Article(id=1151437192476897569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250313002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453619355, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453619355, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453619355, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453619355, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=234, endPage=244, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895327390397058, articleId=1151437192476897569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis and comprehensive evaluation of nutritional components of almonds from different cultivars in Xinjiang, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To analyze and evaluate the nutritional quality of different varieties of almonds in Xinjiang. Methods The 19 kinds of varieties of almonds grown in Xinjiang were selected as the research objects. The content of macronutrients and micronutrients, fatty acids, amino acids and active substances were determined. Based on principal component analysis, a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of the 19 kinds of varieties of almonds was conducted. Results The protein content of almonds was 22.34 g/100 g, the fat was 35.93%, and the carbohydrate content was 35.76%. The 3 kinds of organic acids, namely tartaric acid, fumaric acid and citric acid, were detected, with average content of 217, 3.98 and 197 g/kg, respectively. The content ranges of total polyphenols and total flavonoids were 0.54-1.94 mg/g and 1.42-15.79 mg/g, respectively. Oleic acid and linoleic acid were the main fatty acids in almonds, with average proportions of 73% and 18%, respectively. The 18 kinds of amino acids were detected in almonds, among which glutamic acid had the highest content (4.97 g/100 g), and methionine had the lowest content (0.08 g/100 g). The main minerals in almonds were potassium (705 mg/100 g), phosphorus (484 mg/100 g), magnesium (268 mg/100 g) and calcium (264 mg/100 g). The results of principal component analysis indicated that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first 4 principal components of the nutritional components in almonds was 86.60%. Alanine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, arginine, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, methionine and proline were important indicators for identifying the nutritional quality of almonds. Conclusion There are differences in the nutritional components among different varieties of Xinjiang almonds, and the composition and content of fatty acids and amino acids are the main parameters for evaluating almond quality.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-Long ZHOU, Hui-Lian CHE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao SUN, Min LIU, Xian WANG, Rui-Na YANG, Jing LI, Xiao-Long ZHOU, Hui-Lian CHE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895348244476379, articleId=1151437192476897569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=新疆不同品种巴旦木营养分析及综合评价, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析评价新疆不同品种巴旦木的营养品质差异。方法 选取新疆种植的19种巴旦木作为研究对象, 测定其宏量和微量营养素、脂肪酸、氨基酸、活性物质等组分含量, 并在主成分分析的基础上对19种巴旦木的品质进行综合评价。结果 巴旦木中蛋白质含量为22.34 g/100 g、脂肪含量为35.93%、碳水化合物含量为35.76%; 测定出酒石酸、富马酸、柠檬酸3种有机酸, 其含量均值分别为217、3.98和197 g/kg; 总多酚和总黄酮的含量范围分别为0.54~1.94 mg/g和1.42~15.79 mg/g; 油酸和亚油酸是巴旦木中的主要脂肪酸, 其占比平均值分别为73%和18%; 在巴旦木中检测出18种氨基酸, 其中谷氨酸含量最高(4.97 g/100 g), 蛋氨酸含量最低(0.08 g/100 g); 巴旦木中的主要矿物质为钾(705 mg/100 g)、磷(484 mg/100 g)、镁(268 mg/100 g)、钙(264 mg/100 g); 主成分分析结果表明, 巴旦木中营养成分含量的前4个主成分的累计方差贡献率达86.60%, 丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈油酸、蛋氨酸和脯氨酸是鉴定巴旦木营养品质的重要指标。结论 新疆巴旦木不同品种之间各营养成分存在差异, 脂肪酸和氨基酸的组成及含量是评价巴旦木品质的主要参数。

, correspAuthors=周晓龙, 车会莲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 周晓龙(1976—), 男, 硕士, 正高级实验师, 主要研究方向为农产品营养品质检测与评价。E-mail:
车会莲(1977—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全、食物过敏及营养。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Zh+/Gzb+DkMmq8CO/rq2bw==, magXml=yv5zSgA9JFcedk9+SWPVZg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=sbhgL09NqOZJnkJQwXNq+w==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7AkkHokIddhZpI6Ik2scpA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

孙涛(1978—), 男, 博士, 正高级实验师, 主要研究方向为干果营养品质及安全评价。E-mail:

, authorsList=孙涛, 刘敏, 王贤, 杨睿娜, 李静, 周晓龙, 车会莲)}, authors=[Author(id=1167030851889017120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=suntao26@xaas.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1167030851947737379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, authorId=1167030851889017120, language=EN, stringName=Tao SUN, firstName=Tao, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
2. College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1167030852023234852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, authorId=1167030851889017120, language=CN, stringName=孙涛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. 新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所, 农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室, 新疆农产品质量安全实验室, 乌鲁木齐 830091
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孙涛(1978—), 男, 博士, 正高级实验师, 主要研究方向为干果营养品质及安全评价。E-mail:

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孙涛(1978—), 男, 博士, 正高级实验师, 主要研究方向为干果营养品质及安全评价。E-mail:

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College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167030851826102558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, companyId=1167030851809325340, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院, 北京 100083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167030853872922955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of organic acid components in almonds, figureFileSmall=J23ZetfXgd5jOUSmhmUzaQ==, figureFileBig=Bh5Q4LqLRyuWVWVoR+a4/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167030853944226124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, language=CN, label=图1, caption=巴旦木活性物质含量分布

