Article(id=1215670314906866412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250406001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743868800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767989136, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767989136, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767989136, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767989136, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=89, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670315548594962, articleId=1215670314906866412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Rapid identification of local variety lamb in Henan Province by near infrared spectroscopy, columnId=1215670315447931654, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Non-destructive Detection Technology in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a qualitative identification model and rapid identification method of local mutton in Henan province by using near infrared spectroscopy and fisher method. Methods A total of 181 mutton samples were selected from 5 local sheep breeds and 1 Huyang breed in Henan Province, and dried powder samples were prepared. Spectral scanning was performed in the wavelength range of 1400-2500 nm, and discrimination models were established through different pretreatment. Results The results showed that the spectral patterns of different breeds of mutton showed the same trend, and the original spectra could be used to identify sheep and goats with an accuracy of 94.0% and 85.0%, respectively. After spectrum processing by smoothing, first-order derivation, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and other different methods, the discrimination accuracy was improved, among which the combination of first-order derivation+MSC had the best effect, the discrimination accuracy of 1400-2500 nm wavelength was 100.0%, and the cross-validation rate was 92.8%. When the model was used to identify 6 varieties of mutton, the accuracy of calibration set reached 100.0%, the cross-validation rate was above 87.5%, and the prediction set of 4 varieties reached 100.0%. After wavelength segmentation, the prediction accuracy for the range of 1400-1620 nm was the best, but the accuracy of individual identification decreased; For different discrimination methods, the identification accuracy of sophora goat was all above 95.0%. Conclusion In summary, near infrared spectroscopy technology in the long-wave range of 1400-2500 nm could accurately identify the variety of mutton, of which the first derivative+MSC preconditioning was the best. For the different varieties, the accuracy of sophora goats was the highest.

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目的 利用近红外光谱技术和费歇尔(Fisher)判别法, 建立河南省地方品种羊肉定性判别模型和快速鉴别方法。方法 试验选择河南省地方羊品种5个和湖羊品种1个, 共计181个羊肉样品, 制成粉末干样, 在1400~2500 nm波长范围进行光谱扫描, 通过不同的预处理, 建立判别模型。结果 不同品种羊肉光谱图变化趋势一致, 原始光谱可以进行绵羊和山羊品种的鉴别, 正确率分别达到94.0%和85.0%以上; 通过平滑, 一阶求导, 多元散射校正(multiplicative scatter correction, MSC)和不同方法组合进行光谱处理后, 判别正确率均提高, 其中以一阶求导+MSC组合效果最好; 1400~2500 nm波长判别正确率达100.0%, 交叉验证率92.8%, 用该模型对6个品种羊肉进行鉴别, 校正集正确率均达到100.0%, 交叉验证正确率在87.5%以上, 预测集有4个品种正确率达到100.0%; 波长分段后, 1400~1620 nm预测准确性最好, 但个体鉴别准确性降低; 不同判别方法槐山羊的鉴别正确率均达到95.0%以上。结论 近红外光谱技术1400~2500 nm长波段可以准确鉴别羊肉品种, 其中以一阶求导+MSC预处理效果最好, 不同品种间以槐山羊判别正确率最高。

, correspAuthors=高腾云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*高腾云(1964—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为奶牛集约化生产。E-mail:
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李改英(1979—), 女, 硕士, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为动物集约化生产及育种。E-mail:

