Article(id=1152687444664169147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250304003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741017600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751702705, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751702705, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751702705, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751702705, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756708585928, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=223, endPage=229, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687446295753457, articleId=1152687444664169147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Content and distribution characteristics of 8 kinds of metal elements in honeycomb by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the distribution of metal elements in honeycomb and the potential food safety risks. Methods In this study, flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the content of Cd, Fe, Cr, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn and Pb in 7 parts (nest membrane, nest column, nest wall, whole nest, adult bee, nest bottom, pupae) of honeycomb samples collected from Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangxi. Results The standard curves exhibited excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (r²)≥0.993, and the method sensitivity met trace detection requirements (limits of detection: 0.002-0.010 mg/kg). Significant differences in metal content was observed among different parts of the honeycombs (P<0.05), with the average concentrations ranked as Mg (0.97 mg/kg)> Zn (0.15 mg/kg)>Mn (0.051 mg/kg)>Cu (0.0385 mg/kg)>Fe (0.02 mg/kg) >Cd (0.0060 mg/kg)>Pb (0.00027 mg/kg)> Cr (0.00003 mg/kg). The distributions of Cd, Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu and Mn showed significant variations across parts (P<0.05), whereas Cr and Pb exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05). The results suggestted that the distribution of essential elements (Mg and Zn) was closely associated with the biological functions of honeycombs, while the localized accumulation of Cd and Pb might reflect environmental contamination. Conclusion This study systematically reveals the spatial distribution characteristics of metal elements in honeycombs, providing a scientific foundation for quality control of bee products and traceability of environmental pollutants.

