Article(id=1217845640172847764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286627095, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286627095, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286627095, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286627095, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=176, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845641666020019, articleId=1217845640172847764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on biosynthetic pathways of aroma components of Prunus persica, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aroma is the core characteristic of the flavor quality of Prunus persica, composed of various volatile organic compounds, and its formation is comprehensively influenced by genetic background, cultivation management and post-harvest treatment. In recent years, studies have revealed the key roles of fatty acids, amino acids, terpenoids and esters as the main precursor substances in aroma synthesis, as well as the regulatory mechanism of ethylene on aroma formation. This article clarified the genetic basis of aroma synthesis, reviewed the research progress of aroma components and their biosynthetic pathways in Prunus persica, aiming to provide a the oretical basis for the quality evaluation and quality improvement of Prunus persica. However, at present, the complexity of the aroma synthesis pathway and the influence mechanism of environmental factors on it have not been fully clarified. Future research needs to further analyze the molecular mechanism of aroma synthesis and optimize cultivation and post-harvest processing techniques to enhance the aroma quality of Prunus persica.

, correspAuthors=Li-Xiao SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei ZHAO, Lin-Shu JIAO, Yi-Ying WANG, Xiao-Long CHEN, Xiang-Yang YU, Lan-Ling CHU, Li-Xiao SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845642890756879, articleId=1217845640172847764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=桃果实香气组分的生物合成途径研究进展, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

香气是桃果实风味品质的核心特征, 由多种挥发性有机化合物组成, 其形成受遗传背景、栽培管理和采后处理的综合影响。近年来研究主要集中在脂肪酸、氨基酸、萜类化合物和酯类化合物作为主要前体物质在香气合成中的关键作用, 以及乙烯对香气形成的调控机制。本文围绕香气合成的遗传基础, 综述了桃果实香气组分及其生物合成途径的研究进展, 旨在为桃果实品质评价和品质改良提供理论依据。目前对香气合成途径的复杂性以及环境因素对其影响机制尚未完全明确, 未来研究需进一步解析香气合成的分子机制, 优化栽培和采后处理技术, 以提升桃果实的香气品质。

, correspAuthors=宋立晓, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 宋立晓(1982—), 女, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品品质评价与调控。E-mail:
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赵薇(2002—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养。E-mail:

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International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 2023, 58(10): 4965-4979., articleTitle=Aroma of peach fruit: A review on aroma volatile compounds and underlying regulatory mechanisms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864271778730096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=20, pageStart=222, pageEnd=229, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=83, authorNames=范霞, 崔心平, journalName=食品科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=范霞, 崔心平. 基于HS-SPME-GC-MS和电子鼻技术研究不同肉质桃子采后贮藏期的香气成分[J]. 食品科学, 2021, 42(20): 222-229., articleTitle=基于HS-SPME-GC-MS和电子鼻技术研究不同肉质桃子采后贮藏期的香气成分, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217864272021999734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=20, pageStart=222, pageEnd=229, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=84, authorNames=FAN X, CUI XP, journalName=Food Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FAN X, CUI XP. 