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Article(id=1215670312344146620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767988524, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767988524, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767988524, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767988524, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=17, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670314416132816, articleId=1215670312344146620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Study on the risk assessments of mycotoxins during cold storage of Castanea mollissima in Huairou District, Beijing, columnId=1215670312151208635, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Assessment in Beijing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To assess the dietary exposure risk of mycotoxins for Beijing consumers, based on the mycotoxins contamination data during the cold storage period of Castanea mollissima which harvested in Huairou District, Beijing. Methods Castanea mollissima samples were collected from the 4 highest yielding townships in Huairou District. Samples were stored in a cold storage for 1 year and sampled once a month to determine the content of 21 kinds of fungal toxins. Based on the 2002 Beijing residents’ dietary consumption survey data, point estimation method, probability method and cumulative risk assessment modeling method of multiple fungal toxins were used to evaluate the acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of different genders of consumers. Results The estimated daily intake levels of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in some Castanea mollissima samples were higher than 2.5 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1. The estimated daily intake levels of tentoxin and tenuzonic acid in all samples during the entire storage period did not exceed 1500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1. The estimated daily intake/tolerable daily intak of nivalenol, fumonisin B1, total fumonisin and zearalenone were all less than 100. The margin of exposure (MOE) was used to analyze the sterigmatocystin, and the result was greater than 10000. The 2 kinds of different chronic effects were analyzed for ochratoxin A. The cumulative risk assessment of mycotoxins in Castanea mollissima samples showed that some samples had MOE below 100 after storage for about 10 months. Conclusion All varieties of Castanea mollissima samples are no significant risk of mycotoxins to consumers after stored for 9 months in cold storage, and consumers can safely eat them. But multiple mycotoxins are detected simultaneously during the late stage of storage, which may pose health risks to humans. In order to clarify these health risks further, more toxicological data is needed.

, correspAuthors=Quan-Shuai WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Quan-Shuai WANG, Wei-Ming SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670314869117673, articleId=1215670312344146620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=北京市怀柔区板栗冷库贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染风险评估, columnId=1215670313522746049, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题：北京市食品安全风险监测与评估, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 评估原产北京市怀柔区的板栗样品在冷库贮藏期间真菌毒素的污染对北京市消费者的膳食暴露风险。方法 分别从怀柔区产量最高的4个乡镇采集板栗样本, 在冷库中贮藏1年, 每1个月抽样1次, 分别对21种真菌毒素含量进行测定。结合2002年北京市居民膳食消费调查数据, 分别使用点估计法、概率法和多种真菌毒素的累积风险评估建模方法评估不同性别食用人群的急、慢性膳食暴露风险。结果 部分板栗样本的交链孢酚和交链孢酚单甲醚每日估计摄入量高于2.5 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 所有样本在整个贮藏期间的腾毒素和交链孢菌酮酸每日估计摄入量均没有超过1500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马菌素B1、伏马菌素总量和玉米赤霉烯酮的每日估计摄入量/每日耐受摄入量均小于100。杂色曲霉素采用限量阈值(margin of exposure, MOE)进行分析, 其结果大于10000。板栗样品真菌毒素共污染累积暴露风险评估, 部分样本在贮藏到10个月左右时, 其MOE低于100。结论 所有品种的板栗样本贮藏9个月, 真菌毒素对消费者无明显的风险, 消费者可以放心食用。板栗贮藏到末期同时检出多种真菌毒素, 可能会对人体产生健康风险, 为进一步明确其风险, 需要更多的毒理学数据。

, correspAuthors=王权帅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王权帅(1985—), 男, 硕士, 主管检验师, 主要研究方向为食品检验。E-mail:
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EFSA Supporting Publications, 2020, 17(1): EN-1757., articleTitle=Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: Holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach: MYCHIF, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215733055436800899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=16, issue=3, pageStart=35, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=45, authorNames=王权帅, 孙卫明, journalName=食品安全质量检测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王权帅, 孙卫明. 北京市怀柔区板栗冷库贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染状况研究[J]. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025, 16(3): 35-43., articleTitle=北京市怀柔区板栗冷库贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染状况研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215733055508104069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=16, issue=3, pageStart=35, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=46, authorNames=WANG QS, SUN WM, journalName=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG QS, SUN WM. Study on the contamination of mycotoxins during cold storage of Castanea mollissima in Beijing Huairou District[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025, 16(3): 35-43., articleTitle=Study on the contamination of mycotoxins during cold storage of Castanea mollissima in Beijing Huairou District, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215733055642321799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=1659, issue=null, pageStart=462486, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=47, authorNames=ZHOU J, ZHANG D, CHEN X, journalName=Journal of Chromatography A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU J, ZHANG D, CHEN X, et al. Investigation on the occurrence and contamination of multi-mycotoxin in chestnut and jujube (red date)[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2021, 1659: 462486., articleTitle=Investigation on the occurrence and contamination of multi-mycotoxin in chestnut and jujube (red date), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215733055709430665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=140, issue=null, pageStart=109125, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=48, authorNames=JI XF, XIAO YP, JIN CH, journalName=Food Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JI XF, XIAO YP, JIN CH, et al. Alternaria mycotoxins in food commodities marketed through e-commerce stores in China: Occurrence and risk assessment[J]. Food Control, 2022, 140: 109125., articleTitle=Alternaria mycotoxins in food commodities marketed through e-commerce stores in China: Occurrence and risk assessment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215733050596573998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, awardId=SHFZ 2020-1, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市怀柔区科技计划项目(SHFZ 2020-1), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215733046557459163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215733046565847772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, companyId=1215733046557459163, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Huairou District Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing 101400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215733046574236381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, companyId=1215733046557459163, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京市怀柔区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 101400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215733047811556103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dietary exposure and risk assessment of AOH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 平均浓度/(μg/kg) EDI/(ng·kg-1·bw·d-1)
男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
5 0.049 0.226 0.009 0.040 0.010 0.044
6 0.098 0.275 0.018 0.049 0.019 0.053
7 1.394 1.559 0.249 0.279 0.269 0.301
8 0.263 0.439 0.047 0.079 0.051 0.085
9 0.323 0.499 0.058 0.089 0.062 0.096
10 0.720 0.896 0.129 0.160 0.139 0.173
11 0.952 1.116 0.170 0.200 0.183 0.215
12 3.762 3.892 0.673 0.696 0.725 0.750
), ArticleFig(id=1215733047878664969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AOH膳食暴露风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 平均浓度/(μg/kg) EDI/(ng·kg-1·bw·d-1)
男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
5 0.049 0.226 0.009 0.040 0.010 0.044
6 0.098 0.275 0.018 0.049 0.019 0.053
7 1.394 1.559 0.249 0.279 0.269 0.301
8 0.263 0.439 0.047 0.079 0.051 0.085
9 0.323 0.499 0.058 0.089 0.062 0.096
10 0.720 0.896 0.129 0.160 0.139 0.173
11 0.952 1.116 0.170 0.200 0.183 0.215
12 3.762 3.892 0.673 0.696 0.725 0.750
), ArticleFig(id=1215733047941579533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Dietary exposure and risk assessment of AME

