Article(id=1215670321097654598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250411003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744300800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767990611, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767990611, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767990611, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767990611, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=147, endPage=153, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670323551322592, articleId=1215670321097654598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Enrichment of γ-aminobutyric acid in Fagopyrum esculentum by the combination of high-voltage electric field and acidic electrolyzed water treatment, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of high-voltage electric field (HVEF), acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) and their combined treatment on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enrichment in germinating Fagopyrum esculentum. Methods Fagopyrum esculentum seeds were respectively treated with HVEF, AEW, and the combined AEW+HVEF treatment. Morphological indices (100-seed weight, germination rate, shoot length), GABA content, and activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) were measured at different time points during germination (0, 8, 12, 32 and 40 h) to analyze the effects of different treatments on GABA enrichment. Results All treatments increased GABA content in Fagopyrum esculentum, with the combined treatment showing a more significant effect. Under the combined treatment, GABA content in germinating Fagopyrum esculentum reached 198.72 mg/100 g at 24 h of germination, which was 35.6% higher than the control group, and 8.3% and 6.1% higher than the AEW and HVEF single-treatment groups, respectively, demonstrating a significant synergistic effect. The dual regulation of the combined treatment promoted GABA accumulation by activating GAD activity and inhibiting GABA-T and SSADH activities. Conclusion This study analyzes the changes in enzyme activities of the GABA metabolic pathway during Fagopyrum esculentum germination, revealing that the combined treatment of HVEF and AEW achieves efficient GABA enrichment through a dual mechanism of “activating synthesis enzymes and inhibiting decomposition enzymes”. The findings provide a new method for developing functional germinated Fagopyrum esculentum foods.

, correspAuthors=Yu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-Qi WANG, Zhao WANG, Yu-Lei ZHANG, Yun-Yun HAN, Jian-Bing DI, Zhi-Hong FENG, Yu WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670324771865209, articleId=1215670321097654598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=高压电场结合酸性电解水处理富集甜荞γ-氨基丁酸, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究高压电场(high-voltage electric field, HVEF)、酸性电解水(acidic electrolyzed water, AEW)以及二者联合处理对甜荞对γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)富集的影响。方法 对甜荞分别进行HVEF、AEW及联合处理, 测定萌发过程不同时间点(0、8、12、32、40 h)的形态学指标(百粒重、萌发率、芽长), 并检测GABA含量、谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamate decarboxylase, GAD)活性、γ-氨基丁酸转氨酶(γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase, GABA-T)活性及琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶(succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, SSADH)活性, 分析不同处理对GABA富集的影响。结果 不同处理均能提升甜荞中GABA含量而联合处理效果更加显著, 联合处理条件下甜荞萌发24 h GABA含量达198.72 mg/100 g, 较对照组提高35.6%, 较AEW和HVEF处理组分别提高8.3%和6.1%, 表现出显著协同效应。联合处理的双重调控通过激活GAD活性、抑制GABA-T和SSADH活性, 促进了GABA合成。结论 本研究分析甜荞萌发过程中GABA代谢通路酶活性的变化, 揭示了HVEF结合AEW通过“激活合成酶-抑制分解酶”的双重机制实现GABA高效富集, 为功能性荞麦萌动食品开发提供了新方法。

, correspAuthors=王愈, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王愈(1968—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品加工与贮藏。E-mail:
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王佳琦(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为农产品加工与贮藏。E-mail:

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注: 图中不同小写字母表示显著差异(P<0.05), 下同。