注: 四分位距(interquartile range, IQR)。

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注: *. P≤0.05; **. P≤0.01。

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Table of macronutrient content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 蛋白质
/(g/100 g)
脂肪
/%
总碳水化合物
/%
淀粉
/%
膳食纤维
/%
蔗糖
/%
葡萄糖
/%
果糖
/%
水分
/%
灰分
/%
能量
/(kcal/100 g)
AM1 21.03±0.60 33.21±0.41 39.62±0.29 7.09±0.15 21.56±0.17 1.15±0.03 0.21±0.02 0.19±0.01 3.88±0.03 3.24±0.04 496.38±4.22
AM2 22.69±0.69 36.49±0.72 36.69±0.53 7.98±0.37 22.46±0.29 1.65±0.06 0.28±0.03 0.24±0.01 2.39±0.03 3.09±0.01 517.52±5.78
AM3 23.09±0.58 33.51±0.72 37.71±1.05 8.10±0.43 20.63±0.29 0.91±0.01 0.27±0.04 0.16±0.01 2.26±0.05 3.19±0.05 510.50±5.85
AM4 25.02±0.59 35.61±0.55 33.97±0.50 9.29±0.47 25.05±0.17 1.26±0.01 0.11±0.02 0.11±0.00 2.77±0.06 3.15±0.04 497.86±7.11
AM5 19.33±0.52 34.83±0.47 38.84±0.27 7.59±0.39 21.37±0.24 1.08±0.08 0.14±0.02 0.12±0.01 4.02±0.09 2.57±0.05 512.87±8.58
AM6 22.08±0.60 39.85±0.92 32.87±0.73 8.60±0.32 16.98±0.22 1.25±0.01 0.11±0.04 0.12±0.01 3.00±0.06 2.93±0.03 537.89±0.00
AM7 21.11±0.58 37.54±0.76 33.72±0.67 7.76±0.34 18.47±0.29 1.52±0.01 0.23±0.02 0.20±0.01 3.72±0.09 3.32±0.08 525.77±0.00
AM8 20.00±0.57 39.59±0.58 34.75±0.96 8.47±0.36 22.03±0.29 1.41±0.01 0.15±0.03 0.12±0.01 3.13±0.03 3.29±0.05 525.97±0.00
AM9 21.50±0.86 33.85±0.93 38.20±0.67 8.03±0.44 20.18±0.22 1.31±0.01 0.12±0.04 0.14±0.01 2.60±0.06 3.33±0.08 501.77±0.00
AM10 22.98±0.82 34.60±0.85 36.16±0.76 9.24±0.44 20.22±0.32 1.02±0.01 0.06±0.02 0.08±0.01 3.59±0.08 3.30±0.09 508.01±0.00
AM11 22.32±0.82 38.83±0.95 31.78±0.68 8.25±0.44 21.77±0.36 1.45±0.01 0.13±0.02 0.16±0.01 3.22±0.06 3.35±0.08 521.11±0.00
AM12 20.07±0.80 39.11±0.86 34.92±0.66 7.34±0.16 23.66±0.29 1.19±0.01 0.12±0.03 0.12±0.01 2.86±0.05 2.62±0.09 529.34±0.00
AM13 21.84±0.79 37.65±0.49 35.08±0.74 8.42±0.42 21.23±0.29 1.53±0.01 0.11±0.04 0.15±0.01 3.00±0.05 2.65±0.08 521.49±0.00
AM14 25.56±0.79 38.12±0.87 30.63±0.81 7.32±0.16 19.31±0.29 1.07±0.03 0.10±0.02 0.11±0.01 2.95±0.05 3.26±0.06 529.80±0.00
AM15 19.74±0.79 40.34±0.93 32.63±0.68 7.16±0.24 20.02±0.22 1.22±0.01 0.09±0.02 0.11±0.01 3.70±0.10 3.15±0.03 530.49±0.00
AM16 23.11±0.86 34.08±0.82 37.47±0.82 6.41±0.35 23.33±0.29 1.06±0.02 0.12±0.04 0.15±0.01 2.82±0.05 3.13±0.06 503.19±0.00
AM17 24.54±0.66 31.04±0.65 38.72±0.82 7.96±0.38 17.51±0.29 1.56±0.02 0.10±0.02 0.14±0.01 2.71±0.05 3.54±0.09 492.39±0.00
AM18 23.52±0.87 30.12±0.87 41.36±1.00 6.51±0.36 21.18±0.29 0.98±0.01 0.11±0.02 0.14±0.01 2.48±0.08 3.22±0.05 488.03±0.00
AM19 24.93±0.81 34.27±1.03 34.44±0.69 8.56±0.27 19.29±0.30 1.24±0.01 0.08±0.02 0.12±0.01 2.85±0.05 3.16±0.06 505.45±0.00
平均值 22.34 35.93 35.76 7.90 20.85 1.26 0.14 0.14 3.05 3.13 513.46
标准差 1.87 3.00 2.88 0.80 2.05 0.21 0.06 0.04 0.51 0.26 14.58
变异系数/% 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.45 0.26 0.17 0.08 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1167030854564983126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

