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Article(id=1151881495615992583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741708800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752559549478, onlineDateStr=2025-07-15, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752559549478, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752559549478, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752559549478, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151881493552394994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752559548986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756202008453, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167159075906265917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151881493552394994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=192, endPage=197, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151923892445655714, articleId=1151881495615992583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Determination of melamine in milk powder based on differential pulse voltammetry, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a novel electrochemical sensing platform based on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) modified electrode for rapid detection of melamine (MEL) in dairy products. Methods An electrochemical sensor for MEL detection was constructed by employing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques, using a MWNT-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as the sensing probe. The constructed sensor was successfully applied to detect and analyze melamine in real-world milk powder samples.Results After modification with MWNT, the effective surface area of the bare GCE increased by 1.3 fold. The MWNT-modified electrode significantly enhanced the electrochemical reaction kinetics of the system. The MEL electrochemical sensor, using the MWNT-modified GCE as the probe, exhibited a linear detection range of 10-40 μmol/L and a sensitivity of 23.85 (μA/mmol)/cm2. The detected MEL content in real milk powder samples complied with the Chinese national standard requirements. Conclusion The construction of the MEL electrochemical sensor using MWNT-modified electrodes has been demonstrated to be feasible. The construction method of the MEL sensor is simple, the good repeatability and stability of the MEL sensor are exhibited, the anti-interference capability and accuracy of the MEL sensor are excellent. Based on above advantages, the MEL sensor is applied widely.

, correspAuthors=Kun-Qi WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kun-Qi WANG, Tian-Shuo TONG, Yun-Jian CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151923913559781703, articleId=1151881495615992583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于差分脉冲伏安法检测奶粉中三聚氰胺的研究, columnId=1151923892102197877, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立一种基于多壁碳纳米管(multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWNT)修饰电极的新型电化学传感平台, 用于乳制品中三聚氰胺(melamine, MEL)的快速检测。方法 本研究采用电化学循环伏安法(cyclic voltammetry, CV)和差分脉冲伏安法(differential pulse voltammetry, DPV), 利用MWNT修饰的玻碳电极(glassy carbon electrode, GCE)做探针, 成功构建MEL检测的电化学传感器, 并对实际样品奶粉中的MEL进行检测与分析。结果 裸GCE经MWNT修饰后有效面积可以提高1.3倍, MWNT修饰电极对体系电化学反应有促进作用, MWNT修饰电极做探针的MEL电化学传感器的线性范围是10~40 μmol/L、灵敏度为23.85 (μA/mmol)/cm2, 检测到实际奶粉样品中MEL的含量符合国家标准要求。结论 利用MWNT修饰电极构建MEL电化学传感器是可行的, 该MEL传感器构建方法简单、重复性和稳定性良好, 具有一定的抗干扰能力, 准确度优异, 建议推广使用。

, correspAuthors=王琨琦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王琨琦(1971—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为电化学传感器、食品科学与工程。E-mail:
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School of Science, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158751581708578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881495615992583, companyId=1167158751564931360, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.长春工程学院理学院, 长春 130012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1167158751644623140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881495615992583, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167158751653011749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881495615992583, companyId=1167158751644623140, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 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Content of MEL in milk powder samples and its average recovery rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 峰电流
/(10-7A)		 MEL浓度
/(μmol/L)		 MEL的含量
/(mg/kg)		 平均加标
回收率/%
空白样品 4.952 0 0 -
样品1 4.269 22.60 1.130 91.613
样品2 4.062 29.50 1.475 89.803
), ArticleFig(id=1167158755893453166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1151881495615992583, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

奶粉样品中MEL的含量及其平均加标回收率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 峰电流
/(10-7A)		 MEL浓度
/(μmol/L)		 MEL的含量
/(mg/kg)		 平均加标
回收率/%
空白样品 4.952 0 0 -
样品1 4.269 22.60 1.130 91.613
样品2 4.062 29.50 1.475 89.803
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基于差分脉冲伏安法检测奶粉中三聚氰胺的研究
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王琨琦 1, * , 佟天硕 1, 2 , 陈云建 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(10): 192-197
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(10): 192-197
基于差分脉冲伏安法检测奶粉中三聚氰胺的研究
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王琨琦1, * , 佟天硕1, 2, 陈云建1
作者信息
  • 1.长春工程学院理学院, 长春 130012
  • 2.华北理工大学化学工程学院, 唐山 063210