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Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 2021, 96(3): 234-242., articleTitle=Reflective film mulching before harvest promotes coloration and expression of ripening-related genes in peach fruits, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217864257119637889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, awardId=CARS-30-5-03, language=CN, fundingSource=现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-30-5-03), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217864257216106890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, awardId=2024YFD1600500, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD1600500), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1217864257337741722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, awardId=1015, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(1015), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217864249842521033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864249850909644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, companyId=1217864249842521033, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 National Key Laboratory of Forest Food Resources Mining and Utilization, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864249859298253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, companyId=1217864249842521033, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京林业大学森林食品资源挖掘与利用全国重点实验室, 南京 210037)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217864251184698328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864251193086936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, companyId=1217864251184698328, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864251214058460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, companyId=1217864251184698328, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 江苏省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所, 江苏省食品质量安全重点实验室, 南京 210014)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217864255924261157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Biosynthesis and regulation of main aroma substances in Prunus persica, figureFileSmall=3Aq16pnSd8N4J1uX88mZfQ==, figureFileBig=K4wQXGz42BDEnRSIcC/vxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256041701681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, language=CN, label=图1, caption=桃果实主要香气物质的生物合成和调控过程

注: 异戊二烯焦磷酸(isopentenyl pyrophosphate, IPP); 二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸(dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, DMAPP); 类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶(carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase, CCD); 乙酰辅酶A (acetyl-coenzyme A, 乙酰-CoA)。

, figureFileSmall=3Aq16pnSd8N4J1uX88mZfQ==, figureFileBig=K4wQXGz42BDEnRSIcC/vxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256138170681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Amino acid metabolism pathway in Prunus persica aroma synthesis, figureFileSmall=45vxU78hELJ/40anBI4vmg==, figureFileBig=bYCNOV/jTSKIR9LIg684PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256259805502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, language=CN, label=图2, caption=桃果实香气合成中的氨基酸代谢途径, figureFileSmall=45vxU78hELJ/40anBI4vmg==, figureFileBig=bYCNOV/jTSKIR9LIg684PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256402411849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Biosynthesis and regulation of esters and lactones in Prunus persica, figureFileSmall=7bN1Oa92KpuWLhG4YbRPOw==, figureFileBig=dWxcpp40TKOvDaDbEgKh9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256557601107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, language=CN, label=图3, caption=桃果实酯类和内酯类的生物合成及调控

注: 羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase, CXE); 9-氢过氧化十八碳三烯酸(9-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid, 9-HPOT)。