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 平均浓度/(μg/kg) EDI/(ng·kg-1·bw·d-1)
男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
5 0.128 1.070 0.023 0.191 0.025 0.206
6 0.114 1.055 0.020 0.189 0.022 0.203
7 0.736 1.618 0.132 0.289 0.142 0.312
8 1.037 1.802 0.185 0.322 0.200 0.347
9 0.450 1.332 0.080 0.238 0.087 0.257
10 0.853 1.617 0.152 0.289 0.164 0.312
11 2.956 3.661 0.529 0.655 0.570 0.706
12 2.413 3.060 0.432 0.547 0.465 0.590
), ArticleFig(id=1215733049191482127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

AME膳食暴露风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 平均浓度/(μg/kg) EDI/(ng·kg-1·bw·d-1)
男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
5 0.128 1.070 0.023 0.191 0.025 0.206
6 0.114 1.055 0.020 0.189 0.022 0.203
7 0.736 1.618 0.132 0.289 0.142 0.312
8 1.037 1.802 0.185 0.322 0.200 0.347
9 0.450 1.332 0.080 0.238 0.087 0.257
10 0.853 1.617 0.152 0.289 0.164 0.312
11 2.956 3.661 0.529 0.655 0.570 0.706
12 2.413 3.060 0.432 0.547 0.465 0.590
), ArticleFig(id=1215733049560580885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Dietary exposure and risk assessment of TEN

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 平均浓度/(μg/kg) EDI/( ng·kg-1·bw·d-1)
男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
1 0.045 0.310 0.008 0.055 0.009 0.060
2 0.091 0.338 0.016 0.060 0.018 0.065
3 0.181 0.428 0.032 0.076 0.035 0.082
4 0.241 0.488 0.043 0.087 0.046 0.094
5 0.395 0.624 0.071 0.112 0.076 0.120
6 0.408 0.637 0.073 0.114 0.079 0.123
7 0.477 0.671 0.085 0.120 0.092 0.129
8 0.788 0.929 0.141 0.166 0.152 0.179
9 0.836 0.977 0.149 0.175 0.161 0.188
10 0.988 1.111 0.177 0.199 0.190 0.214
11 1.134 1.257 0.203 0.225 0.219 0.242
12 1.511 1.634 0.270 0.292 0.291 0.315
), ArticleFig(id=1215733049644466967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

TEN膳食暴露风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 平均浓度/(μg/kg) EDI/( ng·kg-1·bw·d-1)
男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
1 0.045 0.310 0.008 0.055 0.009 0.060
2 0.091 0.338 0.016 0.060 0.018 0.065
3 0.181 0.428 0.032 0.076 0.035 0.082
4 0.241 0.488 0.043 0.087 0.046 0.094
5 0.395 0.624 0.071 0.112 0.076 0.120
6 0.408 0.637 0.073 0.114 0.079 0.123
7 0.477 0.671 0.085 0.120 0.092 0.129
8 0.788 0.929 0.141 0.166 0.152 0.179
9 0.836 0.977 0.149 0.175 0.161 0.188
10 0.988 1.111 0.177 0.199 0.190 0.214
11 1.134 1.257 0.203 0.225 0.219 0.242
12 1.511 1.634 0.270 0.292 0.291 0.315
), ArticleFig(id=1215733049711575835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Dietary exposure and risk assessment of TeA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 平均浓度/(μg/kg) EDI/( ng·kg-1·bw·d-1)
男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
7 2.346 2.699 0.420 0.483 0.452 0.520
8 9.721 9.957 1.738 1.780 1.874 1.902
9 14.385 14.620 2.572 2.614 2.773 2.819
10 22.990 23.196 4.111 4.148 4.432 4.472
11 41.084 41.232 7.347 7.373 7.921 7.949
12 51.426 51.573 9.196 9.222 9.914 9.943
), ArticleFig(id=1215733049787073309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

