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Article(id=1215670321961685103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767990818, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767990818, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767990818, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767990818, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=315, endPage=320, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670324000117012, articleId=1215670321961685103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis of pollution characteristics and prevention and control strategies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water in Hunan Province from 2022 to 2024, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the pollution characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water. Methods The detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water sold in the province and produced by local enterprises during the supervision and sampling of Hunan Province from 2022 to 2024 was analyzed. Results The detection rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 3 years was 8.15%, which significantly decreased to 5.74% in 2024 due to strengthened supervision. Other drinking water (9.44%) and sealed packaging (8.65%) had the highest risk. Summer and autumn (11.34% in the third quarter) and areas such as Changde and Xiangxi (over 15%) were high-risk areas for pollution. Conclusion Focusing on strengthening the prevention and control of bacterial protective films in water sources, optimizing seasonal processes and regulating high-risk areas can effectively reduce the pollution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, thereby improving the sampling pass rate of packaged drinking water products. The research results provide key data support for the quality and safety of packaged drinking water in Hunan Province. The multiple risk superposition mechanism of “climate process management” revealed has practical guidance significance for the prevention and control of food microorganisms in humid and hot regions of Southern China.

, correspAuthors=Feng-Jun YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian-Feng XIAO, Feng-Jun YUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670324931252575, articleId=1215670321961685103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2022—2024年湖南省包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌污染特征分析与防控策略研究, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究包装饮用水中铜绿假单胞菌的污染特征。方法 对2022——2024年度湖南省监督抽检中, 省内市售、本省企业生产的包装饮用水检出铜绿假单胞菌的情况进行分析。结果 3年铜绿假单胞菌检出率为8.15%, 2024年因监管强化显著下降至5.74%; 其他饮用水(9.44%)与压盖包装(8.65%)风险最高; 夏秋季(3季度11.34%)及常德、湘西等地区(大于15%)为污染高发区。结论 重点加强水源细菌保护膜防控、季节性工艺优化及高风险区域监管, 可以有效减少铜绿假单胞菌的污染, 从而提高包装饮用水产品的抽检合格率。研究结果为湖南省包装饮用水质量安全提供了关键数据支撑, 所揭示的“气候-工艺-管理”多重风险叠加机制, 对南方湿热地区食品微生物防控具有实践指导意义。

, correspAuthors=袁凤君, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*袁凤君(1985—), 女, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全抽样检验、实验室管理。E-mail:
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肖剑峰(1978—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险防控、食品生产许可与监督检查、食品标准管理。E-mail:

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肖剑峰(1978—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险防控、食品生产许可与监督检查、食品标准管理。E-mail:

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肖剑峰(1978—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险防控、食品生产许可与监督检查、食品标准管理。E-mail:

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Detection situation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water for supervision sampling and risk monitoring in Hunan Province from 2022 to 2024 (analyzed by sampling year)