宏量营养素含量表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 蛋白质
/(g/100 g)
脂肪
/%
总碳水化合物
/%
淀粉
/%
膳食纤维
/%
蔗糖
/%
葡萄糖
/%
果糖
/%
水分
/%
灰分
/%
能量
/(kcal/100 g)
AM1 21.03±0.60 33.21±0.41 39.62±0.29 7.09±0.15 21.56±0.17 1.15±0.03 0.21±0.02 0.19±0.01 3.88±0.03 3.24±0.04 496.38±4.22
AM2 22.69±0.69 36.49±0.72 36.69±0.53 7.98±0.37 22.46±0.29 1.65±0.06 0.28±0.03 0.24±0.01 2.39±0.03 3.09±0.01 517.52±5.78
AM3 23.09±0.58 33.51±0.72 37.71±1.05 8.10±0.43 20.63±0.29 0.91±0.01 0.27±0.04 0.16±0.01 2.26±0.05 3.19±0.05 510.50±5.85
AM4 25.02±0.59 35.61±0.55 33.97±0.50 9.29±0.47 25.05±0.17 1.26±0.01 0.11±0.02 0.11±0.00 2.77±0.06 3.15±0.04 497.86±7.11
AM5 19.33±0.52 34.83±0.47 38.84±0.27 7.59±0.39 21.37±0.24 1.08±0.08 0.14±0.02 0.12±0.01 4.02±0.09 2.57±0.05 512.87±8.58
AM6 22.08±0.60 39.85±0.92 32.87±0.73 8.60±0.32 16.98±0.22 1.25±0.01 0.11±0.04 0.12±0.01 3.00±0.06 2.93±0.03 537.89±0.00
AM7 21.11±0.58 37.54±0.76 33.72±0.67 7.76±0.34 18.47±0.29 1.52±0.01 0.23±0.02 0.20±0.01 3.72±0.09 3.32±0.08 525.77±0.00
AM8 20.00±0.57 39.59±0.58 34.75±0.96 8.47±0.36 22.03±0.29 1.41±0.01 0.15±0.03 0.12±0.01 3.13±0.03 3.29±0.05 525.97±0.00
AM9 21.50±0.86 33.85±0.93 38.20±0.67 8.03±0.44 20.18±0.22 1.31±0.01 0.12±0.04 0.14±0.01 2.60±0.06 3.33±0.08 501.77±0.00
AM10 22.98±0.82 34.60±0.85 36.16±0.76 9.24±0.44 20.22±0.32 1.02±0.01 0.06±0.02 0.08±0.01 3.59±0.08 3.30±0.09 508.01±0.00
AM11 22.32±0.82 38.83±0.95 31.78±0.68 8.25±0.44 21.77±0.36 1.45±0.01 0.13±0.02 0.16±0.01 3.22±0.06 3.35±0.08 521.11±0.00
AM12 20.07±0.80 39.11±0.86 34.92±0.66 7.34±0.16 23.66±0.29 1.19±0.01 0.12±0.03 0.12±0.01 2.86±0.05 2.62±0.09 529.34±0.00
AM13 21.84±0.79 37.65±0.49 35.08±0.74 8.42±0.42 21.23±0.29 1.53±0.01 0.11±0.04 0.15±0.01 3.00±0.05 2.65±0.08 521.49±0.00
AM14 25.56±0.79 38.12±0.87 30.63±0.81 7.32±0.16 19.31±0.29 1.07±0.03 0.10±0.02 0.11±0.01 2.95±0.05 3.26±0.06 529.80±0.00
AM15 19.74±0.79 40.34±0.93 32.63±0.68 7.16±0.24 20.02±0.22 1.22±0.01 0.09±0.02 0.11±0.01 3.70±0.10 3.15±0.03 530.49±0.00
AM16 23.11±0.86 34.08±0.82 37.47±0.82 6.41±0.35 23.33±0.29 1.06±0.02 0.12±0.04 0.15±0.01 2.82±0.05 3.13±0.06 503.19±0.00
AM17 24.54±0.66 31.04±0.65 38.72±0.82 7.96±0.38 17.51±0.29 1.56±0.02 0.10±0.02 0.14±0.01 2.71±0.05 3.54±0.09 492.39±0.00
AM18 23.52±0.87 30.12±0.87 41.36±1.00 6.51±0.36 21.18±0.29 0.98±0.01 0.11±0.02 0.14±0.01 2.48±0.08 3.22±0.05 488.03±0.00
AM19 24.93±0.81 34.27±1.03 34.44±0.69 8.56±0.27 19.29±0.30 1.24±0.01 0.08±0.02 0.12±0.01 2.85±0.05 3.16±0.06 505.45±0.00
平均值 22.34 35.93 35.76 7.90 20.85 1.26 0.14 0.14 3.05 3.13 513.46
标准差 1.87 3.00 2.88 0.80 2.05 0.21 0.06 0.04 0.51 0.26 14.58
变异系数/% 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.45 0.26 0.17 0.08 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1167030854640480599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Table of main quality component content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
巴旦木种类 酒石酸/(g/kg) 柠檬酸/(g/kg) 富马酸/(g/kg) 总黄酮/(mg/g) 总多酚/(mg/g)
平均值 标准差 平均值 标准差 平均值 标准差 平均值 标准差 平均值 标准差
AM1 111.76 4.24 135.58 2.69 3.10 0.06 2.99 0.02 0.86 0.02
AM2 0.00 0.00 268.86 5.62 2.29 0.05 3.58 0.11 1.20 0.02
AM3 0.00 0.00 386.08 6.27 3.16 0.07 3.27 0.05 1.27 0.03
AM4 0.00 0.00 407.06 11.28 4.87 0.10 10.40 0.27 1.13 0.02
AM5 0.00 0.00 30.88 0.79 5.28 0.16 15.79 0.23 1.50 0.03
AM6 89.83 7.07 275.02 8.12 1.38 0.03 2.49 0.09 1.14 0.02
AM7 300.48 19.09 454.24 10.80 4.68 0.16 2.96 0.10 1.42 0.02
AM8 306.41 14.14 523.26 12.30 4.37 0.13 8.57 0.22 0.56 0.01
AM9 295.68 7.07 37.30 1.22 3.63 0.12 5.42 0.16 0.74 0.02
AM10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.99 0.05 3.30 0.11 1.47 0.02
AM11 577.12 12.73 84.03 2.63 6.69 0.17 5.36 0.15 0.54 0.01
AM12 505.11 16.97 216.60 5.53 3.34 0.08 11.04 0.22 0.81 0.01
AM13 288.84 14.85 224.02 5.52 2.67 0.07 6.14 0.17 1.94 0.02
AM14 312.22 10.61 26.57 0.80 2.92 0.07 1.42 0.05 1.02 0.02
AM15 275.86 10.61 22.35 0.91 5.34 0.11 2.81 0.10 0.86 0.02
AM16 243.30 5.66 86.18 2.85 3.46 0.09 2.51 0.08 1.21 0.03
AM17 817.93 16.97 116.61 2.78 9.12 0.27 5.38 0.18 0.69 0.02
AM18 0.00 0.00 417.93 10.55 4.35 0.11 10.86 0.24 1.66 0.03
AM19 0.00 0.00 39.90 1.56 2.94 0.09 5.08 0.18 1.60 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1167030854711783768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要品质组分含量表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
巴旦木种类 酒石酸/(g/kg) 柠檬酸/(g/kg) 富马酸/(g/kg) 总黄酮/(mg/g) 总多酚/(mg/g)
平均值 标准差 平均值 标准差 平均值 标准差 平均值 标准差 平均值 标准差
AM1 111.76 4.24 135.58 2.69 3.10 0.06 2.99 0.02 0.86 0.02
AM2 0.00 0.00 268.86 5.62 2.29 0.05 3.58 0.11 1.20 0.02
AM3 0.00 0.00 386.08 6.27 3.16 0.07 3.27 0.05 1.27 0.03
AM4 0.00 0.00 407.06 11.28 4.87 0.10 10.40 0.27 1.13 0.02
AM5 0.00 0.00 30.88 0.79 5.28 0.16 15.79 0.23 1.50 0.03
AM6 89.83 7.07 275.02 8.12 1.38 0.03 2.49 0.09 1.14 0.02
AM7 300.48 19.09 454.24 10.80 4.68 0.16 2.96 0.10 1.42 0.02
AM8 306.41 14.14 523.26 12.30 4.37 0.13 8.57 0.22 0.56 0.01
AM9 295.68 7.07 37.30 1.22 3.63 0.12 5.42 0.16 0.74 0.02
AM10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.99 0.05 3.30 0.11 1.47 0.02
AM11 577.12 12.73 84.03 2.63 6.69 0.17 5.36 0.15 0.54 0.01
AM12 505.11 16.97 216.60 5.53 3.34 0.08 11.04 0.22 0.81 0.01
AM13 288.84 14.85 224.02 5.52 2.67 0.07 6.14 0.17 1.94 0.02
AM14 312.22 10.61 26.57 0.80 2.92 0.07 1.42 0.05 1.02 0.02
AM15 275.86 10.61 22.35 0.91 5.34 0.11 2.81 0.10 0.86 0.02
AM16 243.30 5.66 86.18 2.85 3.46 0.09 2.51 0.08 1.21 0.03
AM17 817.93 16.97 116.61 2.78 9.12 0.27 5.38 0.18 0.69 0.02
AM18 0.00 0.00 417.93 10.55 4.35 0.11 10.86 0.24 1.66 0.03
AM19 0.00 0.00 39.90 1.56 2.94 0.09 5.08 0.18 1.60 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1167030854774698329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Amino acid content in almonds (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
品种 氨基酸总量 必需氨基酸 必需氨基酸占比 儿童氨基酸 儿童氨基酸占比 药用氨基酸 药用氨基酸占比
AM1 16.49 4.75 28.82 2.05 12.46 11.76 71.30
AM2 17.97 5.00 27.84 2.39 13.27 12.89 71.72
AM3 17.12 4.96 28.97 2.14 12.48 12.35 72.15
AM4 17.62 4.93 27.99 2.31 13.10 12.89 73.17
AM5 15.16 4.26 28.10 2.01 13.25 10.97 72.37
AM6 22.71 6.45 28.39 3.20 14.08 16.97 74.74
AM7 22.42 6.24 27.82 3.09 13.78 16.65 74.27
AM8 16.71 4.77 28.55 2.15 12.86 12.31 73.67
AM9 22.95 6.72 29.27 3.21 13.99 16.93 73.74
AM10 14.16 4.21 29.76 1.79 12.66 10.09 71.28
AM11 25.33 7.19 28.37 3.60 14.22 19.15 75.59
AM12 20.34 5.72 28.13 2.68 13.16 15.03 73.90
AM13 16.22 4.60 28.33 2.03 12.51 11.70 72.16
AM14 21.26 5.95 27.97 2.86 13.46 15.49 72.88
AM15 20.66 5.87 28.39 2.83 13.72 15.38 74.45
AM16 18.52 5.32 28.71 2.46 13.31 13.36 72.14
AM17 25.55 7.29 28.53 3.55 13.90 19.24 75.30
AM18 18.46 4.97 26.94 2.48 13.44 13.16 71.28
AM19 21.06 5.68 26.98 2.83 13.46 15.14 71.90
平均值 19.51 5.52 28.31 2.61 13.32 14.29 73.05
标准差 3.31 0.93 0.01 0.54 0.01 2.66 0.01
变异系数 0.17 0.17 0.02 0.21 0.04 0.19 0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1167030854862778714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

