Article(id=1215670324344049960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250328004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743091200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767991386, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767991386, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767991386, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767991386, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=222, endPage=229, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670325308739987, articleId=1215670324344049960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Study on the inhibitory effect of zeaxanthin on endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by tunicamycin, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of zeaxanthin (Zea) on apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and Akt/GSK3β pathway of SH-SY5Y cells induced by tunicamycin (TM). Methods The cells were divided into 4 groups: The control, TM-induced injury (5 μg/mL TM), Zea (5 μmol/L Zea) and injury plus protection group (5 μmol/L Zea pretreatment+5 μg/mL TM co-treatment). The intracellular reactive oxygen species level was detected by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial dysfunction was analyzed by Seahorse XF cell energy metabolism instrument. The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bax, oxidative stress-related proteins Nrf2, Akt, p-Akt, GSK3β and p-GSK3β were determined by Western Blot. Results Zea (5 μmol/L) exerted a protective effect against apoptosis, increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and decreased the pro-apoptotic protein Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; alleviated cellular oxidative stress, decreased TM-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and up-regulated the expression of the antioxidant protein nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2); and increased the rate of oxygen consumption of the damaged cells, enhanced proton leakage capacity and spare respiratory capacity. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) decreased Akt activity, while down-regulating the phosphorylation level of its Ser473 site, which in turn weakened the phosphorylation level of the downstream GSK3β Ser9 site, leading to an increase in GSK3β activity, and Zea exerted a mitigating effect on TM-induced changes in this pathway. Conclusion Zea significantly alleviated TM-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress injury through multiple mechanisms, with potential applications in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in the early pathological process.