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年份 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
2022 2016 170 8.43
2023 2204 208 9.44
2024 1411 81 5.74
总计 5631 459 8.15
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2022—2024年度湖南省监督抽检及风险监控包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出情况(按抽样年份分析)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
2022 2016 170 8.43
2023 2204 208 9.44
2024 1411 81 5.74
总计 5631 459 8.15
), ArticleFig(id=1215686849952138073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321961685103, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection situation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water for supervision sampling and risk monitoring in Hunan Province from 2022 to 2024 (analyzed by sample type)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品类型 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
饮用纯净水 1628 89 5.47
饮用天然矿泉水 111 8 7.21
其他饮用水 3892 362 9.31
合计 5631 459 8.15
), ArticleFig(id=1215686850061189987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321961685103, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2022—2024年度湖南省监督抽检及风险监控包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出情况(按样品类型分析)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品类型 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
饮用纯净水 1628 89 5.47
饮用天然矿泉水 111 8 7.21
其他饮用水 3892 362 9.31
合计 5631 459 8.15
), ArticleFig(id=1215686850153464679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321961685103, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detection situation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water for supervision sampling and risk monitoring in Hunan Province from 2022 to 2024 (analyzed by sample production date)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产时间 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
一季度 822 19 2.31
二季度 1337 61 4.56
三季度 2029 230 11.34
四季度 1443 149 10.33
合计 5631 459 8.15
), ArticleFig(id=1215686850266710892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321961685103, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2022—2024年度湖南省监督抽检及风险监控包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出情况(按样品生产日期分析)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产时间 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
一季度 822 19 2.31
二季度 1337 61 4.56
三季度 2029 230 11.34
四季度 1443 149 10.33
合计 5631 459 8.15
), ArticleFig(id=1215686850367374194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321961685103, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Detection situation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water for supervision sampling and risk monitoring in Hunan Province from 2022 to 2024 (analyzed by identified production area)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品来源 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
常德 277 43 15.52
郴州 220 28 12.73
衡阳 468 32 6.84
怀化 560 50 8.93
娄底 414 19 4.59
邵阳 408 52 12.75
湘潭 203 14 6.90
湘西 214 35 16.36
益阳 255 12 4.71
永州 532 46 8.65
岳阳 331 46 13.90
张家界 218 26 11.93
长沙 1312 22 1.68
株洲 219 34 15.53
合计 5631 459 8.15
), ArticleFig(id=1215686850535146360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321961685103, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2022—2024年度湖南省监督抽检及风险监控包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出情况(按标识生产产地分析)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品来源 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
常德 277 43 15.52
郴州 220 28 12.73
衡阳 468 32 6.84
怀化 560 50 8.93
娄底 414 19 4.59
邵阳 408 52 12.75
湘潭 203 14 6.90
湘西 214 35 16.36
益阳 255 12 4.71
永州 532 46 8.65
岳阳 331 46 13.90
张家界 218 26 11.93
长沙 1312 22 1.68
株洲 219 34 15.53
合计 5631 459 8.15
), ArticleFig(id=1215686851797631874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321961685103, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Detection situation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water for supervision sampling and risk monitoring in Hunan Province from 2022 to 2024 (analyzed by sampling location)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品来源 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
餐饮单位 49 1 2.04
流通环节 2162 190 8.79
生产企业 3420 268 7.84
总计 5631 459 8.15
), ArticleFig(id=1215686851940238218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321961685103, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2022—2024年度湖南省监督抽检及风险监控包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出情况(按抽样地点分析)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品来源 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
餐饮单位 49 1 2.04
流通环节 2162 190 8.79
生产企业 3420 268 7.84
总计 5631 459 8.15
), ArticleFig(id=1215686852028318610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321961685103, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Detection situation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water for supervision sampling and risk monitoring in Hunan Province from 2022 to 2024 (analyzed by packaging type)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
包装类型 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
旋盖装 397 6 1.51
压盖装 5234 453 8.65
合计 5631 459 8.15
), ArticleFig(id=1215686852145759137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670321961685103, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2022—2024年度湖南省监督抽检及风险监控包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出情况(按包装类型分析)

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包装类型 样品总数/批 检出数/批 检出率/%
旋盖装 397 6 1.51
压盖装 5234 453 8.65
合计 5631 459 8.15
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2022—2024年湖南省包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌污染特征分析与防控策略研究
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肖剑峰 , 袁凤君 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(14): 315-320
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(14): 315-320
2022—2024年湖南省包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌污染特征分析与防控策略研究
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肖剑峰 , 袁凤君*
作者信息
  • 湖南省产商品评审中心, 长沙 410004

    • 肖剑峰(1978—), 女, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险防控、食品生产许可与监督检查、食品标准管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*袁凤君(1985—), 女, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全抽样检验、实验室管理。E-mail:
Analysis of pollution characteristics and prevention and control strategies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water in Hunan Province from 2022 to 2024
Jian-Feng XIAO , Feng-Jun YUAN*
Affiliations
  • Hunan Provincial Commodity Evaluation Center, Changsha 410004, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317001
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摘要
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目的 探究包装饮用水中铜绿假单胞菌的污染特征。方法 对2022——2024年度湖南省监督抽检中, 省内市售、本省企业生产的包装饮用水检出铜绿假单胞菌的情况进行分析。结果 3年铜绿假单胞菌检出率为8.15%, 2024年因监管强化显著下降至5.74%; 其他饮用水(9.44%)与压盖包装(8.65%)风险最高; 夏秋季(3季度11.34%)及常德、湘西等地区(大于15%)为污染高发区。结论 重点加强水源细菌保护膜防控、季节性工艺优化及高风险区域监管, 可以有效减少铜绿假单胞菌的污染, 从而提高包装饮用水产品的抽检合格率。研究结果为湖南省包装饮用水质量安全提供了关键数据支撑, 所揭示的“气候-工艺-管理”多重风险叠加机制, 对南方湿热地区食品微生物防控具有实践指导意义。