, figureFileSmall=7bN1Oa92KpuWLhG4YbRPOw==, figureFileBig=dWxcpp40TKOvDaDbEgKh9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256645681500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Typical aroma components and description of Prunus persica

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 香气成分 气味描述 气味强度 相关桃品种 参考文献
醛类 正己醛 青草味 京引黄桃1号 [11]
(E)-2-己烯醛 青草味 春雪 [11]
(E)-2-壬烯醛 青草味 白肉桃 [12]
辛醛 脂肪、柠檬、青草味 - [13]
戊醛 坚果、巧克力味 - - [14]
苯甲醛 苦杏仁味 中油桃9号 [14]
2,4-庚二烯醛 甜、水果、柑橘、哈密瓜味 - - [14]
苯乙醛 青草、花香、风信子味 [14]
十二碳烯醛 柑橘皮味 - [14]
壬醛 蜡质、醛类、柑橘味 - [11]
(E,E)-2,6-壬二烯醛 青黄瓜、西瓜味 - [15]
(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛 蜡质、鸡脂肪味 - [15]
(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛 脂肪、橙子味 - [15]
(E)-2-庚烯醛 青菜味 - [11]
(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 坚果、脂肪味 - [11]
(E)-2-癸烯醛 蜡质、柑橘皮味 - [11]
庚醛 脂肪、柑橘、酸败味 - [16]
醇类 戊醇 醛香 中等 春雪 [17]
甲基-1-癸醇 - - - [13]
苯甲醇 甜、芳香、茉莉花香 中等 - [15]
庚醇 芳香、木质、脂肪味 中等 - [15]
2-甲基丙醇 乙醚味、酒味 中等 - [18]
1-戊烯-3-醇 青草、水果味 - [18]
(Z)-2-戊烯-1-醇 水果、樱桃味 中等 - [11]
1-壬醇 醛类、柑橘、橙皮味 - [11]
1-己醇 青草味 瑰宝 [11]
(E)-2-己烯醇 青草味 - [11]
(Z)-3-己烯醇 青草味 春雪 [11]
内酯类 γ-癸内酯 桃子味 中等 瑞蟠14号 [16]
δ-癸内酯 水果、桃子味 中等 金童7号 [16]
γ-壬内酯 甜、椰子、桃子味 中等 白肉桃 [16]
γ-己内酯 甜、椰子味 中等 - [16]
γ-戊内酯 甜、干草、烟草味 中等 - [18]
γ-辛内酯 椰子、奶油、脂肪、草本味 中等 - [16]
δ-辛内酯 椰子、奶油、香草味 中等 - [16]
戊基-α-吡喃酮 杏仁、椰子、蘑菇、甜味 中等 - [16]
γ-十二内酯 桃子味、奶油味、甜味 中等 - [16]
δ-十二内酯 水果、桃子味、黄油味 中等 - [16]
γ-丁内酯 奶油味、水果味、桃子味 - - [19]
γ-十一内酯 - - - [20]
萜类 茴香脑 甜、花香 中等 - [21]
(E,E)-α-法呢烯 木质、青草、蔬菜味 中等 - [21]
对伞花烷 萜类、刺鼻、松柏味 欧美品种 [18]
热芹醇 新鲜、花香、木质味 中等 - [18]
β-月桂烯 芹菜、葡萄、水果味、草本味 - [20]
D-柠檬烯 柑橘、水果味、橙子味 中等 - [20]
(Z)-β-罗勒烯 花香、草本味、甜味 中等 - [20]
4-萜品醇 辣椒味、木质味、霉味、甜味 中等 - [20]
对薄荷-1-烯-9-醛 - - - [20]
(E)-香叶酮 新鲜、玫瑰、玉兰花香 中等 - [20]
烯醇 甜、花香、玫瑰味 中等 - [22]
顺式-芳樟醇氧化物 花香 - - [11]
C13-降异戊二
烯类
β-紫罗兰酮 紫罗兰、花香 中等 - [23]
β-大马士革烯酮 花香、玫瑰味、水果味、李子味、烟草味 - [20]
3-羟基-β-紫罗兰酮 - - - [20]
(Z)-6-十二碳烯-4-内酯 脂肪、蜡质、奶油、乳制品味 - - [22]
β-大马士革内酯 水果味、花香、黑加仑味 - [22]
酯类 (Z)-3-己烯基乙酸酯 水果味、叶香 - [13]
(E)-2-己烯基乙酸酯 水果味、香蕉味 中等 - [13]
己基乙酸酯 水果味 中等 - [24]
乙酸乙酯 水果味、葡萄味、甜味、朗姆酒味 沪油018 [24]
乙酸丁酯 水果味、香蕉味 春雪 [24]
辛酸甲酯 水果味、玫瑰味、橙子味 中等 - [24]
丁酸戊酯 水果味、甜味、青菜味、白兰地味 - - [20]
乙酸甲酯 水果味、朗姆酒味、威士忌味 - - [13]
丁酸十六烷基酯 - - - [13]
乙酸十二烷基酯 蜡质、水果味、花香 中等 - [24]
十酸乙酯 甜味、蜡质、水果味、青草味 中等 - [24]
3-甲基丁酸乙酯 甜味、水果味、香蕉味 - [24]
其他 辛烯-3-酮 蘑菇味 春雪 [15]
苯乙烯 杏仁味 - 中油桃9号 [15]
刺激性、干树脂味 - 中油桃9号 [20]
1-甲基萘 药物味、萘味 - - [20]
呋喃甲醛 杏仁味、木质味、甜味 中等 - [11]
苯乙酮 甜味、刺激性、花香味 - [11]
3-巯基己醇 硫味、洋葱味 - - [11]
8-巯基薄荷酮 硫味、百香果味 - - [11]
2-戊基呋喃 青豆味、黄油味 - - [11]
2-丁酮 化学味、水果味、青草味 - - [18]
2-乙基呋喃 乙醚味、朗姆酒味、可可味 - [22]
), ArticleFig(id=1217864256855396712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845640172847764, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

桃果实的典型香气成分及描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 香气成分 气味描述 气味强度 相关桃品种 参考文献
醛类 正己醛 青草味 京引黄桃1号 [11]
(E)-2-己烯醛 青草味 春雪 [11]
(E)-2-壬烯醛 青草味 白肉桃 [12]
辛醛 脂肪、柠檬、青草味 - [13]
戊醛 坚果、巧克力味 - - [14]
苯甲醛 苦杏仁味 中油桃9号 [14]
2,4-庚二烯醛 甜、水果、柑橘、哈密瓜味 - - [14]
苯乙醛 青草、花香、风信子味 [14]
十二碳烯醛 柑橘皮味 - [14]
壬醛 蜡质、醛类、柑橘味 - [11]
(E,E)-2,6-壬二烯醛 青黄瓜、西瓜味 - [15]
(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛 蜡质、鸡脂肪味 - [15]
(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛 脂肪、橙子味 - [15]
(E)-2-庚烯醛 青菜味 - [11]
(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 坚果、脂肪味 - [11]
(E)-2-癸烯醛 蜡质、柑橘皮味 - [11]
庚醛 脂肪、柑橘、酸败味 - [16]
醇类 戊醇 醛香 中等 春雪 [17]
甲基-1-癸醇 - - - [13]
苯甲醇 甜、芳香、茉莉花香 中等 - [15]
庚醇 芳香、木质、脂肪味 中等 - [15]
2-甲基丙醇 乙醚味、酒味 中等 - [18]
1-戊烯-3-醇 青草、水果味 - [18]
(Z)-2-戊烯-1-醇 水果、樱桃味 中等 - [11]
1-壬醇 醛类、柑橘、橙皮味 - [11]
1-己醇 青草味 瑰宝 [11]
(E)-2-己烯醇 青草味 - [11]
(Z)-3-己烯醇 青草味 春雪 [11]
内酯类 γ-癸内酯 桃子味 中等 瑞蟠14号 [16]
δ-癸内酯 水果、桃子味 中等 金童7号 [16]
γ-壬内酯 甜、椰子、桃子味 中等 白肉桃 [16]
γ-己内酯 甜、椰子味 中等 - [16]
γ-戊内酯 甜、干草、烟草味 中等 - [18]
γ-辛内酯 椰子、奶油、脂肪、草本味 中等 - [16]
δ-辛内酯 椰子、奶油、香草味 中等 - [16]
戊基-α-吡喃酮 杏仁、椰子、蘑菇、甜味 中等 - [16]