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目的 探讨玉米黄素(zeaxanthin, Zea)对衣霉素(tunicamycin, TM)诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡、氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍及Akt/GSK3β通路的影响。方法 分别设置空白对照组、TM损伤组(5 μg/mL TM)、Zea组(5 μmol/L Zea)和损伤加保护组(5 µmol/L Zea预处理+5 µg/mL TM进一步共处理), 采用流式细胞术检测胞内活性氧水平; 采用Seahorse XF细胞能量代谢仪分析线粒体功能障碍; 通过Western Blot法测定凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax, 氧化应激相关蛋白核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor, Nrf2)以及Akt、p-Akt、GSK3β、p-GSK3β的表达量。结果 Zea (5 μmol/L)能对细胞凋亡发挥保护作用, 提高了抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达, 并降低了促凋亡蛋白Bax/Bcl-2比值; 缓解细胞氧化应激, 降低了TM诱导的细胞内活性氧水平, 上调了抗氧化蛋白Nrf2的表达; 提高了受损细胞的耗氧率, 增强了质子渗漏能力和备用呼吸能力。内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS)使Akt活性降低, 同时下调其Ser473位点磷酸化水平, 进而削弱下游GSK3β Ser9位点磷酸化水平, 导致GSK3β活性增加, Zea对TM引起的该通路变化具有缓解作用。结论 Zea通过多种机制显著缓解了TM诱导的内质网应激损伤, 具有预防和治疗阿尔茨海默病早期病理过程中的潜在应用价值。

, correspAuthors=商迎辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*商迎辉(1967—), 女, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为生物活性物质作用及疾病机制研究。E-mail:
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李梦洁(1997—), 女, 博士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物活性物质作用及疾病机制研究。E-mail:

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注: #代表与对照组相比有显著性差异: #. (P<0.05); ##. (P<0.01); ###. (P<0.005)。*代表与损伤组相比有差异: *. (P<0.05); **. (P<0.01); ***. (P<0.005), 下同。

, figureFileSmall=cVrggRpafMfRqYuwSKheZw==, figureFileBig=I9MU8GxNo7hQHioh+7KGIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686860878299488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670324344049960, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of zeaxanthin on Nrf2 expression, figureFileSmall=NvWjpUFwltzIOt3FWTY+4w==, figureFileBig=Zz6kQOQVO8zZmoLq2eRe3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686860995740005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670324344049960, language=CN, label=图3, caption=玉米黄素对Nrf2表达的影响, figureFileSmall=NvWjpUFwltzIOt3FWTY+4w==, figureFileBig=Zz6kQOQVO8zZmoLq2eRe3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861113180525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670324344049960, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of zeaxanthin on the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in TM-induced