Article(id=1151881494240260852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250320001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742400000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752559549149, onlineDateStr=2025-07-15, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752559549149, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752559549149, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752559549149, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151881493552394994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752559548986, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1756202008453, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151881695130645000, articleId=1151881494240260852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Sensory changes of camel meat at different temperatures and the establishment and validation of a shelf-life model based on sensory differences, columnId=1151881695071924743, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Highlight: The 9th Academic Conference Papers on Food Quality, Safety and Intelligent Testing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the sensory changes of camel meat stored at different temperatures (4, 15, and 25 ℃) and establish a shelf-life prediction model based on sensory differences. Methods By simulating actual storage conditions, the changes in color, electronic tongue taste indices (umami, saltiness, sourness, sweetness, etc.), and electronic nose olfactory indicators (nitrogen oxides, methane, sulfides, etc.) of camel meat were analyzed. Zero-order reaction kinetics models and the Arrhenius equation were used to fit the data, establishing a shelf-life prediction model based on color, electronic tongue and electronic nose metrics. The model was validated using pH, total bacterial count and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N). Results At 4 ℃, there was no significant change in the lightness (L*) and redness (a*) of camel meat (P>0.05), while the a* value significantly decreased at 15 ℃ and 25 ℃ (P<0.05), and yellowness (b*) showed an upward trend across all temperatures. Taste analysis revealed that umami (AEE), saltiness (CT0), sourness (CA0) and astringency (AE1) intensities increased with time and temperature, whereas sweetness (GL1) intensity decreased. Electronic nose detection found that concentrations of nitrogen oxides (W5S), methane (W1S), sulfides and terpenes (W1W) and alcohol compounds (W2S) significantly increased over storage time. The calculated shelf lives based on color, electronic tongue and electronic nose were 7.23, 6.24 and 6.12 d, respectively. Verification using camel meat stored at 6 ℃ showed high prediction accuracy of the electronic tongue model, but significant discrepancies were observed among shelf lives predicted by different physicochemical indicators (e.g., total bacterial count, pH, TVB-N). Conclusion This study successfully establish a shelf-life prediction model based on sensory characteristics. The prediction models established based on the electronic tongue and electronic nose show good agreement with validation results based on pH, with relative errors of -2.80% and -4.67%, respectively. Different physicochemical indicators have varying degrees of strictness towards meat quality requirements, with total bacterial count being the most stringent and TVB-N relatively more lenient. This study provides a reference for the quality monitoring of fresh camel meat.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zeng-Tuo ZHENG, Jambl TUYATSETSEG, Ru-Le YI, Jian-Zhong LIANG, Liang MING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liang MING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151881705176003094, articleId=1151881494240260852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=骆驼肉在不同温度下的感官变化及基于感官差异的货架期模型的建立与验证, columnId=1151881695206142473, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专栏:第九届食品质量安全与智能检测学术会议论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究骆驼肉在不同贮藏温度(4、15、25 ℃)下的感官变化, 并建立基于感官差异的货架期预测模型。方法 通过模拟实际贮藏条件, 分析骆驼肉的颜色、电子舌味觉指标(鲜味、咸味、酸味、甜味等)以及电子鼻嗅觉指标(氮氧化物、甲烷、硫化物等)的变化。采用零级反应动力学模型和Arrhenius方程对数据进行拟合, 建立以颜色、电子舌和电子鼻为基准的货架期预测模型, 并通过pH、菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)对模型进行验证。结果 4 ℃条件下, 骆驼肉亮度值(L*)和红度值(a*)无显著变化(P>0.05), 而15 ℃和25 ℃下的a*显著下降(P<0.05), 黄度值(b*)在所有温度下均呈现上升趋势。味觉分析结果显示, 鲜味(AEE)、咸味(CT0)、酸味(CA0)和涩味(AE1)强度随时间和温度增加, 而甜味(GL1)强度减弱。电子鼻检测发现, 氮氧化物(W5S)、甲烷(W1S)、硫化物和萜烯(W1W)、醇类化合物(W2S)的浓度随贮藏时间显著增加。通过模型计算得出, 以颜色、电子舌和电子鼻为基准的货架期分别为7.23、6.24和6.12 d。用6 ℃下的骆驼肉进行验证, 结果显示, 电子舌模型的预测准确度较高, 但不同理化指标(如菌落总数、pH和TVB-N)反映的货架期存在显著差异。结论 本研究成功建立了基于感官的货架期预测模型。基于电子舌和电子鼻建立的预测模型与pH的验证结果吻合度较高, 相对误差分别为-2.80%和-4.67%)。不同理化指标对肉品质的要求严格程度不同, 菌落总数最为严格, 而TVB-N相对宽松。本研究为冷鲜骆驼肉的品质监控提供了参考依据。

, authors=

郑增拓(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为畜产品贮藏与保鲜。E-mail:

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* 明亮(1989—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为骆驼基因组与相关产品开发。E-mail:
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Jilin Agriculture, 2014(3): 47., articleTitle=The significance of pH measurement in meat inspection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167158730551468066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=42, authorNames=王丹竹, journalName=不同贮存温度和时间对冷冻猪肉品质的影响, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王丹竹. 不同贮存温度和时间对冷冻猪肉品质的影响[D]. 长沙: 湖南农业大学, 2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1167158730635354147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=43, authorNames=WANG DZ, journalName=Effects of different storage temperatures and times on the quality of frozen pork, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG DZ. Effects of different storage temperatures and times on the quality of frozen pork[D]. Changsha: Hunan Agricultural University, 2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167158727439295480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, awardId=AMKJ2024-06, language=CN, fundingSource=阿拉善盟科技计划项目(AMKJ2024-06), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167158723450512302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158723458900911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, companyId=1167158723450512302, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Alxa Right Banner, Alxa 750306, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158723647644601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, companyId=1167158723635061687, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.阿拉善右旗农业技术推广中心, 阿拉善盟 750306)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167158725572830174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sensory evaluation scores of camel meat at different temperatures and storage times, figureFileSmall=JqVbtvkIbiRH8Cubjh0faA==, figureFileBig=7o+Pzk+71eSrhsvDYeI+ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158725627356127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同温度和贮藏时间下的骆驼肉感官评分