, correspAuthors=Hong-Yun CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=De-Yun SONG, Zhong-Yang FAN, Ying HUANG, Ai-Ming HE, Zi-Tong XIE, Hao-Ran LIU, Sha YAO, Meng-Yang ZHANG, Hong-Yun CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687448984302442, articleId=1152687444664169147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=火焰原子吸收光谱法检测蜂巢中8种金属元素含量及分布特征, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究蜂巢中金属元素的分布规律及潜在食品安全风险。方法 本研究采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定云南、广东、广西等地采集的蜂巢样品7个部位(巢膜、巢柱、巢壁、全巢、成蜂、巢底、蛹)中Cd、Fe、Cr、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn和Pb等8种金属元素含量。结果 各元素标准曲线线性良好(相关系数r²≥0.993), 方法灵敏度满足痕量检测需求(检出限0.002~0.010 mg/kg)。蜂巢不同部位元素含量差异显著(P<0.05), 平均含量排序为Mg (0.97 mg/kg)>Zn (0.15 mg/kg)>Mn (0.051 mg/kg)>Cu (0.0385 mg/kg)>Fe (0.02 mg/kg)>Cd (0.0060 mg/kg)> Pb (0.00027 mg/kg)>Cr (0.00003 mg/kg)。其中, Cd、Fe、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn在部位间分布差异显著(P<0.05), 而Cr、Pb无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究表明, 必需元素(如Mg、Zn)的分布与蜂巢功能密切相关, 而Cd、Pb的局部富集可能受环境输入影响。结论 本研究系统揭示了蜂巢金属元素的分布特征, 为蜂产品质量控制及污染溯源提供了科学依据。

, correspAuthors=陈红云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈红云(1981—), 男, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为食品与药物流行病学、卫生统计学、环境毒理学等。E-mail:
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宋德云(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品与药物流行病学、卫生统计学、环境毒理学等。E-mail:

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宋德云(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品与药物流行病学、卫生统计学、环境毒理学等。E-mail:

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Research progress of biological functions of propolis and its application in health food[J]. China Food Safety Magazine, 2021(27): 158–160., articleTitle=Research progress of biological functions of propolis and its application in health food, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1169272551105634581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444664169147, awardId=AG2024010, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省昆虫生物医药研发重点实验室开放课题研究项目(AG2024010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1169272545548181674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444664169147, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272545569153195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444664169147, companyId=1169272545548181674, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1169272545602707628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444664169147, companyId=1169272545548181674, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=大理大学公共卫生学院, 大理 671000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1169272550363242761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444664169147, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Working conditions of flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 火焰类型 灯电流/mA 狭缝宽度/nm 燃气流量/(L/min) 助燃气流量/(L/min) 燃烧头高度/mm 波长/nm
Cd Air-C2H2 8 0.7 1.8 15.0 7.0 228.8
Fe Air-C2H2 12 0.2 2.2 15.0 9.0 248.3
Cr Air-C2H2 10 0.7 2.8 15.0 7.0 357.9
Mg Air-C2H2 8 0.7 1.8 15.0 7.0 285.2