, figureFileSmall=myGr/mUgFYbJfXzwbGEcdA==, figureFileBig=D7O/Hw0CxAfb4rGSZETGEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686857719992608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321097654598, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Activity of GAD during the germination process of Fagopyrum esculentum, figureFileSmall=rAWquZexW8j2xZP+e987yQ==, figureFileBig=8YYBulj/qsdWf/L/ragotw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686857824850216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321097654598, language=CN, label=图2, caption=甜荞萌发过程中GAD活性, figureFileSmall=rAWquZexW8j2xZP+e987yQ==, figureFileBig=8YYBulj/qsdWf/L/ragotw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686857929707822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321097654598, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Activities of GABA-T (A) and SSADH (B) during the germination process of Fagopyrum esculentum, figureFileSmall=76p/kfYrP16mQktev3FWeQ==, figureFileBig=BnTNg2JyJpf1JqSX+A0N5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686858076508469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321097654598, language=CN, label=图3, caption=甜荞萌发过程中GABA-T (A)、SSADH (B)活性, figureFileSmall=76p/kfYrP16mQktev3FWeQ==, figureFileBig=BnTNg2JyJpf1JqSX+A0N5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686858235892032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321097654598, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The 100-grain weight of Fagopyrum esculentum during germination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
萌发
时间/h
百粒重/g
CK AEW HVEF AEW+HVEF
0 2.42±0.18d 2.45±0.18d 2.43±0.31d 2.44±0.01d
8 3.74±0.12c 3.74±0.05c 3.74±0.05c 3.74±0.12c
16 4.19±0.03b 4.20±0.01b 4.21±0.04b 4.22±0.12b
24 4.42±0.01a 4.46±0.03a 4.44±0.07ab 4.49±0.02a
32 4.53±0.08a 4.54±0.13a 4.53±0.02a 4.55±0.06a
40 4.56±0.01a 4.55±0.01a 4.56±0.02a 4.57±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1215686858361721163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321097654598, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

甜荞萌发期间百粒重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
萌发
时间/h
百粒重/g
CK AEW HVEF AEW+HVEF
0 2.42±0.18d 2.45±0.18d 2.43±0.31d 2.44±0.01d
8 3.74±0.12c 3.74±0.05c 3.74±0.05c 3.74±0.12c
16 4.19±0.03b 4.20±0.01b 4.21±0.04b 4.22±0.12b
24 4.42±0.01a 4.46±0.03a 4.44±0.07ab 4.49±0.02a
32 4.53±0.08a 4.54±0.13a 4.53±0.02a 4.55±0.06a
40 4.56±0.01a 4.55±0.01a 4.56±0.02a 4.57±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1215686858458190162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321097654598, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Germination rate of Fagopyrum esculentum during germination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
萌发
时间/h
萌发率/%
CK AEW HVEF AEW+HVEF
0 ND ND ND ND
8 ND ND ND ND
16 69.67±1.20d 74.33±0.33c 78.67±0.67b 81.33±0.67a
24 84.67±1.20b 89.00±0.58a 88.67±0.33a 91.00±0.58a
32 100.00a 100.00a 100.00a 100.00a
40 100.00a 100.00a 100.00 a 100.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1215686858579824984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321097654598, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

甜荞萌发期间萌发率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
萌发
时间/h
萌发率/%
CK AEW HVEF AEW+HVEF
0 ND ND ND ND
8 ND ND ND ND
16 69.67±1.20d 74.33±0.33c 78.67±0.67b 81.33±0.67a
24 84.67±1.20b 89.00±0.58a 88.67±0.33a 91.00±0.58a
32 100.00a 100.00a 100.00a 100.00a
40 100.00a 100.00a 100.00 a 100.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1215686858718237020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321097654598, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Bud length of Fagopyrum esculentum during germination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
萌发
时间/h
芽长/mm
CK AEW HVEF AEW+HVEF
0 ND ND ND ND
8 ND ND ND ND
16 3.06±0.08c 3.06±0.06d 3.12±0.10d 3.10±0.06d
24 3.97±0.06b 4.03±0.12c 4.00±0.05c 4.07±0.12c
32 4.22±0.38b 4.24±0.10b 4.25±0.08b 4.24±0.06b
40 4.73±0.13a 4.77±0.12a 4.73±0.12a 4.77±0.06a
), ArticleFig(id=1215686858835677540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321097654598, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

甜荞萌发期间芽长