注: 不同大写字母表示不同时间具有显著差异性(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示不同温度具有显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=JqVbtvkIbiRH8Cubjh0faA==, figureFileBig=7o+Pzk+71eSrhsvDYeI+ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158725677687776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in electronic tongue taste measurements of camel meat at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=+qWuBM4zMFRU4xY0re3gBA==, figureFileBig=ej1BD9v3ynimRbmCHsp94w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158725757379553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同温度下的骆驼肉电子舌味觉测定变化

注: A. 4 ℃; B. 15 ℃; C. 25 ℃; 图3同。

, figureFileSmall=+qWuBM4zMFRU4xY0re3gBA==, figureFileBig=ej1BD9v3ynimRbmCHsp94w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158725832877026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in odour detected by the electronic nose of camel meat stored at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=BX8jhyXXD50j5YQdtBi3KQ==, figureFileBig=NbN6ZknOHRgkRCbywlMOKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158725925151715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同温度下的骆驼肉电子鼻嗅觉测定变化, figureFileSmall=BX8jhyXXD50j5YQdtBi3KQ==, figureFileBig=NbN6ZknOHRgkRCbywlMOKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158725975483364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Results of PCA of different sensory indicators at different temperatures, figureFileSmall=QmW/MKWHg0w3l5Dw9x6g9g==, figureFileBig=ZF56fqb5KizdoUPp5Xx0Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158726025815013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同温度下各感官指标的PCA结果

注: A. 4 ℃颜色PCA; B. 15 ℃颜色PCA; C. 25 ℃颜色PCA; D. 4 ℃电子舌PCA; E. 15 ℃电子舌PCA; F. 25 ℃电子舌PCA; G. 4 ℃电子鼻PCA; H. 15 ℃电子鼻PCA; I. 25 ℃电子鼻PCA。

, figureFileSmall=QmW/MKWHg0w3l5Dw9x6g9g==, figureFileBig=ZF56fqb5KizdoUPp5Xx0Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158726101312486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Fitting of Arrhenius equation for different index reactions, figureFileSmall=XNaLO+TG5ZGWW3LvLL7Jeg==, figureFileBig=tnfRculQwDd56nPwJXeweA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158726172615655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同指标反应的拟合Arrhenius方程, figureFileSmall=XNaLO+TG5ZGWW3LvLL7Jeg==, figureFileBig=tnfRculQwDd56nPwJXeweA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158726243918824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes of physicochemical properties of camel meat at 6 ℃, figureFileSmall=8oqdghd+rkmyKIw2tR5QcA==, figureFileBig=foqILj/XYvmWQ0MVYHEIEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158726294250473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=图6, caption=6 ℃条件下骆驼肉物理化学性质的变化