铜绿假单胞菌  /  包装饮用水  /  污染特征  /  防控策略

Objective To explore the pollution characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water. Methods The detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water sold in the province and produced by local enterprises during the supervision and sampling of Hunan Province from 2022 to 2024 was analyzed. Results The detection rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 3 years was 8.15%, which significantly decreased to 5.74% in 2024 due to strengthened supervision. Other drinking water (9.44%) and sealed packaging (8.65%) had the highest risk. Summer and autumn (11.34% in the third quarter) and areas such as Changde and Xiangxi (over 15%) were high-risk areas for pollution. Conclusion Focusing on strengthening the prevention and control of bacterial protective films in water sources, optimizing seasonal processes and regulating high-risk areas can effectively reduce the pollution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, thereby improving the sampling pass rate of packaged drinking water products. The research results provide key data support for the quality and safety of packaged drinking water in Hunan Province. The multiple risk superposition mechanism of “climate process management” revealed has practical guidance significance for the prevention and control of food microorganisms in humid and hot regions of Southern China.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa  /  packaged drinking water  /  pollution characteristics  /  prevention and control strategies
肖剑峰, 袁凤君. 2022—2024年湖南省包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌污染特征分析与防控策略研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 315 -320 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317001
Jian-Feng XIAO, Feng-Jun YUAN. Analysis of pollution characteristics and prevention and control strategies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in packaged drinking water in Hunan Province from 2022 to 2024[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 315 -320 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317001
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0 引言
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包装饮用水是指采用符合GB 19298—2014《食品安全国家标准 包装饮用水》规定的密封容器, 可直接饮用的水。包装饮用水包括饮用天然矿泉水、饮用纯净水、饮用天然泉水及其他类型饮用水。自2015年国家标准首次将铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)纳入微生物限量标准以来, 该菌已成为包装饮用水食品安全的核心风险因子[1]。铜绿假单胞菌属于革兰氏阴性嗜湿性条件致病菌, 其独特的3阶段代谢系统(可溶性分泌-细菌保护膜形成-群体感应)使其在缺氧环境中仍能存活28 d以上[2-3]。该菌对季铵盐类消毒剂抗性显著(耐受质量浓度可达200~500 mg/L)[4], 且紫外线灭活效率仅为大肠菌群的1/3[5]。近年来多项研究证实, 铜绿假单胞菌可通过外膜囊泡释放弹性蛋白酶LasB, 破坏宿主上皮细胞紧密连接, 进而引发腹泻与局部组织感染等[6-8]。近几年国内已有因铜绿假单胞菌污染饮用水导致中毒事件发生的相关报道[9-11]。湖南省2022—2024年包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出率分别为8.43%、9.44%、5.74%, 此类污染可能导致婴幼儿、老年患者等易感人群发生肠道及全身感染[12], 亟待从污染溯源角度提出针对性解决方案。本研究针对湖南省包装饮用水企业普遍存在不清楚铜绿假单胞菌污染来源的技术隐患, 整合2022—2024年度调查数据系统分析铜绿假单胞菌污染的分布特征, 为制定食品安全监管方案和靶向抽样提供科学依据。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 供试材料