通讯作者:

* 王琨琦(1971—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为电化学传感器、食品科学与工程。E-mail:
Determination of melamine in milk powder based on differential pulse voltammetry
Kun-Qi WANG1, * , Tian-Shuo TONG1, 2, Yun-Jian CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Science, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
  • 2. College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312003
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摘要
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目的 建立一种基于多壁碳纳米管(multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWNT)修饰电极的新型电化学传感平台, 用于乳制品中三聚氰胺(melamine, MEL)的快速检测。方法 本研究采用电化学循环伏安法(cyclic voltammetry, CV)和差分脉冲伏安法(differential pulse voltammetry, DPV), 利用MWNT修饰的玻碳电极(glassy carbon electrode, GCE)做探针, 成功构建MEL检测的电化学传感器, 并对实际样品奶粉中的MEL进行检测与分析。结果 裸GCE经MWNT修饰后有效面积可以提高1.3倍, MWNT修饰电极对体系电化学反应有促进作用, MWNT修饰电极做探针的MEL电化学传感器的线性范围是10~40 μmol/L、灵敏度为23.85 (μA/mmol)/cm2, 检测到实际奶粉样品中MEL的含量符合国家标准要求。结论 利用MWNT修饰电极构建MEL电化学传感器是可行的, 该MEL传感器构建方法简单、重复性和稳定性良好, 具有一定的抗干扰能力, 准确度优异, 建议推广使用。

差分脉冲伏安法  /  多壁碳纳米管  /  玻碳电极  /  三聚氰胺  /  奶粉

Objective To establish a novel electrochemical sensing platform based on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) modified electrode for rapid detection of melamine (MEL) in dairy products. Methods An electrochemical sensor for MEL detection was constructed by employing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques, using a MWNT-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as the sensing probe. The constructed sensor was successfully applied to detect and analyze melamine in real-world milk powder samples.Results After modification with MWNT, the effective surface area of the bare GCE increased by 1.3 fold. The MWNT-modified electrode significantly enhanced the electrochemical reaction kinetics of the system. The MEL electrochemical sensor, using the MWNT-modified GCE as the probe, exhibited a linear detection range of 10-40 μmol/L and a sensitivity of 23.85 (μA/mmol)/cm2. The detected MEL content in real milk powder samples complied with the Chinese national standard requirements. Conclusion The construction of the MEL electrochemical sensor using MWNT-modified electrodes has been demonstrated to be feasible. The construction method of the MEL sensor is simple, the good repeatability and stability of the MEL sensor are exhibited, the anti-interference capability and accuracy of the MEL sensor are excellent. Based on above advantages, the MEL sensor is applied widely.