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李改英(1979—), 女, 硕士, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为动物集约化生产及育种。E-mail:

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Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2023, 14(4): 153-161., articleTitle=Application of infrared spectroscopy technology in quality inspection and safety assessment of fish products, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215686861859770817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, awardId=CARS36, language=CN, fundingSource=国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目(CARS36), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1215686862023348679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, awardId=2024XJGLX016, language=CN, fundingSource=2024年校级教改项目成果项目(2024XJGLX016), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215686853450190874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686853454385179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, companyId=1215686853450190874, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686853462773788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, companyId=1215686853450190874, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河南农业大学动物科技学院, 郑州 450046)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215686857740964129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Original spectral diagram of dried mutton sample, figureFileSmall=5Msm98kVR+bELsg9FS31OQ==, figureFileBig=bf71ziTKvIYZRArDA+sRdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686857824850217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=图1, caption=羊肉干样原始光谱图, figureFileSmall=5Msm98kVR+bELsg9FS31OQ==, figureFileBig=bf71ziTKvIYZRArDA+sRdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686857950679345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Average spectral diagrams of 6 varieties of mutton, figureFileSmall=wau+cgsVHQsZ7ciWVfPS8Q==, figureFileBig=wrU4m542YSCSetXEo2/L0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686858080702775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=图2, caption=6个品种羊肉的平均光谱图, figureFileSmall=wau+cgsVHQsZ7ciWVfPS8Q==, figureFileBig=wrU4m542YSCSetXEo2/L0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686858235892033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Scatter plot of the original spectral canonical discriminant function across the full spectral band, figureFileSmall=QeNbCKJhT/vApA/+i01AmA==, figureFileBig=XPNMB37u/6PgiHaGu2uvww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686858344943946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=全波段原始光谱典则判别函数散点图, figureFileSmall=QeNbCKJhT/vApA/+i01AmA==, figureFileBig=XPNMB37u/6PgiHaGu2uvww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686858428830031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Scatter diagram of discriminant function after first order differentiation of 1400-2500 nm spectrum+MSC treatment, figureFileSmall=2hGxfxaek1Cw6GQj0Mx7dA==, figureFileBig=OGoZRystix0K4yW7Zlvt7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686858516910421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1400~2500 nm光谱一阶求导+MSC处理后典则判别函数散点图, figureFileSmall=2hGxfxaek1Cw6GQj0Mx7dA==, figureFileBig=OGoZRystix0K4yW7Zlvt7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686858609185115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Scatterplot of discriminant function of the 1400-1620 nm spectrum of various