γ-十二内酯 桃子味、奶油味、甜味 中等 - [16]
δ-十二内酯 水果、桃子味、黄油味 中等 - [16]
γ-丁内酯 奶油味、水果味、桃子味 - - [19]
γ-十一内酯 - - - [20]
萜类 茴香脑 甜、花香 中等 - [21]
(E,E)-α-法呢烯 木质、青草、蔬菜味 中等 - [21]
对伞花烷 萜类、刺鼻、松柏味 欧美品种 [18]
热芹醇 新鲜、花香、木质味 中等 - [18]
β-月桂烯 芹菜、葡萄、水果味、草本味 - [20]
D-柠檬烯 柑橘、水果味、橙子味 中等 - [20]
(Z)-β-罗勒烯 花香、草本味、甜味 中等 - [20]
4-萜品醇 辣椒味、木质味、霉味、甜味 中等 - [20]
对薄荷-1-烯-9-醛 - - - [20]
(E)-香叶酮 新鲜、玫瑰、玉兰花香 中等 - [20]
烯醇 甜、花香、玫瑰味 中等 - [22]
顺式-芳樟醇氧化物 花香 - - [11]
C13-降异戊二
烯类
β-紫罗兰酮 紫罗兰、花香 中等 - [23]
β-大马士革烯酮 花香、玫瑰味、水果味、李子味、烟草味 - [20]
3-羟基-β-紫罗兰酮 - - - [20]
(Z)-6-十二碳烯-4-内酯 脂肪、蜡质、奶油、乳制品味 - - [22]
β-大马士革内酯 水果味、花香、黑加仑味 - [22]
酯类 (Z)-3-己烯基乙酸酯 水果味、叶香 - [13]
(E)-2-己烯基乙酸酯 水果味、香蕉味 中等 - [13]
己基乙酸酯 水果味 中等 - [24]
乙酸乙酯 水果味、葡萄味、甜味、朗姆酒味 沪油018 [24]
乙酸丁酯 水果味、香蕉味 春雪 [24]
辛酸甲酯 水果味、玫瑰味、橙子味 中等 - [24]
丁酸戊酯 水果味、甜味、青菜味、白兰地味 - - [20]
乙酸甲酯 水果味、朗姆酒味、威士忌味 - - [13]
丁酸十六烷基酯 - - - [13]
乙酸十二烷基酯 蜡质、水果味、花香 中等 - [24]
十酸乙酯 甜味、蜡质、水果味、青草味 中等 - [24]
3-甲基丁酸乙酯 甜味、水果味、香蕉味 - [24]
其他 辛烯-3-酮 蘑菇味 春雪 [15]
苯乙烯 杏仁味 - 中油桃9号 [15]
刺激性、干树脂味 - 中油桃9号 [20]
1-甲基萘 药物味、萘味 - - [20]
呋喃甲醛 杏仁味、木质味、甜味 中等 - [11]
苯乙酮 甜味、刺激性、花香味 - [11]
3-巯基己醇 硫味、洋葱味 - - [11]
8-巯基薄荷酮 硫味、百香果味 - - [11]
2-戊基呋喃 青豆味、黄油味 - - [11]
2-丁酮 化学味、水果味、青草味 - - [18]
2-乙基呋喃 乙醚味、朗姆酒味、可可味 - [22]
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桃果实香气组分的生物合成途径研究进展
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赵薇 1, 2 , 焦琳舒 2 , 王依莹 2 , 陈小龙 2 , 余向阳 2 , 褚兰玲 1 , 宋立晓 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(16): 176-185
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(16): 176-185
桃果实香气组分的生物合成途径研究进展
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赵薇1, 2 , 焦琳舒2, 王依莹2, 陈小龙2, 余向阳2, 褚兰玲1, 宋立晓2, *
作者信息
  • 1 南京林业大学森林食品资源挖掘与利用全国重点实验室, 南京 210037
  • 2 江苏省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所, 江苏省食品质量安全重点实验室, 南京 210014
  • 赵薇(2002—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 宋立晓(1982—), 女, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品品质评价与调控。E-mail:
Research progress on biosynthetic pathways of aroma components of Prunus persica
Wei ZHAO1, 2 , Lin-Shu JIAO2, Yi-Ying WANG2, Xiao-Long CHEN2, Xiang-Yang YU2, Lan-Ling CHU1, Li-Xiao SONG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 National Key Laboratory of Forest Food Resources Mining and Utilization, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
  • 2 Institute of Agricultural Product Quality Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303001
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香气是桃果实风味品质的核心特征, 由多种挥发性有机化合物组成, 其形成受遗传背景、栽培管理和采后处理的综合影响。近年来研究主要集中在脂肪酸、氨基酸、萜类化合物和酯类化合物作为主要前体物质在香气合成中的关键作用, 以及乙烯对香气形成的调控机制。本文围绕香气合成的遗传基础, 综述了桃果实香气组分及其生物合成途径的研究进展, 旨在为桃果实品质评价和品质改良提供理论依据。目前对香气合成途径的复杂性以及环境因素对其影响机制尚未完全明确, 未来研究需进一步解析香气合成的分子机制, 优化栽培和采后处理技术, 以提升桃果实的香气品质。

桃果实  /  香气组分  /  生物合成途径

Aroma is the core characteristic of the flavor quality of Prunus persica, composed of various volatile organic compounds, and its formation is comprehensively influenced by genetic background, cultivation management and post-harvest treatment. In recent years, studies have revealed the key roles of fatty acids, amino acids, terpenoids and esters as the main precursor substances in aroma synthesis, as well as the regulatory mechanism of ethylene on aroma formation. This article clarified the genetic basis of aroma synthesis, reviewed the research progress of aroma components and their biosynthetic pathways in Prunus persica, aiming to provide a the oretical basis for the quality evaluation and quality improvement of Prunus persica. However, at present, the complexity of the aroma synthesis pathway and the influence mechanism of environmental factors on it have not been fully clarified. Future research needs to further analyze the molecular mechanism of aroma synthesis and optimize cultivation and post-harvest processing techniques to enhance the aroma quality of Prunus persica.