Zn Air-C2H2 8 0.7 2.0 8.0 7.0 213.9
Cu Air-C2H2 8 0.7 1.8 8.0 7.0 324.8
Mn Air-C2H2 10 0.2 2.0 15.0 7.0 279.5
Pb Air-C2H2 10 0.7 2.0 15.0 7.0 283.3
), ArticleFig(id=1169272550463906059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444664169147, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

火焰原子吸收分光光度计工作条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 火焰类型 灯电流/mA 狭缝宽度/nm 燃气流量/(L/min) 助燃气流量/(L/min) 燃烧头高度/mm 波长/nm
Cd Air-C2H2 8 0.7 1.8 15.0 7.0 228.8
Fe Air-C2H2 12 0.2 2.2 15.0 9.0 248.3
Cr Air-C2H2 10 0.7 2.8 15.0 7.0 357.9
Mg Air-C2H2 8 0.7 1.8 15.0 7.0 285.2
Zn Air-C2H2 8 0.7 2.0 8.0 7.0 213.9
Cu Air-C2H2 8 0.7 1.8 8.0 7.0 324.8
Mn Air-C2H2 10 0.2 2.0 15.0 7.0 279.5
Pb Air-C2H2 10 0.7 2.0 15.0 7.0 283.3
), ArticleFig(id=1169272550556180748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444664169147, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Linear regression equation and correlation coefficient of 8 kinds of elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 标准曲线方程 相关系数(r2)
Cd Y=0.00443X+0.0000211 1.0000
Fe Y=0.1049X-0.000006 1.0000
Cr Y=0.0751X+0.00002 0.9995
Mg Y=0.0562X+0.5724 1.0000
Zn Y=0.349X+0.035 0.9993
Cu Y=0.1809X-0.1787 1.0000
Mn Y=0.178X+0.001 0.9997
Pb Y=0.0013X+0.001 0.9997
), ArticleFig(id=1169272550677815565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444664169147, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

8种元素线性回归方程与相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 标准曲线方程 相关系数(r2)
Cd Y=0.00443X+0.0000211 1.0000
Fe Y=0.1049X-0.000006 1.0000
Cr Y=0.0751X+0.00002 0.9995
Mg Y=0.0562X+0.5724 1.0000
Zn Y=0.349X+0.035 0.9993
Cu Y=0.1809X-0.1787 1.0000
Mn Y=0.178X+0.001 0.9997
Pb Y=0.0013X+0.001 0.9997
), ArticleFig(id=1169272550740730127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444664169147, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Content of 8 kinds of elements in honeycomb samples and their parametric and non-parametric tests in different regions (mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 巢膜 巢柱 巢壁 全巢(巢) 成蜂 巢底 均值 参数及非参数
检验F/H
P
Cd 0.0027±
0.0243
0.0041±
0.0250
0.0050±
0.0025
0.0101±
0.0025
0.0036±
0.0034
0.0119±
0.0069
0.0060±
0.0023
0.0060±
0.0049
4.827 0.001
Fe 0.023±
0.009
0.030±
0.015
0.036±
0.008
0.038±
0.014
0.025±
0.011
0.046±
0.014
0.025±
0.009
0.032±
0.014
3.130 0.016
Cr 0.00002±
0.00031
0.00001±
0.00002
0.00005±
0.00004
0.00001±
0.00002
0.00004±
0.00005
0.00007±
0.00008
0.00001±
0.00003
0.00003±
0.00005
9.727 0.137
Mg 0.96±
0.04
0.91±
0.10
0.99±
0.03
1.02±
0.01
0.94±
0.07
1.03±
0.03
0.98±
0.01
0.97±
0.07
15.695 0.015
Zn 0.05±
0.01
0.06±
0.03
0.14±
0.12
0.25±
0.06
0.17±
0.33
0.27±
0.12
0.19±
0.03
0.15±
0.11
23.405 <0.001
Cu 0.0367±
0.0003
0.0367±
0.0006
0.0376±
0.0011
0.0405±
0.0024
0.0389±
0.0020
0.0414±
0.0036
0.0385±
0.0005
0.0385±
0.0025