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
萌发
时间/h
芽长/mm
CK AEW HVEF AEW+HVEF
0 ND ND ND ND
8 ND ND ND ND
16 3.06±0.08c 3.06±0.06d 3.12±0.10d 3.10±0.06d
24 3.97±0.06b 4.03±0.12c 4.00±0.05c 4.07±0.12c
32 4.22±0.38b 4.24±0.10b 4.25±0.08b 4.24±0.06b
40 4.73±0.13a 4.77±0.12a 4.73±0.12a 4.77±0.06a
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高压电场结合酸性电解水处理富集甜荞γ-氨基丁酸
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王佳琦 1, 2 , 王朝 1, 2 , 张玉蕾 1, 2 , 韩云云 2 , 狄建兵 1, 2 , 冯志宏 1, 2 , 王愈 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(14): 147-153
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(14): 147-153
高压电场结合酸性电解水处理富集甜荞γ-氨基丁酸
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王佳琦1, 2 , 王朝1, 2, 张玉蕾1, 2, 韩云云2, 狄建兵1, 2, 冯志宏1, 2, 王愈1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 晋中 030801
  • 2 山西省果蔬贮藏保鲜与加工技术创新中心, 晋中 030801
  • 王佳琦(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为农产品加工与贮藏。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王愈(1968—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品加工与贮藏。E-mail:
Enrichment of γ-aminobutyric acid in Fagopyrum esculentum by the combination of high-voltage electric field and acidic electrolyzed water treatment
Jia-Qi WANG1, 2 , Zhao WANG1, 2, Yu-Lei ZHANG1, 2, Yun-Yun HAN2, Jian-Bing DI1, 2, Zhi-Hong FENG1, 2, Yu WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
  • 2 Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Storage and Processing of Fruit and Vegetable, Jinzhong 030801, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250411003
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目的 探究高压电场(high-voltage electric field, HVEF)、酸性电解水(acidic electrolyzed water, AEW)以及二者联合处理对甜荞对γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)富集的影响。方法 对甜荞分别进行HVEF、AEW及联合处理, 测定萌发过程不同时间点(0、8、12、32、40 h)的形态学指标(百粒重、萌发率、芽长), 并检测GABA含量、谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamate decarboxylase, GAD)活性、γ-氨基丁酸转氨酶(γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase, GABA-T)活性及琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶(succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, SSADH)活性, 分析不同处理对GABA富集的影响。结果 不同处理均能提升甜荞中GABA含量而联合处理效果更加显著, 联合处理条件下甜荞萌发24 h GABA含量达198.72 mg/100 g, 较对照组提高35.6%, 较AEW和HVEF处理组分别提高8.3%和6.1%, 表现出显著协同效应。联合处理的双重调控通过激活GAD活性、抑制GABA-T和SSADH活性, 促进了GABA合成。结论 本研究分析甜荞萌发过程中GABA代谢通路酶活性的变化, 揭示了HVEF结合AEW通过“激活合成酶-抑制分解酶”的双重机制实现GABA高效富集, 为功能性荞麦萌动食品开发提供了新方法。

酸性电解水  /  电场  /  荞麦  /  γ-氨基丁酸  /  酶活力

Objective To investigate the effects of high-voltage electric field (HVEF), acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) and their combined treatment on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enrichment in germinating Fagopyrum esculentum. Methods Fagopyrum esculentum seeds were respectively treated with HVEF, AEW, and the combined AEW+HVEF treatment. Morphological indices (100-seed weight, germination rate, shoot length), GABA content, and activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) were measured at different time points during germination (0, 8, 12, 32 and 40 h) to analyze the effects of different treatments on GABA enrichment. Results All treatments increased GABA content in Fagopyrum esculentum, with the combined treatment showing a more significant effect. Under the combined treatment, GABA content in germinating Fagopyrum esculentum reached 198.72 mg/100 g at 24 h of germination, which was 35.6% higher than the control group, and 8.3% and 6.1% higher than the AEW and HVEF single-treatment groups, respectively, demonstrating a significant synergistic effect. The dual regulation of the combined treatment promoted GABA accumulation by activating GAD activity and inhibiting GABA-T and SSADH activities. Conclusion This study analyzes the changes in enzyme activities of the GABA metabolic pathway during Fagopyrum esculentum germination, revealing that the combined treatment of HVEF and AEW achieves efficient GABA enrichment through a dual mechanism of “activating synthesis enzymes and inhibiting decomposition enzymes”. The findings provide a new method for developing functional germinated Fagopyrum esculentum foods.