apoptosis, figureFileSmall=hVWPsIGEB0fAbcLdccX+Uw==, figureFileBig=Hz/smOozUmlVDRHcQFO3ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861226426740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670324344049960, language=CN, label=图4, caption=玉米黄素对TM诱导的凋亡中Bcl-2与Bax表达的影响, figureFileSmall=hVWPsIGEB0fAbcLdccX+Uw==, figureFileBig=Hz/smOozUmlVDRHcQFO3ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861369033078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670324344049960, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of zeaxanthin on mitochondrial pressure of SH-SY5Y cells damaged by TM, figureFileSmall=b3rhujElAYW3Vf79GS0kzw==, figureFileBig=oPLiK9taXrAMTqMW/mxkhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215686861503250811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670324344049960, language=CN, label=图5, caption=玉米黄素对TM引起SH-SY5Y细胞损伤的线粒体压力的影响

注: A. 不同时间的OCR曲线值; B. 不同处理下OCR柱状图。

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玉米黄素对衣霉素诱导的内质网应激抑制作用研究
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李梦洁 1, 2 , 劳凤学 2 , 王靖 1 , 冯朵 1 , 商迎辉 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(14): 222-229
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(14): 222-229
玉米黄素对衣霉素诱导的内质网应激抑制作用研究
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李梦洁1, 2 , 劳凤学2, 王靖1, 冯朵1, 商迎辉2, *
作者信息
  • 1 农业农村部食物与营养发展研究所, 北京 100081
  • 2 北京市生物活性物质和功能食品重点实验室, 北京联合大学功能因子与脑科学研究院, 北京 100191
  • 李梦洁(1997—), 女, 博士研究生, 主要研究方向为生物活性物质作用及疾病机制研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*商迎辉(1967—), 女, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为生物活性物质作用及疾病机制研究。E-mail:
Study on the inhibitory effect of zeaxanthin on endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by tunicamycin
Meng-Jie LI1, 2 , Feng-Xue LAO2, Jing WANG1, Duo FENG1, Ying-Hui SHANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250328004
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目的 探讨玉米黄素(zeaxanthin, Zea)对衣霉素(tunicamycin, TM)诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡、氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍及Akt/GSK3β通路的影响。方法 分别设置空白对照组、TM损伤组(5 μg/mL TM)、Zea组(5 μmol/L Zea)和损伤加保护组(5 µmol/L Zea预处理+5 µg/mL TM进一步共处理), 采用流式细胞术检测胞内活性氧水平; 采用Seahorse XF细胞能量代谢仪分析线粒体功能障碍; 通过Western Blot法测定凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax, 氧化应激相关蛋白核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor, Nrf2)以及Akt、p-Akt、GSK3β、p-GSK3β的表达量。结果 Zea (5 μmol/L)能对细胞凋亡发挥保护作用, 提高了抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达, 并降低了促凋亡蛋白Bax/Bcl-2比值; 缓解细胞氧化应激, 降低了TM诱导的细胞内活性氧水平, 上调了抗氧化蛋白Nrf2的表达; 提高了受损细胞的耗氧率, 增强了质子渗漏能力和备用呼吸能力。内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS)使Akt活性降低, 同时下调其Ser473位点磷酸化水平, 进而削弱下游GSK3β Ser9位点磷酸化水平, 导致GSK3β活性增加, Zea对TM引起的该通路变化具有缓解作用。结论 Zea通过多种机制显著缓解了TM诱导的内质网应激损伤, 具有预防和治疗阿尔茨海默病早期病理过程中的潜在应用价值。