Prunus persica  /  aroma components  /  biosynthetic pathway
赵薇, 焦琳舒, 王依莹, 陈小龙, 余向阳, 褚兰玲, 宋立晓. 桃果实香气组分的生物合成途径研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 176 -185 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303001
Wei ZHAO, Lin-Shu JIAO, Yi-Ying WANG, Xiao-Long CHEN, Xiang-Yang YU, Lan-Ling CHU, Li-Xiao SONG. Research progress on biosynthetic pathways of aroma components of Prunus persica[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 176 -185 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303001
桃果实以其独特的风味和香气深受消费者喜爱, 是全球重要的经济水果之一。香气作为桃果实风味品质的核心特征, 不仅直接影响消费者的购买意愿, 还在果实的保鲜、加工和市场价值提升中发挥着重要作用。桃果实的香气主要来源于其挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds, VOC), 这些化合物在果实成熟过程中逐渐积累, 形成独特的香气特征。目前已鉴定出的桃果实香气成分包括酯类、醛类、醇类、萜类和内酯类等多种化合物, 这些成分共同构成了桃果实的特征香气[1]
研究桃果实香气的重要性不仅体现在满足消费者对高品质水果的需求上, 还在于其对果实保鲜和加工的潜在影响[2]。香气成分的变化可以作为果实成熟度和新鲜度的指标, 有助于优化采后处理和储存条件[3]。此外, 香气研究也为果实品质的遗传改良提供了理论基础, 有助于培育出更受市场欢迎的桃果实品种。
目前, 桃果实香气的研究已经取得了显著进展。通过气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)[4]和气相色谱-嗅觉测量法(gas chromatography- olfactometry, GC-O)[5]等技术, 研究人员已经鉴定出多种挥发性香气成分, 并初步揭示了这些成分的生物合成途径。生物合成途径的研究表明, 脂肪酸、氨基酸、萜类化合物和酯类化合物是桃果实香气的主要合成前体, 而醇脱氢酶(alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH)、醛脱氢酶(aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH)和萜类合成酶(terpenoid synthase, TPS)等关键酶在香气组分的合成过程中发挥着重要作用[6]。然而, 尽管取得了这些进展, 桃果实香气研究仍面临诸多挑战。香气合成的调控机制尚未完全清晰, 尤其是在香气成分的动态调控和多基因协同作用方面。此外, 环境因素对香气合成的影响机制也尚未完全明确, 这限制了香气品质的精准调控和改良。未来的研究需要进一步深入解析香气合成的分子机制, 优化栽培和采后处理技术, 以提升桃果实的香气品质。
桃果实香气的生物合成途径涉及多种前体物质和关键酶的协同作用。脂肪酸、氨基酸、萜类化合物和酯类化合物通过一系列酶促反应转化为挥发性香气化合物[7]。例如, 脂肪酸通过β-氧化生成醛类和醇类化合物, 这些化合物进一步通过酯化反应生成酯类香气物质。氨基酸通过转氨作用生成α-酮酸和新的氨基酸。而醛类和醇类可能是通过氨基酸的脱羧作用或氧化脱氨基等后续反应生成的, 这些化合物也是香气的重要组成部分。萜类化合物是桃果实香气中的重要成分, 其合成主要通过甲戊二羟酸(mevalonic acid pathway, MVA)途径和甲基赤藓醇磷酸(mevalonate pathway, MEP)途径进行。TPS在这一过程中起关键作用, 它催化前体物质生成多种萜类化合物。此外, 酯类化合物的合成则主要依赖于ADH和ALDH的催化作用[8]
本综述旨在总结桃果实香气组分的鉴定进展、生物合成途径及其调控机制, 并对未来的研究方向进行展望, 以期为桃果实品质改良提供理论依据。通过对现有研究的梳理, 揭示桃果实香气形成的分子基础和环境影响因素, 为优化栽培和采后处理技术、培育高品质桃果实品种提供科学指导。