acidic electrolyzed water  /  electric field  /  Fagopyrum esculentum  /  γ-aminobutyric acid  /  enzyme activity
王佳琦, 王朝, 张玉蕾, 韩云云, 狄建兵, 冯志宏, 王愈. 高压电场结合酸性电解水处理富集甜荞γ-氨基丁酸. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 147 -153 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250411003
Jia-Qi WANG, Zhao WANG, Yu-Lei ZHANG, Yun-Yun HAN, Jian-Bing DI, Zhi-Hong FENG, Yu WANG. Enrichment of γ-aminobutyric acid in Fagopyrum esculentum by the combination of high-voltage electric field and acidic electrolyzed water treatment[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 147 -153 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250411003
甜荞(Fagopyrum esculentum)是一种无麸质的假谷物, 富含必需氨基酸、膳食纤维、矿物质和生物活性化合物等多种对人体有益的营养成分[1], 在全球粮食体系和健康饮食领域发挥着重要作用。此外在甜荞萌发过程中, 会显著富集γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)[2]。GABA作为一种非蛋白质氨基酸, 对人类和动物具有积极影响, 包括降低血压和抑制癌细胞的增殖[3]、抗焦虑、改善睡眠等多种生理功能[4-5]。GABA的合成与分解, 主要由谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamate decarboxylase, GAD)、γ-氨基丁酸转氨酶(γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase, GABA-T)和琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶(succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, SSADH)等关键酶协同调控[6-7]。GAD作为合成GABA的限速酶, 其活性高低直接影响GABA的合成量[4-8]; 而GABA-T和SSADH则主导GABA的分解代谢过程[6-7]
现有调控技术研究主要集中于温度[9-10]、气调[11-12]、压力[13]及外源添加物[12]的干预。YU等[9]通过低温胁迫黑米籽粒发芽促进了GABA的积累, YOON等[10]研究了低温胁迫对菠菜GABA的影响; YU等[13]的研究发现随着蒸煮压力的升高糙米中GABA的含量显著下降; BRIKIS等[11]结合代谢和转录组学技术分析了低O2和高CO2环境胁迫对苹果果实GABA含量的影响, WU等[12]探究了低氧环境中添加氨基胍对鲜茶叶GABA的影响。这几种加工技术虽展现出巨大潜力, 但仍存在局限, 尤其是低温冻伤、流程复杂及成本高等。近年来, 物理与化学处理技术在调控作物种子萌发及功能性成分积累方面展现出巨大潜力。酸性电解水(acidic electrolyzed water, AEW)是一类新型环境友好型抗菌消毒剂, 通过电解稀氯化钠或盐酸溶液制得。凭借其独特的理化性质, 可调节种子细胞膜透性, 激活酶活性[14-17], 从而影响功能成分的积累。此外AEW接触有机物或被自来水稀释后, 很容易转化为普通水, 对环境或人体健康不构成威胁[18-19]; 高压静电场(high-voltage electric field, HVEF)是一种可控无污染的物理方法, 其在食品加工中的潜力备受关注。许多学者认为其影响机制可能是由于高电压静电电离空气, 使之产生离子雾和一定量的臭氧[20-21], 其中的负离子具有抑制新陈代谢、降低呼吸强度、减弱酶的活性等作用[21], 同时还可通过影响自由基相关生化过程[22-23], 刺激蛋白质和酶的活性[24-25], 提升种子活力。