lamb varieties after first order differentiation+MSC treatment, figureFileSmall=g2n9BA6nMQHUQM43JVujkA==, figureFileBig=0xwa4cdH4oMkmPjcyZXOyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686858726625630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各品种羊肉1400~1620 nm波段光谱经一阶求导+MSC处理后典则判别函数散点图, figureFileSmall=g2n9BA6nMQHUQM43JVujkA==, figureFileBig=0xwa4cdH4oMkmPjcyZXOyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686858827288934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Cumulative contribution rates of principal components for each band (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分 1400~1620 nm 1730~1840 nm 2060~2500 nm 1400~2500 nm
贡献率 累计贡献率 贡献率 累计贡献率 贡献率 累计贡献率 贡献率 累计贡献率
1 99.357 99.357 99.897 99.897 99.510 99.510 99.687 99.687
2 0.568 99.925 0.091 99.988 0.232 99.742 0.197 99.866
3 0.050 99.974 0.009 99.997 0.210 99.952 0.097 99.962
4 0.023 99.997 0.002 99.999 0.040 99.992 0.027 99.989
5 0.002 99.999 0.001 99.999 0.002 99.997 0.005 99.994
6 0.000 99.999 0.000 99.999 0.001 99.998 0.002 99.997
7 0.000 99.999 0.000 99.999 0.000 99.999 0.002 99.999
), ArticleFig(id=1215686858953118060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各波段主成分累计贡献率(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主成分 1400~1620 nm 1730~1840 nm 2060~2500 nm 1400~2500 nm
贡献率 累计贡献率 贡献率 累计贡献率 贡献率 累计贡献率 贡献率 累计贡献率
1 99.357 99.357 99.897 99.897 99.510 99.510 99.687 99.687
2 0.568 99.925 0.091 99.988 0.232 99.742 0.197 99.866
3 0.050 99.974 0.009 99.997 0.210 99.952 0.097 99.962
4 0.023 99.997 0.002 99.999 0.040 99.992 0.027 99.989
5 0.002 99.999 0.001 99.999 0.002 99.997 0.005 99.994
6 0.000 99.999 0.000 99.999 0.001 99.998 0.002 99.997
7 0.000 99.999 0.000 99.999 0.000 99.999 0.002 99.999
), ArticleFig(id=1215686859074752879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Discrimination accuracy rate of original spectra within the range of 1400-2500 nm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际品种 预测品种 总计 正确率
/%
1 2 3 4 5 6
校正集
样品
1 5 0 1 1 0 1 8 62.5
2 0 42 0 5 1 0 48 87.5
3 4 0 16 1 1 2 24 66.7
4 4 6 2 10 2 0 24 41.7
5 0 1 1 0 22 0 24 91.7
6 0 0 0 1 0 19 20 95.0
交叉验证集样品 1 4 0 1 1 0 2 8 50.0
2 0 41 0 6 1 0 48 85.4
3 4 0 15 2 1 2 24 62.5
4 4 7 2 9 2 0 24 37.5
5 2 1 1 0 20 0 24 83.0
6 0 0 0 1 0 19 20 95.0
预测集
样品
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0
2 0 7 0 2 1 0 10 70.0
3 1 0 3 1 0 0 5 60.0
4 1 1 1 3 0 0 6 50.0
5 0 1 1 0 4 0 6 66.6
6 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215686859162833266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1400~2500 nm原始光谱判别正确率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际品种 预测品种 总计 正确率
/%
1 2 3 4 5 6
校正集
样品
1 5 0 1 1 0 1 8 62.5
2 0 42 0 5 1 0 48 87.5
3 4 0 16 1 1 2 24 66.7
4 4 6 2 10 2 0 24 41.7
5 0 1 1 0 22 0 24 91.7
6 0 0 0 1 0 19 20 95.0
交叉验证集样品 1 4 0 1 1 0 2 8 50.0
2 0 41 0 6 1 0 48 85.4
3 4 0 15 2 1 2 24 62.5
4 4 7 2 9 2 0 24 37.5
5 2 1 1 0 20 0 24 83.0
6 0 0 0 1 0 19 20 95.0
预测集
样品
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0
2 0 7 0 2 1 0 10 70.0
3 1 0 3 1 0 0 5 60.0
4 1 1 1 3 0 0 6 50.0
5 0 1 1 0 4 0 6 66.6
6 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215686859301245308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Accuracy rate of classification and identification of goat and sheep mutton

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际品种 预测品种 总计 正确率/%
1 2
校正集样品 1 66 4 70 94.3
2 11 63 74 85.1
交叉验证集样品 1 66 4 70 94.3
2 11 63 74 85.1
预测集样品 1 17 1 18 94.4
2 2 17 19 89.4