TeA膳食暴露风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 平均浓度/(μg/kg) EDI/( ng·kg-1·bw·d-1)
男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
7 2.346 2.699 0.420 0.483 0.452 0.520
8 9.721 9.957 1.738 1.780 1.874 1.902
9 14.385 14.620 2.572 2.614 2.773 2.819
10 22.990 23.196 4.111 4.148 4.432 4.472
11 41.084 41.232 7.347 7.373 7.921 7.949
12 51.426 51.573 9.196 9.222 9.914 9.943
), ArticleFig(id=1215733049875153695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Dietary exposure and risk assessment of NIV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 平均浓度/(μg/kg) %TDI
男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
7 20.025 42.084 0.298 0.627 0.322 0.676
8 49.555 67.202 0.739 1.001 0.796 1.080
9 49.601 68.718 0.739 1.024 0.797 1.104
10 114.050 127.286 1.700 1.897 1.832 2.045
11 112.794 124.558 1.681 1.856 1.812 2.001
12 61.180 80.298 0.912 1.197 0.983 1.290
), ArticleFig(id=1215733049954845472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

NIV膳食暴露风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 平均浓度/(μg/kg) %TDI
男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
7 20.025 42.084 0.298 0.627 0.322 0.676
8 49.555 67.202 0.739 1.001 0.796 1.080
9 49.601 68.718 0.739 1.024 0.797 1.104
10 114.050 127.286 1.700 1.897 1.832 2.045
11 112.794 124.558 1.681 1.856 1.812 2.001
12 61.180 80.298 0.912 1.197 0.983 1.290
), ArticleFig(id=1215733050034537250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Dietary exposure and risk assessment of OTA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 EDI/(ng·kg-1·bw·d-1) 肿瘤MOE 慢性非肿瘤MOE
男性 女性 男性 女性 男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
7 0.011 0.058 0.011 0.062 1367531 250267 1268437 232132 446098 81639 413773 75723
8 0.054 0.086 0.059 0.093 267146 168930 247788 156689 87145 55106 80830 51113
9 0.386 0.386 0.416 0.416 37589 37589 34865 34865 12262 12262 11373 11373
10 0.420 0.420 0.452 0.452 34548 34548 32045 32045 11270 11270 10453 10453
11 0.331 0.334 0.357 0.360 43836 43422 40660 40275 14300 14165 13263 13138
12 0.357 0.360 0.385 0.389 40591 40236 37650 37320 13241 13125 12282 12174
), ArticleFig(id=1215733050114229028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

OTA膳食暴露风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏
时间/月		 EDI/(ng·kg-1·bw·d-1) 肿瘤MOE 慢性非肿瘤MOE
男性 女性 男性 女性 男性 女性
低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限 低限 高限
7 0.011 0.058 0.011 0.062 1367531 250267 1268437 232132 446098 81639 413773 75723
8 0.054 0.086 0.059 0.093 267146 168930 247788 156689 87145 55106 80830 51113
9 0.386 0.386 0.416 0.416 37589 37589 34865 34865 12262 12262 11373 11373
10 0.420 0.420 0.452 0.452 34548 34548 32045 32045 11270 11270 10453 10453
11 0.331 0.334 0.357 0.360 43836 43422 40660 40275 14300 14165 13263 13138
12 0.357 0.360 0.385 0.389 40591 40236 37650 37320 13241 13125 12282 12174
), ArticleFig(id=1215733050189726502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Dietary exposure and risk assessment of FB1, total fumonisin, ZEN and STC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素 浓度/(μg/kg) EDI/(ng·kg-1·bw·d-1)
男性 女性
FB1 5.090 0.910 0.976
总FB 13.500 2.414 2.590
ZEN 3.700 0.662 0.710
STC 0.753 0.135 0.144
), ArticleFig(id=1215733050277806888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

FB1、总伏马毒素、ZEN和STC膳食暴露风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌毒素 浓度/(μg/kg) EDI/(ng·kg-1·bw·d-1)
男性 女性
FB1 5.090 0.910 0.976
总FB 13.500 2.414 2.590
ZEN 3.700 0.662 0.710
STC 0.753 0.135 0.144
), ArticleFig(id=1215733050349110059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Dietary exposure and risk assessment of co-contamination of mycotoxins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点 板栗
品种		 贮藏
时间/月		 真菌毒素 MOE
男性 女性
渤海镇 3113 10 NIV-OTA 2659 2466
11 AME-OTA 0.78 0.72
怀黄 10 TEN-OTA-FB1 4566 4235
11 TEN-NIV-OTA 2179 2021
怀九 10 TEN-TeA-OTA-FB1 175 162
燕红 10 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 161 149
11 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 93 86
12 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 77 71
花花 10 TeA-OTA 445 413
11 TeA-NIV-AME 3.02 2.80
怀北镇 3113 10 TEN-OTA 4659 4322
11 TEN-TeA-AME-OTA 1.91 1.77
12 TEN-AOH-TeA-AME-
OTA		 0.49 0.45
怀黄 12 TEN-TeA-OTA 122 113
怀九 9 TEN-OTA 5231 4852
10 TEN-ZEN-AME-OTA 9.74 9.04
12 TEN-AOH-AME-OTA 1.02 0.95
燕红 8 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 1056 979
9 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 547 507
10 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 358 332
11 TEN-TeA-NIV 181 168
12 TEN-AOH-TeA-NIV-
AME-OTA		 0.71 0.66
九渡河镇 3113 10 NIV-OTA 2227 2065
11 AOH-TeA-OTA 26.30 24.40
怀黄 10 TeA-OTA-FB1 163 151
11 TeA-NIV-OTA 132 122
怀九 5 TEN-AOH-AME 5.28 4.89
9 TEN-AOH-AME-OTA 1.96 1.82
10 TEN-AOH-NIV-AME-
OTA		 1.44 1.34
燕红 8 TeA-NIV-OTA 243 226
9 TeA-NIV-OTA 152 141
10 TeA-NIV-OTA 93.80 87.00
12 AOH-TeA-NIV-AME-
OTA		 1.42 1.32
雁栖镇 3113 8 TEN-TeA-OTA 311 288
9 TEN-TeA-OTA 199 184
10 TEN-TeA-OTA 196 189
11 TEN-TeA-OTA 105 98
12 AOH-TeA-AME-OTA 0.45 0.42
怀黄 9 AME-OTA 3.19 2.96
11 AME-OTA 0.99 0.92
12 ZEN-AME-OTA 1.04 0.96
怀九 3 TEN-STC 14103 13081
5 TEN-AOH 37.30 34.60
10 TEN-AOH-TeA-NIV
-OTA		 2.02 1.87
11 TEN-AOH-TeA-NIV-
OTA		 1.61 1.50
燕红 8 TeA-NIV-OTA 392 363
10 TeA-NIV-AME-OTA 9.74 9.03
), ArticleFig(id=1215733050428801836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670312344146620, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