巴旦木中氨基酸含量表(%)

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品种 氨基酸总量 必需氨基酸 必需氨基酸占比 儿童氨基酸 儿童氨基酸占比 药用氨基酸 药用氨基酸占比
AM1 16.49 4.75 28.82 2.05 12.46 11.76 71.30
AM2 17.97 5.00 27.84 2.39 13.27 12.89 71.72
AM3 17.12 4.96 28.97 2.14 12.48 12.35 72.15
AM4 17.62 4.93 27.99 2.31 13.10 12.89 73.17
AM5 15.16 4.26 28.10 2.01 13.25 10.97 72.37
AM6 22.71 6.45 28.39 3.20 14.08 16.97 74.74
AM7 22.42 6.24 27.82 3.09 13.78 16.65 74.27
AM8 16.71 4.77 28.55 2.15 12.86 12.31 73.67
AM9 22.95 6.72 29.27 3.21 13.99 16.93 73.74
AM10 14.16 4.21 29.76 1.79 12.66 10.09 71.28
AM11 25.33 7.19 28.37 3.60 14.22 19.15 75.59
AM12 20.34 5.72 28.13 2.68 13.16 15.03 73.90
AM13 16.22 4.60 28.33 2.03 12.51 11.70 72.16
AM14 21.26 5.95 27.97 2.86 13.46 15.49 72.88
AM15 20.66 5.87 28.39 2.83 13.72 15.38 74.45
AM16 18.52 5.32 28.71 2.46 13.31 13.36 72.14
AM17 25.55 7.29 28.53 3.55 13.90 19.24 75.30
AM18 18.46 4.97 26.94 2.48 13.44 13.16 71.28
AM19 21.06 5.68 26.98 2.83 13.46 15.14 71.90
平均值 19.51 5.52 28.31 2.61 13.32 14.29 73.05
标准差 3.31 0.93 0.01 0.54 0.01 2.66 0.01
变异系数 0.17 0.17 0.02 0.21 0.04 0.19 0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1167030854938276187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Composition and comparative analysis of essential amino acids in almonds (mg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 亮氨酸 缬氨酸 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 异亮氨酸 苏氨酸 苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸 赖氨酸 组氨酸
FAO/WHO标准模式 61 40 23 30 25 41 48 16
AM1 11.53 7.72 0.76 6.65 4.13 14.98 6.53 4.19
AM2 12.69 8.10 1.49 7.13 4.15 17.40 4.94 4.65
AM3 12.04 8.24 0.79 6.92 4.70 14.88 6.67 3.39
AM4 11.98 7.84 0.78 7.02 3.91 16.57 6.56 4.41
AM5 10.38 7.07 0.85 6.12 3.94 14.86 4.19 4.29
AM6 15.78 11.10 0.78 9.05 5.05 21.56 8.34 5.05
AM7 16.07 11.22 0.40 8.53 5.78 21.88 5.80 5.95
AM8 11.10 7.34 0.94 6.56 4.05 15.28 7.57 4.22
AM9 16.90 12.26 0.73 9.05 5.40 22.05 8.12 5.37
AM10 10.21 6.52 0.51 5.82 3.65 13.99 6.27 2.92
AM11 17.77 11.77 0.82 9.56 6.09 22.71 10.81 6.88
AM12 14.56 9.82 0.50 8.14 5.14 19.27 6.27 5.37
AM13 10.94 7.13 0.74 6.42 4.17 15.57 6.18 3.31
AM14 14.68 9.54 0.77 8.24 4.66 19.96 8.36 5.65
AM15 14.14 9.85 0.76 8.41 5.30 20.26 6.46 4.79
AM16 12.82 8.30 1.26 7.17 3.85 17.56 8.15 5.18
AM17 18.33 12.60 1.12 9.38 6.05 24.80 8.97 5.52
AM18 13.65 8.40 1.00 6.92 4.10 17.37 3.91 5.10
AM19 14.56 9.52 1.07 8.31 5.06 19.52 5.32 5.27
), ArticleFig(id=1167030855005385052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

巴旦木必需氨基酸组成及比较分析(mg/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 亮氨酸 缬氨酸 蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸 异亮氨酸 苏氨酸 苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸 赖氨酸 组氨酸
FAO/WHO标准模式 61 40 23 30 25 41 48 16
AM1 11.53 7.72 0.76 6.65 4.13 14.98 6.53 4.19
AM2 12.69 8.10 1.49 7.13 4.15 17.40 4.94 4.65
AM3 12.04 8.24 0.79 6.92 4.70 14.88 6.67 3.39
AM4 11.98 7.84 0.78 7.02 3.91 16.57 6.56 4.41
AM5 10.38 7.07 0.85 6.12 3.94 14.86 4.19 4.29
AM6 15.78 11.10 0.78 9.05 5.05 21.56 8.34 5.05
AM7 16.07 11.22 0.40 8.53 5.78 21.88 5.80 5.95
AM8 11.10 7.34 0.94 6.56 4.05 15.28 7.57 4.22
AM9 16.90 12.26 0.73 9.05 5.40 22.05 8.12 5.37
AM10 10.21 6.52 0.51 5.82 3.65 13.99 6.27 2.92
AM11 17.77 11.77 0.82 9.56 6.09 22.71 10.81 6.88
AM12 14.56 9.82 0.50 8.14 5.14 19.27 6.27 5.37
AM13 10.94 7.13 0.74 6.42 4.17 15.57 6.18 3.31
AM14 14.68 9.54 0.77 8.24 4.66 19.96 8.36 5.65
AM15 14.14 9.85 0.76 8.41 5.30 20.26 6.46 4.79
AM16 12.82 8.30 1.26 7.17 3.85 17.56 8.15 5.18
AM17 18.33 12.60 1.12 9.38 6.05 24.80 8.97 5.52
AM18 13.65 8.40 1.00 6.92 4.10 17.37 3.91 5.10
AM19 14.56 9.52 1.07 8.31 5.06 19.52 5.32 5.27
), ArticleFig(id=1167030855093465437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Loading matrix, variance contribution rates and initial eigenvalues of nutrition components in almond kernels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 初始因子载荷矩阵
PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4
棕榈酸 -0.01 -0.40 0.30 -0.10
棕榈油酸 -0.11 0.15 0.58 -0.22
硬脂酸 0.14 -0.45 -0.09 -0.12
油酸 -0.13 0.51 -0.03 -0.05
亚油酸 0.13 -0.51 0.04 0.07
天冬氨酸 0.26 0.05 -0.01 -0.03
苏氨酸 0.24 0.10 0.10 -0.24
丝氨酸 0.26 0.10 0.09 0.03
谷氨酸 0.26 0.09 -0.03 -0.01
甘氨酸 0.26 0.02 0.01 -0.06
丙氨酸 0.27 0.05 0.03 0.01
缬氨酸 0.26 0.02 0.11 -0.04
蛋氨酸 0.00 0.02 -0.37 0.60
异亮氨酸 0.27 0.03 0.06 0.02
亮氨酸 0.27 0.07 0.07 0.05
酪氨酸 0.26 0.08 0.07 0.04
苯丙氨酸 0.27 0.08 0.05 0.01
组氨酸 0.23 0.06 -0.09 0.10
赖氨酸 0.17 -0.12 -0.20 -0.01
精氨酸 0.27 0.06 0.02 0.02
脯氨酸 0.08 0.06 0.41 0.60
富马酸 0.13 0.12 -0.41 -0.36
特征值 13.51 2.69 1.52 1.33
方差贡献值/% 61.39 12.24 6.91 6.06
累计方差贡献值/% 61.39 73.62 80.54 86.60
), ArticleFig(id=1167030855164768606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151437192476897569, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