), ArticleFig(id=1215686859414491519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分类判别山羊和绵羊品种羊肉正确率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际品种 预测品种 总计 正确率/%
1 2
校正集样品 1 66 4 70 94.3
2 11 63 74 85.1
交叉验证集样品 1 66 4 70 94.3
2 11 63 74 85.1
预测集样品 1 17 1 18 94.4
2 2 17 19 89.4
), ArticleFig(id=1215686859548709260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Discriminant accuracy of different pretreatment methods (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预处理方法 1400~1620 nm 1730~1840 nm 2060~2500 nm 1400~2500 nm
PC 正确率 交叉验证 PC 正确率 交叉验证 PC 正确率 交叉验证 PC 正确率 交叉验证
原始光谱 5 66.3 62.4 4 50.8 49.7 7 62.4 61.9 6 73.6 77.3
卷积平滑 5 65.7 62.4 4 51.4 49.7 7 62.4 61.9 4 80.0 77.3
一阶求导+去趋势 4 96.7 89.0 3 79.6 70.2 11 93.9 82.3 2 98.3 91.2
一阶求导 4 97.8 85.6 4 71.8 65.7 9 100.0 82.3 8 98.3 89.5
SNV 4 77.3 76.8 2 54.1 53.6 5 90.1 89.0 2 93.4 91.2
MSC 4 79.0 78.5 2 55.2 55.2 6 95.6 93.4 4 93.4 92.8
一阶求导+SNV 11 100.0 91.7 8 88.4 79.6 9 100.0 90.1 11 100.0 90.6
一阶求导+MSC 9 100.0 92.3 7 82.3 70.7 9 100.0 84.5 12 100.0 92.8
一阶求导+卷积平滑 4 94.5 86.7 4 81.8 77.3 8 97.2 91.7 6 96.7 90.1
), ArticleFig(id=1215686860878303632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同预处理方法判别正确率(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预处理方法 1400~1620 nm 1730~1840 nm 2060~2500 nm 1400~2500 nm
PC 正确率 交叉验证 PC 正确率 交叉验证 PC 正确率 交叉验证 PC 正确率 交叉验证
原始光谱 5 66.3 62.4 4 50.8 49.7 7 62.4 61.9 6 73.6 77.3
卷积平滑 5 65.7 62.4 4 51.4 49.7 7 62.4 61.9 4 80.0 77.3
一阶求导+去趋势 4 96.7 89.0 3 79.6 70.2 11 93.9 82.3 2 98.3 91.2
一阶求导 4 97.8 85.6 4 71.8 65.7 9 100.0 82.3 8 98.3 89.5
SNV 4 77.3 76.8 2 54.1 53.6 5 90.1 89.0 2 93.4 91.2
MSC 4 79.0 78.5 2 55.2 55.2 6 95.6 93.4 4 93.4 92.8
一阶求导+SNV 11 100.0 91.7 8 88.4 79.6 9 100.0 90.1 11 100.0 90.6
一阶求导+MSC 9 100.0 92.3 7 82.3 70.7 9 100.0 84.5 12 100.0 92.8
一阶求导+卷积平滑 4 94.5 86.7 4 81.8 77.3 8 97.2 91.7 6 96.7 90.1
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861008327061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

First order differentiation of 1400-2500 nm spectrum+MSC treatment discrimination accuracy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际品种 预测品种 总计 正确率/%
1 2 3 4 5 6
校正集
样品
1 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 100.0
2 0 48 0 0 0 0 48 100.0
3 4 0 24 0 0 0 24 100.0
4 4 0 0 24 0 0 24 100.0
5 0 0 0 0 24 0 24 100.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 100.0
交叉验证集样品 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 8 87.5
2 1 44 0 1 2 0 48 91.7
3 0 0 22 2 0 0 24 91.7
4 0 0 2 21 1 0 24 87.5
5 0 1 2 0 21 0 24 87.5
6 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 100.0
预测集
样品
1 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 100.0
2 0 9 0 1 0 0 10 90.0
3 1 0 4 1 0 0 5 80.0
4 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 100.0
5 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 100.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861121573275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

1400~2500 nm光谱一阶求导+MSC处理判别正确率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际品种 预测品种 总计 正确率/%
1 2 3 4 5 6
校正集
样品
1 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 100.0
2 0 48 0 0 0 0 48 100.0
3 4 0 24 0 0 0 24 100.0
4 4 0 0 24 0 0 24 100.0
5 0 0 0 0 24 0 24 100.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 100.0
交叉验证集样品 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 8 87.5
2 1 44 0 1 2 0 48 91.7
3 0 0 22 2 0 0 24 91.7
4 0 0 2 21 1 0 24 87.5
5 0 1 2 0 21 0 24 87.5
6 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 100.0
预测集
样品
1 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 100.0
2 0 9 0 1 0 0 10 90.0
3 1 0 4 1 0 0 5 80.0