玉米黄素  /  细胞凋亡  /  氧化应激  /  Akt/GSK3β通路  /  线粒体功能

Objective To investigate the effects of zeaxanthin (Zea) on apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and Akt/GSK3β pathway of SH-SY5Y cells induced by tunicamycin (TM). Methods The cells were divided into 4 groups: The control, TM-induced injury (5 μg/mL TM), Zea (5 μmol/L Zea) and injury plus protection group (5 μmol/L Zea pretreatment+5 μg/mL TM co-treatment). The intracellular reactive oxygen species level was detected by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial dysfunction was analyzed by Seahorse XF cell energy metabolism instrument. The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bax, oxidative stress-related proteins Nrf2, Akt, p-Akt, GSK3β and p-GSK3β were determined by Western Blot. Results Zea (5 μmol/L) exerted a protective effect against apoptosis, increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and decreased the pro-apoptotic protein Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; alleviated cellular oxidative stress, decreased TM-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and up-regulated the expression of the antioxidant protein nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2); and increased the rate of oxygen consumption of the damaged cells, enhanced proton leakage capacity and spare respiratory capacity. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) decreased Akt activity, while down-regulating the phosphorylation level of its Ser473 site, which in turn weakened the phosphorylation level of the downstream GSK3β Ser9 site, leading to an increase in GSK3β activity, and Zea exerted a mitigating effect on TM-induced changes in this pathway. Conclusion Zea significantly alleviated TM-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress injury through multiple mechanisms, with potential applications in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in the early pathological process.

zeaxanthin  /  apoptosis  /  oxidative stress  /  Akt/GSK3β pathway  /  mitochondrial function
李梦洁, 劳凤学, 王靖, 冯朵, 商迎辉. 玉米黄素对衣霉素诱导的内质网应激抑制作用研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 222 -229 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250328004
Meng-Jie LI, Feng-Xue LAO, Jing WANG, Duo FENG, Ying-Hui SHANG. Study on the inhibitory effect of zeaxanthin on endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by tunicamycin[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 222 -229 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250328004