巴旦木营养成分因子载荷矩阵、方差贡献率及初始特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 初始因子载荷矩阵
PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4
棕榈酸 -0.01 -0.40 0.30 -0.10
棕榈油酸 -0.11 0.15 0.58 -0.22
硬脂酸 0.14 -0.45 -0.09 -0.12
油酸 -0.13 0.51 -0.03 -0.05
亚油酸 0.13 -0.51 0.04 0.07
天冬氨酸 0.26 0.05 -0.01 -0.03
苏氨酸 0.24 0.10 0.10 -0.24
丝氨酸 0.26 0.10 0.09 0.03
谷氨酸 0.26 0.09 -0.03 -0.01
甘氨酸 0.26 0.02 0.01 -0.06
丙氨酸 0.27 0.05 0.03 0.01
缬氨酸 0.26 0.02 0.11 -0.04
蛋氨酸 0.00 0.02 -0.37 0.60
异亮氨酸 0.27 0.03 0.06 0.02
亮氨酸 0.27 0.07 0.07 0.05
酪氨酸 0.26 0.08 0.07 0.04
苯丙氨酸 0.27 0.08 0.05 0.01
组氨酸 0.23 0.06 -0.09 0.10
赖氨酸 0.17 -0.12 -0.20 -0.01
精氨酸 0.27 0.06 0.02 0.02
脯氨酸 0.08 0.06 0.41 0.60
富马酸 0.13 0.12 -0.41 -0.36
特征值 13.51 2.69 1.52 1.33
方差贡献值/% 61.39 12.24 6.91 6.06
累计方差贡献值/% 61.39 73.62 80.54 86.60
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新疆不同品种巴旦木营养分析及综合评价
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孙涛 1, 2 , 刘敏 1 , 王贤 1 , 杨睿娜 1 , 李静 1 , 周晓龙 1, * , 车会莲 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(11): 234-244
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(11): 234-244
新疆不同品种巴旦木营养分析及综合评价
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孙涛1, 2 , 刘敏1, 王贤1, 杨睿娜1, 李静1, 周晓龙1, * , 车会莲2, *
作者信息
  • 1. 新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所, 农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室, 新疆农产品质量安全实验室, 乌鲁木齐 830091
  • 2. 中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院, 北京 100083
  • 孙涛(1978—), 男, 博士, 正高级实验师, 主要研究方向为干果营养品质及安全评价。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 周晓龙(1976—), 男, 硕士, 正高级实验师, 主要研究方向为农产品营养品质检测与评价。E-mail:
车会莲(1977—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全、食物过敏及营养。E-mail:
Analysis and comprehensive evaluation of nutritional components of almonds from different cultivars in Xinjiang
Tao SUN1, 2 , Min LIU1, Xian WANG1, Rui-Na YANG1, Jing LI1, Xiao-Long ZHOU1, * , Hui-Lian CHE2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
  • 2. College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250313002
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目的 分析评价新疆不同品种巴旦木的营养品质差异。方法 选取新疆种植的19种巴旦木作为研究对象, 测定其宏量和微量营养素、脂肪酸、氨基酸、活性物质等组分含量, 并在主成分分析的基础上对19种巴旦木的品质进行综合评价。结果 巴旦木中蛋白质含量为22.34 g/100 g、脂肪含量为35.93%、碳水化合物含量为35.76%; 测定出酒石酸、富马酸、柠檬酸3种有机酸, 其含量均值分别为217、3.98和197 g/kg; 总多酚和总黄酮的含量范围分别为0.54~1.94 mg/g和1.42~15.79 mg/g; 油酸和亚油酸是巴旦木中的主要脂肪酸, 其占比平均值分别为73%和18%; 在巴旦木中检测出18种氨基酸, 其中谷氨酸含量最高(4.97 g/100 g), 蛋氨酸含量最低(0.08 g/100 g); 巴旦木中的主要矿物质为钾(705 mg/100 g)、磷(484 mg/100 g)、镁(268 mg/100 g)、钙(264 mg/100 g); 主成分分析结果表明, 巴旦木中营养成分含量的前4个主成分的累计方差贡献率达86.60%, 丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈油酸、蛋氨酸和脯氨酸是鉴定巴旦木营养品质的重要指标。结论 新疆巴旦木不同品种之间各营养成分存在差异, 脂肪酸和氨基酸的组成及含量是评价巴旦木品质的主要参数。

巴旦木  /  营养组分  /  活性物质  /  主成分分析

Objective To analyze and evaluate the nutritional quality of different varieties of almonds in Xinjiang. Methods The 19 kinds of varieties of almonds grown in Xinjiang were selected as the research objects. The content of macronutrients and micronutrients, fatty acids, amino acids and active substances were determined. Based on principal component analysis, a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of the 19 kinds of varieties of almonds was conducted. Results The protein content of almonds was 22.34 g/100 g, the fat was 35.93%, and the carbohydrate content was 35.76%. The 3 kinds of organic acids, namely tartaric acid, fumaric acid and citric acid, were detected, with average content of 217, 3.98 and 197 g/kg, respectively. The content ranges of total polyphenols and total flavonoids were 0.54-1.94 mg/g and 1.42-15.79 mg/g, respectively. Oleic acid and linoleic acid were the main fatty acids in almonds, with average proportions of 73% and 18%, respectively. The 18 kinds of amino acids were detected in almonds, among which glutamic acid had the highest content (4.97 g/100 g), and methionine had the lowest content (0.08 g/100 g). The main minerals in almonds were potassium (705 mg/100 g), phosphorus (484 mg/100 g), magnesium (268 mg/100 g) and calcium (264 mg/100 g). The results of principal component analysis indicated that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first 4 principal components of the nutritional components in almonds was 86.60%. Alanine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, arginine, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, methionine and proline were important indicators for identifying the nutritional quality of almonds. Conclusion There are differences in the nutritional components among different varieties of Xinjiang almonds, and the composition and content of fatty acids and amino acids are the main parameters for evaluating almond quality.