真菌毒素共污染膳食暴露风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样地点 板栗
品种		 贮藏
时间/月		 真菌毒素 MOE
男性 女性
渤海镇 3113 10 NIV-OTA 2659 2466
11 AME-OTA 0.78 0.72
怀黄 10 TEN-OTA-FB1 4566 4235
11 TEN-NIV-OTA 2179 2021
怀九 10 TEN-TeA-OTA-FB1 175 162
燕红 10 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 161 149
11 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 93 86
12 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 77 71
花花 10 TeA-OTA 445 413
11 TeA-NIV-AME 3.02 2.80
怀北镇 3113 10 TEN-OTA 4659 4322
11 TEN-TeA-AME-OTA 1.91 1.77
12 TEN-AOH-TeA-AME-
OTA		 0.49 0.45
怀黄 12 TEN-TeA-OTA 122 113
怀九 9 TEN-OTA 5231 4852
10 TEN-ZEN-AME-OTA 9.74 9.04
12 TEN-AOH-AME-OTA 1.02 0.95
燕红 8 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 1056 979
9 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 547 507
10 TEN-TeA-NIV-OTA 358 332
11 TEN-TeA-NIV 181 168
12 TEN-AOH-TeA-NIV-
AME-OTA		 0.71 0.66
九渡河镇 3113 10 NIV-OTA 2227 2065
11 AOH-TeA-OTA 26.30 24.40
怀黄 10 TeA-OTA-FB1 163 151
11 TeA-NIV-OTA 132 122
怀九 5 TEN-AOH-AME 5.28 4.89
9 TEN-AOH-AME-OTA 1.96 1.82
10 TEN-AOH-NIV-AME-
OTA		 1.44 1.34
燕红 8 TeA-NIV-OTA 243 226
9 TeA-NIV-OTA 152 141
10 TeA-NIV-OTA 93.80 87.00
12 AOH-TeA-NIV-AME-
OTA		 1.42 1.32
雁栖镇 3113 8 TEN-TeA-OTA 311 288
9 TEN-TeA-OTA 199 184
10 TEN-TeA-OTA 196 189
11 TEN-TeA-OTA 105 98
12 AOH-TeA-AME-OTA 0.45 0.42
怀黄 9 AME-OTA 3.19 2.96
11 AME-OTA 0.99 0.92
12 ZEN-AME-OTA 1.04 0.96
怀九 3 TEN-STC 14103 13081
5 TEN-AOH 37.30 34.60
10 TEN-AOH-TeA-NIV
-OTA		 2.02 1.87
11 TEN-AOH-TeA-NIV-
OTA		 1.61 1.50
燕红 8 TeA-NIV-OTA 392 363
10 TeA-NIV-AME-OTA 9.74 9.03
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北京市怀柔区板栗冷库贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染风险评估
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王权帅 * , 孙卫明
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题：北京市食品安全风险监测与评估 2025,16(14): 17-23
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题：北京市食品安全风险监测与评估 2025, 16(14): 17-23
北京市怀柔区板栗冷库贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染风险评估
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王权帅* , 孙卫明
作者信息
  • 北京市怀柔区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 101400

通讯作者:

*王权帅(1985—), 男, 硕士, 主管检验师, 主要研究方向为食品检验。E-mail:
Study on the risk assessments of mycotoxins during cold storage of Castanea mollissima in Huairou District, Beijing
Quan-Shuai WANG* , Wei-Ming SUN
Affiliations
  • Beijing Huairou District Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing 101400, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303003
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摘要
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目的 评估原产北京市怀柔区的板栗样品在冷库贮藏期间真菌毒素的污染对北京市消费者的膳食暴露风险。方法 分别从怀柔区产量最高的4个乡镇采集板栗样本, 在冷库中贮藏1年, 每1个月抽样1次, 分别对21种真菌毒素含量进行测定。结合2002年北京市居民膳食消费调查数据, 分别使用点估计法、概率法和多种真菌毒素的累积风险评估建模方法评估不同性别食用人群的急、慢性膳食暴露风险。结果 部分板栗样本的交链孢酚和交链孢酚单甲醚每日估计摄入量高于2.5 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 所有样本在整个贮藏期间的腾毒素和交链孢菌酮酸每日估计摄入量均没有超过1500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马菌素B1、伏马菌素总量和玉米赤霉烯酮的每日估计摄入量/每日耐受摄入量均小于100。杂色曲霉素采用限量阈值(margin of exposure, MOE)进行分析, 其结果大于10000。板栗样品真菌毒素共污染累积暴露风险评估, 部分样本在贮藏到10个月左右时, 其MOE低于100。结论 所有品种的板栗样本贮藏9个月, 真菌毒素对消费者无明显的风险, 消费者可以放心食用。板栗贮藏到末期同时检出多种真菌毒素, 可能会对人体产生健康风险, 为进一步明确其风险, 需要更多的毒理学数据。