5.552 <0.001
Mn 0.008±
0.006
0.020±
0.018
0.053±
0.038
0.122±
0.054
0.006±
0.006
0.118±
0.089
0.060±
0.083
0.051±
0.065
4.855 0.001
Pb 0.0042±
0.0007
0.00009±
0.00024
0.0008±
0.0014
0.0004±
0.0007
0.0003±
0.0008
0.000008±
0.000020
0.00001±
0.00003
0.00027±
0.00068
3.132 0.792
), ArticleFig(id=1169272550908502289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687444664169147, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

蜂巢样品中8种元素含量及其在不同区域中的参数及非参数检验(mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 巢膜 巢柱 巢壁 全巢(巢) 成蜂 巢底 均值 参数及非参数
检验F/H
P
Cd 0.0027±
0.0243
0.0041±
0.0250
0.0050±
0.0025
0.0101±
0.0025
0.0036±
0.0034
0.0119±
0.0069
0.0060±
0.0023
0.0060±
0.0049
4.827 0.001
Fe 0.023±
0.009
0.030±
0.015
0.036±
0.008
0.038±
0.014
0.025±
0.011
0.046±
0.014
0.025±
0.009
0.032±
0.014
3.130 0.016
Cr 0.00002±
0.00031
0.00001±
0.00002
0.00005±
0.00004
0.00001±
0.00002
0.00004±
0.00005
0.00007±
0.00008
0.00001±
0.00003
0.00003±
0.00005
9.727 0.137
Mg 0.96±
0.04
0.91±
0.10
0.99±
0.03
1.02±
0.01
0.94±
0.07
1.03±
0.03
0.98±
0.01
0.97±
0.07
15.695 0.015
Zn 0.05±
0.01
0.06±
0.03
0.14±
0.12
0.25±
0.06
0.17±
0.33
0.27±
0.12
0.19±
0.03
0.15±
0.11
23.405 <0.001
Cu 0.0367±
0.0003
0.0367±
0.0006
0.0376±
0.0011
0.0405±
0.0024
0.0389±
0.0020
0.0414±
0.0036
0.0385±
0.0005
0.0385±
0.0025
5.552 <0.001
Mn 0.008±
0.006
0.020±
0.018
0.053±
0.038
0.122±
0.054
0.006±
0.006
0.118±
0.089
0.060±
0.083
0.051±
0.065
4.855 0.001
Pb 0.0042±
0.0007
0.00009±
0.00024
0.0008±
0.0014
0.0004±
0.0007
0.0003±
0.0008
0.000008±
0.000020
0.00001±
0.00003
0.00027±
0.00068
3.132 0.792
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火焰原子吸收光谱法检测蜂巢中8种金属元素含量及分布特征
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宋德云 , 范忠秧 , 黄颖 , 何爱明 , 谢自彤 , 刘号然 , 姚莎 , 张孟扬 , 陈红云 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(9): 223-229
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(9): 223-229
火焰原子吸收光谱法检测蜂巢中8种金属元素含量及分布特征
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宋德云 , 范忠秧, 黄颖, 何爱明, 谢自彤, 刘号然, 姚莎, 张孟扬, 陈红云*
作者信息
  • 大理大学公共卫生学院, 大理 671000
  • 宋德云(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品与药物流行病学、卫生统计学、环境毒理学等。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈红云(1981—), 男, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为食品与药物流行病学、卫生统计学、环境毒理学等。E-mail:
Content and distribution characteristics of 8 kinds of metal elements in honeycomb by flame atomic absorption spectrometry
De-Yun SONG , Zhong-Yang FAN, Ying HUANG, Ai-Ming HE, Zi-Tong XIE, Hao-Ran LIU, Sha YAO, Meng-Yang ZHANG, Hong-Yun CHEN*
Affiliations
  • College of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250304003