注: 不同小写字母表示有显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=8oqdghd+rkmyKIw2tR5QcA==, figureFileBig=foqILj/XYvmWQ0MVYHEIEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167158726348776426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation form for reference odors and visuals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分数 气味 视觉
0.0~1.0 刺鼻的 白色
1.1~2.0 难闻的 浅黄色
2.1~3.0 中等不适的 苍白
3.1~4.0 无味的 乳白
4.1~5.0 略带愉悦的 棕色
5.1~6.0 愉快的 粉嫩
6.1~7.0 非常愉悦的 橙色
7.1~8.0 略带香甜的 红色
), ArticleFig(id=1167158726415885291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参考气味和视觉的感官评分表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分数 气味 视觉
0.0~1.0 刺鼻的 白色
1.1~2.0 难闻的 浅黄色
2.1~3.0 中等不适的 苍白
3.1~4.0 无味的 乳白
4.1~5.0 略带愉悦的 棕色
5.1~6.0 愉快的 粉嫩
6.1~7.0 非常愉悦的 橙色
7.1~8.0 略带香甜的 红色
), ArticleFig(id=1167158726482994156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Olfactory characteristics emphasized by different sensors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器序号 传感器名称 侧重点
1 W1C 对芳香族化合物敏感
2 W5S 对氮氧化物敏感
3 W3C 对氨水和芳香成分物敏感
4 W6S 主要对氢气有选择性
5 W5C 对烷烃、芳香敏感
6 W1S 对甲烷敏感
7 W1W 对硫化物和萜烯敏感
8 W2S 对醇类化合物敏感
9 W2W 对芳香族成分和有机硫化合物敏感
10 W3S 对烷烃敏感
), ArticleFig(id=1167158726533325805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同传感器侧重的嗅觉特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器序号 传感器名称 侧重点
1 W1C 对芳香族化合物敏感
2 W5S 对氮氧化物敏感
3 W3C 对氨水和芳香成分物敏感
4 W6S 主要对氢气有选择性
5 W5C 对烷烃、芳香敏感
6 W1S 对甲烷敏感
7 W1W 对硫化物和萜烯敏感
8 W2S 对醇类化合物敏感
9 W2W 对芳香族成分和有机硫化合物敏感
10 W3S 对烷烃敏感
), ArticleFig(id=1167158726629794798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Colour changes in camel meat during storage at different temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 天数/d L* a* b*
4 0 34.62±1.84 9.46±0.25 9.47±0.91B
2 36.30±1.14b 9.27±1.07ab 11.28±0.42Aa
4 36.53±0.93b 8.58±1.77ab 11.57±0.16Aa
6 35.65±0.51ab 8.55±0.43a 11.80±0.22Aab
8 35.02±0.31a 8.52±1.38a 11.88±0.11Aa
15 0 34.62±1.84B 9.46±0.25A 9.47±0.91B
2 41.18±2.96Aa 8.21±0.09ABab 10.32±0.29ABab
4 40.98±2.00Aa 8.12±0.16ABab 11.27±0.63ABa
6 37.95±1.31ABa 7.63±0.36BCb 11.59±1.76ABab
8 31.95±3.96Ba 7.18±0.15Cab 12.35±0.88Aa
25 0 34.62±1.84A 9.46±0.25A 9.47±0.91C
2 28.15±1.60BC 7.98±0.19Ab 11.49±0.41Ba
4 25.51±1.10BC 7.13±0.23Bb 12.36±0.51ABa
6 18.92±1.03Cc 6.64±0.25BC 12.56±0.34ABa
8 18.21±2.08Cb 6.54±0.17Bb 12.78±0.19Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1167158726730458095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同贮藏温度和时间下骆驼肉的颜色变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃ 天数/d L* a* b*
4 0 34.62±1.84 9.46±0.25 9.47±0.91B
2 36.30±1.14b 9.27±1.07ab 11.28±0.42Aa
4 36.53±0.93b 8.58±1.77ab 11.57±0.16Aa
6 35.65±0.51ab 8.55±0.43a 11.80±0.22Aab
8 35.02±0.31a 8.52±1.38a 11.88±0.11Aa
15 0 34.62±1.84B 9.46±0.25A 9.47±0.91B
2 41.18±2.96Aa 8.21±0.09ABab 10.32±0.29ABab
4 40.98±2.00Aa 8.12±0.16ABab 11.27±0.63ABa
6 37.95±1.31ABa 7.63±0.36BCb 11.59±1.76ABab
8 31.95±3.96Ba 7.18±0.15Cab 12.35±0.88Aa
25 0 34.62±1.84A 9.46±0.25A 9.47±0.91C
2 28.15±1.60BC 7.98±0.19Ab 11.49±0.41Ba
4 25.51±1.10BC 7.13±0.23Bb 12.36±0.51ABa
6 18.92±1.03Cc 6.64±0.25BC 12.56±0.34ABa
8 18.21±2.08Cb 6.54±0.17Bb 12.78±0.19Aa
), ArticleFig(id=1167158726801761264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of fitting the zero-level kinetic equation for the electronic tongue ED value of camel meat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 温度/℃ R2 反应速率常数k
颜色 4 0.2284 0.4841
15 0.3678 0.8286
25 0.5305 0.8991
电子舌响应值 4 1.5909 0.9874
15 1.6925 0.9643
25 2.2517 0.9832
电子鼻响应值 4 0.6767 0.9816
15 0.8071 0.9848
25 0.8746 0.9586
), ArticleFig(id=1167158726906618865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

骆驼肉电子舌ED值零级动力学方程拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 温度/℃ R2 反应速率常数k
颜色 4 0.2284 0.4841
15 0.3678 0.8286
25 0.5305 0.8991
电子舌响应值 4 1.5909 0.9874
15 1.6925 0.9643
25 2.2517 0.9832
电子鼻响应值 4 0.6767 0.9816
15 0.8071 0.9848
25 0.8746 0.9586
), ArticleFig(id=1167158726969533426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Arrhenius equations and shelf-life model parameters for different index reactions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 Arrhenius方程 R2 Ea/
[J/(mol·K)]
k0
颜色 Y=-3320.33X+10.51 0.9993 27605.21 36665.8100
电子舌
响应值
Y =-1339.14X+5.26 0.8453 11133.64 192.0278
电子鼻
响应值
Y =-1017.62X+3.29 0.9733 8460.47 26.91059
), ArticleFig(id=1167158727049225203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同指标反应的Arrhenius方程和货架期模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 Arrhenius方程 R2 Ea/
[J/(mol·K)]
k0
颜色 Y=-3320.33X+10.51 0.9993 27605.21 36665.8100
电子舌
响应值
Y =-1339.14X+5.26 0.8453 11133.64 192.0278
电子鼻
响应值
Y =-1017.62X+3.29 0.9733 8460.47 26.91059
), ArticleFig(id=1167158727103751156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Sensory date of acceptability was substituted to obtain the ED values at different temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 4 ℃ 15 ℃ 25 ℃ 平均值
颜色 2.29 1.68 1.46 1.81
电子舌响应值 15.26 8.54 5.87 9.89
电子鼻响应值 6.82 3.65 2.42 4.30
), ArticleFig(id=1167158727166665717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