differential pulse voltammetry  /  multi-walled carbon nanotube  /  glassy carbon electrode  /  melamine  /  milk powder
王琨琦, 佟天硕, 陈云建. 基于差分脉冲伏安法检测奶粉中三聚氰胺的研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (10) : 192 -197 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312003
Kun-Qi WANG, Tian-Shuo TONG, Yun-Jian CHEN. Determination of melamine in milk powder based on differential pulse voltammetry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (10) : 192 -197 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312003
正文
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0 引言
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三聚氰胺(melamine, MEL)(又名2,4,6-三氨基-1,3,5-三嗪), 俗称蜜胺, 是一种含氮类杂环化合物。一般在化工方面作为化学中间体, 夹杂在塑料等高分子材料中, 在高温条件下会生成有毒的氰化物气体。2008年三鹿奶粉事件直接使MEL的危害进入人们视野, 摄入超标的MEL会诱发泌尿系统结石、癌症等疾病[1-5], 因此, 简单快速检测MEL已经成为分析检测领域的迫切需求。国标《原料乳中三聚氰胺快速检测 液相色谱法》和《原料乳与乳制品中三聚氰胺检测方法》都采用高效液相色谱法检测MEL[6-7], 除此以外, 程毅[8]采用酶联免疫吸附法实现了纯牛奶中MEL的检测; 2016年金春爱等[6]采用气相色谱-质谱法测定牛奶中的MEL; ILYA等[7]采用同位素稀释液相色谱-质谱技术对斯里兰卡生产的22种奶粉进行了MEL含量的测定。1993年, 国内学者采用单扫描极谱法研究了MEL的测定[9]; 2010年以来, 电化学传感器检测MEL引起研究者的广泛关注[10-17], RUI等[18]构建的电化学传感器对MEL的测定低至5.00×10-11 mol/L。
差分脉冲伏安法(differential pulse voltammetry, DPV)因拥有被测物质用量小、检出限低、选择性强、灵敏度高等优点被业内学者广泛关注[19-22]。DPV被应用于食品、药品、水处理等领域[23-25], 还原氧化石墨烯[26]、碳纳米管-壳聚糖[27]、固定化胆碱酶[28]等已经被DPV方法做修饰电极材料所使用, 它们不同程度提高了DPV电化学传感器的性能, 可见, 对于电极修饰材料的研究是提高DPV电化学传感器性能的一个有效途径。多壁碳纳米管(multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWNT)具有尺寸小巧、机械强度高[29]、比表面积大、导电和导热性能优良、化学性质稳定等优点, 被广泛的使用于电极修饰材料[30-31]。
针对食品中潜在的有害物质, 建立高灵敏度的检测方法, 突破传统色谱/质谱方法对昂贵仪器和专业操作人员的依赖, 构建集成微型化检测模块已成为趋势。本研究采用DPV借助MWNT修饰的玻碳电极(glassy carbon electrode, GCE)成功构建电化学传感器, 并对奶粉样品进行实测, 该传感器展现出优异的性能, 为食品安全快速筛查提供了便携式解决方案, 同时为纳米传感技术在食品检测、环境监测及医疗临床诊断等领域的微型化设备开发提供了技术参考。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 材料与试剂
花生油(peanut oil, PO)(鲁花5S压榨一级花生油); 样品1[(玛瑞牌幼儿配方奶粉12~36月龄, 3段)购于当地超市]; 样品2奶粉样品购于淘宝网。
MEL(分析纯, 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司); N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(分析纯, 天津天泰精细化学品有限公司); 十二水合磷酸氢二钠、葡萄糖(glucose, GLU)(分析纯, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 二水合磷酸二氢钠(分析纯, 西陇科学股份有限公司); 铁氰化钾、氯化钾(KCl)(分析纯, 天津市鑫铂特化工有限公司); 乙腈(色谱纯, 山东禹王和天下新材料有限公司); XFM19碳纳米管(20~30 nm)(先丰纳米科技有限公司); α-氧化铝抛光粉(纯度≥99%, 中位粒径0.5 μm, 天津艾达恒晟科技发展有限公司); 抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid, AA)(分析纯, 北京试剂检测机构); 以pH 7.0的0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液(自配)作为支撑电解质。实验用水均为超纯水(优普系列超纯水机UPR-11-15TNZP制备)。