真菌毒素  /  板栗  /  冷库贮藏  /  风险评估

Objective To assess the dietary exposure risk of mycotoxins for Beijing consumers, based on the mycotoxins contamination data during the cold storage period of Castanea mollissima which harvested in Huairou District, Beijing. Methods Castanea mollissima samples were collected from the 4 highest yielding townships in Huairou District. Samples were stored in a cold storage for 1 year and sampled once a month to determine the content of 21 kinds of fungal toxins. Based on the 2002 Beijing residents’ dietary consumption survey data, point estimation method, probability method and cumulative risk assessment modeling method of multiple fungal toxins were used to evaluate the acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of different genders of consumers. Results The estimated daily intake levels of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in some Castanea mollissima samples were higher than 2.5 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1. The estimated daily intake levels of tentoxin and tenuzonic acid in all samples during the entire storage period did not exceed 1500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1. The estimated daily intake/tolerable daily intak of nivalenol, fumonisin B1, total fumonisin and zearalenone were all less than 100. The margin of exposure (MOE) was used to analyze the sterigmatocystin, and the result was greater than 10000. The 2 kinds of different chronic effects were analyzed for ochratoxin A. The cumulative risk assessment of mycotoxins in Castanea mollissima samples showed that some samples had MOE below 100 after storage for about 10 months. Conclusion All varieties of Castanea mollissima samples are no significant risk of mycotoxins to consumers after stored for 9 months in cold storage, and consumers can safely eat them. But multiple mycotoxins are detected simultaneously during the late stage of storage, which may pose health risks to humans. In order to clarify these health risks further, more toxicological data is needed.