将是否可接受的感官日期代入可得不同温度下的ED值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 4 ℃ 15 ℃ 25 ℃ 平均值
颜色 2.29 1.68 1.46 1.81
电子舌响应值 15.26 8.54 5.87 9.89
电子鼻响应值 6.82 3.65 2.42 4.30
), ArticleFig(id=1167158727212803062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Relative errors between different predicted shelf lives and actual shelf live (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测货架期指标 实际货架期指标
pH (6.42 d) 菌落总数(5.37 d) TVB-N (9.45 d)
颜色预测货架期(7.23 d) 12.62 34.64 -23.49
电子舌预测货架期(6.24 d) -2.80 16.20 -33.97
电子鼻预测货架期(6.12 d) -4.67 13.97 -35.24
), ArticleFig(id=1167158727300883447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881494240260852, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同预测货架期与实际货架期的相对误差(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测货架期指标 实际货架期指标
pH (6.42 d) 菌落总数(5.37 d) TVB-N (9.45 d)
颜色预测货架期(7.23 d) 12.62 34.64 -23.49
电子舌预测货架期(6.24 d) -2.80 16.20 -33.97
电子鼻预测货架期(6.12 d) -4.67 13.97 -35.24
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骆驼肉在不同温度下的感官变化及基于感官差异的货架期模型的建立与验证
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郑增拓 1 , TUYATSETSEG Jambl 2 , 伊如勒 3 , 梁建忠 4 , 明亮 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专栏:第九届食品质量安全与智能检测学术会议论文 2025,16(10): 1-10
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骆驼肉在不同温度下的感官变化及基于感官差异的货架期模型的建立与验证
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郑增拓(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为畜产品贮藏与保鲜。E-mail:

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College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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郑增拓1 , TUYATSETSEG Jambl2, 伊如勒3, 梁建忠4, 明亮1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 呼和浩特 010018
  • 2.中国-蒙古生物高分子应用“一带一路”联合实验室, 呼和浩特 010018
  • 3.内蒙古国驼检测技术有限公司, 阿拉善盟 750306
  • 4.阿拉善右旗农业技术推广中心, 阿拉善盟 750306
通讯作者:
* 明亮(1989—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为骆驼基因组与相关产品开发。E-mail:
Sensory changes of camel meat at different temperatures and the establishment and validation of a shelf-life model based on sensory differences
Zeng-Tuo ZHENG1 , Jambl TUYATSETSEG2, Ru-Le YI3, Jian-Zhong LIANG4, Liang MING1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
  • 2. China-Mongolia Joint Laboratory of Biopolymer Application “One Belt One Road”, Hohhot 010018, China
  • 3. Inner Mongolia Guotuo Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Alxa 750306, China
  • 4. Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Alxa Right Banner, Alxa 750306, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250320001
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目的 探究骆驼肉在不同贮藏温度(4、15、25 ℃)下的感官变化, 并建立基于感官差异的货架期预测模型。方法 通过模拟实际贮藏条件, 分析骆驼肉的颜色、电子舌味觉指标(鲜味、咸味、酸味、甜味等)以及电子鼻嗅觉指标(氮氧化物、甲烷、硫化物等)的变化。采用零级反应动力学模型和Arrhenius方程对数据进行拟合, 建立以颜色、电子舌和电子鼻为基准的货架期预测模型, 并通过pH、菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)对模型进行验证。结果 4 ℃条件下, 骆驼肉亮度值(L*)和红度值(a*)无显著变化(P>0.05), 而15 ℃和25 ℃下的a*显著下降(P<0.05), 黄度值(b*)在所有温度下均呈现上升趋势。味觉分析结果显示, 鲜味(AEE)、咸味(CT0)、酸味(CA0)和涩味(AE1)强度随时间和温度增加, 而甜味(GL1)强度减弱。电子鼻检测发现, 氮氧化物(W5S)、甲烷(W1S)、硫化物和萜烯(W1W)、醇类化合物(W2S)的浓度随贮藏时间显著增加。通过模型计算得出, 以颜色、电子舌和电子鼻为基准的货架期分别为7.23、6.24和6.12 d。用6 ℃下的骆驼肉进行验证, 结果显示, 电子舌模型的预测准确度较高, 但不同理化指标(如菌落总数、pH和TVB-N)反映的货架期存在显著差异。结论 本研究成功建立了基于感官的货架期预测模型。基于电子舌和电子鼻建立的预测模型与pH的验证结果吻合度较高, 相对误差分别为-2.80%和-4.67%)。不同理化指标对肉品质的要求严格程度不同, 菌落总数最为严格, 而TVB-N相对宽松。本研究为冷鲜骆驼肉的品质监控提供了参考依据。

骆驼肉  /  感官指标  /  理化指标  /  差别度  /  货架期

Objective To investigate the sensory changes of camel meat stored at different temperatures (4, 15, and 25 ℃) and establish a shelf-life prediction model based on sensory differences. Methods By simulating actual storage conditions, the changes in color, electronic tongue taste indices (umami, saltiness, sourness, sweetness, etc.), and electronic nose olfactory indicators (nitrogen oxides, methane, sulfides, etc.) of camel meat were analyzed. Zero-order reaction kinetics models and the Arrhenius equation were used to fit the data, establishing a shelf-life prediction model based on color, electronic tongue and electronic nose metrics. The model was validated using pH, total bacterial count and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N). Results At 4 ℃, there was no significant change in the lightness (L*) and redness (a*) of camel meat (P>0.05), while the a* value significantly decreased at 15 ℃ and 25 ℃ (P<0.05), and yellowness (b*) showed an upward trend across all temperatures. Taste analysis revealed that umami (AEE), saltiness (CT0), sourness (CA0) and astringency (AE1) intensities increased with time and temperature, whereas sweetness (GL1) intensity decreased. Electronic nose detection found that concentrations of nitrogen oxides (W5S), methane (W1S), sulfides and terpenes (W1W) and alcohol compounds (W2S) significantly increased over storage time. The calculated shelf lives based on color, electronic tongue and electronic nose were 7.23, 6.24 and 6.12 d, respectively. Verification using camel meat stored at 6 ℃ showed high prediction accuracy of the electronic tongue model, but significant discrepancies were observed among shelf lives predicted by different physicochemical indicators (e.g., total bacterial count, pH, TVB-N). Conclusion This study successfully establish a shelf-life prediction model based on sensory characteristics. The prediction models established based on the electronic tongue and electronic nose show good agreement with validation results based on pH, with relative errors of -2.80% and -4.67%, respectively. Different physicochemical indicators have varying degrees of strictness towards meat quality requirements, with total bacterial count being the most stringent and TVB-N relatively more lenient. This study provides a reference for the quality monitoring of fresh camel meat.