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是一种慢性中枢神经系统退行性疾病, 是痴呆症的类型之一, 也是一种多因素脑部疾病, 在症状出现前有20年或更长时间的潜伏期, 症状出现后的1~6年内大脑的变化对人的影响是不明显的[1-3]。《World Alzheimer Report》报告提到, 全球每3 s就有一位痴呆症患者产生, 目前至少5000万痴呆患者, 预计2050年将达到1.52亿, 其中60%~70%是AD患者, 在中国, 预计2050年将超过4000万人, 大多数AD患者在65岁之后发病[1,4-5]。中国在步入老龄化的阶段后, AD的患病率逐年升高, 90岁以上的老年人中约三分之一的老人患有AD。这不但使AD患者深受其害, 更给照顾者、家庭和公共卫生部门造成巨大负担[5]。近年来针对AD治疗的新药研发旨在减轻症状、减缓疾病进程, 临床试验中的药物仍然无法完全治愈本病, 包括已在国内完成3期临床试验的GV971[6]与美国食品和药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)批准的多奈哌齐等。AD现已在全世界逐渐演变成为非常棘手的医疗卫生问题, 迫切需要研究开发针对AD患者的新疗法和新靶点。
多项研究表明, 内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS)作为AD的早期事件, 与神经元内Aβ的产生密切相关[7-8]。氧化应激也是AD发展的关键因素[9-10], 主要表现为产生的过量活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS), 进一步导致机体线粒体损伤和功能障碍, 从而加速神经元坏死。且研究人员发现, 移植人牙髓干细胞能通过Akt/GSK3β/核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor, Nrf2)通路缓解AD微环境中氧化应激和受损神经元[11]。因此, 研究ERS与氧化应激在AD发展中的作用具有重大意义。
玉米黄素是一种具有强抗氧化活性的类胡萝卜素, 以中药枸杞子中含量最多[12-15]。也多存在于万寿菊、玉米种子和绿色蔬菜等植物组织和一些光致性菌的光合膜中[16]。其分子中的11个共轭双键与尾端基团的羟基, 使得它们具有较强的抗氧化能力, 从而保护器官免受氧化应激、细胞凋亡、线粒体功能障碍和炎症的影响, 且存在β环, 可能会防止Aβ形成或破坏Aβ的聚集, 因此玉米黄素等类胡萝卜素可能具有预防和治疗AD的巨大潜力[17-18](分子结构见图1)。本研究通过探究玉米黄素对SH-SY5Y细胞的凋亡、氧化应激、线粒体功能及相关蛋白表达水平的影响, 探讨玉米黄素对AD早期ERS的作用机制, 为玉米黄素成为AD早期的有效治疗成分提供理论基础。
SH-SY5Y细胞源自中国医学科学院基础医学研究所细胞资源中心。
衣霉素(tunicamycin, TM)(北京华越洋生物有限公司); 玉米黄素(纯度85.7%, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司); RPIM 1640培养液、胎牛血清(美国Gibco公司); 青霉素链霉素混合液(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司); Cell Mito Stress Test Kit(美国安捷伦科技有限公司); 二喹啉甲酸(bicinchonininc acid, BCA)蛋白定量测定试剂盒、ROS检测试剂盒、ECL化学发光检测试剂盒、辣根过氧化物酶山羊抗兔IgG (H+L)(北京鼎国昌盛生物技术有限公司); 辣根过氧化物酶山羊抗鼠IgG (H+L)(北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司); Anti-GAPDH (14C10)(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司); Anti-β-actin(美国Sigma公司); Anti-Bcl2、Anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473)、Anti-GSK3β (phospho Ser9)(美国Abcam公司); Anti-Akt(碧云天公司); Anti-Bax、Anti-Nrf2(北京博奥森生物技术有限公司)。
CO2培养箱(美国Forma3110系列); TE2000型倒置显微镜(日本Nikon公司); 凝胶成像分析仪(日本Image Quant RTECL公司); FASCailbur流式细胞仪(美国BD公司); Seahorse XF能量代谢分析仪(美国Agilent公司); EN027015电泳装置、043BR57802转膜装置(美国BIO-RAD公司)。
将复苏后的SH-SY5Y细胞置于1640培养液(含10%胎牛血清, 1%青霉素-链霉素)中, 于37 ℃、5% CO2的条件下培养。传代2~3次后, 待细胞状态良好且稳定, 即可用于后续实验。
选择生长状态良好的细胞, 经磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer, PBS)清洗后再用胰蛋白酶进行消化, 将细胞重悬混匀后计数, 根据实验需求将细胞接种于培养皿中, 使其在37 ℃、5% CO2的条件下过夜培养后细胞密度能达到70%~80%。再用5 μg/mL的TM处理该细胞, 在5% CO2、37 ℃的条件下下孵育24 h诱导ERS模型。
实验分组设置为空白对照组、TM损伤组、玉米黄素保护组、玉米黄素加TM组, 其中空白对照组不做任何处理; TM损伤组用5 μg/mL的TM处理24 h; 玉米黄素保护组用5 μmol/L玉米黄素预处理6 h, 再培养24 h; 玉米黄素加TM组为5 μmol/L玉米黄素预处理6 h后, 再加入5 μg/mL TM共处理24 h。