AEW与HVEF对萌发种子的影响已有报道, HAO等[2]通过微酸性电解水处理提升了荞麦GABA的积累, XU等[26]研究了高压电场对燕麦种子的生物影响, 然而联合处理对甜荞萌发过程中GABA积累及其合成相关酶活性的交互作用机制研究较少。因此本研究创新性地构建酸性电解水与高压电场双重胁迫调控体系, 通过测定萌发参数、GABA含量及代谢酶活性动态变化, 以期揭示其潜在调控机制, 为功能性甜荞萌动食品的开发提供理论依据与技术支撑。
甜荞: 内蒙古赤峰; 酸性电解水: 实验室制得。
GABA标准品(色谱纯, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 次氯酸钠溶液(分析纯, 天津市天力化学试剂有限公司); 无水乙醇(分析纯, 北京华腾化工有限公司); 重蒸苯酚(分析纯, 上海蓝季科技有限公司); 四硼酸钠(分析纯, 天津市北辰方正试剂厂); GAD酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)试剂盒(江苏晶美生物科技有限公司); 植物GABA-TELISA试剂盒、SSADHELISA试剂盒(江苏酶免实业有限公司)。
HVEF实验系统由实验团队自主研发, 该装置中负责产生电场的主要组件: 高压发生器[DW-N303-1AC型高压直流电源(天津东文高压电源厂)]; XYS-C-12型电解功能水生成器(宝鸡新宇光机电有限责任公司); PR224ZH/E型电子天平[精度0.001 g, 奥豪斯仪器(常州)有限公司]; LDZ5-2型低速自动平衡离心机(北京雷勃尔离心机有限公司); UV-1100型分光光度计(上海美谱达仪器有限公司); LRHS-250-Ⅱ型恒温恒湿培养箱(上海跃进医疗器械有限公司); KQ-250DE型超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); HC-2518R型高速冷冻离心机(安徽中科中佳科学仪器有限公司); DL92150P游标卡尺(湖南强德电子科技有限公司); FW400A多功能粉碎机(北京科伟永兴仪器有限公司); ORP-986笔式ORP计(广州市铭睿电子科技有限公司)。
对质量分数为3%的氯化钠溶液进行电解以制备AEW。AEW的处理参数为: 氧化还原电位1140 mV、pH 2.5、有效氯质量浓度101 mg/L。
pH: 用pH计测定; 有效氯: 碘量法测定; 氧化还原电位: 用ORP计测定。
甜荞挑选并清洗后被随机分为4组, 每组设置3个生物学重复。具体处理分组及标签如下: (1) CK(对照组, 35 ℃蒸馏水浸泡3 h后, 在温度25 ℃, 湿度80%环境中萌发40 h); (2) AEW (35 ℃酸性电解水浸泡3 h后, 在温度25 ℃, 湿度80%环境中萌发40 h); (3) HVEF (35 ℃蒸馏水浸泡3 h后接受100 kV/m HVEF处理30 min, 在温度25 ℃, 湿度80%环境中萌发40 h); (4) AEW+HVEF (35 ℃酸性电解水浸泡3 h后接受100 kV/m HVEF处理30 min, 在温度25 ℃, 湿度80%环境中萌发40 h)。
甜荞萌发过程中的形态学指标为芽长、百粒重、萌发率。芽长测量时用游标卡尺测量, 每次测量选取30个样品; 百粒重测量时使用电子天平, 选取100粒样品进行测定, 测量时拿滤纸吸干甜荞表面水分; 萌发率选取100粒样品进行测定, 重复测定3次。
对萌发后样品进行真空冷冻干燥处理, 样品经冻干后使用粉碎机粉碎过80目筛, 样品粉末用塑封袋密封、避光保存, 以待测定。
GABA提取: 称取3 g样品粉末, 加蒸馏水混匀至30 mL后在35 ℃的条件下超声30 min, 提取液5000 r/min离心20 min, 取上清液备测。
GABA测定: 采用Berthelot比色法测定甜荞中GABA含量。
本研究采用ELISA试剂盒对GAD、GABA-T和SSADH酶活性进行定量分析。按照提供方式进行样品的处理, 酶活单位为U/g。
实验结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。采用SPSS 24.0软件进行单因素方差分析, 通过邓肯检验(P<0.05)检测显著性差异, 置信区间为95%。图表通过Origin 2024软件绘制, 所有测量均重复3次。
甜荞萌发期间百粒重变化如表1所示。萌发前中期(0~24 h), 各处理组百粒重随萌发时间显著增加, 从初始约2.43 g左右逐步上升至约4.45 g, 除HVEF组在16~24 h差异不显著外, 其余CK、AEW和AEW+HVEF组的组内差异显著(P<0.05)。萌发后期(32~40 h), 百粒重缓慢上升并趋于稳定, 组内无显著差异。萌发初期百粒重增加主要源于种子吸水膨胀, 随着萌发进行, 胚乳养分(如淀粉)水解为可溶性糖, 支持胚生长, 导致百粒重持续上升[27]。此外萌发中期(24 h) AEW+HVEF联合处理组百粒重高于CK组, AEW与HVEF单独处理也略高于CK组。这表明AEW处理可能通过调节种子细胞膜透性或激活酶活性, 加速营养物质转化(如淀粉水解为可溶性糖), 支持胚生长[8]。同时电场处理通过影响可能涉及自由基的生化过程和刺激蛋白质和酶的活性来提高种子活力[24]。在本研究中AEW+HVEF联合处理可能通过协同作用进一步增强萌发前中期代谢效率。在萌发后期, 百粒重增长趋于稳定, 这可能是由于种子内营养物质消耗与新组织合成达到平衡, 处理效应被生长阶段的自然规律掩盖。