camel meat  /  sensory indicators  /  physicochemical indicators  /  divergence degree  /  shelf-life
郑增拓, TUYATSETSEG Jambl, 伊如勒, 梁建忠, 明亮. 骆驼肉在不同温度下的感官变化及基于感官差异的货架期模型的建立与验证. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (10) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250320001
Zeng-Tuo ZHENG, Jambl TUYATSETSEG, Ru-Le YI, Jian-Zhong LIANG, Liang MING. Sensory changes of camel meat at different temperatures and the establishment and validation of a shelf-life model based on sensory differences[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (10) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250320001
驼肉是一种典型的高蛋白、高水分的瘦型肉类。驼肉中的脂肪含量为1.1%~4.2%[1], 水分含量为70%~77%, 还含有18%~23%的蛋白质和1%~1.4%的灰分[2], 与其他红肉相比, 驼驼肉中的蛋白质种类和含量较丰富, 且脂肪和胆固醇含量较低, 并含有多种人体必需的脂肪酸、矿物质和维生素等, 因此驼肉是一种有益于人体健康的肉类来源。
贮藏方式和时间是影响肉类品质的主要因素。对生鲜肉品的品质量化和对其货架期的高效监控, 一直是肉品科学相关研究的焦点之一。鉴于市场的需求和智能化的发展, 电子舌、电子鼻应时而生。电子舌/电子鼻是一种模仿人类味觉/嗅觉的智能分析设备, 可以实现感官评价的客观化和科学化[3]
肉类富含不饱和脂肪酸和蛋白质, 因此容易氧化。氧化会导致酸败, 留下难闻的味道和气味, 并导致颜色变化, 从而影响消费者对肉类活力的感知[4]。反映食品货架期的指标主要有感官评价和微生物生长状况等[5], 将这些指标联合空气动力学模型, 并基于此建立货架期模型, 是检测肉类新鲜度的有效手段[6]。该方法已经运用于金针菇的货架期模型建立[7]、猪肉制品的新鲜度检测[8], 但鲜少见相关方法用于驼肉的货架期模型建立。
本研究以生鲜驼肉为研究对象, 控制包装方式相同和肉块大小相近, 分析了生鲜驼肉在不同温度下的欧氏距离(euclidean distance, ED)、感官和风味变化、菌落总数变化, 以不同温度下的零级反应动力学模型和Arrhenius方程为依据, 创立货架期预测模型, 并以肉品质指标加以验证, 为冷鲜驼肉的贮存与保鲜提供依据与参考。
本研究选用了骆驼后腿肉作为研究对象, 采自内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟。本研究分别模拟冷藏(4 ℃±2 ℃)、冬季室温(15 ℃±2 ℃)和夏季室温(25 ℃±2 ℃) 3种贮存环境, 肉被切成大小相近的肉块(1 cm×1 cm×1 cm), 均用塑封袋包装, 以贴近生活实际, 并减小湿度的影响, 模拟驼肉在商家销售、消费者购后贮藏的实际场景。
琼脂粉(分析纯, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 无水葡萄糖、氯化钠、磷酸氢二钠、氯化钾、酒石酸(分析纯, 天津福晨天津化学试剂有限公司); 酵母浸膏(分析纯, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司)。
EX224ZH/AD电子天平(精度0.1 mg, 常州奥豪斯仪器有限公司); PEN3便携式电子鼻(德国Airsense公司); TS-6000A电子舌系统(日本INSENT公司); K9840自动凯氏定氮仪(海能未来技术集团股份有限公司); a-AB33PH ZH pH计(常州奥豪斯仪器有限公司); CR10色差仪(深圳市三恩时科技有限公司); GHP-9160隔水式培养箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司); SQ510C立式高压蒸汽灭菌器(日本雅马拓科学株式会社); BCM-1300A超净台(苏州安泰空气技术有限公司); KQ2200E超声波仪(昆山市超声仪器有限公司)。
参照WANG等[9]的方法, 成立了一个由20名成员组成的消费者小组, 要求小组成员在0分(完全不可接受)和100分(完全可接受)之间进行评估。本研究在对骆驼肉进行感官评估前24 h进行感官培训。为使得评估科学客观, 用手机对样品进行拍照后给评测者进行视觉评分, 使视觉和味觉分别独立评测, 以1:1的比例进行加权, 最终以百分制分数的形式体现, 以50分为是否可接受的分界线。参照CASTRICA等[10]的描述以供评测者参考(表1)。
参考LI等[11]的研究并稍作修改, 亮度值(L*)、红度值(a*)和黄度值(b*)被用作样品表面颜色的指标。由便携式阵列分光测色仪进行测定。在每个样品上随机选取5个点进行颜色测量。
根据袁灿等[12]的方法稍作修改。