4 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 100.0
5 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 100.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861226430877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

First order differentiation of 1400-1620 nm spectrum +MSC treatment discrimination accuracy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际品种 预测品种 总计 正确率/%
1 2 3 4 5 6
校正集
样品
1 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 100.0
2 0 48 0 0 0 0 48 100.0
3 0 0 24 0 0 0 24 100.0
4 0 0 0 24 0 0 24 100.0
5 0 0 0 0 24 0 24 100.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 100.0
交叉验证集样品 1 6 2 0 0 0 0 8 75.0
2 1 41 1 5 0 0 48 85.4
3 0 1 19 3 1 0 24 79.2
4 0 1 2 19 2 0 24 79.2
5 0 1 2 0 21 0 24 87.5
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100.0
预测集
样品
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 100.0
2 0 9 1 0 0 0 10 90.0
3 0 0 4 1 0 0 5 80.0
4 0 0 1 5 0 0 6 83.3
5 0 0 0 1 5 0 6 83.3
6 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861373231527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

1400~1620 nm光谱一阶求导+MSC处理判别正确率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际品种 预测品种 总计 正确率/%
1 2 3 4 5 6
校正集
样品
1 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 100.0
2 0 48 0 0 0 0 48 100.0
3 0 0 24 0 0 0 24 100.0
4 0 0 0 24 0 0 24 100.0
5 0 0 0 0 24 0 24 100.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 100.0
交叉验证集样品 1 6 2 0 0 0 0 8 75.0
2 1 41 1 5 0 0 48 85.4
3 0 1 19 3 1 0 24 79.2
4 0 1 2 19 2 0 24 79.2
5 0 1 2 0 21 0 24 87.5
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100.0
预测集
样品
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 100.0
2 0 9 1 0 0 0 10 90.0
3 0 0 4 1 0 0 5 80.0
4 0 0 1 5 0 0 6 83.3
5 0 0 0 1 5 0 6 83.3
6 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861499060654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Discriminant accuracy after first order differentiation of 2060-2500 nm spectrum plus +SNV treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际品种 预测品种 总计 正确率
/%
1 2 3 4 5 6
校正集
样品
1 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 100.0
2 0 48 0 0 0 0 48 100.0
3 0 0 24 0 0 0 24 100.0
4 0 0 0 24 0 0 24 100.0
5 0 0 0 0 24 0 24 100.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 100.0
交叉验证集样品 1 5 0 2 1 0 0 8 62.5
2 0 44 0 2 2 0 48 91.7
3 1 2 15 4 2 0 24 62.5
4 0 2 1 20 1 0 24 83.3
5 0 4 1 0 19 0 24 79.2
6 0 0 0 1 0 19 20 95.0
预测集
样品
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 100.0
2 0 7 1 2 0 0 10 70.0
3 0 0 4 1 0 0 5 80.0
4 0 1 1 4 0 0 6 66.6
5 0 2 0 1 3 0 6 50.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215686861641666996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670314906866412, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2060~2500 nm光谱一阶求导+SNV处理后判别正确率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实际品种 预测品种 总计 正确率
/%
1 2 3 4 5 6
校正集
样品
1 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 100.0
2 0 48 0 0 0 0 48 100.0
3 0 0 24 0 0 0 24 100.0
4 0 0 0 24 0 0 24 100.0
5 0 0 0 0 24 0 24 100.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 100.0
交叉验证集样品 1 5 0 2 1 0 0 8 62.5
2 0 44 0 2 2 0 48 91.7
3 1 2 15 4 2 0 24 62.5
4 0 2 1 20 1 0 24 83.3
5 0 4 1 0 19 0 24 79.2
6 0 0 0 1 0 19 20 95.0
预测集
样品
1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 100.0
2 0 7 1 2 0 0 10 70.0
3 0 0 4 1 0 0 5 80.0
4 0 1 1 4 0 0 6 66.6
5 0 2 0 1 3 0 6 50.0
6 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 100.0
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近红外光谱技术快速鉴别河南省地方品种羊肉