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目的 探究蜂巢中金属元素的分布规律及潜在食品安全风险。方法 本研究采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定云南、广东、广西等地采集的蜂巢样品7个部位(巢膜、巢柱、巢壁、全巢、成蜂、巢底、蛹)中Cd、Fe、Cr、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn和Pb等8种金属元素含量。结果 各元素标准曲线线性良好(相关系数r²≥0.993), 方法灵敏度满足痕量检测需求(检出限0.002~0.010 mg/kg)。蜂巢不同部位元素含量差异显著(P<0.05), 平均含量排序为Mg (0.97 mg/kg)>Zn (0.15 mg/kg)>Mn (0.051 mg/kg)>Cu (0.0385 mg/kg)>Fe (0.02 mg/kg)>Cd (0.0060 mg/kg)> Pb (0.00027 mg/kg)>Cr (0.00003 mg/kg)。其中, Cd、Fe、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn在部位间分布差异显著(P<0.05), 而Cr、Pb无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究表明, 必需元素(如Mg、Zn)的分布与蜂巢功能密切相关, 而Cd、Pb的局部富集可能受环境输入影响。结论 本研究系统揭示了蜂巢金属元素的分布特征, 为蜂产品质量控制及污染溯源提供了科学依据。

火焰原子吸收光谱法  /  蜂巢  /  金属元素分布  /  必需元素  /  重金属污染  /  食品安全评价  /  环境溯源

Objective To explore the distribution of metal elements in honeycomb and the potential food safety risks. Methods In this study, flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the content of Cd, Fe, Cr, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn and Pb in 7 parts (nest membrane, nest column, nest wall, whole nest, adult bee, nest bottom, pupae) of honeycomb samples collected from Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangxi. Results The standard curves exhibited excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (r²)≥0.993, and the method sensitivity met trace detection requirements (limits of detection: 0.002-0.010 mg/kg). Significant differences in metal content was observed among different parts of the honeycombs (P<0.05), with the average concentrations ranked as Mg (0.97 mg/kg)> Zn (0.15 mg/kg)>Mn (0.051 mg/kg)>Cu (0.0385 mg/kg)>Fe (0.02 mg/kg) >Cd (0.0060 mg/kg)>Pb (0.00027 mg/kg)> Cr (0.00003 mg/kg). The distributions of Cd, Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu and Mn showed significant variations across parts (P<0.05), whereas Cr and Pb exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05). The results suggestted that the distribution of essential elements (Mg and Zn) was closely associated with the biological functions of honeycombs, while the localized accumulation of Cd and Pb might reflect environmental contamination. Conclusion This study systematically reveals the spatial distribution characteristics of metal elements in honeycombs, providing a scientific foundation for quality control of bee products and traceability of environmental pollutants.

flame atomic absorption spectrometry  /  honeycomb  /  distribution of metal elements  /  necessary elements  /  heavy metal pollution  /  food safety evaluation  /  environmental traceability
宋德云, 范忠秧, 黄颖, 何爱明, 谢自彤, 刘号然, 姚莎, 张孟扬, 陈红云. 火焰原子吸收光谱法检测蜂巢中8种金属元素含量及分布特征. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 223 -229 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250304003