电子舌: 在100 mL去离子水中搅拌10.0 g剁碎的驼肉, 50 Hz常温超声波浸提30 min, 取上清液过滤, 移至电子舌专用烧杯分别编号待检。参比电极在检测前先在参比电极浸泡液(3.33 mol/L KCl)中活化24 h, 基本味传感器事先在基准液(30 mmol/L KCl+0.3 mmol/L酒石酸)中活化24 h; 甜味传感器在专用浸泡液中活化24 h。分别用正极清洗液(10 mmol/L KOH+100 mmol/L KCl+30%体积乙醇)和负极清洗液(30%体积乙醇+0.83%体积HCl)清洗正极和负极参比电极, 再将基准液和不同贮藏温度和时间下的生鲜驼肉样本交替检测。基本味(苦味、鲜味、咸味、酸味)平行测定4次, 甜味测定测试5次。
电子鼻: 将骆驼肉剁碎, 分别取2.00 g碎肉放入10 mL顶空瓶中密封, 分别编号待检。分析条件: 采样间隔1 s, 洗气时间90 s, 零点调整时间5 s, 预采样时间5 s, 测量时间120 s, 腔室流量300 mL/min, 单次注射流量200 mL/min。每个样品平行测试3次。使用气味传感系统E-nose (PEN 3.5, 德国Airsense公司)进行电子鼻分析。该系统安装了10个化学传感器(表2)。
根据GB 5009.228—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中挥发性盐基氮的测定》对挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)含量进行了测定。取20.0 g肉样, 加50 mL去离子水匀浆, 静置30 min后过滤; 取滤液于蒸馏瓶中, 加入4.0 g/L氧化镁溶液20 mL, 收集蒸馏液, 置于含0.05 mL混合指示剂的30 mL硼酸溶液(0.03 g/L)中, 用0.05 mol/L盐酸溶液滴定。
根据GB 4789.2—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》对菌落总数进行测定。在无菌袋中将每25.0 g骆驼肉与225 mL生理盐水混合, 将每个稀释液倒入培养板1 mL, 然后将培养板置于平板计数琼脂上, 对细菌计数。每个稀释比制作3个平板, 在(36±1) ℃下培养(48±2) h。计数以每克菌落形成单位的对数(lg CFU/g)记录。其中, 除25 ℃的样本外, 其余贮藏温度下的骆驼肉为每2 d测定一次。
pH的测定根据GUO等[13]的方法并稍作修改, 将10.0 g肉样加入到含有90 mL蒸馏水的锥形瓶中后精置30 min, 过滤, 用pH计测定过滤液。同一试样平行3次, 取测定结果的平均值。
食品中的化学反应遵循或至少近似于一阶动力学[14], 零级动力学方程、Arrhenius方程及其一级反应动力学方程是经典的食品货架期预测模型。
分别对电子舌和电子鼻的测定结果做主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)。ED值是体现差别度的常用指标之一[15], 以ED值表示中心点距离, 体现在不同温度和不同贮藏时间下的生鲜驼肉与新鲜驼肉的差异, 其值大小与样品差异成正相关。
该实验采用零级动力学方程, 计算见公式(1)。
$A={{A}_{0}}-kt$
式中: t为贮存天数, d; A0为起点品质指标; A为对应贮存时间的品质指标; k为品质指标变化速率。
在得到某些品质量化指标及其对应的贮藏时间, 并建立零级动力学方程, 求得k值后, 即可建立Arrhenius方程, 即关于反应速率k和绝对温度T之间关系式(2)。
$k={{k}_{0}}\exp (-\frac{{{E}_{a}}}{RT})$
式中: k0为指前因子; Ea为活化能, J/mol; R为气体常数, 8.314J/(K·mol); T为绝对温度, K。
作关于lnk与1/T的关系图, 将不同绝对温度对应的反应速率常数k用Arrhenius方程线性拟合, 即可得到指前因子k0和反应活化能Ea。结合零级动力学模型和Arrhenius方程, 得到驼肉品质指标的货架期零级动力学预测模型, 见式(3)。
${{T}_{\text{SL}}}=\frac{|A-{{A}_{0}}|}{{{k}_{0}}\exp (-\frac{{{E}_{a}}}{RT})}$
式中: TSL为骆驼肉的货架期时间, d。
所有实验处理均独立重复至少3次, 以确保结果的可靠性。利用Excel 2019进行数据记录, 计算平均值和标准差。用OriginPro 2021进行拟合、绘图和PCA分析, 其中, R2系模型预测值与实际测定值之间的决定系数, 由Orgin Pro 2021通过分析计算获得, 反映拟合精度。利用Visual Studio Code软件搭配Python程序设计语言计算ED值。显著性差异分析借助SPSS Statistics 25软件进行, 具体包括方差分析用于比较多组间是否存在显著性差异, 以P<0.05作为差异显著性判断标准。
感官评分是肉类消费的最直观的因素[16]。如图1所示, 随着贮藏过程的持续, 感官得分持续下降, 其中, 4、15、25 ℃下的驼肉初始的(91.67±2.49)分分别降至(57.27±5.07)、(25.33±4.50)、(12.33±5.56)分, 需要指出的是, 25 ℃下的驼肉由于在8 d已经产生令人强烈不适的气味, 故不参与评测。对图1折线趋势可得, 骆驼肉在4、15、25 ℃贮藏条件下的感官可与不可接受的分界时间点分别为9.97 d (R2=0.9435)、4.64 d (R2=0.9696)、2.73 d (R2=0.9769)。由预测线的R2可知, 温度越高, 感官指标下降得越明显, 肉的劣变越快, 这是由微生物活动、脂质和蛋白质氧化等多种因素引起的[17]