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李改英 , 李品, 黄英杰, 李如一, 高腾云*
作者信息
  • 河南农业大学动物科技学院, 郑州 450046
  • 李改英(1979—), 女, 硕士, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为动物集约化生产及育种。E-mail:

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*高腾云(1964—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为奶牛集约化生产。E-mail:
Rapid identification of local variety lamb in Henan Province by near infrared spectroscopy
Gai-Ying LI , Pin LI, Ying-Jie HUANG, Ru-Yi LI, Teng-Yun GAO*
Affiliations
  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250406001
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目的 利用近红外光谱技术和费歇尔(Fisher)判别法, 建立河南省地方品种羊肉定性判别模型和快速鉴别方法。方法 试验选择河南省地方羊品种5个和湖羊品种1个, 共计181个羊肉样品, 制成粉末干样, 在1400~2500 nm波长范围进行光谱扫描, 通过不同的预处理, 建立判别模型。结果 不同品种羊肉光谱图变化趋势一致, 原始光谱可以进行绵羊和山羊品种的鉴别, 正确率分别达到94.0%和85.0%以上; 通过平滑, 一阶求导, 多元散射校正(multiplicative scatter correction, MSC)和不同方法组合进行光谱处理后, 判别正确率均提高, 其中以一阶求导+MSC组合效果最好; 1400~2500 nm波长判别正确率达100.0%, 交叉验证率92.8%, 用该模型对6个品种羊肉进行鉴别, 校正集正确率均达到100.0%, 交叉验证正确率在87.5%以上, 预测集有4个品种正确率达到100.0%; 波长分段后, 1400~1620 nm预测准确性最好, 但个体鉴别准确性降低; 不同判别方法槐山羊的鉴别正确率均达到95.0%以上。结论 近红外光谱技术1400~2500 nm长波段可以准确鉴别羊肉品种, 其中以一阶求导+MSC预处理效果最好, 不同品种间以槐山羊判别正确率最高。

近红外光谱技术  /  河南省地方品种  /  羊肉  /  定性鉴别

Objective To establish a qualitative identification model and rapid identification method of local mutton in Henan province by using near infrared spectroscopy and fisher method. Methods A total of 181 mutton samples were selected from 5 local sheep breeds and 1 Huyang breed in Henan Province, and dried powder samples were prepared. Spectral scanning was performed in the wavelength range of 1400-2500 nm, and discrimination models were established through different pretreatment. Results The results showed that the spectral patterns of different breeds of mutton showed the same trend, and the original spectra could be used to identify sheep and goats with an accuracy of 94.0% and 85.0%, respectively. After spectrum processing by smoothing, first-order derivation, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and other different methods, the discrimination accuracy was improved, among which the combination of first-order derivation+MSC had the best effect, the discrimination accuracy of 1400-2500 nm wavelength was 100.0%, and the cross-validation rate was 92.8%. When the model was used to identify 6 varieties of mutton, the accuracy of calibration set reached 100.0%, the cross-validation rate was above 87.5%, and the prediction set of 4 varieties reached 100.0%. After wavelength segmentation, the prediction accuracy for the range of 1400-1620 nm was the best, but the accuracy of individual identification decreased; For different discrimination methods, the identification accuracy of sophora goat was all above 95.0%. Conclusion In summary, near infrared spectroscopy technology in the long-wave range of 1400-2500 nm could accurately identify the variety of mutton, of which the first derivative+MSC preconditioning was the best. For the different varieties, the accuracy of sophora goats was the highest.

near infrared reflectance spectroscopy  /  local breeds of Henan Province  /  mutton  /  qualitative identification
李改英, 李品, 黄英杰, 李如一, 高腾云. 近红外光谱技术快速鉴别河南省地方品种羊肉. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 89 -96 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250406001
Gai-Ying LI, Pin LI, Ying-Jie HUANG, Ru-Yi LI, Teng-Yun GAO. Rapid identification of local variety lamb in Henan Province by near infrared spectroscopy[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 89 -96 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250406001