almonds  /  nutrition component  /  active substance  /  principal component analysis
孙涛, 刘敏, 王贤, 杨睿娜, 李静, 周晓龙, 车会莲. 新疆不同品种巴旦木营养分析及综合评价. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 234 -244 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250313002
Tao SUN, Min LIU, Xian WANG, Rui-Na YANG, Jing LI, Xiao-Long ZHOU, Hui-Lian CHE. Analysis and comprehensive evaluation of nutritional components of almonds from different cultivars in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 234 -244 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250313002
巴旦木, 又名扁桃、巴旦杏, 是蔷薇科桃属的中型乔木或灌木。其果实扁而平, 似桃非桃, 似杏非杏, 故名扁桃。扁桃原产于西亚和中亚山区, 在世界五大洲均有种植, 在我国主要种于西北和西南地区, 尤以新疆天山以南的阿克苏, 喀什、和田地区种植较多。喀什地区莎车县是我国巴旦木主要产区, 巴旦木种植面积超过80万亩, 是当地农民增收的重要来源。
巴旦木营养价值丰富, 富含蛋白质、脂肪酸、多种维生素、矿物质和抗氧化成分[1-2]。巴旦木中钠含量低(1 mg/100 g)而钾含量高(700 mg/100 g), 因此, 被广泛用于低钠膳食中[3]。巴旦木种类繁多, 可供药用或食用, 根据种仁滋味的甜度, 大致可分苦味、甜味、软壳甜巴旦木。甜味巴旦木可用于鲜食或烤制后食用, 并被广泛加工成巴旦木黄油或其他产品。而苦味巴旦木的药用价值在我国民间早有记载, 如止咳润肺、治疗高血压、神经衰弱、中风、心血管疾病、皮肤过敏等[4-5]。目前, 大量研究已聚焦于巴旦木油的营养价值、化学组成以及基因分析[6-8], 但对于不同品种和产地巴旦木的化学成分、酚类化合物含量等研究却鲜有报道。
本研究参照相关标准测定了新疆19种巴旦木中各种营养成分和活性物质含量, 并对比分析了不同巴旦木的营养价值差异, 以期为巴旦木的开发利用提供科学依据, 并为提升新疆巴旦木的市场价值和推广应用提供理论支持。
本研究选取巴旦木样品主要来自新疆莎车县二林场。
没食子酸(纯度≥98%)、芦丁(纯度≥99%)(上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、富马酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸等(纯度≥99%, 上海山浦化工有限公司); 17种氨基酸标准品(纯度≥98%, 美国Sigma公司); 矿物元素储备液(含钾、钙、钠、镁、铁、锌、铜、硼、锰、磷、锶)(质量浓度1000mg/L, 国家有色金属及电子材料分析测试中心); 37种脂肪酸甲酯混合标准溶液(上海安谱公司); 酚酞试剂、Folin酚试剂、乙醇、氢氧化钠、正丁醇、硝酸、磷酸、冰乙酸、乙酸锌、硫酸铜、亚铁氰化钾、酒石酸钾钠、硫酸铁铵、重铬酸钾、乙酸镁(分析纯, 天津市盛奥化学试剂有限公司); 硼酸、乙醇、碘、氨水、无水硫酸钠、柠檬酸钠、氢氧化钾(分析纯, 天津市鑫铂特化工有限公司); 硫酸、无水乙醚、盐酸(分析纯, 成都市科技化学品有限公司); 硫酸铜、乙酸钠、葡萄糖(优级纯, 天津市光复科技发展有限公司); 甲基红指示剂、溴甲酚绿指示剂、亚甲基蓝指示剂(基准试剂, 天津市天新精细化工开发中心天津基准化学试剂有限公司); 氢氧化钠、氯化钠、磷酸(分析纯, 天津市永大化学试剂有限公司); 甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯, 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); 硫酸钾(分析纯, 北京化工厂); 酚酞(分析纯, 北京市制药厂); 石油醚沸程30~60 ℃(分析纯, 天津市富宇精细化工有限公司); 碘、碘化钾(分析纯, 上海申博化工有限公司); 乙酸锌(分析纯, 上海化学试剂总厂); 亚铁氰化钾(分析纯, 天津永晟精细化工有限公司); 偏磷酸(分析纯, 上海展云化工有限公司); 海砂(分析纯, 福晨天津化学试剂有限公司); 可溶性淀粉(分析纯, 浙江菱湖化工试剂厂)。
BS124S电子天平(精度0.1 mg, 德国赛多利斯公司); FOSS KJELTECTM 8400全自动凯氏定氮仪(丹麦福斯FOSS公司); S-433D氨基酸分析仪(德国SYLAM赛卡姆公司); R-12平行蒸发定量浓缩仪(瑞士Syncore BUCHI公司); GC2010 PLUS气相色谱仪(日本SHIMAZU公司); e2695高效液相色谱仪(美国WATERS公司); 电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)、722可见分光光度计(上海仪电分析仪器有限公司); SPN-300氮气发生器、SPH-300氢气发生器、SPB-3全自动空气源(北京中惠普分析技术研究所); 202型电热恒温干燥箱、FW-80高速万能粉碎机(北京市永光明医疗仪器厂)。
巴旦木品种包括当地主栽和主推的19个品种, 主要包括莎车12号、莎车14号、莎车1号、浓帕列、尼普鲁斯、米星、莎车9号、索诺拉、莎车11号、莎车18号, 大巴旦、汤普森、莎车39号和莎车22号等。依次编号AM1-19。巴旦木的种子(核仁)在完全成熟后收获, 收获时巴旦木外壳已经完全干燥并沿着接缝裂开, 去除外部青皮后, 避免阴雨天自然晾晒5~7 d后, 收集不同品种巴旦木3 kg。剥去外部硬质壳后, 巴旦木核仁经干燥箱40 ℃处理24 h后, 经高速万能粉碎机处理后, 装入样品盒冷冻备用。
蛋白质含量测定参照GB 5009.5—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》, 采用全自动凯氏定氮法; 氨基酸含量测定参照GB 5009.124—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸含量的测定》, 用全自动氨基酸分析仪定量17种氨基酸; 脂肪含量测定参照GB 5009.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》, 采用索氏抽提法; 脂肪酸含量测定参照GB 5009.168—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪酸的测定》, 采用归一化法; 总糖和还原糖含量测定参照GB 5009.8—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、乳糖的测定》, 采用酸水解-莱茵-坎农氏法; 总酸含量测定参照GB 12456—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》, 采用酸碱滴定法; 淀粉含量测定参照GB 5009.9—2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中淀粉的测定》, 采用酸水解法; 膳食纤维含量测定参照GB 5009.88—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品中膳食纤维的测定》; 水分含量测定参照GB 5009.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》, 采用直接干燥法; 灰分含量测定参照GB 5009.4—2016《食品安全国家标准 总灰分的测定(含磷量较高的食品)》; 矿物质(微量元素)含量测定参照GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》, 采用仪器法; 酚酸类含量测定参照NY/T 2012—2011《水果及制品中游离酚酸含量的测定》; 黄酮类含量测定参照SN/T 4592—2016《出口食品中总黄酮的测定》, 采用分光光度法。
采用Excel 2021统计软件进行数据统计与整理, 采用SPSS Statistics 25进行数据分析, 采用Origin 2021进行图形绘制。