1.2 仪器与设备
CHI602A电化学工作站台(上海辰华仪器有限公司); 铂片对电极、玻碳工作电极(d4 mm)、Ag/AgCl参比电极、50 mL三孔电解槽、麂皮(天津艾达恒晟科技发展有限公司); IR 250 RH IR2红外灯(荷兰皇家飞利浦公司); KQ5200E型超声波清洗器、20 μL数字电动移液器、200 μL数字电动移液器(大龙仪器有限公司); 一次性注射器(10 mL, 上海医疗器械有限公司); FA1604分析天平(精度0.1 mg, 上海天平仪器厂)。
1.3 多壁碳纳米管修饰电极制备
将5 mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和5 mg MWNT粉末1:1混合超声30 min制备碳纳米管分散液。将玻碳电极在麂皮上加0.5 μm的氧化铝粉末画“8”字打磨, 然后超声清洗处理直至电极表面光滑, 晾干。用移液枪取20 μL处理好的MWNT分散液滴涂在干净的玻碳电极表面, 用红外灯烤干, 待测试[32]。
1.4 奶粉样品处理
将装有15 mL乙腈的25 mL具塞刻度试管中加入2.50 g待测奶粉, 常温条件下, 超声振荡萃取6 min, 加水摇匀定容至满刻度, 待混浊液上下分层后, 用一次性注射器吸取5 mL上清液, 移除针头接水膜过滤器制得奶粉待测样。
1.5 数据处理
实验至少重复测定3次, 采用ChemDraw 21.0.0软件进行分子式绘制; 采用Origin 8.1软件进行曲线及线性回归处理; 采用EdrawMax13.0.5软件进行实验构建绘制。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 MWNT/GCE的电化学研究
电解槽中加入50 mL 1.0 mmol/L K3Fe(CN)6和0.1 mol/L KCl的混合溶液做支持电解质, 在0.6~-0.2 V电位窗内, 0.1 V/s的扫速下, 分别对裸GCE和MWNT/GCE做CV测试, 并绘制裸GCE和MWNT/GCE的CV图。由图1可知, 裸GCE在0.311 V (Epa)和0.244 V (Epc)的电位处产生了K3Fe(CN)6氧化峰电流Ipa和还原峰电流Ipc, 分别为-23.80 μA和24.18 μA, |Ipc/Ipa|=1.016约等于1, 电位差ΔEp=Epa-Epc= 0.067 V, 表明裸GCE上发生了K3Fe(CN)6的可逆电化学反应, 如曲线a所示。
以扫速为横坐标(X, V/s), 以峰电流为纵坐标(Y)绘制MWNT/GCE电极和裸GCE电极扫速与峰电流的关系图2, 发现无论是MWNT/GCE电极还是裸GCE电极的Ipa和Ipc均与扫速的平方根成正比, 线性关系分别为Ipa=-11.53623V1/2-0.42045 (r2=0.99982), Ipc=11.77735V1/2- 0.54695 (r2=0.99981)和Ipa=-6.9514V1/2-0.1344 (r2=0.999848), Ipc=7.4107V1/2+0.045 (r2=0.9995)。根据Randles-Sevcik公式, 见式(1)。
Ip=(2.686×105)n3/2AD01/3V1/2
式中: n为转移电子数1, D0为K3Fe(CN)6的扩散系数为1×10-5 cm2/s; V为扫速0.02~0.2 V/s, 经CV检测后, 计算出MWNT/GCE和裸GCE的有效面积是0.1174 cm2和0.0899 cm2, 经MWNT修饰后电极的有效面积是裸GCE的1.3倍。综上, MWNT/GCE电极对K3Fe(CN)6的电化学反应有促进作用。
2.2 MEL在MWNT/GCE电极上的DPV
将裸GCE和MWNT/GCE电极分别在含有0.4 mmol/L MEL的PBS缓冲溶液中分别进行DPV测试见图3, 由图3可知: 裸GCE和MWNT/GCE电极均在0.43 V处出现了MEL的氧化峰, 并且MWNT/GCE电极的氧化峰电流明显高于裸GCE的氧化峰电流, 进一步说明MWNT/GCE电极有利于电子的传输。将MWNT/GCE电极分别置于含有0.3、0.4、0.5 mmol/L MEL的PBS溶液中进行DPV测试, 见图4。由图4可知, 同样在0.43 V处随着MEL浓度的增大, 峰电流逐渐减小, 表明MWNT/GCE电极对MEL产生了电化学传感响应。
2.3 MEL电化学传感器的构建
将混合有N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和MWNT的超声液采用滴涂法修饰至裸玻碳电极并构建MWNT/GCE电化学传感器, 构建过程如图5所示。