羊肉作为一种重要肉类产品, 营养物质丰富, 具有蛋白质含量高、脂肪低, 胆固醇低的营养特性[1], 同时含有大量的风味前体物质, 在加工的过程中发生联合反应, 释放出特有的香味[2-3], 此外, 中医上羊肉性干热, 助元补血疗肺虚, 因此还具有很好的滋补功效和药用价值。目前市面上羊肉的品质不一, 常出现以次充好的情况[4], 不仅危害消费者权益也影响羊肉产业的健康发展[5]。肉类鉴别方法有感官法、化学分析法、基因技术和免疫技术等[6]。感官法主要是“一看、二摸、三煮、四尝”的方式, 包括观察羊肉的纹理, 肥肉和瘦肉的分布程度是否均匀, 颜色和口感等, 受主观性影响较大[7], 其他方法需要专门的前处理, 检测设备和专业技术人员, 达不到经济、快速的需求。近红外光谱技术作为一种新型快速检测技术, 已广泛的应用于化学、生物、食品、农业等领域[8], 其原理基于近红外光与分子相互作用, 分子化学键在分子振动时会发生拉伸、弯曲、扭转等运动, 这些振动模式与特定的频率相关联, 形成有吸收峰的特征光谱[9]。肉中含有多种有机物, 不同基团在某些波段上会有特征吸收, 而未被吸收的光通过样品后被检测器吸收, 根据样品中分子吸收光的强度和波长可以推断出样品的化学组成和结构[10], 目前近红外技术在肉类定性分析中有着众多研究, 包括等级鉴别, 品种鉴别, 物种鉴别和溯源等[11]。如张宁等[12]利用近红外光谱技术, 对4个产地的144份羊肉样品进行溯源和鉴别分析, 可以正确识别4个不同产地的羊肉样品, 张玉华等[13]采用近红外光谱技术主成分分析判别分析法, 分别建立了判别牛肉和羊肉掺猪肉的模型, 其训练集准确率分别为97.86%和98.28%; GANGIDI等[14]采用近红外光谱技术鉴别掺假牛肉, 判别正确率达87%; 赵红波等[15]采用近红外漫反射光谱的短波建立了判别猪肉、牛肉的模型, 识别率达到100%; 王昱陆等[16]在400~1000 nm波段利用近红外光谱技术建立判别4种羊肉的模型, 在400~430 nm波段建立的模型判别准确率达到93.6%, 交叉验证准确率达到89.4%。COZZOLINO等[17]利用近红外光谱检测技术, 利用主成分分析和偏最小二乘对牛肉, 猪肉, 羊肉和鸡肉建立回归模型, 判别正确率达80%。
综上研究, 近红外对肉类的鉴别取得了一定的进展, 但大部分集中于短波段的研究, 针对长波段的研究较少, 所用判别方法各不相同, 图像数据有高维性, 费歇尔判别能很好地处理图像数据, 进行分类识别。河南省作为农业大省, 地理环境优越, 拥有丰富的地方羊品种资源, 地方品种羊肉有风味独特, 营养价值高等特点, 针对河南省地方品种羊肉鉴别缺乏研究。本研究采用近红外光谱长波段扫描得到相应图谱, 通过转换建立费歇尔判别模型, 进行地方品种羊肉鉴别, 探讨地方品种羊肉近红外快速鉴别方法, 同时对河南省地方羊品种资源保护, 羊肉市场开发和羊肉识别提供借鉴。
于2023年1—12月期间, 按照年龄, 体重, 性别一致的原则, 采集来自河南省不同地区不同品种的羊181只, 按照NY/T 3469—2019《畜禽屠宰操作规程 羊》进行屠宰, 其中太行黑山羊10只, 湖羊58只, 尧山白山羊29只, 伏牛白山羊30只, 太行裘皮羊30只, 槐山羊24只。
Spectrastar 1400XL-3近红外光谱仪(波长范围在1400~2500 nm, 美国Unity公司), 用Inferstar软件(系统配套的光谱采集软件)进行光谱采集; DHG电热恒温干燥箱(郑州生元仪器有限公司); QSG绞肉机(小熊电器股份有限公司); FWJ-04磨粉机(武义海纳电器有限公司)。
屠宰后, 取胸腰结合处背最长肌500~1000 g, 剔除脂肪和筋膜, 搅碎、烘干、磨粉, 进行红外扫描。
将采集的羊肉样品搅碎、烘干、磨粉后用近红外光谱仪进行红外扫描和信息的采集, 每次开机前预热30~60 min, 装填量不超过样品杯的2/3, 每次扫描结束后清理干净, 保证每次样品装填不受干扰, 每个样品填装3次, 每次填装扫描100次, 最终样品为3次填装软件平均处理后的光谱图。
样品经仪器扫描后得到原始光谱图, 进行光谱数据转换, 采用Unscrambler 10.4软件对原始光谱数据进行卷积平滑、一阶求导(1ST)、一阶求导+去趋势、标准正态变换(standard normal variate, SNV)、多元散射校正(multiplicative scatter correction, MSC)、一阶求导+MSC、一阶求导+SNV、一阶导数+卷积平滑等方式预处理, 用SPSS27.0分析软件对所得数据进行分析。
采用SPSS27.0软件对原始数据进行主成分分析, 将原本多个自变量进行降维, 提取有效的光谱特征, 以主成分作为变量, 利用费歇尔(Fisher)判别分析建立判别函数模型。采用留一法进行交叉验证, 取其中1个样本点用作验证集, 其余n-1个样本用作训练集。取n次判别的平均值作为总体判别的正确率。一般来说, 交叉验证正确率要达70%~90%才能确保模型的有效。
图1为不同品种羊肉的原始光谱图, 图2为6个品种的平均光谱图。由图1可知不同品种羊肉图谱曲线走向基本一致, 在1510、1720、2060、2300、2350 nm波段附近处有明显的波峰, 在1650、1858、2013、2097、2229、2326 nm波段附近处有波谷出现。由图2知, 不同的品种占据空间区域不同, 结合光谱预处理, 1400~1620 nm、1730~1840 nm、2060~2500 nm 3个区域分离清楚有明显的吸收峰, 且各品种平均光谱图重叠性和交叉比较少, 确定3段区域为特征光谱区域。
由于试验采集的数据在1400~2500 nm波段内数据量多、计算量大, 故用SPSS软件对1400~1620 nm、1730~1840 nm、2060~2500 nm具有明显特征的波段进行主成分分析, 同时分析全波段数据。从表1可以看到1400~1620 nm波段前5个主成分累计贡献率达到99.999%, 所以选前5个主成分代表该波段的主要信息; 1730~1840 nm波段前4个主成分累计贡献率达到99.999%, 所以选前4个主成分代表该波段的主要信息; 2060~2500 nm波段前7个主成分累计贡献率达到99.999%, 所以选前7个主成分代表该波段的主要信息。1400~2500波段前7个主成分累计贡献率达到99.999%, 选前7个主成分代表该波段的主要信息。
根据要求将各个品种的羊肉数据分为校正集和预测集, 由于部分品种样本数量不大, 保证模型的准确性, 按照校正集样品占比80%进行分组。校正集: 太行黑山羊8个、湖羊48个、尧山白山羊24个、伏牛白山羊24个、太行裘皮羊24个、槐山羊20个, 共计148个样本; 预测集: 太行黑山羊2个、湖羊10个、尧山白山羊5个、伏牛白山羊6个、太行裘皮羊6个、槐山羊4个, 共计33个。结合主成分分析, 用Fisher线性判别分析法建立判别函数模型, 先进行全波段分析判断。从表2中可以看出, 6号槐山羊的判别正确率最高, 校正集、交叉验证集、预测集的正确率分别为95.0%、95.0%、100.0%, 其次是2号品种湖羊和5号太行裘皮羊, 其校正集和交叉验证集判别正确率在80%以上, 伏牛白山羊和太行黑山羊正确率较低, 品种交叉重叠较多。
图3为6个不同品种典则判别函数散点图, 由图可知, 大部分品种都有独立的分布区域, 槐山羊和其他各品种距离较远, 边界清晰, 分布明显, 其校正集和预测集的正确率也比较高。其他品种部分个体有重叠, 与判别式结果一致, 需要进一步做光谱处理。
把不同品种进行汇聚分类, 分为绵羊和山羊两大类进行判别。从表3可以看出品种合并后判别正确率显著提高, 均在85.0%以上, 达到了判别函数正确率的基本要求, 对绵羊判别正确率高于山羊。虽然大类判别结果正确率提高, 但如果想进一步判别属于哪个品种, 还需要将数据进一步处理。