桃果实香气组分的分类和含量很大程度上依赖于它们的基因型和种质起源[9]。例如, 中国野生桃和中国地方品种的总香气物质含量显著高于其他品种。此外, 香气物质的释放与果实的成熟度密切相关, 随着果实的成熟, 某些香气成分的含量会发生变化, 从而影响桃果实的香气特征。目前在桃果实中鉴定出约100种不同的芳香物质, 包括醛、醇、酯、萜类化合物、酮、内酯和C13去甲异戊二烯类。其中, 醛类、醇类、酯类、内酯类和萜类化合物是构成桃香气的主要成分。表1[10]列出了桃果实典型的香气成分, 从种类、气味成分、气味描述、气味强度、相关桃品种来进行桃果实的香气组分分类。其中, 衍生自六碳(C6)脂肪酸的挥发物, 例如2-己烯醇, 是具有“新鲜绿色”或“未成熟水果”气味的气味剂。酯类化合物是一类广泛存在于所有具有“果味”或“绿色”香气的水果中的致香物质。内酯以其独特的“桃香”和“甜”香气而闻名, 在形成桃香气特征方面发挥着重要作用。c/d-癸内酯是桃香味的关键贡献者。萜类化合物或C13去甲异戊二烯类化合物是主要的“花”芳香成分, 芳樟醇通常在油桃中发现, 而β-紫罗酮及其衍生物在多数桃子中普遍存在。不同品种桃种中芳香物质成分表现出较高的含量或特征性分布特征。如, 京引黄桃1号在己醛含量上表现出较高水平, 而春雪在反-2-己烯醛和顺-3-己烯醇等成分上具有显著的香气特征。
气味强度是通过感官评价和仪器分析相结合的方法确定的。感官评价采用1到7级的分级标准, 其中1级表示无气味, 7级表示极强气味。仪器分析通过GC-MS测定香气成分的含量, 并结合其感觉阈值计算相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value, ROAV), ROAV值越高, 表示该成分对果实总体风味的贡献越大。为了规范化描述, 将气味强度分为以下3级: 高(6级, ROAV≥1): 特征香气成分, 对果实总体风味贡献显著; 中(4级, 0.1≤ROAV<1): 修饰性香气成分, 对果实总体风味有重要修饰作用; 低(2级, ROAV<0.1): 对果实总体风味贡献较小。通过这种规范化描述, 能够更准确地反映每种香气成分的感官特征及其在桃果实中的重要性。这不仅有助于不同研究之间的比较, 也为桃果实风味品质评价和遗传规律分析提供了更科学的依据。
桃果实的香气组分鉴定是理解其香气特性和品质评价的基础。目前, 对桃果实香气组分的鉴定方法已经较为成熟, 主要分为气味提取和鉴定两个环节[25]。气味提取常用的方法包括固相微萃取法(solid-phase microextraction, SPME)、同时蒸馏萃取法(simultaneous distillation extraction, SDE)、顶空法(headspace, HS)和溶剂辅助风味蒸发法(solvent assisted flavor evaporation, SAFE)等。这些方法能够有效地从桃果实中提取出挥发性香气化合物。在鉴定方面, GC-MS是最常用的技术。GC-MS能够根据化合物的保留时间和质谱图谱来识别具体的香气化合物。此外, 气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, GC-IMS)、GC-O以及二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法(gas chromatography×gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry, GC×GC-TOFMS)等技术也被应用于桃果实香气成分的鉴定[26]。这些技术各有优势, 能够更全面、准确地鉴定和分析桃果实中的香气组分。
GC-MS可以对桃果实中的香气化合物进行定量分析, 从而了解不同化合物的含量和比例。除了单个香气化合物的鉴定, 研究香气化合物之间的相互作用也很重要[27]。为了评估香气化合物对整体香气的贡献, 需要计算香气活性值(odor activity value, OAV), 即香气化合物的浓度与其阈值的比值。OAV大于1的化合物被认为是对香气有显著贡献的。通过S曲线法、σ-τ图法和U模型等方法, 可以研究不同香气化合物如何共同影响桃果实的总体香气。分析桃果实的香气组分与质地等品质的相关性, 可以全面地鉴定和分析桃果实的香气组分, 为桃果实的品质评价和香气改良提供科学依据[28]
桃果实香气的形成是一个复杂的生物学过程, 受到多种因素的综合影响, 包括基因表达、栽培条件、采后处理、环境因素等。这些因素相互作用, 共同决定了桃果实香气的种类和含量。
桃果实香气的形成受到基因表达的严格调控。研究表明, 脂肪酸代谢途径中的关键基因在桃果实香气合成中发挥重要作用[29]。如PpFAD3-1基因参与亚麻酸的生物合成, 进而影响下游芳香物质的形成。此外, 与酯类合成相关的基因(如PpAAT1)和酯类水解相关的基因(如PpCXE1)的表达水平也会影响果实的香气成分。乙烯作对桃果实香气合成具有显著的调控作用, 通过影响相关基因的表达, 可促进酯类物质提前释放, 促进桃果实成熟过程中香气成分的积累, 而1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene, 1-MCP)(乙烯作用抑制剂)则抑制了果实酯类挥发物的合成[30]
