养殖时间越长, SEM在体内蓄积越多。
根据农业部783号公告-1-2006等检测标准, 水产品中SEM的检测均取可食部位[21], 分析抽检监测和各研究报道的数据发现, 甲壳类水产品中SEM的检出值大多较低, 且未同时检出其他硝基呋喃类代谢物, 由此可推断甲壳类水产品中存在内源性SEM。MCCRACKEN等[22]对孟加拉国野生淡水明虾研究发现, 虾肉和虾壳均有SEM检出, 虾壳中SEM含量明显高于虾肉中SEM含量; 王鼎南等[16]在嘉兴养殖日本沼虾, 期间不使用呋喃西林药物, 每月定期抽样, 发现虾壳中SEM含量是虾肉中的8.43~31.52倍, 且比值随养殖时间逐渐增大; 于慧娟等[18]在千岛湖、洞庭湖、南京、上海、舟山等地取样, 对虾蟹等甲壳类生物体中SEM进行研究, 发现不同品种的虾蟹中SEM含量均呈现出甲壳远高于肌肉的分布特征[23], 由此可以推断, 甲壳在甲壳类水产品SEM内源性来源中扮演着重要角色[24-25], 对于甲壳类水产品内源性SEM的具体产生原理, 目前获得相对共识的是可能与甲壳中的结合蛋白、尿素及氨基酸有关, 是由含氮物质(如精氨酸、组氨酸、瓜氨酸和肌酐)与酰胺或尿素反应形成的, 但具体形成机制还有待研究。
氨基酸是蛋白质的基本构成单位, 是许多动物生物合成和代谢过程中的主要代谢产物, 通常作为前体物质参与物质的代谢, 还可以通过形成催化酶调节代谢。蛋白质通过各种酶的联合作用分解成氨基酸。尿素循环可将体内积累的含氮有毒副产物氨转换为尿素排出体内。HOENICKE等[26]发现甲壳类水产品中含量最丰富的氨基酸是精氨酸, 认为SEM是由含氮物质(如精氨酸、组氨酸、瓜氨酸、尿素和肌酐)通过尿素降解形成。在高盐、高氨氮环境下, 甲壳动物体内的尿素循环加快, 导致血淋巴中的氨和尿素积累, 改变精氨酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性从而影响虾体中的SEM生成, 并且肼作为参与尿素循环的重要中间物质, 可与酸根离子反应生成SEM[27-29]。对此文献[20,30-31]认为虾体中尿素和尿素循环与内源性SEM的生成有潜在关联, 其中肼是一个重要的中间体, 内源SEM的形成与精氨酸的胍基和酰胺基、瓜氨酸和尿素的酰胺结构密切相关。同时工业上通常用尿素与水合肼合成SEM, 推测甲壳类水生动物体内SEM的生成离不开尿素的参与, 在南美白对虾生长期间对参与尿素循环的相关物质含量进行检测后认为对虾体内的精氨酸等物质确实是通过参与尿素循环最终形成SEM。同时渔民在养殖过程中会在养殖池塘里面泼洒大量的尿素以促进池塘底部的水草等植物的生长, 由此推测, 精氨酸和尿素在罗氏沼虾内源性SEM的生成中起到了巨大的作用。
(1)外部环境污染引入SEM
外部污染主要有养殖环节污染和流通环节污染。养殖环节污染主要是养殖场地水质和土壤污染, 流通环节污染主要是使用了含氯消毒剂[32-34]或者因偶氮二甲酰胺热化后污染[35-38]。以青蟹为例, 青蟹养殖位于咸淡水交接处, 在养殖期间需要不断交换养殖水, 在水体遭受污染过程中, SEM不断地从河道汇集到入海口, 并在入海口沉积, SEM水溶性高, 因此沉积物中含量要小于水中, 且沉积物的富集是一个长期过程, 随着河流的冲击, 淤泥会不断地被更新, 淤泥沉积物中的SEM会不断地与水交互, 最终将进入生物体内。徐英江等[39]研究发现, 在入海口临近海域SEM污染普遍存在, 水体中SEM质量浓度在0.18~70.6 μg/L, 沉积物中含量为0.26~18.9 μg/kg。TIAN等[40]在山东北部海湾海水和沉积物中均不同程度检出SEM, 且SEM浓度分布趋势为在靠近河流入湾口出现高位值。于召强等[41]研究发现随着时间推移, 海水中SEM含量逐渐增多, 与近岸养殖的水产品中SEM含量呈正相关。另有研究发现, 甲壳类水生动物可通过摄食水体中的藻类或喂养饲料引入SEM。范清涛等[10]研究发现, 在一些被证实含有SEM的红藻类、褐藻类等作为天然食物被甲壳类水生动物摄食会导致体内产生SEM残留; 在水产养殖业中将含有SEM成分的藻类(如红藻类物质)作为原料生产为饲料, 在虾蟹食用这些饲料后体内产生SEM残留。
(2)养殖过程中非法使用呋喃西林引入SEM
呋喃西林作为广谱抗菌药物, 具有良好的抗菌效果。一些养殖户为了降低水产品疾病发生率, 在养殖过程中可能非法使用呋喃西林药物。呋喃西林进入水生动物体内后, 在弱酸性条件下迅速分解成SEM, 从而与蛋白形成难以代谢的结合体。KWON[42]研究表明, 在混合养殖的过程中, 一些养殖户会将长期饲喂呋喃西林等抗生素的家禽产生的垫料作为肥料施用于池塘, 从而对养殖水体造成SEM污染, 进而进入养殖动物体内。文献[43-45]发现水生动物摄人含有呋喃西林的饲料后无法实现完全代谢, 其代谢物SEM会长期残留在水产动物源性食品中, 最终对人体产生毒副作用。
从上述分析可见, 甲壳类水产品中确实普遍存在着内源性SEM, 但其含量相对较低, 还不足以对人体产生急性或亚急性危害, 但其具有的蓄积毒性特征, 若长期食用可能存在一定的健康风险, 客观上一些养殖户也可能存在非法使用禁用兽药呋喃西林情况。因此亟需摸清不同品种甲壳类水产品中内源性SEM含量水平, 建立甲壳类水产品中呋喃西林代谢物含量数据库, 利用大数据分析等方式设定甲壳类水产品SEM含量检出限值, 如蟹虽然种类较多, 但是SEM检出含量均在一定范围内, 不同虾类中SEM含量虽然差异较大, 但是可以细化到4级分类的最小类等, 为推动国家尽早制定出台水产品中SEM残留限量值标准或规范提供技术支撑。
另一方面, 面对甲壳类水产品中SEM的污染现状, 建议检测机构和相关科研机构深入开展甲壳类水产品中SEM来源途径及内源性SEM形成机制的科学研究, 通过科普宣传减少养殖环节尿素等物质的使用, 推动维护甲壳类水产品产业健康发展。
  • 浙江省市场监督管理局科技计划项目青年项目(QN2025058)
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250418003
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-18
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浙江省市场监督管理局科技计划项目青年项目(QN2025058)
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    台州市食品药品检验研究院, 台州市特色农产品质量安全与品质提升重点实验室, 台州 318000

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* 夏慧丽(1978—), 女, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全检测和分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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