甜荞萌发期间萌发率变化如表2所示。萌发关键期为16~24 h, 在16 h时各处理组萌发率均显著高于CK组, 且联合处理效果最佳为81.33%, 在24 h时萌发率进一步提升, 3种处理组的甜荞萌发率维持在90%左右, CK组仍显著低于处理组(P<0.05)。在32 h时, 甜荞种子全部发芽, 此时各组间无显著差异。从显著性分析角度来看, 联合处理组在16 h萌发率最佳, 表明协同效应显著, 此时HVEF组与AEW组差异显著(P<0.05), 说明单独处理中HVEF更有效。ZHANG等[8]发现AEW处理可以通过酸性环境降解种皮纤维素, 促进水分吸收, 缩短萌发时间, 同时AEW处理可以调节脱落酸和活性氧, 加速种子的萌发[14-15]。CHANG等[16]的研究显示HVEF处理可能通过改变细胞膜电位, 增强透性, 加速营养物质运输, 还可能通过电场刺激胚细胞呼吸作用, 提高代谢速率[24-25]。AEW+HVEF联合处理可能通过酸性环境和电场胁迫双重作用, 进一步打破种子休眠, 促进胚的代谢与生长。
芽长的增长主要是胚根细胞分裂与伸长, 依赖细胞分裂素和生长素的协同作用[28]。甜荞萌发期间芽长变化如表3所示。萌发开始后各组芽长随着萌发时间的增加而增加, 从16 h的约3.06 mm逐步上升至40 h的约4.73 mm, 组内差异显著, 表明了甜荞萌发过程中丰富的代谢活动。与萌发率相比处理组在萌发率中表现出显著优势, 但芽长无差异, 表明处理可能加速萌发进程(缩短萌发时间), 但对芽的最终长度无显著影响。
在荞麦萌发过程中GABA含量变化如图1所示, CK组与各处理组的GABA含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。0 h时, 各组GABA含量无显著差异; 随着萌发时间推进, 处理组GABA含量增速明显快于CK组, 尤其在24 h时, 各组均达到含量峰值。AEW组与HVEF组在24 h时GABA含量均高于CK组, 但显著低于联合处理组(P<0.05)。其中, HVEF组在16~24 h的增长幅度较AEW组更显著, 说明HVEF处理对GABA积累有一定单独促进作用。在发芽的种子中已经证明GABA和酚类化合物的增加[29-30]。AEW的处理调节了种子脱落酸和活性氧代谢[8,15], 同时调节种子细胞膜透性或激活了酶活性[8]。而HVEF通过电场刺激胚细胞呼吸作用, 提高代谢速率[16,24], 促进了种子的萌发。此外, 在24 h时, AEW+HVEF组GABA含量达峰值[(198.72±0.75) mg/100 g], 较对照组提高35.6%, 较AEW和HVEF处理组分别提高8.3%和6.1%, 显著高于其他组(P<0.05), 这可能是由于AEW和HVEF的双重胁迫作用, 激活甜荞GABA代谢通路。总之, AEW、HVEF处理均能促进荞麦萌发过程中GABA积累, 同时AEW+HVEF联合处理存在协同效应, 可显著提升GABA峰值含量。
GAD是催化谷氨酸脱羧生成GABA关键限速酶, 其活性直接影响GABA的合成量[2-3]。如图2所示, 在荞麦萌发过程中, 各处理的GAD活性, 呈现动态变化。同时各处理组GABA含量变化与GAD活性趋势具有相关性。HVEF处理在萌发初期显著激活GAD活性但后续波动大; 后期对应其GABA含量虽高于CK组, 却低于联合处理组。AEW处理则通过持续提升GAD活性, 缓慢促进GABA积累。HAO等[2]也发现AEW处理可以提高GAD的活性, 从而导致发芽荞麦的GABA积累。在AEW+HVEF联合处理下, GAD活性在萌发过程中维持较高水平, 同期GABA含量也达到最高峰值[24 h时(198.72±0.75) mg/100 g]。这表明, GAD活性与GABA的合成呈正相关, GAD活性越强, 催化谷氨酸脱羧生成GABA的效率越高, 这与CHEN等[4]的研究GAD促进GABA合成表现一致。
GABA-T和SSADH是GABA分解代谢的关键酶[2]。GABA-T在GABA支路中处于中间环节, 在GABA支路中GABA-T可以将GABA和α-酮戊二酸催化转氨生成琥珀酸半醛(succinic semialdehyde, SSA)和谷氨酸(glutamic acid, Glu)[6-7], 生成的Glu依然可以参与到GABA的合成中去, 产生的SSA参与后续GABA支路的相关反应[4,7-8]。最后SSADH将GABA-T催化得到的SSA通过脱氢得到琥珀酸并参与三羧酸循环, 这一过程为植物合成ATP提供碳骨架[5,31]