De-Yun SONG, Zhong-Yang FAN, Ying HUANG, Ai-Ming HE, Zi-Tong XIE, Hao-Ran LIU, Sha YAO, Meng-Yang ZHANG, Hong-Yun CHEN. Content and distribution characteristics of 8 kinds of metal elements in honeycomb by flame atomic absorption spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 223 -229 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250304003
蜂巢作为蜜蜂储存蜂蜜、花粉及哺育幼虫的场所, 不仅是蜂群生存的核心结构, 也是具有高营养价值的天然产物, 其品质与安全性直接影响消费者的健康[1-2]。蜜蜂在采集花蜜和花粉的过程中, 可能通过物理接触或生物迁移将环境中的金属元素引入蜂巢, 这些元素既包括铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)等对人体有益的必需微量元素, 也包含铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)等具有潜在毒性的重金属[3]。已有研究表明, 适量摄入Cu、Zn等元素可强化免疫系统功能、缓解氧化应激并参与酶促反应, 而Cd、Pb的过量蓄积则可能导致神经毒性和肝肾损伤[4-6]。因此, 系统分析蜂巢中金属元素的分布特征, 对评估其营养价值和食品安全风险具有重要意义。近年来, 国内外学者对蜂产品(如蜂蜜、蜂胶)中金属元素的检测已有较多报道[7-9], 但对蜂巢这一复杂基质的系统性研究仍较为匮乏。现有研究多集中于蜂巢整体元素含量的测定, 而忽视了其内部不同功能部位(如巢膜、巢柱、巢底等)的分布差异[10]。此外, 蜂巢中金属元素的迁移机制及其与环境污染的关联尚未明确, 导致对蜂巢污染来源的解析和安全性评价存在局限性。相较于已有研究, 本研究的创新性在于: (1)揭示了蜂巢金属元素的部位特异性分布特征; (2)探讨了元素分布与蜂巢功能及环境暴露的潜在关联, 为蜂巢污染溯源提供新视角。
本研究采用火焰原子吸收光谱法(flame atomic absorption spectrometry, FAAS), 系统测定蜂巢7个部位(巢膜、巢柱、巢壁、全巢、成蜂、巢底、蛹)中Cd、Fe、Cr、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn和Pb共8种金属元素的含量, 并结合统计学方法分析其分布规律。旨在为蜂巢产品的质量控制、营养价值评价及重金属污染防控提供科学依据, 同时为制定蜂产品相关食品安全标准奠定理论基础。研究范围涵盖中国云南、广东、广西等主要养蜂区的代表性蜂巢样本, 重点关注元素分布的异质性及其环境指示意义。
蜂巢全巢样品来自云南、广东、广西等地的7个代表性养蜂场(广东湛江、广东清远佛冈、玉溪新平、广西梧州长州区红岭、南涧、广州花都太平镇、大理), 每个养蜂场独立取样1份, 共计7份样本。所有样本预处理和分析均按统一流程进行, 确保数据可比性。
Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn、Mg、Cd标准物质(质量浓度1000 mg/L)、Fe、Mn标准物质(质量浓度2000 mg/L)(坛墨质检标准物质中心); 所有稀释液均采用超纯水(18.25 MΩ); HNO3(优级纯, 重庆川东化工有限公司)。
AA-6880原子吸收分光光度计(日本岛津公司); T520电子天平(精度0.01 g, 湖南长沙湘仪公司); 实验所用到的所有器皿均用10% HNO3浸泡24 h。
干灰化法: 采集所得的样品应立即进行烘干处理, 确保水分被充分去除。蜂巢样品经烘干至恒重后测定含水率为12.3%±1.5%, 所有元素含量值均以干重表示。待样品达到恒重状态后, 使用研钵将其研碎, 研磨程度需保证均匀细致, 以便后续实验精准进行。用精度万分之一的电子天平精确称取0.5 g样品, 分别放入3个已提前洗净、烘干且做好标记的瓷坩埚当中, 以此作为平行实验样本, 确保实验结果的可靠性与可重复性。将放有样品的瓷坩埚置于电炉之上, 开启电炉进行初步炭化操作, 时长控制在1~2 h, 期间密切观察, 直至坩埚内冒出的白色烟雾完全散尽, 样品呈现初步灰化状态。随后, 把瓷坩埚转移至已预热至设定温度的马弗炉内, 精准调控马弗炉的温度恒定在500 °C, 持续灰化7 h, 让样品在高温环境下充分分解、灰化, 直至得到质地纯净、色泽洁白的灰白色灰烬。
待马弗炉内的样品冷却至室温后, 缓慢向每个装有灰烬的样品中加入适量2% HNO3溶液, 取用洁净的玻璃棒沿着坩埚壁缓缓搅拌, 促使白色灰烬充分溶解于酸液之中, 确保反应完全。溶解完成后, 采用滤纸进行过滤操作, 将滤液仔细收集起来, 并转移至50 mL的容量瓶内, 再用2% HNO3溶液多次冲洗滤纸及相关器皿, 将冲洗液一并收入容量瓶, 最终用2% HNO3精准定容至刻度线, 摇匀后妥善放置, 以备后续检测分析。
量取Cu、Mn和Mg标准液逐次稀释至10 μg/mL作为储备液, 量取Pb、Cr标准液逐次稀释至1 μg/mL作为储备液, 量取Cd、Fe和Zn标准液逐次稀释至100 μg/mL作为储备液, 稀释过程中用2% HNO3定容。将Cu按0.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0、10.0 μg/mL配制成50 mL的标准溶液; Mn按0.00、0.01、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.80 μg/mL配制成10 mL的标准溶液; Mg按0.0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 μg/mL配制成10 mL的标准溶液; Pb按0.0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 μg/mL配制成50 mL的标准溶液; Cr按0.000、0.015、0.040、0.080、0.120、0.160 μg/mL配制成50 mL的标准溶液。Cd按0.0、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 μg/mL配制成50 mL的标准溶液; Fe按0.0、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0 μg/mL配制成10 mL的标准溶液; Zn按0.0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.0 μg/mL配制成10 mL的标准溶液。