近红外光谱信号容易受到随机噪音、基线漂移和光散射等因素干扰, 不同的预处理可提取光谱的特征信息, 消除噪音和干扰, 降低样品均匀度和颜色差异等因素影响, 提高聚类性和稳定性[18]。由表4知全波段和分波段通过不同的预处理后, 判别的正确率明显提高, 一阶导数处理效果较好, 除了1730~1840 nm波段, 正确率均在90.0%以上, 全波段的判断正确率整体高于分波段, 一阶求导+ MSC预处理正确率最高, 判别正确率和交叉验证正确率分别为100.0%和92.8%。在1400~1620 nm范围内, 一阶导数+MSC, 取主成分为9时, 判别正确率和交叉验证正确率达到100.0%和92.3%, 其次是一阶求导+SNV, 判别正确率和交叉验证正确率分别为100.0%和91.7%; 2060~2500 nm波段, 一阶求导+SNV组合处理, 主成分为9, 判别正确率达到100.0%, 交叉验证正确率达到90.1%, 1730~1840 nm波段的正确率较低。由此可见, 选择合适预处理方式和波段可以提高判别的正确率。
表5为1400~2500 nm全波段数据经过一阶求导+MSC处理后的每个品种的判别结果, 从表5中可以看到经处理之后各品种判别正确率显著提高, 校正集样本判别正确率均达到100.0%, 交叉验证正确率在87.5%以上, 预测集有4个品种正确率达到100.0%, 湖羊和尧山白山羊与伏牛白山羊分别发生一例重叠。
图4为一阶求导+MSC预处理后典则判别函数图, 由图知各品种均有独立的分布空间, 太行黑山羊、槐山羊和湖羊分布明显, 距离较远, 边界清晰, 尧山白山羊、伏牛白山羊、太行裘皮羊距离较近, 部分个体发生重叠, 与交叉验证结果一致。
表6为1400~1620 nm波段原始数据经过一阶求导+MSC处理后的判别结果, 从表6中可以看到预处理之后显著提高了判别准确率, 校正集样本判别正确率均达到100%, 交叉验证集部分品种偏低, 其中太行黑山羊和湖羊有个体重叠, 伏牛白山羊与尧山白山羊、湖羊、太行裘皮羊有重叠。预测集正确率均达到80.0%以上, 其中槐山羊和太行黑山羊为100.0%。
图5为1400~1620 nm波段一阶求导+MSC预处理后典则判别函数图, 由图知各品种有独立的分布空间, 槐山羊完全分离开, 其他品种基本能分离开, 由图知太行黑山羊和湖羊, 尧山白山羊与太行裘皮羊有个体重叠, 与交叉验证结果一致。
表7为2060~2500 nm波段经一阶求导+SNV处理后的每个品种的判别结果表。由表可知该波段经预处理之后判别正确率提高, 校正集均为100.0%, 但交叉验证和预测集正确率偏低。不同品种之间槐山羊正确率最高。
不同肉类, 其化学组成相似, 但各成分的含量不同, 当经过红外照射时, 肉中的含氢基团, O-H、N-H、C-H的振动或伸缩, 在光谱图上产生不同的吸收峰[19], 峰位和峰的高度(强度)由所在基团种类和数量决定, 导致吸收峰有细微的差异[16], 所以可以根据吸收峰的细微差异来判别各品种肉[20]。此外, 不同含氢基团在红外光谱的吸收位置不同[21], 近红外光谱在长波区上含氢基团主要分布在1450、1430、2000 nm附近波段, N-H基团吸收主要分布在1540、1500、2150 nm附近波段, C-H基团吸收主要分布在1740、1725、2350 nm附近波段上[22-23], 选择合适的光谱, 去除不相关或有干扰性的光谱, 可以有效减少运算量, 得到预测能力强, 稳健性好的预测模型[24]。由试验知羊肉在1400~2500 nm波长位置上存在明显的吸收峰, 排除了中间重叠性较大、有交叉的部分, 选取了1400~1620 nm、1730~1840 nm、2060~2500 nm 3个特征波段和全波段, 做判别分析。
根据原始光谱数据的判别结果, 正确率不高, 个体重叠较多, 除了槐山羊, 其他品种均有较高的鉴别错误率, 存在个体交叉重叠。太行裘皮羊起源于蒙古绵羊, 湖羊则是早期北方移民携带蒙古羊南下逐渐发展而来的品种, 彼此之间都有一定的亲缘相似性[25], 将湖羊和太行裘皮羊合为一类, 其他羊合为一类, 分为绵羊和山羊两个大类, 鉴别正确率均达到了85%以上, 可见原始光谱模型可以进行羊肉品种大类的判别。
光谱信号在采集时很容易受到噪音、样本均匀状态、光散射、振动耦合等因素的干扰, 数据经过预处理之后能够将本来并不明显的区别放大, 提高准确率, 不同的预处理方法结果不同, 一阶导数可以有效地消除光谱基线漂移误差, MSC和SNV可去除光散射和样品不均对光谱的影响[22]。试验结果表明当选用一阶导数处理时, 判别正确率明显提高, 典则函数图品种间的距离加大, 边界明显, 其中一阶导数+MSC, 一阶导数+SNV组合处理效果最好, 结果与上述文献一致, 合适处理方法提高光谱判别正确性。通过对不同波段的判别分析, 全波段正确率较高, 能准确的对品种进行鉴别, 波长分段后总体判别率提高, 但品种内个体判别正确率有下降, 可能与验证个体数量降低有关。
地方品种有特定的种质和遗传特征, 尧山白山羊、伏牛白山羊和太行黑山羊主要分布于山区, 善于攀爬, 四肢健壮, 蹄质坚实, 槐山羊虽然也是山羊, 但因其主要分布在黄淮平原, 生活在平原地带, 故又与其他3种山羊有一定的区别[26], 槐山羊属于皮肉兼用品种, 肉中水分、脂肪、蛋白含量高, 遗传位点呈现高度多态[多态信息含量(polymorphic information content, PIC): 0.772~0.880]和高度杂合(He: 0.832~0.901), 遗传距离上与太行黑山羊和伏牛白山羊较近, 太行黑山羊和太行裘皮羊脂肪和蛋白含量低, 其中太行裘皮羊为皮肉用兼用型品种, 归类为绵羊, 遗传位点处于哈代-温伯格不平衡状态(PIC: 0.64, He: 0.697)[27]。湖羊蛋白, 脂肪含量较低, 遗传位点处于哈代-温伯格平衡状态(PIC: 0.634, He: 0.685)[28-29], 与河南省地方品种亲缘关系较远。红外光谱通过样品中含氢基团的电磁振动, 产生吸收或反射光谱, 结合化学计量法, 通过对化学官能团峰特征的分析可以对不同含量物质进行识别和测定[30-31]。结果可知, 槐山羊正确率始终最高, 且位于典则函数1正数区域, 距离明显, 其他4个品种比较集中, 靠近函数2, 其中太行裘皮羊位于典则函数左下角负数区域, 其余品种均有固定的分布区域, 这可能与羊肉中的营养成分含量, 品种亲缘关系和种质遗传特征有关, 其机制和互作效应需要进一步研究。
原始光谱数据可以进行绵羊和山羊的鉴别, 光谱预处理后判别正确率显著提高, 其中以一阶求导+MSC组合效果最好, 波长分段后个体鉴别正确性降低, 1400~2500 nm全波段正确率高于分波段; 不同地方品种以槐山羊的鉴别正确率最高。综上, 应用近红外光谱长波可以鉴别河南省不同地方品种羊肉, 为不同来源的羊肉快速识别提供了借鉴, 对羊肉食品安全, 市场开发和地方品种资源保护具有重要的意义。
  • 国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目(CARS36)
  • 2024年校级教改项目成果项目(2024XJGLX016)
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250406001
  • 接收时间:2025-04-06
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-06
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国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目(CARS36)
2024年校级教改项目成果项目(2024XJGLX016)
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    河南农业大学动物科技学院, 郑州 450046

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*高腾云(1964—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为奶牛集约化生产。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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