栽培条件对桃果实香气成分及其含量有显著影响。露天栽培和设施栽培条件下, 桃果实中香气物质的种类和含量存在较大差异。露天条件下检测到8类26种香气成分化合物, 而设施条件下香气种类及含量略少, 检测到5类25种香气成分化合物。露天栽培的桃果实中“果香型”酯类化合物含量较高, 设施栽培条件下, 果实中“果香型”酯类化合物含量减少, “青香型”醇类化合物种类及含量减少, 且未检测出醛类、酸类和酮类化合物。此外, 不同品种的桃果实对栽培条件的响应也存在差异。例如, “21世纪”和“久脆”及其杂交后代果实的挥发性成分在露天和设施栽培条件下表现出不同的变化规律[31]
采后处理对桃果实香气成分的合成和积累也有重要影响。乙烯对采后桃果实香气成分合成具有调节作用[32]。1-MCP处理能显著抑制果实中酯类和内酯类香气成分的合成, 使果实香气变淡。而外源乙烯处理则可促进果实酯类物质提前释放, 但同时会显著减少果实内酯类物质含量。此外, 采后低温冷藏对桃果实香气合成也有调控作用。低温冷藏条件下, 果实中香气成分的种类和含量会发生变化, 乙烯生物合成相关基因的表达也会受到抑制[33]
环境因素对桃果实香气合成的影响尤为显著。光照、温度、湿度等环境条件直接影响香气成分的合成和积累。光照强度与香气成分的合成呈正相关, 适当的光照条件有利于香气物质的合成。温度对香气成分的合成也有显著影响, 较高的温度可能促进某些香气成分的生成, 但过高的温度可能导致香气成分的降解。此外, 土壤条件、水分管理、施肥等栽培措施也会影响桃果实香气的形成。适量的氮肥可以提高果实中某些香气成分的含量, 而缺水则可能限制香气物质的积累。
香气成分的形成是一个复杂的代谢过程, 涉及多个途径和基因的调控。桃果实香气组分的生物合成途径主要有脂肪酸合成途径、氨基酸合成途径、萜类化合物合成途径、酯类化合物合成途径以及乙烯合成途径[34]图1[10]展示了桃果实中主要香气挥发物的生物合成和调控过程。脂肪酸衍生的香气挥发物主要通过脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase, LOX)途径和α/β-氧化途径生成。氢过氧化物裂解酶(hydroperoxide lyase, HPL)将氢过氧化物裂解为C6醛, ADH将醛转化为C6醇, 芳香族酰胺酶(arylamide amidase, AAT)则通过酯化反应将醇和酰基CoA结合生成酯类。转录因子PpNAC1通过结合PpAAT1基因的启动子激活酯类合成[35]。内酯类化合物是重要的香气成分, 其生物合成途径尚不完全清楚, 但已知它们起源于脂肪酸衍生的醇类内酯, 并通过一系列酶促步骤形成内酯, 包括脱氢、环氧化、水合、羟基化、β-氧化和内酯化。脂肪酸脱氢酶(flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD)、环氧化物水解酶(erythropoietin- producing hepatoma, EPH)和酰基CoA氧化酶(acyl-CoA oxidase, ACX)在内酯形成中起关键作用。TPS利用香叶基焦磷酸(geranyl pyrophosphate, GPP)作为底物合成萜类化合物。如芳樟醇等萜类化合物对果实香气有重要影响[36]。UDP-糖基转移酶(UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, UGTs)在香气成分的糖基化中起重要作用。乙烯抑制剂(如1-MCP)处理可增加C6挥发物水平, 但降低酯类和内酯类水平[37]
脂肪酸衍生的香气挥发物在桃果实中广泛存在, 主要通过LOX途径和α/β-氧化途径代谢生成。不饱和脂肪酸(如亚油酸和亚麻酸)是这些挥发物的核心前体[38]。以下是脂肪酸途径在桃果实香气挥发物生物合成中的具体过程[39]: LOX是脂肪酸代谢途径中的初始关键酶, 催化亚油酸和亚麻酸形成氢过氧化物。根据氧化位点, LOX酶分为C9 (9-LOX)和C13 (13-LOX), 分别生成(9S)-和(13S)-氢过氧化物。相关基因为PpLOX2PpLOX3PpLOX4被鉴定为编码9-LOX的基因, 而PpLOX1编码13-LOX。HPL将氢过氧化物裂解为C6醛, 生成的C6醛具有“青草”或“未成熟果实”的气味。ADH催化醛类转化为醇类, 通过去除氢原子生成的C6醇具有“青草”或“水果”的气味。AAT通过酯化反应将醇类和酰基CoA结合生成酯类。生成的酯类(如己酸乙酯)具有“水果”或“花香”的气味。相关基因为PpAAT1是主要的酯化酶, 其酯化能力优于其他AAT。FAD催化饱和脂肪酸的脱饱和反应, 参与生成内酯类化合物。EPH促进环氧化物脂肪酸的水解, 参与生成内酯类化合物。ACX在脂肪酸β-氧化的初始步骤中起关键作用, 参与生成内酯类化合物。相关基因为PpACX1在内酯生物合成中起关键作用。
脂肪酸途径在桃果实香气挥发物的生物合成中起着关键作用, 涉及多个关键酶和基因的协同作用。不同桃品种在脂肪酸代谢途径中的基因表达和香气挥发物含量存在显著差异[40]。白色果肉的桃品种通常比红色果肉的品种含有更多的香气挥发物。低温等环境因素对脂肪酸代谢途径的影响也因品种而异, 这可能导致不同品种在香气成分的积累和代谢上存在差异。通过深入理解这些机制, 可以为改善果实香气和推进现代育种计划提供重要的理论基础。