对19种巴旦木的宏量营养素含量进行统计分析, 结果如表1所示。不同品种巴旦木蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的含量均值分别为22.34 g/100 g、35.93%和35.76%。以往的研究结果显示巴旦木蛋白质含量在20%~25%之间, 是一种高蛋白含量的植源性食物[9]。LARISSA等[10]的测定结果中, 巴旦木的蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物含量分别为8.87%、69.72%和15.89%, 与本研究相比, 其蛋白质和碳水化合物含量较低, 脂肪含量较高。也有研究结果表明, 不同品种间巴旦木脂肪含量差异较大, 总脂肪含量在25~66 g/100 g鲜重之间[4]。巴旦木中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量较低, 其均值总和占比不到0.5%, 并且其变异系数均大于15%, 说明不同品种巴旦木间蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量变化较大。膳食纤维含量均值可达20.85%, 在LARISSA等[10]的研究中, 巴旦木中粗纤维含量仅为2.72%, 而在YADA等[4]的研究中, 甜巴旦木中总膳食纤维含量为11~14 g/100 g。这些差异可能是因为巴旦木的品种不同。本研究中每100 g巴旦木的能量均值为513.46 kcal, 根据《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》高能量食物是指提供400 kcal/100 g以上能量的食物[11], 因此, 巴旦木是高能量食物, 多食易导致肥胖。
本研究测定了不同品种巴旦木中活性物质的含量, 如图1所示, 在本研究中, 巴旦木中含有酒石酸、富马酸和柠檬酸, 此外还含有一定量的黄酮和多酚类物质。李维霞等[12]的研究发现巴旦木青皮提取物中还含有三萜类物质如齐墩果酸和熊果酸。如图1表2, 本研究中酒石酸的含量范围在0~818 g/kg, 平均值为217 g/kg, 高于平均值的巴旦木品种占53%, 其中AM17酒石酸含量最高, AM2、AM3、AM4、AM5、AM10、AM18和AM19中酒石酸含量均为0。富马酸的含量范围在1.38~9.12 g/kg, 平均值为3.98 g/kg, 高于平均值的巴旦木品种占42%, 高于平均值的巴旦木品种富马酸含量由高到低分别为AM17、AM11、AM15、AM5、AM4、AM7、AM8和AM18。柠檬酸的含量范围在0~523 g/kg, 平均值为197 g/kg, 高于平均值的巴旦木品种占47%, 分别为(含量从高到低)AM8、AM7、AM18、AM4、AM3、AM6、AM2、AM13和AM12。邢雅阁等[13]的研究发现柠檬酸为南疆杏仁的主要酸类物质, 含量均值为251 µg/g, 略高于巴旦木。总黄酮的含量范围在1.42~15.79 mg/g, 平均值为5.76 mg/g, 高于平均值的巴旦木品种占32%, 分别为(含量由高到低)AM5、AM12、AM18、AM4、AM8和AM13。总多酚的含量范围在0.54~1.94 mg/g, 平均值为1.14 mg/g, 高于平均值的巴旦木品种占47%, 分别为(含量由高到低)AM13、AM18、AM19、AM5、AM10、AM7、AM3、AM16和AM2。目前关于巴旦木中酸类物质的公开数据鲜有报道, 巴旦木中含有类黄酮、多酚和单宁, 是天然的抗氧化剂[14-15]。REDA等[16]发现摩洛哥东部地区4种甜巴旦木油中总酚含量在85.33~141.66 mg/kg, 远低于本研究巴旦木中总多酚和黄酮含量水平。此外, 巴旦木中还含有大量的维生素E, 因此巴旦木油也被提取用于护肤品领域[4]
脂肪酸组成是评价油脂营养价值的重要指标。以往的研究表明, 巴旦木富含不饱和脂肪酸, 其中油酸含量在63%~78%之间, 亚油酸含量在12%~27%之间[17], 是非常健康的脂肪来源[2]。由图2可知, 油酸(18:1)和亚油酸(18:2)是巴旦木中主要的脂肪酸, 其占比平均值分别为73%和18%。其中, 油酸(18:1)占比最高的品种为AM3, 占比为78%, 占比最低的品种为AM9, 占比为65%; 亚油酸(18:2)占比最高的品种为AM9(占比为26%), 最低的品种为AM3(占比为14%)。除了油酸(18:1)和亚油酸(18:2), IBOURKI等[18]在巴旦木中还检测出十四酸(14:0)、棕榈酸(16:0)、棕榈油酸(16:1)、硬脂酸(18:0)、亚麻酸(18:3)和花生酸(20:0), 本研究中仅测出棕榈酸(16:0)、棕榈油酸(16:1)和硬脂酸(18:0), 其占比均值分别为6%、0.5%和1%。以往的研究结果表明, 巴旦木中油酸(18:1)和亚油酸(18:2)约占总脂质的90%, 饱和脂肪酸含量很低(<10%)[14,19], 这与本研究的结果一致。但在不同品种间, 油酸(18:1)和亚油酸(18:2)的比值差异很大。本研究中不同品种间, 油酸(18:1)和亚油酸(18:2)比值可能存在差异, 脂肪组成和含量主要受巴旦木基因型影响, 但生长环境、灌溉方式、气候和丰收年份等因素也是影响因素[20-22]。本研究中不同品种巴旦木间的生长环境等不同, 因此并未做显著性差异分析。
目前关于巴旦木氨基酸组成和含量分析的研究较少。从总氨基酸含量看(表3), 氨基酸总量在14.16%~25.55%之间, 平均值为19.51%, 该含量与杏仁(20.44%)[23]和核桃(18.16%)[24]接近。本研究共检测出18种氨基酸(图3), 含量最高的为谷氨酸(4.97 g/100 g), 最低的为蛋氨酸(0.08 g/100 g)。谷氨酸在神经系统生长、发育方面起重要作用, 主要用于改善儿童智力发育, 以及治疗神经损伤、脑震荡, 预防高血压、心脏病等, 是重要的功能性氨基酸[25]。其他氨基酸含量排序(由高到低)为: 精氨酸>天冬氨酸>亮氨酸>苯丙氨酸>甘氨酸>丙氨酸>缬氨酸>异亮氨酸>脯氨酸>丝氨酸>赖氨酸>酪氨酸>组氨酸>苏氨酸>胱氨酸。必需氨基酸是指人体不能合成或合成速度远不能适应机体需要, 必须由食物蛋白质供给的氨基酸, 包含赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸在内7种[26]。如表3所示, 巴旦木中必需氨基酸占比为27%~30%, 略低于杏仁必需氨基酸与总氨基酸比值(32%-34%)[23]。药用氨基酸包括天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸等9种氨基酸, 是维持机体平衡的重要氨基酸, 因此也成为评价食品和中药材品质的重要指标[27-28]。儿童氨基酸是指儿童成长所需的具有促进生长激素分泌与骨骼发育等重要生理功能的氨基酸, 包括组氨酸和精氨酸[29]。本研究统计分析了巴旦木儿童氨基酸和药用氨基酸的占比(表3), 巴旦木中含有较高水平的药用氨基酸, 其占比均值可达73.05%, 变异系数为0.02, 表明不同品种样品间药用氨基酸含量水平波动较小。儿童氨基酸占比均值为13.32%。
标准模式均采用联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)和世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)在2013年提出的针对年龄大于3岁的大龄儿童、青少年及成人需求的国际标准参考模式[30]
表4可知, 巴旦木中所有必需氨基酸含量均低于FAO/WHO对大龄儿童、青少年及成年人的要求。因此, 巴旦木无法满足3岁及以上年龄儿童及成年人对必需氨基酸的营养需求, 需通过与其他食物搭配食用才能满足人体营养健康需要。总含硫氨基酸是所有巴旦木蛋白的第1限制氨基酸(0.40~1.49 mg/g)。这与SERON等[31]的研究结果一致, 但其研究中巴旦木总含硫氨基酸水平在0.02~0.11 mg/g之间, 且其他各类氨基酸含量均较低。
对样本中25种酸类化合物含量进行相关性分析, 图4从蓝色到红色表示由负相关到正相关, 颜色由浅到深代表相关性系数从低到高, 反映不同指标之间相关性的差异。结果表明, 在脂肪酸中, 棕榈酸仅与亚油酸(P<0.01)和硬脂酸(P<0.05)呈显著正相关, 与油酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01); 棕榈油酸与硬脂酸、天冬氨酸和赖氨酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01), 与精氨酸、组氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、丙氨酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸和亚油酸呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 与油酸呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。