根据8种元素测定的工作条件(表1), 利用火焰原子吸收分光光度计测量8种金属元素不同浓度标准溶液的吸光度值。写出回归方程和相关系数, 各元素标准曲线方程相关系数(r2)≥0.9993。
原始吸光度数据经Microsoft Excel 2010整理, 计算各元素含量的平均值、标准偏差及相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD), 并以表格形式呈现。标准曲线方程(线性回归)通过Excel内置函数计算, 确保相关系数(r2)≥0.993。
正态性检验: 采用Shapiro-Wilk检验(SPSS 27.0)评估数据分布。符合正态性(P>0.05)的数据使用单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA), 非正态数据(如Cr、Pb)采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验(显著性水平α=0.05)。
多重比较: 对差异显著的元素(如Cd、Fe、Mg等), 通过Tukey法(ANOVA)或Dunn-Bonferroni法(非参数检验)进行部位间两两比较。
相关性分析: 元素间关联性通过Pearson相关系数(正态数据)或Spearman秩相关系数(非正态数据)评估(SPSS 27.0)。
每个蜂巢部位的样品独立测定3次平行实验, 标准曲线各浓度点重复测定3次, 确保数据可重复性。仪器校准后, 所有样品吸光度值均位于标准曲线线性范围内(r2≥0.993)。异常值通过Grubbs检验(置信度95%)识别并剔除, 确保数据可靠性。
每批次实验均设置空白样品(超纯水替代蜂巢样品)和加标回收样品(添加标准物质至蜂巢基质中)。空白样品未检出目标元素, 加标回收率为85%~110% (RSD<5%), 符合痕量分析要求。
采用AA-6880原子吸收分光光度计建立标准曲线, 各元素标准溶液质量浓度范围分别为Cd (0.200~4.000 mg/L), Fe (0.500~6.000 mg/L), Cr (0.015~0.160 mg/L), Mg (0.200~1.000 mg/L), Zn (0.100~1.000 mg/L), Cu (2.000~ 10.000 mg/L), Mn (0.010~0.800 mg/L), Pb (0.200~1.000 mg/L),每个浓度点平行测定3次。如表2所示, 8种元素的线性回归方程相关系数(r²)均≥0.9993, 其中Cd、Fe、Mg和Cu的r2达到1.0000, 表明吸光度与浓度间线性关系极强。Cu的截距值(-0.1787)可能源于仪器基线漂移, 但其绝对值远低于实际检测信号, 对定量结果无显著影响。各元素检出限[(limit of detection, LOD), 3σ]为0.002~0.010 mg/kg, 定量限[(limit of quantitation, LOQ), 10σ]为0.007~0.030 mg/kg, 满足蜂巢痕量金属检测需求。
将8种金属元素进行正态性检验。其中, Cr和Mg、Pb、Zn不符合正态性, 进行H检验。结果显示, Cu、Zn、Mn、Mg、Fe和Cd在7个部位之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05), 而Cr、Pb在7个部位差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Mg、Zn元素含量在所有部位均为最高且Mg>Zn。Cd元素含量在大多部位中均为最低。Cu元素含量在巢膜、巢柱、成蜂部位较高。Mn在全巢、巢底中含量较高。Fe在巢膜、巢柱、成蜂中含量较高(表3)。
表3数据可以看出, Mg和Zn在蜂巢所有部位中均呈现较高含量(Mg均值0.97 mg/kg, Zn均值0.15 mg/kg), 且在不同部位间差异显著(P<0.05)。这一现象可能与蜂巢的生物学功能密切相关。Mg是蜜蜂体内多种酶(如ATP酶)的必需辅因子, 参与能量代谢和蜂蜡合成过程, 而蜂蜡作为蜂巢的主要结构材料, 其化学组成中羧酸和酯类物质对Mg²⁺具有较强亲和力, 可能导致Mg在全巢和巢底部位的高富集[11-12]。Zn则在免疫功能及表皮几丁质形成中起关键作用, 巢壁和巢底的高Zn含量(分别为0.14 mg/kg和0.27 mg/kg)可能与其需要增强结构强度和抵御外界病原体入侵的功能需求相关[13-15]
此外, Cu在巢膜、巢柱和成蜂部位含量较高(均值0.0385 mg/kg), 推测与这些区域活跃的代谢活动有关。Cu作为氧化还原酶(如超氧化物歧化酶)的核心组分, 可能被优先分配至蜜蜂频繁活动的区域以应对氧化应激[16-17]。Mn在全巢和巢底的高含量(均值0.12 mg/kg)则可能支持幼虫发育所需的几丁质合成酶活性, 暗示巢底区域在幼虫生长中的特殊作用[18-19]
Cd和Pb作为非必需重金属, 其含量虽低(Cd均值0.0060 mg/kg, Pb均值0.00027 mg/kg), 但在巢底和巢膜中呈现局部富集趋势(巢底Cd含量达0.019 mg/kg)。这一分布特征可能与蜂巢的沉积效应及环境污染输入有关。巢底直接接触蜂箱底部, 更易积累外界沉降的颗粒物, 而巢膜作为蜜蜂出入通道, 可能通过附着的花粉或粉尘引入重金属。值得注意的是, Cr的分布无显著部位差异(均值0.00003 mg/kg, P=0.137), 提示其来源可能与蜂巢本底环境或蜜蜂均匀吸收机制相关, 需结合蜂群活动区域的土壤和大气数据进一步验证。
通过对比各元素含量分布, 发现Mg与Zn、Mn之间存在弱正相关性(r=0.42, P<0.05), 可能反映蜜蜂对必需元素的协同吸收机制; 而Cd与Pb的分布无显著相关性(r=0.11, P>0.05), 表明两者的污染来源或迁移途径存在差异。此外, Fe在巢膜和巢柱的高含量(0.023~0.030 mg/kg)与其在氧运输中的功能一致, 但巢底Fe含量(0.046 mg/kg)的异常升高可能暗示外部污染输入(如含铁工业粉尘)的影响。部分元素(如Zn、Mn)的标准偏差较高, 可能源于蜂巢不同功能部位的异质性或环境输入的不均匀性。
云南、广东、广西3地蜂巢样本中, Mg、Zn等必需元素含量无显著区域差异(P>0.05), 而Cd在广东样本中含量较高(均值0.008 mg/kg vs.云南0.005 mg/kg), 可能与当地工业活动相关。