根据2.2设置DPV参数如下: 起始电位0.6 V、终止电位0.3 V、灵敏度(1×10-5), 默认值为电势增量: 0.004 V, 脉冲幅度: 0.05 V, 脉冲宽度: 0.06 V, 采样宽度: 0.02, 脉冲周期: 0.5, 静置时间: 2 s。将MWNT/GCE电极分别置于含有0、0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04 mmol/L MEL的PBS溶液中, 进行DPV测试, 以MEL浓度为横坐标, 峰电流为纵坐标, 得峰电流与MEL浓度线性相关, 其线性方程为IP=29.97C+4.9464, 相关系数r2=0.99902。因此, 该电化学传感器的线性范围为10~40 μmol/L 灵敏度为23.85 (μA/mmol)/cm2, 计算出该传感器的检出限为MDL=0.33 μmol/L, 测定下限为1 μmol/L。
2.4 MEL电化学传感器对奶粉样品的检测
将5 mL待测水、奶粉样品1和样品2分别加入到15 mL PBS溶液中, 利用上述传感器进行DPV测试, 测试结果见表1。由表1可知: 空白样品中无MEL; 奶粉样品1中MEL的含量为1.130 mg/kg; 奶粉样品2中MEL的含量为1.475 mg/kg, 小于国家标准(2008第25号)2.5 mg/kg对奶粉样品中MEL的含量要求。分别对奶粉样品1和奶粉样品2进行3次加标回收检测, 其平均加标回收率为91.613%和89.803%, 说明该传感器准确度良好。
2.5 MEL电化学传感器的干扰实验
在0.01 mmol/L的MEL溶液中依次加入10倍浓度的PO, AA, KCl, GLU等干扰物质[21], 以测得的PO、AA、KCl和GLU的峰电流和MEL的峰电流之比为纵坐标, MEL、PO、AA、KCl和GLU为横坐标绘制干扰柱状图6。由图6可知, 干扰物质PO、AA、KCl和GLU的峰电流与MEL的峰电流之比分别为0.981、0.968、0.955、1.015, 表明PO、AA、KCl和GLU对MEL检测的干扰较小, 也就是说MEL电化学传感器有一定的抗干扰能力。
2.6 MEL电化学传感器的重复性和稳定性
按照2.3的实验方法制备MEL电化学传感器, 将其置于0.03 mmol/L MEL标准溶液中, 在0.30~0.55 V的电位窗内进行5次DPV测试, 峰电流分别为0.4087、0.4069、0.4042、0.4006、0.3969 μA, 计算其相对标准偏差为1.57%, 表明该传感器有一定的重复性。将该传感器在室温下保存24 h后其峰电流仍能够保持其初始值的95.6%, 这意味着该传感器有较好的重复性和稳定性。
3 结论
收起
本研究表明MWNT/GCE电极的比表面积比GCE电极的比表面积增大1.3倍, 鉴于此构建了基于MWNT修饰电极的电化学传感器。此电化学传感器操作简便, 准确度高且线性范围宽, 灵敏度高, 检出限为0.33 μmol/L, 定量限为1 μmol/L, 还具有一定的重复性、稳定性和抗干扰性。使用该传感器检测实际奶粉样品中的MEL其含量均符合国家标准。利用差分脉冲伏安技术构建的电化学传感器未来不仅可以应用于食品的检测与分析还建议推广至药品、化妆品及废水中重金属离子的检测分析。
MWNT/GCE在0.308 V (Epa)和0.254 V (Epc)的电位处产生了K3Fe(CN)6氧化峰电流Ipa和还原峰电流Ipc,分别为-32.43 μA和31.57 μA, |Ipc/Ipa|=0.973约等于1, 电位差ΔEp=Epa-Epc=0.054 V, 表明MWNT/GCE上发生了K3Fe(CN)6的可逆电化学反应, 如曲线b所示。比较曲线a和曲线b, 发现经MWNT修饰后的GCE电极, K3Fe(CN)6的ΔEp小于了裸GCE的ΔEp, 表明K3Fe(CN)6在MWNT/GCE上的电化学反应可逆程度更高, 经MWNT修饰后的GCE电极Ipa和Ipc均高于未修饰的裸GCE, 表明MWNT/GCE的导电性能更高。
基金
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  • 长春工程学院种子基金资助项目(320190007)
文献
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2025年第16卷第10期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250312003
  • 接收时间：2025-03-12
  • 首发时间：2025-07-15
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-12
基金
长春工程学院种子基金资助项目(320190007)
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    1.长春工程学院理学院, 长春 130012
    2.华北理工大学化学工程学院, 唐山 063210

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* 王琨琦(1971—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为电化学传感器、食品科学与工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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