肉的颜色是消费者最具决定性的购买因素之一[18]。骆驼肉在不同温度下的颜色变化如表3所示。4 ℃的L*a*变化不显著(P>0.05)。除25 ℃外, 所有贮藏温度下的骆驼肉L*都呈现先上升后下降的趋势, 而25 ℃下的骆驼肉可能在0~2 d内就已经经历了上升趋势。15 ℃和25 ℃的a*呈现下降趋势(P<0.05), b*在4、15和25 ℃呈现上升趋势。25 ℃下的骆驼肉的颜色变化相较于其他温度更加显著, 这显然是由于25 ℃下的食品反应更加剧烈。
L*上升的原因可能是, 随着贮藏的进行, 肉在微生物的作用下肌纤维断裂, 系水力下降, 肉中的水分显露在肉的表面, 水的折线导致了L*升高[19]a*与肌红蛋白和血红蛋白的浓度有关。随着温度的升高, 有色蛋白被氧化的程度加剧, 进程呈现出深红色。另一方面, 肌红蛋白中的Fe2+被氧化成Fe3+从而形成高铁肌红蛋白, 使肉变得红褐色, 进而导致L*a*下降[20], 总的来说, 骆驼肉的L*a*下降可能是由于水分的流失和肌红蛋白的氧化引起的[21]。而b*的变化和脂肪氧化有关[22], 脂肪氧化产生的黄色物质使得骆驼肉的b*增加, 在本研究中, b*的增加还与肉的绿化相关, 在室温(15 ℃、25 ℃)贮藏后期, 骆驼肉表面出现深绿色的片状斑点, 这可能是肉中的某些细菌生长的结果, 如绿脓杆菌和粪肠球菌[23], 此外, 肉毒杆菌(Carnobacterium viridans)产生过氧化氢与肌红蛋白反应生成绿色胆红素, 也会使得肉的表面呈现绿色[24], 当肉的表面出现绿色, 说明肉的变质程度已经非常高[23]
骆驼肉在不同温度下的味觉变化如图2所示, 由于25 ℃ 8 d的骆驼肉表面黏度大, 不适合测定故未对其进行测定。25 ℃贮藏条件下的生鲜驼肉的苦味(COO)、鲜味(AEE)、咸味(CT0)、酸味(CA0)、涩味(AE1)的强度随时间增强(P<0.05), 甜味(GL1)显著减弱(P<0.05); 这与驼肉中的蛋白质发生了氧化和降解相关[25], 同时, 鲜味和甜味与氨基酸密切相关[26], 肉类中的蛋白质很容易在微生物的作用下发生复杂的反应最终水解为氨基酸, 进而增强了肉的鲜味, 在关于对虾的研究中也发现了鲜味与温度呈正相关[27]; 咸味的增强可能是因为随着滴水损失的增大, 无机盐浓度上升; 肉的变质常常伴随着酸味强度的增强, 这可能是油脂氧化和酸败的结果, 也可能是因为较高的温度促进了磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK)活性, 糖酵解的速度加快, 促进了乳酸的积累。涩味是一种复杂的味觉, 收敛性化合物, 如具有许多苯基羟基的单宁和生物碱, 可通过分子间的疏水性内作用和氢键, 与富含唾液脯氨酸的蛋白质结合引起涩味[28]
挥发性气味会在很大程度上影响消费者的购买决策[29]。如图3所示, 在贮藏期间, 随着贮藏的进行, 骆驼肉的气味强度逐渐增强, W5S(氮氧化物)、W1S(甲烷)、W1W(硫化物和萜烯)、W2S(醇类化合物)的增强尤为显著, 与MIYASAKI等[30] 的研究结果相似, 其中, W5S的上升相较于W1S、W1W、W2S, 呈现更显著的线性递增关系。醇类物质的增加可能是由于醛类物质转化而来[31], 而醛类物质被认为是反刍动物肉中挥发性物质的代表[32], 高浓度的醛会因脂质氧化而产生酸败或其他异味[33]。BU等[33]对4 ℃下的生羊肉中的挥发性气味物质做了评测, 发现贮藏7 d的挥发性气味物质含量会急剧增加, 这与本研究中W1S、W1W、W2S的变化相似。W1W(硫化物和萜烯)的变化与25 ℃下的沙丁鱼的变化相似[34]; H2S和甲烷是细菌的代谢产物[35], W1W和与微生物的生长状况呈正相关, 肉在4 ℃以上环境的贮藏过程中往往伴随着微生物的增长,因此, W1W强度随贮藏的进行而升高。
对不同的指标的测试结果进行PCA, 以各个温度下的0 d为原点, 计算并拟合每个时间点到0 d的ED(图4), 拟合结果如表4所示。通过k值的大小可以看出, 随着温度的升高, k值上升, 这说明温度越高, 骆驼肉的感官变化越快。
以零级方程获得的不同贮藏温度下反应速率常数的对数lnk为纵坐标, 热力学倒数1/T为横坐标, 进行线性拟合, 分别得到Arrhenius方程, 如图5所示。根据方程的斜率和截距求出Eak0, 结果汇总于表5
以颜色、电子舌和电子鼻为基准, 建模后货架期模型分别如(4)、(5)和(6)所示。
$\text{SL}=\frac{|{{A}_{0}}-A|}{36665.81{{e}^{(\frac{-2.76\times {{10}^{4}}}{RT})}}}$
$\text{SL}=\frac{|{{A}_{0}}-A|}{192.03{{e}^{(\frac{-1.11\times {{10}^{4}}}{RT})}}}$
$\text{SL}=\frac{|{{A}_{0}}-A|}{26.91{{e}^{(\frac{-8.46\times {{10}^{3}}}{RT})}}}$
将是否可接收的感官日期代入货架期模型可反推不同温度下的ED值(表6), 即可获得完整的货架期模型, 以颜色、电子舌响应值和电子鼻响应值为基准, 建模后货架期模型分别如(7)、(8)和(9)所示。
$\text{SL}=\frac{1.81}{36665.81{{e}^{(\frac{-2.76\times {{10}^{4}}}{RT})}}}$
$\text{SL}=\frac{9.89}{192.03{{e}^{(\frac{-1.11\times {{10}^{4}}}{RT})}}}$