2022—2024年随机抽取湖南省本地区生产和流通环节检测的本省市售包装饮用水共计5631批次, 检验所有样品均在保质期内。
1.2 仪器与试剂
PJZJ-142培养箱、PJZJ-057生物安全柜(上海恒跃医疗器械有限公司)。
氯化钠(湖南汇虹试剂有限公司); CN琼脂、NA、绿脓菌素测定用培养基、金氏B培养基(北京陆桥技术股份有限公司); 乙酰胺肉汤(海博生物技术有限公司); 氧化酶试纸(环凯微生物科技有限公司)。
1.3 检验方法
采用孔径为0.45 μm亲水性微孔滤膜, 将250 mL水样或稀释后的水样中所含的细菌截留在滤膜上, 然后将滤膜移至CN琼脂培养基上, 平板倒置, 36 ℃±1 ℃培养20~48 h。培养后观察滤膜上菌落的情况并计数可疑菌落。如有蓝色或绿色菌落, 紫外灯照射下, 发荧光、非蓝色且非绿色菌落, 不发荧光、红褐色菌落, 挑取10个不同形态的可疑菌落(不足10个则全部挑取), 划线接种于营养琼脂纯化, 于36 ℃±1 ℃培养20~24 h。绿脓菌素试验: 菌落在CN琼脂上产绿脓菌素并呈蓝色或绿色分别接种在绿脓菌素测定培养基上, 36 ℃±1 ℃培养24 h±2 h, 加入三氯甲烷3~5 mL, 捣碎培养基并充分振荡, 待三氯甲烷提取液呈蓝色时, 用吸管将三氯甲烷移到另一试管中, 并加入1 mol/L的盐酸1 mL, 振荡后, 静置片刻。如上层盐酸液内出现粉红色到紫红色时为阳性; 产氨试验: 在CN琼脂上发荧光、非蓝色且非绿色菌落, 或不发荧光、红褐色菌落纯培养物接种到乙酰胺液体培养基中, 在36 ℃±1 ℃下培养20~24 h。然后向每支试管培养物加入1~2滴钠氏试剂, 10 s内检查各试管的颜色变化, 如表现出从黄色到砖红色的颜色变化, 则为阳性结果; 42 ℃生长试验: 在CN琼脂上发荧光、非蓝色且非绿色菌落的纯培养物接种营养琼脂平板上, 42 ℃±1 ℃ 培养24~48 h, 能生长的为阳性; 氧化酶试验: 取2~3滴新鲜配制的氧化酶试剂滴到放于平皿里的洁净滤纸上。用铂/铱、玻璃或其他适宜材质的接种环(棒), 将适量的在CN琼脂上不发荧光、红褐色菌落的纯培养物涂布在预备好的滤纸上。在10 s内显深蓝紫色的视为阳性; 金氏B培养基产荧光试验: 在CN琼脂上不发荧光、红褐色且氧化酶反应呈阳性的培养物接种于金氏B培养基上, 于36 ℃±1 ℃恒温箱培养1~5 d。每天需取出在紫外灯下检查其是否产生荧光, 将5 d内产生荧光的菌落记录为阳性。反应试验均为阳性可确证为铜绿假单胞菌, 报告每250 mL水样中铜绿假单胞菌数。
1.4 检验依据
GB 8538—2016《食品安全国家标准 饮用天然矿泉水检验方法》。
1.5 数据处理
运用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行统计分析, 采用χ2检验, 检验水准为α=0.05, 以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 2022—2024年湖南省监督抽检及风险监控包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出情况分析
检测结果显示(表1), 本省市售、本省生产包装饮用水样品5631份, 其中检出铜绿假单胞菌的水样459份, 总检出率8.15%, 2024年检出率5.74%较前两年明显下降。卡方检验显示2022年至2024年不同年份包装饮用水的检出率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=16.035, P<0.001)。
这一趋势与湖南省市场监督管理局连续两年开展包装饮用水生产企业双随机监督检查密切相关, 企业加强现场管理直接降低了2024年度铜绿假单胞菌的污染率。这一结果与广东省类似研究[13]监管干预后微生物污染下降的趋势一致, 同时也印证了国家市场监督管理总局出台《企业落实食品安全主体责任监督管理办法》[14]后, 属地监管部门抓住企业关键少数, 压实企业主体责任对食品安全的积极作用。
2.2 不同类型市售包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出情况分析
检测结果显示(表2), 其他饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出率最高(9.44%), 对3种类型的检出率进行统计学分析, 经卡方检验, 检出率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=22.675, P<0.001)。
这一现象源于水源水与水处理工艺的差异, 纯净水多采用反渗透技术, 能有效截留微生物; 而其他饮用水的水处理工艺多为“石英砂+活性炭+臭氧消毒”组合工艺, 在高温高湿环境下很容易因为臭氧衰减导致杀菌不彻底。尤其值得注意的是, 矿泉水的水源地防护不足可能引入环境微生物污染, 而部分企业为了保留矿物质未采用深度过滤工艺, 增加了后期污染风险, 与其他省份对铜绿假单胞菌污染包装饮用水污染研究[15-17]的结论一致。
2.3 不同季节生产的包装饮用水中铜绿假单胞菌检出情况分析