选择生长状态良好的细胞, 将其按106~2×107 mL接种于6孔板中, 置于细胞恒温培养箱中过夜培养。次日, 按1.3.3所示实验分组加药处理, 并培养相应时间。按照ROS检测试剂盒说明书对样品进行处理, 取得样品后在流式细胞仪上检测细胞内ROS的水平。收集数据并于FlowJo 10软件进行分析。
选择生长状态良好的细胞, 按2×105 mL接种在XF24孔培养板, 每孔100 μL, 待细胞贴壁后, 按1.3.3所示实验分组加药处理。上机检测前1 d需打开Seahorse XF能量代谢分析仪, 预热整夜, 按照Cell Mito Stress Test Kit说明书制备分析培养基, 并用Seahorse XF校准液水化传感器探针板。检测当天按照Cell Mito Stress Test Kit说明书处理样品[19], 运行仪器, 约15~30 min校准完成后, 将孵育好的XF24孔板放置其中, 开始检测。收集数据并于wave 2.6.4软件进行分析。
选择生长状态良好的细胞, 使其经过1.3.3所示实验分组处理培养后, 每组细胞能达到106个以上。用预冷的PBS清洗细胞2次, 再加入含有1%磷酸化酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液60~100 μL, 置于冰上10 min, 使用细胞刮将其充分裂解, 收集至1.5 mL EP管, 继续冰上裂解30 min, 期间多次振荡。裂解后的细胞4 ℃、12000 r/min离心10 min, 收集上清液, 用BCA法完成细胞蛋白的定量, 剩余蛋白样品按4:1的比例添加5×SDS Loading Buffer, 沸水煮沸5 min使其变性, 取出放到室温, 置于-20 ℃储存备用。
将样品进行SDS-PAGE电泳, 电泳条件为浓缩胶80 V, 分离胶100 V。电泳完成后, 再将目标蛋白转移到聚偏氟乙烯膜上, 转膜条件为恒流条件0.3 A 45~60 min。用5%牛血清蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)封闭2 h, 加入一抗, 4 ℃条件下摇晃过夜。次日, 用TBST缓冲液洗涤3次, 每次室温摇晃10 min, 加入二抗, 室温摇晃2 h, 再用TBST缓冲液洗涤3次。用ECL化学发光试剂盒处理聚偏氟乙烯膜, 在凝胶成像仪中拍摄。以β-actin和GAPDH为内参, 使用Image J 1.51软件进行分析。
实验所得的所有结果均以平均值±标准偏差进行数据计算, 各分组进行3组及以上平行实验, 采用SPSS.25分析数据显著性, GraphPad Prism 8软件制作图和表。实验结果用单因素方差分析, 多重比较完成分析, 差异显著表示为P<0.05, 差异极显著表示为P<0.01。
ROS的产生和内质网蛋白折叠机制是相互关联的。氧化还原稳态对于内质网中二硫键的产生和蛋白质的折叠至关重要。内质网通路的改变会导致稳态失衡并增加ROS的产生[20]。采用流式细胞术检测TM诱导SH-SY5Y细胞发生ERS后, 细胞内ROS水平的变化。由图2可知, 与空白对照组相比, TM处理后的细胞内ROS水平显著升高(P<0.05), 与TM损伤组相比, 玉米黄素保护组的细胞ROS水平下降, 具有极显著差异(P<0.01), 玉米黄素+TM组的细胞ROS水平有下降, 但不具备显著性差异(P>0.05)。因此可知, 玉米黄素可以降低TM引起的ERS条件下细胞内ROS水平。
Nrf2是内源性抗氧化反应的主要调节因子[21]。研究表明, 氧化应激损伤参与AD的发病过程, 通过减少氧化应激可以降低AD模型小鼠脑内Tau蛋白磷酸化水平, 进而对神经元发挥保护作用[22]。结果如图3所示, 与空白对照组相比, TM损伤组Nrf2水平下降(P<0.01), 与TM损伤组相比, 玉米黄素保护组的Nrf2水平显著上调(P<0.01), 玉米黄素+TM组有所恢复但不具备显著性。结果再次说明, 玉米黄素能够缓解TM引起的细胞氧化应激。
Bcl-2是抑制细胞凋亡的基因, Bax是能够促进细胞凋亡的基因[23]。Bcl-2基因编码的Bcl-2蛋白是细胞凋亡蛋白的一种, 主要定位于线粒体外膜、内质网膜和核膜上。且在内质网中能与Beclin-1相互结合从而抑制其免于被切割, 以此实现促进细胞自噬的功能[24]。Bcl-2和Bax基因通过线粒体参与细胞凋亡的内源性信号通路, 在细胞凋亡过程中起着相互拮抗的作用。当细胞发生损伤时, Bax蛋白会被激活并转移到线粒体膜上, Bax/Bcl2的比值呈增加的趋势, 因此Bax与Bcl的关联在调节细胞凋亡中起重要作用。为探究ERS期间, 两种凋亡蛋白表达的变化, 在此通过Western Blot检测Bcl-2与Bax的表达情况, 并对Bax/Bcl-2比值作出分析。结果如图4所示, 与空白对照组相比, TM组Bcl-2的表达量显著下降(P<0.01), 且Bax/Bcl-2的比值显著增加(P<0.01), 玉米黄素预处理能缓解TM诱导的Bcl-2下降, 并能降低Bax/Bcl-2的比值。Bax的表达情况同是, 但不具备显著性差异。结果表明玉米黄素能够提高TM引起的Bcl-2下调, 并在一定程度下调Bax/Bcl-2的趋势(图4C), 对细胞凋亡发挥保护作用。
评估线粒体功能对于了解相关疾病及药物的开发至关重要, 耗氧率(oxygen consumption rate, OCR)是线粒体呼吸指标, 也是最重要的评估指标之一, 用来研究线粒体氧化磷酸化功能。在此本研究采用Seahorse XFe24 Analyzer来检测药物处理后各组细胞的OCR水平, 并分析相关指标, 以确定各药物对细胞线粒体氧化磷酸化过程的影响。
图5A所示, 使用TM损伤SH-SY5Y细胞后, 细胞基础呼吸能力下降、备用呼吸能力减弱, 总体呈下降趋势, 尤其在加入FCCP后的阶段, 损伤组与空白对照组间的OCR值差异更大。使用玉米黄素预处理, 细胞损伤有明显缓解(P<0.01)。如图5B所示, 与TM损伤组相比, 细胞仅采用玉米黄素保护和预处理时, 线粒体耗氧率均显著上升(P<0.01), 同时, 图5C~D所示, 与空白对照组相比, TM损伤组的备用呼吸能力和质子渗漏能力均显著降低(P<0.01)。与TM损伤组相比, 玉米黄素+TM组的该类指标均显著升高(P<0.01)。