GABA-T活性的变化如图3A所示, 萌发初期CK组GABA-T活性较低, 但随时间延长显著上升, 16 h后活性持续处于较高水平, 加速GABA分解。AEW、HVEF及联合处理(AEW+HVEF)组对GABA-T活性有抑制作用(16 h后)。AEW+HVEF组在0 h活性较高, 但整体低于CK组后期水平; HVEF组在16 h活性达到峰值, 但后续波动下降, 均减少了GABA的分解代谢; AEW组在前中期也表现出了抑制效果。SSADH酶活性的变化如图3B所示, 整体呈现动态变化, CK组在萌发初期SSADH活性较高, 在中后期持续上升, 持续推动GABA分解。AEW组在萌发后期活性升高, 促进了GABA分解, 这一现象可能与AEW组GAD酶在后期活性显著下降有关; HVEF组的活性波动较大, 整体表现出抑制作用; 联合处理组活性相对维持在较低水平, 抑制了GABA分解通路的关键酶, 有利于甜荞GABA的积累。SSADH活性变化不稳定, 呈波动态势, 这是由于其活性不仅受外界理化条件刺激影响, 还取决于作用底物浓度, 高浓度SSA会抑制其活性; 此外, 还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸浓度增加也会使其活性降低[32-33]
总体来说, 在甜荞萌发进程中, 处理组通过调控GAD、GABA-T和SSADH活性影响了GABA代谢。GAD作为GABA支路代谢的限速酶[2,4], 处理组能激活其活性, 推动GABA合成。GABA-T催化GABA分解[6,8], 尽管处理组在萌发初期该酶活性较高, 但整体能抑制其活性, 减少GABA的消耗。而SSADH可催化SSA生成琥珀酸[4,7], 萌发前期, 处理组能显著抑制SSADH活性, 利于GABA积累; 在萌发中后期, 植物自身代谢使SSADH活性波动上升, 加快GABA分解, 导致GABA含量降低。整体来看, 处理组通过优化GABA合成与分解的代谢平衡, 促进GABA积累, 其中AEW+HVEF联合处理的效果更为显著。
本研究系统探讨了AEW、HVEF及其联合处理对甜荞萌发过程中形态学指标及GABA代谢的影响。结果表明, 各处理组在萌发前中期通过不同机制显著加速了种子吸水和营养物质转化。在GABA代谢调控方面, 联合处理组通过双重胁迫激活了GAD酶活性, 同时处理组抑制了GABA分解关键酶GABA-T和SSADH的活性, 尤其在萌发前期有效减少了GABA的消耗。其中, HVEF处理GAD的瞬时激活作用显著, 而AEW处理则通过持续提升GAD活性和抑制GABA-T活性, 形成更稳定的促进效果。联合处理组通过协同优化GABA合成与分解的代谢平衡, 最终实现GABA的高效积累。综上, AEW与HVEF联合处理可作为一种高效的甜荞萌发调控技术, 其机制涉及细胞膜透性调节、酶活性激活及代谢通路优化。该研究为功能性荞麦萌动食品的开发提供了理论依据, 未来可进一步探索处理参数与GABA积累的剂量效应关系, 以及联合处理对其他营养成分的影响。
  • 山西省研究生实践创新项目(2024SJ121)
  • 吕梁市重点研发项目(2024NY14)
  • 晋中国家农高区食品科学与工程教授
  • 博士工作站资助项目(JZNGQBSGZZ003)
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250411003
  • 接收时间:2025-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-11
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山西省研究生实践创新项目(2024SJ121)
吕梁市重点研发项目(2024NY14)
晋中国家农高区食品科学与工程教授
博士工作站资助项目(JZNGQBSGZZ003)
作者信息
    1 山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 晋中 030801
    2 山西省果蔬贮藏保鲜与加工技术创新中心, 晋中 030801

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*王愈(1968—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为农产品加工与贮藏。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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