mycotoxins  /  Castanea mollissima  /  cold storage  /  risk assessment
王权帅, 孙卫明. 北京市怀柔区板栗冷库贮藏过程中真菌毒素污染风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 17 -23 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303003
Quan-Shuai WANG, Wei-Ming SUN. Study on the risk assessments of mycotoxins during cold storage of Castanea mollissima in Huairou District, Beijing[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 17 -23 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303003
正文
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0 引言
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板栗(Castanea mollissima)在我国种植历史悠久, 是原产于我国的一种经济作物[1]。其果肉营养丰富、口味甜美, 深受广大消费者的喜爱。北京市怀柔区地处燕山山脉南麓, 气候条件和地理条件十分适合种植板栗, 因此有了“中国板栗之乡”的美誉[2]。
随着板栗产业的不断发展, 不论是家庭糖炒还是企业深加工, 都对板栗品质的要求越来越高, 这就对板栗的采后贮藏技术提出了更高的要求。如果贮藏条件不适宜, 不仅会导致板栗的品质下降, 还有可能会导致板栗污染真菌并产生真菌毒素等次级代谢产物[3-4], 目前从文献报道中已知能污染镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和链格孢属(Alternaria)等真菌[5-7], 这些产毒真菌会在板栗贮藏过程中产生黄曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、单端孢霉烯族真菌毒素、赭曲霉毒素和杂色曲霉素等真菌毒素, 会对人体产生多种急性和慢性损伤, 严重的可能会导致人体免疫抑制、神经毒性、和致畸毒性等, 影响板栗的食用安全。目前常用的板栗保鲜方法有沙藏法、低温冷库保藏法、气调贮藏法、臭氧贮藏法和辐照贮藏法[8-13]等, 其中以冷库保藏食用最为广泛。目前通过低温与湿度, 氧气和二氧化碳浓度的调节等方式相结合, 可以让板栗在冷库中的保鲜时间大大延长。
食品安全风险评估, 指在特定条件下暴露于风险源时对环境和人体健康产生不良影响事件发生的可能性评估, 是风险分析的重要组成部分, 针对真菌毒素的风险评估越来越受到国际社会的学术界的关注[14], 食品添加剂与污染物联合专家委员会近些年根据各个国家和地区提供的真菌毒素的污染数据, 对黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素A等真菌毒素进行了持续的评估[15]。欧盟委员会(European Commission, EC)也成立了专门的机构对真菌毒素的危害进行风险评估, 目前已对人类食物和动物饲料中危险最大的真菌毒素引入了最大允许限量[16]。我国食品安全风险评估工作起步较晚, 2007年才组建了农产品质量安全风险评估专家委员会, 2011年成立了国家食品安全风险评估中心, 目前已针对多种真菌毒素进行了暴露人体健康危害的风险评估, 为制订真菌毒素限量标准提供了理论依据[17]。暴露评估是风险评估的关键与核心, 真菌毒素暴露评估方法主要有决定性风险评估(deterministic approach, DA)方法和概率性风险评估(probabilistic approach, PA)方法。通过DA方法计算的真菌毒素每日耐受摄入量(tolerable daily intake, TDI), 能方便全球各国家和地区进行相互比对, 通过PA方法计算的结果可用于多种样品基质中真菌毒素风险评估研究[18-19]。目前针对坚果中真菌毒素的风险评估较少[20-21], 特别是针对于板栗中真菌毒素的风险评估还鲜有报道。本研究通过分析北京市怀柔区板栗样本在1年的贮藏期中21种真菌毒素的污染状况, 结合北京市区人群食品消费量数据开展急性和慢性膳食暴露评估。旨在评估怀柔区板栗产品中真菌毒素污染风险, 从源头风险点进行监控把关, 为怀柔板栗产业的政府决策、食品安全风险评估及预防提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 试样材料
选取怀柔区产的板栗为试样, 品种按早熟期、中熟期和晚熟期分别选取, 早熟期的品种为3113 (Castanea mollissima ‘Yanshanzaofeng’), 中熟期的品种为怀九(Castanea mollissima ‘Huaijiu’)和怀黄(Castanea mollissima ‘Huaihuang’), 晚熟期品种为燕红(Castanea mollissima ‘Yanshanhongli’)。原生板栗品种为花花。板栗采样地点选取怀柔区板栗产量最大的4个镇, 渤海镇、九渡河镇、雁栖镇和怀北镇。从板栗成熟开始采摘并贮藏于北京老栗树聚源德种植专业合作社板栗贮藏专用冷库中, 贮存期为1年。冷库贮藏环境温度为-1~-3 ℃, 相对湿度60%左右。
1.2 主要仪器设备
LCMS-8050超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱仪(日本岛津公司); Waters BEH C18 (2.1 mm×150 mm, 1.7 μm) (美国Waters公司); BSA623S-CW千分之一电子天平(德国Sartorius公司); VORTEX-5调速振荡器(海门其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司); Centrifuge 5810R高速低温离心机(德国Sigma公司)。
1.3 主要材料与试剂
乙腈、甲醇、甲酸(色谱纯, 北京迪马科技有限公司); 21种真菌毒素标准品均购自罗玛实验室检测服务(无锡)有限公司, 分别为黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1, 2.04 μg/mL)、黄曲霉毒素B2 (aflatoxin B2, AFB2, 0.501 μg/mL)、黄曲霉毒素G1 (aflatoxin G1, AFG1, 2.08 μg/mL)、黄曲霉毒素G2 (aflatoxin G2, AFG2, 2.08 μg/mL)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON, 100.1 μg/mL)、赫曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA, 10.05 μg/mL)、玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEN, 100.2 μg/mL)、伏马菌素B1 (fumonisin B1, FB1, 50.1 μg/mL)、伏马菌素B2 (fumonisin B2, FB2, 50.0 μg/mL)、伏马菌素B3 (fumonisin B3, FB3, 50.3 μg/mL)、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3Ac-DON, 100.1 μg/mL)、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15Ac-DON, 100.1 μg/mL)、T-2毒素(T-2 toxin, T-2, 100.1 μg/mL)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol, NIV, 100.1 μg/mL)、杂色曲霉素(sterigmatocystin, STC, 50.3 μg/mL)、HT-2毒素(HT-2 toxin, HT-2, 100.1 μg/mL)、交链孢菌酮酸(tenuzonic acid, TeA, 100.8 μg/mL)、交链孢酚(alternariol, AOH, 100.3 μg/mL)、腾毒素(tentoxin, TEN, 100.5 μg/mL)、交链孢酚单甲醚(alternariol monomethyl ether, AME, 101.1 μg/mL)和交链孢烯(altenuene, ALT, 10.48 μg/mL)。
1.4 检测方法
板栗用去皮机去掉板栗壳, 再用粉碎机将脱壳的板栗粉碎, 混匀, 用四分法分成2份, 每份至少200 g, 装入食品样品袋中, 1份-20 ℃冷冻保藏, 另1份用于检测。本研究采用同位素内标直接稀释法进行前处理, 用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱仪进行测定。TeA、AOH、TEN、AME和ALT 5种交链孢霉菌素检测方法参照王远等[22]的方法, 其他16种真菌毒素则按照王权帅等[23]建立的分析方法进行检测。