本研究结果与黄怡[20]关于蜂巢药用价值的报道中Mg、Zn高含量的结论一致, 但发现Cu的分布较其研究更为集中。与武永福等[21]对蜂巢结构的描述相比, 本研究中巢壁的Zn和Mn含量显著高于其他部位, 可能反映不同蜂种或地理环境的差异性。
ANOVA和Kruskal-Wallis检验表明, Cd、Fe、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn在蜂巢不同部位的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05), 而Cr和Pb无显著差异。这一结果不仅验证了蜜蜂对必需元素的主动调控能力, 也提示非必需元素的分布可能更依赖于环境暴露。例如, Mg的显著差异(F=15.695, P=0.015)反映其功能驱动的分布模式, 而Pb的均匀分布(H=3.132, P=0.792)可能暗示其被动扩散特性。
本研究通过FAAS对蜂巢中8种金属元素含量进行测定, 发现其含量排序为Mg>Zn>Mn>Cu> Fe>Cd>Pb>Cr, 其中Mg含量最高, Cr含量最低。这一结果与其他相关研究存在一定的相似性与差异性。在对蜂巢不同部位的研究中, 本研究发现Cu、Zn、Mn、Mg、Fe和Cd在7个部位间存在显著差异(P<0.05), 而Cr、Pb在不同部位差异不显著(P>0.05)。
对于元素含量差异显著的元素, 如Mg、Zn在所有部位含量均较高且Mg>Zn, 这可能与蜜蜂在构建蜂巢时对这些元素的选择性利用有关。Mg在生物体内参与多种生理过程, 如能量代谢、蛋白质合成等, 蜜蜂可能会优先将其富集在蜂巢的各个部位[22-23]。Zn同样在酶活性调节、免疫功能等方面发挥重要作用, 其较高的含量可能是为了满足蜂巢内各种生理活动的需求[24-25]。Cu在巢膜、巢柱、成蜂部位含量较高, 可能与这些部位的生理功能对Cu元素的需求有关, 例如Cu在一些氧化还原酶中起着关键作用, 这些部位可能需要更多的Cu参与代谢过程[26]。Mn在全巢、巢底中含量较高, 推测其与蜂巢的结构支撑或物质代谢过程相关, Mn可能在这些部位的特定生物化学反应中发挥重要作用[27]。Fe在巢膜、巢柱、成蜂中含量较高, 虽然同一块蜂巢样品中Fe元素含量大致相同, 但在蜂巢不同部位的差异可能是由于蜜蜂在构建蜂巢时对Fe的分配差异所致, Fe在氧气运输、电子传递等过程中具有重要功能, 这些部位可能需要较多的Fe来维持正常生理活动[27]
而Cr、Pb在不同部位差异不显著, 可能是因为这些元素并非蜜蜂构建蜂巢所必需的元素, 所以其在蜂巢中的分布相对较为均匀, 或者蜜蜂对其吸收和转运的机制相对简单, 不受蜂巢部位差异的明显影响[28-29]
本研究进一步提示, 蜂巢中金属元素的分布差异可能与蜜蜂的生物学行为及外部环境双重作用有关。蜜蜂在采集花蜜和花粉时, 易受到周边农业活动(如农药施用)和工业排放的影响, 导致重金属(如Cd、Pb)通过食物链在蜂巢中积累[30]。例如, 巢底部位Cd含量较高可能与沉积效应有关, 该区域长期接触蜂箱底部, 更易富集来自外界环境的污染物。此外, 不同地区蜂巢样本的采集地(广东、广西、云南等)地质背景差异亦可能影响元素本底值, 未来需结合土壤及大气重金属监测数据, 解析蜂巢污染物的来源途径(如农药使用、工业排放)进一步溯源分析。
值得注意的是, Mg和Zn的高含量不仅体现了蜜蜂对必需元素的主动吸收, 也可能与蜂蜡的化学生物特性相关。研究表明, 蜂蜡中的脂肪酸和酯类物质对Mg²⁺、Zn²⁺等阳离子具有较强螯合能力, 这可能是其在这些部位稳定富集的重要机制[30-33]。此外, Mn在巢底的高含量或与蜜蜂幼虫发育需求相关, Mn作为多种酶的辅助因子, 在幼虫几丁质合成及抗氧化防御中起关键作用。本研究样本量(n=7)虽覆盖主要养蜂区, 但未涵盖所有地理环境。未来需扩大样本量以验证结果的普适性。
本研究利用火焰原子吸收光谱法成功测定了蜂巢中Cd、Fe、Cr、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn和Pb 8种金属元素的含量, 并对蜂巢不同部位的元素含量进行了比较分析。结果表明, 各元素在蜂巢不同部位的含量存在差异, 其中Mg、Zn、Mn、Cu、Fe和Cd在不同部位间的差异具有统计学意义, Cr、Pb在不同部位差异不显著。本研究为蜂巢金属元素含量研究提供了详细的数据支持, 有助于深入了解蜂巢的营养成分和潜在的健康风险, 同时也为蜂蜜产品的质量控制和进一步开发利用提供了理论依据。未来研究可进一步扩大样本量, 探究不同环境因素对蜂巢金属元素含量的影响, 以及这些元素在蜂巢生态系统中的具体作用机制。
在蜂巢产品的质量控制方面, 生产者应关注Mg、Zn等含量较高元素的稳定性, 确保产品在加工和储存过程中这些有益元素的含量保持在合理范围内, 同时严格监控Cd、Pb等重金属元素的含量, 避免其超标对消费者健康造成潜在危害。消费者在选择蜂巢产品时, 可参考本研究中不同部位元素含量的差异, 根据自身需求选择合适部位的蜂巢产品。例如, 若关注Mg、Zn等元素的补充, 可优先选择全巢或巢底部分的产品; 若对Cu元素有特定需求, 巢膜、巢柱部位可能是较好的选择。
  • 云南省昆虫生物医药研发重点实验室开放课题研究项目(AG2024010)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250304003
  • 接收时间:2025-03-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-04
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云南省昆虫生物医药研发重点实验室开放课题研究项目(AG2024010)
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    大理大学公共卫生学院, 大理 671000

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* 陈红云(1981—), 男, 高级实验师, 主要研究方向为食品与药物流行病学、卫生统计学、环境毒理学等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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