硬脂酸和棕榈油酸、油酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01), 与亚油酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和组氨酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与精氨酸、赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸和天冬氨酸呈显著相关(P<0.05); 油酸与棕榈酸、亚油酸、甘氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和赖氨酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01); 与天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸和精氨酸呈显著负相关(P<0.05); 亚油酸与甘氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和赖氨酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸和精氨酸呈显著相关(P<0.05)。除了脯氨酸和蛋氨酸, 所有氨基酸间均极显著相关。其中胱氨酸与蛋氨酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 与其他氨基酸均呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。柠檬酸和其他酸类均不相关(P>0.05); 酒石酸与除脂肪酸、脯氨酸、蛋氨酸、柠檬酸外的酸类均极显著相关(P<0.01), 其中, 与胱氨酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。富马酸的相关性趋势与酒石酸一致, 但其与赖氨酸不相关(P>0.05)。由相关性分析可知, 不同的酸类物质间既存在不同也存在信息重叠, 因此需要用主成分分析对数据进行降维和综合评价。
美国农业部建立了国家营养标准参考数据库, 提供了各类食物的成分数据。在此数据库中收录了9种主要巴旦木品种的完整营养数据集, 其中关于矿物质的数据显示, 巴旦木中的主要矿物质为钾(705 mg/100 g)、磷(484 mg/100 g)、镁(268 mg/100 g)、钙(264 mg/100 g), 此外, 还含有少量的铁、锌、锰、硒、钠和铜。本研究结果中巴旦木的各种矿物质含量水平均高于美国农业部发布的数据。如图5所示, 巴旦木中的矿物质主要为钾(9175.88 mg/kg)、磷(6135.54 mg/kg)、镁(3220.43 mg/kg)和钙(2766.30 mg/kg)。RICHARDSON等[3]的研究表明, 巴旦木钠含量低(1 mg/100 g), 而磷的含量较高(700 mg/100 g), 从而使得其在低钠膳食中发挥着重要的作用, 适合低胆固醇血症患者食用。本研究中巴旦木也呈现低钠(22 mg/100 g)高磷(61 mg/100 g)含量的特点。锌具有激发酶的活性和参与氧化还原反应等多种生物活性, 从而对人体健康有益。BERNOUSSI等[32]的研究中来自摩洛哥两个不同品种的巴旦木锌含量最高分别可达46.27 mg/kg和43.38 mg/kg, 远超核桃(31 mg/kg)、开心果(22 mg/kg)和澳洲坚果(13 mg/kg)中锌的含量[15]。本研究中巴旦木锌含量均值为41.91 mg/kg, 锌含量最高的品种为AM14, 锌含量可达68.69 mg/kg。WANG等[15]的研究中发现, 巴旦木中富含各种矿物质, 除了铁(44.3 mg/kg), BERNOUSSI等[32]巴旦木酸类物质相关性热图发现摩洛哥巴旦木中铁元素含量在25.36~113.50 mg/kg之间。本研究中铁元素虽不是巴旦木的主要矿物质成分, 但其含量也表现出较高水平, 在94.47~142.70 mg/kg之间。总的来说, 本研究中的巴旦木矿物质整体水平较高, 各类矿物质含量水平与IBOURKI等[18]报道的结果一致, 即不同地区巴旦木中主要矿物质为钾、钙、磷和镁, 含有少量的钠、铁、铜、锌和锰。
主成分分析是研究将原始变量的少数几个线性组合来解释原始变量的绝大部分信息(表5)。第一个主成分(PC1)是解释数据集中方差最大的线性组合, 尽可能多地保留数据中的信息; 第二个主成分(PC2)解释剩余的方差, 且与PC1不相关, 其他主成分以此类推。对样本的营养成分进行主成分分析, 结果如表5所示, 巴旦木中营养成分含量的前4个主成分的累计方差贡献率达86.60%, 且特征值均大于1。以PC1为例, PC1=-0.01×棕榈酸-0.11×棕榈油酸+0.14×硬脂酸-0.13×油酸+0.13×亚油酸+0.26×天冬氨酸+0.24×苏氨酸+0.26×丝氨酸+0.26×谷氨酸+0.26×甘氨酸+0.27×丙氨酸+0.26×缬氨酸+0.27×异亮氨酸+0.27×亮氨酸+0.26×酪氨酸+0.27×苯丙氨酸+0.23×组氨酸+0.17×赖氨酸+0.27×精氨酸+0.08×脯氨酸+0.13×富马酸。可以看到, PC1与棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、油酸含量呈负相关, 剩下的成分则相反, 且当正负值(即载荷值)的绝对值越接近1, 相关性越高。PC1方差贡献值最大, 为61.39%, 载荷值绝对值较高的有丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸和精氨酸; PC2方差贡献值为12.24%, 载荷值绝对值较高的有油酸和亚油酸; PC3方差贡献值为6.91%, 载荷值绝对值较高的有棕榈油酸; PC4方差贡献值为6.06%, 载荷值绝对值较高的有蛋氨酸和脯氨酸。因此, 筛选出丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈油酸、蛋氨酸和脯氨酸可作为鉴定巴旦木营养品质的重要指标。
本研究对19种新疆喀什地区莎车县巴旦木的营养组分进行测定分析。新疆巴旦木不同品种之间各营养成分存在差异, 脂肪酸和氨基酸的组成及含量是评价巴旦木品质的主要指标。不同品种巴旦木间蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量变化较大。在多种巴旦木中均测出了富马酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、黄酮和多酚物质, 但也有样品如AM10, 未检测出酒石酸和柠檬酸, 而AM18在所有活性物质含量水平上均高于平均值。巴旦木富含不饱和脂肪酸, 油酸和亚油酸是主要的不饱和脂肪酸。巴旦木中氨基酸含量丰富, 含有18种氨基酸, 谷氨酸含量最高, 而蛋氨酸是第一限制性氨基酸。此外, 巴旦木中药用氨基酸含量占比较高。巴旦木中的主要矿物质为钾、磷、镁和钙, 均高于美国农业部发布的巴旦木矿物质含量水平的数据。综上所述, 新疆巴旦木的营养价值高, 但不同品种之间各营养成分可能存在差异, 丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈油酸、蛋氨酸和脯氨酸可作为鉴定巴旦木营养品质的重要指标。我国巴旦木种类繁多, 本研究仅选取新疆莎车县19种巴旦木, 今后还可进一步扩大样本量, 深度挖掘, 为巴旦木的营养价值分析、品种筛选提供更多理论依据。
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250313002
  • 接收时间:2025-03-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-13
基金
新疆现代农牧业发展高层次人才项目(2022SNGGGCC029)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目(2022B30006)
新疆科技特派员引导项目(2024KY029)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目(2024B02018)
核桃多元化加工技术推广应用项目
作者信息
    1. 新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农业质量标准与检测技术研究所, 农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室, 新疆农产品质量安全实验室, 乌鲁木齐 830091
    2. 中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院, 北京 100083

通讯作者:

* 周晓龙(1976—), 男, 硕士, 正高级实验师, 主要研究方向为农产品营养品质检测与评价。E-mail:
车会莲(1977—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品安全、食物过敏及营养。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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