1.5 板栗消费数据
由于没有板栗的消费量数据, 本研究采用坚果消费量作为板栗的消费量数据。根据《2002年北京市居民营养与健康状况调查报告》[24]报道, 北京市居民坚果消费量为11.5 g/d。
1.6 暴露评估
1.6.1 每日估计摄入量
真菌毒素的每日估计摄入量(estimated daily intake, EDI)按照式(1)进行计算, 单位为ng·kg-1·bw·d-1[21]。根据《2002年北京市居民营养与健康状况调查报告》, 北京市居民成年男性和女性的体重分别为64.31 kg和59.65 kg。样品中真菌毒素污染的平均浓度为所有样品(包括阳性样品和阴性样品)的真菌毒素污染值计算所得。
$\text{EDI}=\frac{C\times K}{BW}$
式中: C为样品中真菌毒素污染的平均浓度, μg/kg; K为样品消费量, g/d; BW为体重(body weight), kg。
1.6.2 每日耐受摄入量
TDI可用来量化常年摄入某种有害物质且不会对人体产生不良影响的最大耐受摄入量。真菌毒素的膳食摄入风险水平可由EDI与TDI的比值来进行量化分析, 用%TDI表示, 具体见公式(2)[25]。
$\%\text{TDI}=\frac{EDI}{TDI}\times 100\%$
%TDI<100表示真菌毒素膳食暴露水平可以接受, 不会对人体健康产生不良影响, NIV、FB1、伏马菌素总和、ZEN的TDI值分别为1200、1000、1000和250 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1[26-28]。
1.6.3 限量阈值
对于没有相关摄入阈值被公布的污染物采用限量阈值(margin of exposure, MOE)理论对膳食摄入暴露风险进行评估。MOE由真菌毒素的基准剂量下限(benchmark dose lower limit, BMDL)与EDI的比值表示, 具体计算见公式(3)[29]。
$\text{MOE}=\frac{BMDL}{EDI}$
OTA对于肿瘤效应表征的BMDL值为14500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1,MOE≥10000被认为是低健康问题。对于慢性非肿瘤效应表征, BMDL值为4730 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, MOE≥200被认为是低健康问题[29]。STC的BMDL10值为160000 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, MOE≥10000被认为是低健康问题[30]。
1.6.4 毒理学关注阈值
对于毒理学数据非常有限的真菌毒素, CONTAM建议可以使用理学关注阈值(threshold of toxicological concern, TTC)方法来评估这些真菌毒素对人类健康的影响。对于遗传毒性的交链孢霉菌素AOH和AME, TTC值为2.5 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 而对于非遗传毒性的交链孢霉菌素TEN和TeA, TTC值为1500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1[31]。
1.6.5 多种真菌毒素的累积风险评估
多种真菌毒素的累积风险采用欧盟食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)在2020年建立的食品和饲料中多种真菌毒素混合物风险评估建模方法(mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach, MYCHIF)进行评估[32]。
通过对板栗样品贮藏期真菌毒素含量的分析可知, AME、AOH、TEN、TeA、NIV、OTA、FB1、ZEN和STC等9种真菌毒素出现共污染情况[33]。对于NIV、OTA、FB1和STC, 使用10%效应(BMDL10)的基准剂量置信下限作为剂量-反应数据的分离点(point of departure, POD)进行危险特性描述, 其POD值分别为140、4.73、100和160 µg·kg-1·bw·d-1。ZEN采用未观察到作用剂量(no observed effect level, NOEL)作为POD来描述危险特性, POD值为10.4 µg·kg-1·bw·d-1。AME、AOH、TEN和TeA由于数据不足, EFSA还没有制定出BMDL或NOEL, 因此对于这4种交链孢霉菌素采用TTC值设定为POD来进行危险特性描述, 其POD值分别为0.0025、0.0025、1.5000、1.5000 µg·kg-1·bw·d-1。
1.7 数据处理
样品真菌毒素水平检测结果低于检出限(limit of detect, LOD)或未检出的数据, 低限以0代替分析, 高限以LOD处理分析。真菌毒素风险评估点评估由Microsoft Office Excel 2007完成。真菌毒素风险评估概率评估利用基于Monte Carlo模拟技术的@Risk 7.5专业风险评估软件完成。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 AOH和AME膳食暴露风险评估
AOH膳食暴露风险评估情况见表1。AOH从贮藏的第5个月开始检出, 低限计算的平均浓度为0.049~3.762 μg/kg, 高限计算的平均浓度为0.226~3.892 μg/kg。EDI成年男性为0.009~0.696 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 成年女性为0.010~ 0.750 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。不论是低限还是高限, EDI计算结果均没有超过2.500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。但贮藏12个月的怀北3113、怀北燕红和贮藏7个月的雁栖3113检出浓度超过平均值, 用该浓度计算的EDI水平分别为男性3.566、2.744和3.751 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 女性3.845、2.959和4.044 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 均要高于2.500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。AME膳食暴露风险评估情况见表2。AME同样从贮藏的第5个月开始检出。平均浓度为0.114~3.661 μg/kg。EDI成年男性为0.020~0.655 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 成年女性为0.022~ 0.706 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。均没有超过2.500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。但渤海3113和雁栖怀黄在贮藏到末期, 检出浓度分别有17.900 μg/kg和14.100 μg/kg, 计算的EDI分别为男性3.200 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1和2.520 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 女性3.440 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1和2.720 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 均高于2.500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。用对数指数函数分布方式使用@Risk 7.5软件对AOH和AME进行概率评估。AOH整个贮藏期风险均不高。尽管当贮藏到7个月时, 有1件雁栖3113的板栗样本检出浓度较高, 但经过分析不论男女消费者风险都不大。而对于AME使用对数指数函数分布进行分析可知, 当贮藏到11个月时, 男女消费者都可能会有健康风险。
2.2 TEN和TeA膳食暴露风险评估