不同季节生产的包装饮用水中铜绿假单胞菌检出情况如表3所示, 三、四季度生产的包装饮用水检出率较高, 为三季度11.34%、四季度10.33%, 明显高于一季度2.31%、二季度4.56%。对4个季度的铜绿假单胞菌检出率进行比较, 经卡方检验, 检出率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=97.037, P<0.001)。
湖南省夏秋季(6—9月)平均温度28 ℃、湿度85%的湿热气候, 为铜绿假单胞菌的生物膜形成提供了理想条件。与李毅等[18]研究夏季铜绿假单胞菌检出率最高, 春季、秋季次之, 冬季最少一致。与郦娟等[19]和许晓云等[20]在市面上随机取样的研究结论一致。同时旺季生产量激增可能导致企业缩短管道消毒周期、储水罐清洗不彻底等违规操作。这与马金灿等[21]桶装饮用水中铜绿假单胞菌污染控制措施研究中发现的“产能-质量”矛盾现象高度吻合。这一发现提示现有卫生控制体系在应对生产负荷波动时存在明显脆弱性。
2.4 不同生产地区生产的包装饮用水中铜绿假单胞菌检出情况分析
湖南省14个行政区域生产的包装饮用水均有检出铜绿假单胞菌, 检出率高于平均值8.15%的地区有9个, 省会城市长沙市检出率最低为1.68%。将不同产地的检出率进行统计学分析, 经卡方检验, 检出率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=178.300, P<0.001)。
湘西(16.36%)、常德(15.52%)等非省会地区风险突出, 分析原因主要有两个原因: (1)在相同抽检批次水平时, 存在地理暴露差异, 这些地区多为喀斯特地貌, 地下水易受地表渗透污染; (2)相同的污染水平下监管资源配置不均有关。如长沙作为省会拥有全省50%的快速检测设备, 而湘西州乡镇级监管所专业技术人员缺口达40%。这种区域不平衡与《全要素生产率产业差异对城乡收入差距的影响》[22]《工业智能化对中国城乡收入差距影响的研究》[23]揭示的“城乡-区域双维度差异”特征相符。(具体数据见表4)。
2.5 不同抽样环节的包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出情况分析
样品采样地点为生产企业、流通单位和餐饮单位, 统计数据见表5, 流通环节包装饮用铜绿假单胞菌最高为8.79%; 餐饮单位检出率最低为2.04%。将生产单位与经营单位(流通单位加餐饮单位)的检出率进行统计学分析, 经卡方检验, 检出率差异不具有统计学意义, 但由于餐饮单位调查样本量较小, 后续需进一步补充调查数据, 扩大样本量。
2.6 不同封盖类型包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌检出情况分析
湖南省内市售的包装饮用水, 封盖主要有二种类型, 一种为旋盖包装、一种为压盖包装。将不同包装类别的产品检出率进行统计学分析, 经卡方检验, 检出率差异性有统计学意义(χ2=25.152, P<0.001)。压盖包装(8.65%)风险最高, 具体见表6。
压盖包装风险为旋盖包装风险的5.7倍, 提示包装饮用水在运输振动中易产生渗漏, 形成微生物入侵的通道, 铜绿假单胞菌(宽0.5~1.0 μm)[24]侵入。流通环节检出率(8.79%)高于生产环节(7.84%), 虽无统计学显著性(P>0.05), 但结合封盖数据可推测物流过程中的机械振动、野蛮装卸等加速包装破损, 导致二次污染[25]。
3 结论与讨论
收起
本研究系统分析了2022—2024年度湖南省包装饮用水中铜绿假单胞菌的污染特性, 揭示了不同年份、类型、季节、生产地区、抽样环节、封盖类型对检出率的显著影响, 为包装饮用水铜绿假单胞菌的防控策略提出了科学依据。
3.1 健全生产许可与监管机制
监管部门组织制定规范性文件, 确立各风险环节关键控制点的具体指标, 引导企业严格遵守《饮料生产许可审查细则》[26]及GB 19304—2018《食品安全国家标准 包装饮用水生产卫生规范》的要求; 建立分级分类监管制度, 对小微企业实施重点监管, 加大日常监督检查频次; 健全退出机制, 针对不符合生产标准的企业, 依法实施限期整改乃至停产整顿等有力措施。
3.2 加强技术支撑能力建设
建立区域检验资源共享机制, 提供检验检测服务支持, 提升桶装水生产企业尤其是小型生产企业检测能力, 加强技术帮扶与合作[27]; 根据包装饮用水生产企业的自身实际情况, 制定并完善出厂检验制度, 确保产品质量[28]。
3.3 完善标准体系
现行GB 5749—2022《生活饮用水卫生标准》和GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》并未对铜绿假单胞菌设定具体的限量要求, 自然水体中铜绿假单胞菌的数量与气温、有机物浓度及人为污染程度密切相关, 呈现出显著的正相关性[29], 水源水的卫生状况直接影响后续工艺灭菌效果[30], 建议修订上述标准。
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250317001
  • 接收时间：2025-03-17
  • 首发时间：2026-01-07
  • 出版时间：2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-17
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    湖南省产商品评审中心, 长沙 410004

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*袁凤君(1985—), 女, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全抽样检验、实验室管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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