综上所述, SH-SY5Y细胞经TM损伤后, 耗氧率下降, 细胞在基础条件下的能量需求减弱, 线粒体发生损伤, 调节三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)产生的功能受损, 细胞适应性与灵活性下降; 玉米黄素预处理后, 以上症状均有缓解。
Akt, 又称为蛋白激酶B (protein kinase, PKB), 有两个磷酸化调控修饰的活性位点: Ser473与Thr308, 分别位于催化结构域(pH结构域)和羧基末端调节域, Ser473位点的磷酸化水平代表Akt的活性程度。在AD中, Akt活性降低, 磷酸化水平减少。为了探究ERS对Akt活性的影响, 本研究通过Western Blot法检测Akt与p-Akt的相对表达量, 以及Akt Ser473位点的磷酸化水平与Akt表达的比值。结果如图6所示, 与control组相比, TM处理能够显著降低Akt活性及其Ser473位点磷酸化水平(P<0.01), 而玉米黄素可以缓解Akt活性上升和TM引起的p-Akt/GAPDH、p-Akt/Akt水平降低。因此, 在TM诱导的ERS模型中, 会发生Akt活性与其磷酸化水平下调, 玉米黄素对此具有缓解作用。
Akt活化后, 能够通过其大量下游靶点调控细胞存活、增殖及代谢途径。其下游主要有GSK3、FoxO和mTOR 3个经典靶点, 其中, GSK3是最重要的靶点。GSK3具有GSK3α和GSK3β两种亚型[25]。GSK3β会在Ser9位点发生磷酸化而失活, 并且与AD中Tau蛋白磷酸化相关。为进一步研究ERS使Akt活性降低后对GSK3β活性的影响及玉米黄素的作用, 本研究对细胞内GSK3β与GSK3β (Ser9)的磷酸化水平作出检测, 并分析p-GSK3β/t-GSK3β比值(图6D)。结果如图6D~E所示, 与Control组相比, TM处理可以极显著增加GSK3β的活性并极显著降低GSK3β Ser9位点磷酸化的水平(P<0.01), 玉米黄素能够极显著降低由TM引起的GSK3β升高(P<0.01)并显著提高GSK3β (Ser9)的磷酸化水平(P<0.05)。由此可知, ERS与Akt/GSK3β通路之间存在这样的机制, TM诱导ERS后, 使Akt活性降低, 同时使其Ser473位点磷酸化水平下调, 因此削弱了下游GSK3β (Ser9)磷酸化水平, 导致GSK3β活性增加, 玉米黄素对TM引起的该通路变化具有缓解作用。
在AD中, 首先受损的神经元是大脑中负责记忆、语言和思维的部分。但AD是一种进行性疾病, 会随着时间的推移而恶化, 更多的神经元受损, 大脑更多区域受到影响。从而使患者面临重大伤害和死亡的风险[26-27], 同时也给家人和公共卫生部门造成巨大负担, 据估计, 按2022年美元计算, 照顾AD患者一生的总成本估计为39万余美元[28]
AD的一个明显标志是由于涉及ERS的蛋白稳态变化导致蛋白质的不规则积累。在AD中, 由持续的细胞应激引起的错误折叠蛋白的积累会导致神经变性和神经元死亡。ERS参与了AD的发生和发展, 并作为AD的早期事件, 与神经元内Aβ的产生密切相关[7]。研究表明, ERS可调控自噬、凋亡、周期过程[29]。同时, 在原代培养的神经胶质细胞中, Akt的激活受到ERS的双重调控: 短期暴露于ERS会增加Akt的活性, 但长期暴露于ERS会降低Akt的活性[30]。因此, 探索ERS与Akt之间的机制对防治AD具有重要意义。
玉米黄素是一种具有强抗氧化活性的类胡萝卜素, 其分子结构中的基团使得它们具有较强的抗氧化能力, 有助于消除由复杂生理反应产生的自由基, 保护器官免受氧化应激、细胞凋亡、线粒体功能障碍和炎症的影响, 且具备形成或破坏Aβ的聚集的功能[17-18]。因此玉米黄素可能具有预防和治疗AD的巨大潜力。
本研究用TM处理SH-SY5Y细胞, 诱导细胞内ERS的发生, 研究玉米黄素通过细胞凋亡、氧化应激、线粒体功能、Akt/GSK3β通路对ERS的抑制作用。结果表明, 玉米黄素能够降低细胞内ROS的水平, 上调Bcl-2的表达, 并一定程度下调Bax/Bcl-2的趋势, 对细胞凋亡发挥保护作用。并且能提高耗氧率, 增强细胞适应性与灵活性。对Akt/GSK3β的检测结果表明, 玉米黄素能上调Akt的表达及其Ser 473位点的磷酸化水平, 通过增强GSK3β Ser9位点的磷酸化来削弱GSK3β的活性。
综上所述, 玉米黄素可能通过抗凋亡、抗氧化、抗线粒体损伤及Akt/GSK3β通路发挥抑制ERS的作用, 具有预防和治疗AD早期病理过程中的潜在应用价值, 为开发基于玉米黄素的新型神经保护策略提供了科学支持。
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250328004
  • 接收时间:2025-03-28
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-28
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    1 农业农村部食物与营养发展研究所, 北京 100081
    2 北京市生物活性物质和功能食品重点实验室, 北京联合大学功能因子与脑科学研究院, 北京 100191

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*商迎辉(1967—), 女, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为生物活性物质作用及疾病机制研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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