TEN膳食暴露风险评估情况见表3。TEN毒理学关注阈值为1500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。有2件样品从贮藏的第1个月开始就有检出。平均浓度为0.045~1.634 μg/kg。平均膳食暴露量成年男性为0.008~0.292 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 成年女性为0.009~0.315 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。均没有超过1500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。TeA膳食暴露风险评估情况见表4。TeA毒理学关注阈值也为1500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。前半年没有样品检出TeA, 贮藏的后6个月TeA检出平均浓度为2.346~51.573 μg/kg。平均膳食暴露量成年男性为0.420~9.222 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 成年女性为0.452~ 9.943 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。均没有超过1500 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。因此TEN和TeA对人体健康产生不良影响的几率较小。
2.3 NIV膳食暴露风险评估
NIV膳食暴露风险评估情况见表5。与TeA一样, NIV前半年没有样品检出, 贮藏的后6个月NIV检出平均浓度为20.025~ 127.286 μg/kg。EDI成年男性为3.581~22.761 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 成年女性为3.861~24.540 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。NIV的TDI值为1200 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。因此所有样品在整个贮藏期间都没有超过TDI值, %TDI均小于100。NIV的急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)为14000 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。膳食暴露量均未超出ARfD值, 由此可知, 整个贮藏期间产生的NIV不会对人体产生慢性或急性毒性。
2.4 OTA膳食暴露风险评估
OTA的风险评估分为肿瘤效应表征和慢性非肿瘤效应表征(表6)。OTA检出平均浓度为0.058~2.350 μg/kg。平均膳食暴露量成年男性为0.011~0.420 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1, 成年女性为0.011~0.452 ng·kg-1·bw·d-1。OTA对于慢性非肿瘤效应的表征, MOE≥200被认为是低健康问题。而对于肿瘤效应的表征, MOE≥10000被认为是低健康问题。根据表6的结果可知, 肿瘤风险MOE均大于10000, 非肿瘤风险MOE均大于200。由此可知, 板栗样品在整个贮藏期间产生的OTA不会对人体产生健康风险。
2.5 其他真菌毒素膳食暴露风险评估
FB1、ZEN和STC检出的样品非常少, 以单个检出的最大浓度值进行计算。膳食暴露量计算结果见表7。FB1、总伏马毒素和ZEN采用%TDI值进行膳食暴露风险评估, 3个真菌毒素的%TDI值均小于100。STC采用MOE方法进行膳食暴露风险评估, 经计算其MOE大于10000。一方面所有样品5种真菌毒素检出率均非常低, 已检出的最大浓度值通过分析不会对人产生健康风险。综上所述, 板栗在整个贮藏期间产生的FB1、FB2、FB3、ZEN和STC不会对人产生健康风险。
2.6 板栗样品真菌毒素共污染累积暴露风险评估
板栗样品真菌毒素共污染累积暴露风险评估见表8。渤海镇4个品种的板栗样本在贮藏10个月后均出现了共污染状况, 样本同时检出的真菌毒素种类有2~4种。怀黄和怀九在整个贮藏期MOE在162~4566之间大于100。而3113和燕红品种的板栗样本在贮藏到第11个月MOE均小于100。花花样品贮藏到10个月时, 同时检出2种真菌毒素, MOE大于100, 当贮藏到第11个月时, 共污染的真菌毒素增加到3种, MOE也降低到100以下。怀北镇的怀黄板栗样品在整个贮藏期MOE均大于100。怀九贮藏到第10个月, 3113贮藏到第11个月MOE由100以上转为小于100。燕红样品女性MOE从贮藏第8个月的979, 逐渐降低到第11个月的168, 当贮藏到12个月, 燕红板栗样品同时检出6种真菌毒素, MOE开始小于100。九渡河镇板栗样品怀黄在整个贮藏期第10、11两月检出3种真菌毒素, MOE均大于100。怀九贮藏到第10个月, 3113贮藏到第11个月MOE由100以上转为小于100。怀九样品在贮藏的第5个月同时检出3种真菌毒素, 第9个月同时检出4种真菌毒素和第10个月同时检出5种真菌毒素, MOE均低于100。燕红样品MOE从贮藏第10个月降到100以下。雁栖镇板栗样品3113贮藏8~10个月时, 共污染的真菌毒素为3种, MOE为184~331。贮藏11个月时, 男性MOE大于100, 而女性MOE低于100, 到贮藏的最后一个月不论男女居民, MOE均低于100。怀黄样品在整个贮藏期MOE均在小于100。怀九贮藏到第3个月, 第一次同时检出多种真菌毒素, MOE远大于100, 由此可知风险很小。当贮藏到第5月, 同时检出了TEN和AOH, MOE降为34.6~37.3, 从此时开始一直到贮藏期结束, MOE均低于100, 且在贮藏到第10和11月, 均同时检出了5种真菌毒素, 燕红样品MOE从贮藏第10个月降低到100以下。通过以上分析可知, 除部分特例外, 板栗样本贮藏9个月产生的真菌毒素累积膳食暴露对北京市居民不构成健康威胁, 而贮藏10~12个月的板栗样本可能会对居民的健康产生风险。
3 讨论与结论
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目前国内外专门针对板栗进行的风险评估的研究报道非常少, 本研究首次对怀柔区冷库1年贮藏期的板栗进行了真菌毒素膳食暴露评估。对单个真菌毒素的风险评估结果表明, AOH和AME在贮藏后期, 可能存在对人体健康的潜在风险, 但不论是点估计法还是概率法, 为进一步明确其风险, 均需要更多的毒理学数据。这与WANG等[21]对坚果样本的研究成果一致, 他们对坚果中交链孢霉菌素进行了膳食暴露风险评估, TEN不会对消费者的健康构成风险, 但AOH和AME的摄入可能会对人体健康构成潜威胁。其他19种真菌毒素膳食暴露对人体健康没有威胁。
一种真菌可以产生不同的真菌毒素, 更复杂的是一种食品也有可能同时污染多种真菌毒素。因此, 同一食品可能同时被多种真菌毒素污染[32]。本研究通过真菌毒素累积风险评估, 发现板栗在贮藏到后期, 大部分样本贮藏到10个月左右时开始出现共污染状况, 这与ZHOU等[34]对板栗样本的检出情况一致, 能同时检出2~6种不同的真菌毒素, 且通过评估贮藏10~12个月的板栗样本可能会对居民的健康产生风险, 这与WANG等[21]对坚果样本的研究成果不一致。本研究在板栗中能同时检出多种交链孢霉菌素, 这与JI等[35]等对农产品的检出结果类似。
综上所述, 所有品种的板栗样本贮藏9个月, 真菌毒素对消费者无明显的风险, 消费者可以放心食用。板栗贮藏到末期同时检出多种真菌毒素, 可能会对人体产生健康风险, 为进一步明确其风险, 需要更多的毒理学数据。
基金
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  • 北京市怀柔区科技计划项目(SHFZ 2020-1)
文献
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2025年第16卷第14期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303003
  • 接收时间：2025-03-03
  • 首发时间：2026-01-07
  • 出版时间：2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-03
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北京市怀柔区科技计划项目(SHFZ 2020-1)
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    北京市怀柔区疾病预防控制中心, 北京 101400

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*王权帅(1985—), 男, 硕士, 主管检验师, 主要研究方向为食品检验。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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