$\text{SL}=\frac{4.30}{26.91{{e}^{(\frac{-8.46\times {{10}^{3}}}{RT})}}}$
颜色、电子舌、电子鼻建立的模型的货架期分别为7.23、6.24、6.12 d。
对6 ℃下的骆驼肉的理化性质的变化的测定结果如图6所示。骆驼肉的 pH先降后升(P<0.05); 这是可能肌肉中肌糖原无氧呼吸产生乳酸、三磷酸腺苷分解产生磷酸根离子和微生物代谢产物的共同作用的结果, 在低温贮藏初期, 肌肉中肌糖原无氧呼吸产生乳酸以及三磷酸腺苷分解产生磷酸根离子使pH下降, 当糖原降解的酶受到乳酸的抑制而失活时, 达到极限pH[36], 随后, 随着细胞内Ca2+的释放, 激活分解蛋白质的酶, 分解蛋白质产生大量肽类和氨基酸, 同时, 随着贮藏时间延长, 肉中微生物大量繁殖, 微生物代谢产生胺类物质, 导致肉品pH上升[37], 此处基于pH的拟合仅对增长部分进行拟合。菌落总数和TVB-N的增加与温度呈正相关, 其中, TVB-N的增长呈现良好的线性, 这与XIAO等[38]的报告相似。
以不同指标确定骆驼肉的货架期如表7所示。将pH、菌落总数和TVB-N作为货架期终点判定标准。以各个指标超过GB 2707—2016《食品安全国家标准 鲜(冻)畜、禽产品》和相关文献规定的安全阈值(pH≥6.7[39]; 菌落总数≥6.0 lg CFU/g[40]; TVB-N≥25 mg/100 g)为货架期终点。货架期终点分别为6.42 d (R2=0.9893)、5.37 d (R2=0.9536)、9.45 d (R2=0.945)。
将上述测得的感官得分代入不同感官指标得出的货架期预测模型。根据不同基准获得的货架期模型和参照指标算得的货架期如表7所示。不同质量指标对货架期的判定存在显著差异, 这与各指标反映的劣变机制密切相关。菌落总数作为最严格的判定标准, 直接反映食源性致病菌风险; TVB-N作为较宽松的标准, 主要表征蛋白质分解程度; 基于电子舌建立的预测模型与pH的验证结果吻合度最高(相对误差-2.80%), 其次为基于电子鼻模型与pH的验证结果(相对误差-4.67%)。
本研究探索了在8 d贮藏期内骆驼肉在不同温度下的视觉、味觉、嗅觉感官变化。4 ℃的L*a*变化不显著(P>0.05)。除25℃外, 所有贮藏温度下的骆驼肉L*都呈现先上升后下降的趋势, 15 ℃和25 ℃的a*呈现下降趋势(P<0.05), b*呈现上升趋势。鲜味(AEE)、咸味(CT0)、酸味(CA0)、涩味(AE1)的强度随时间和温度增强, 甜味(GL1)的强度随时间和温度减弱。随着贮藏的进行, 骆驼肉的总体气味强度逐渐增强, W5S(氮氧化物)、W1S(甲烷)、W1W(硫化物和萜烯)、W2S(醇类化合物)的增强尤为显著。
本研究还展示了一种预测骆驼肉在不同温度下的货架期的方法, 一阶动力学模型很好地描述了pH、菌落总数和TVB-N的变化与温度的关系。本研究分别以感官(颜色、电子舌、电子鼻)的差别度为基础建立货架期预测模型, 并对6 ℃贮藏温度下的骆驼肉进行了验证。研究发现, 电子舌和电子鼻的预测结果较为接近。不同指标反映的真实货架期存在较大差异, 以pH、菌落总数和TVB-N为指标反映货架期终点分别为6.42 d (R2=0.9893)、5.37 d (R2=0.9536)、9.45 d (R2=0.9450), 这说明不同指标对新鲜度的要求是不同的, 菌落总数最为严格, 而TVB-N最为宽松。基于电子舌建立的预测模型与pH的验证结果吻合度最高(相对误差-2.80%), 其次为基于电子鼻模型与pH的验证结果(相对误差-4.67%)。但3个货架期模型都不能较好地反映以TVB-N为参考的真实货架期。
  • 阿拉善盟科技计划项目(AMKJ2024-06)
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2025年第16卷第10期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250320001
  • 接收时间:2025-03-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-15
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-20
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阿拉善盟科技计划项目(AMKJ2024-06)
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    1.内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 呼和浩特 010018
    2.中国-蒙古生物高分子应用“一带一路”联合实验室, 呼和浩特 010018
    3.内蒙古国驼检测技术有限公司, 阿拉善盟 750306
    4.阿拉善右旗农业技术推广中心, 阿拉善盟 750306

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* 明亮(1989—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为骆驼基因组与相关产品开发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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