氨基酸的代谢可以产生脂肪族、支链或芳香族的醇类、醛类、羰基化合物、酸类和酯类。桃果实中存在的酯香型、果香型的特征香气成分多数从氨基酸代谢产生, 如图2[41]所示。参与香气合成的氨基酸主要有缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、丙氨酸、半胱氨酸和苯丙氨酸等。氨基酸的代谢途径中存在两步共同的酶反应: 转氨基作用和脱羧基作用, 其关键酶分别为转氨酶和丙酮酸脱氢酶。氨基酸通过转氨作用形成支链酮酸, 一是在脱羧酶作用下生成醛, 然后在ADH的作用下生成醇; 另一途径是与CoA生成酰基CoA, 然后在AAT作用下生成酯, 或在磷酸转移酶作用下生成酸。其中酯类是通过上述各代谢途径生成的醇类和酰基CoA在酯化作用下形成的, 对水果的怡人香气有重要贡献。酯类在形成过程中有两个关键酶: 一是催化酰基CoA中的酰基转到相应的醇上乙醇酰基转移酶和水解酯类的酯酶。桃果实香气成分在种类和含量上的不同与氨基酸代谢途径中的酶活性和底物的专一性密切相关。
桃果实中的萜类化合物主要通过两条独立的代谢途径合成[42]: MVA途径和MEP途径。其中MVA途径主要发生在细胞质中。参与合成倍半萜、三萜等次生代谢产物。关键中间体有IPP和DMAPP。MEP途径主要发生在质体中, 主要参与单萜、二萜等物质的生物合成。关键中间体同样生成IPP和DMAPP。这两条途径最终通过IPP和DMAPP生成共同的五碳前体, 随后通过TPS催化合成各种萜类化合物。其中参与合成的关键酶, TPS利用IPP和DMAPP作为底物, 合成各种萜类化合物。细胞色素P450酶对萜类化合物的碳骨架进行后修饰, 增加萜类化合物的结构多样性。然后转录因子和乙烯等调控机制进一步精细调控萜类化合物的合成[43]。这些研究成果不仅有助于理解桃果实香气的形成机制, 还为通过基因工程和合成生物学手段提高萜类化合物产量提供了理论基础。
图3[10]为桃果实中酯类和内酯类的生物合成和调控机制。酯类化合物通过醇和酰基CoA的酯化反应生成, 这一过程由AAT催化。关键酶中, PpAAT1是主要的酯化酶, 其酯化能力优于其他AAT。转录因子PpNAC1通过结合PpAAT1基因的启动子激活酯类合成。内酯类化合物通过一系列酶促步骤形成, 包括脱氢、环氧化、水合、羟基化、β-氧化和内酯化。FAD、EPH和ACX在内酯形成中起关键作用。PpACX1是内酯生物合成中的关键基因, 其表达水平与内酯含量呈正相关。乙烯通过调控相关酶基因的表达影响酯类和内酯类的生物合成[44]
乙烯是一种重要的植物激素, 广泛参与植物的生长、发育和衰老过程。乙烯的生物合成主要通过以下步骤进行[45]: 首先蛋氨酸(methionine, Met)转化为S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl methionine, SAM), 通过S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶(S-adenosyl methionine synthetase, SAMS)。SAMS催化三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)的腺苷基团与Met结合, 生成SAM。然后SAM转化为1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid, ACC), 通过1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸合酶(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, ACS), ACS催化SAM裂解为甲硫腺苷(methionine adenosyltransferase, MTA)和ACC。最后ACC转化为乙烯, 通过1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸氧化酶(1-aminocyclopropane- 1-carboxylate oxidase, ACO), ACO催化ACC氧化, 最终生成乙烯。
乙烯通过与细胞表面的受体结合, 激活一系列下游信号转导途径, 最终导致基因表达的改变和生理反应的发生。在拟南芥中, 乙烯信号转导的主要组分包括[46]: 受体如ETR1、ERS1等, 这些受体是乙烯信号转导的起始点。转录因子如EIN3/EIL1, 这些转录因子在乙烯信号传导中起关键作用。乙烯在植物的多个生理过程中发挥重要作用, 乙烯促进果实成熟, 增加果实的软化和甜度、促进叶片的衰老和脱落、参与植物对环境胁迫(如干旱、盐胁迫)的响应[47]
乙烯生物合成相关基因的表达差异分析是理解桃果实成熟和香气形成过程中乙烯作用的重要方面。通过分析不同桃果实品种在成熟过程中乙烯生物合成相关基因的表达差异, 可以揭示乙烯在果实成熟和软化过程中的作用机制[48]。研究表明, 桃果实在成熟过程中, 与乙烯生物合成相关的基因表达水平发生变化[49]。例如, 软肉质、硬肉质和非熔肉质的桃果实在成熟过程中, 主要通过调节与乙烯生物合成相关的PpACS1PpACS4PpACO1基因的表达水平来控制果实的成熟和软化。这些基因的表达与果实硬度和呼吸速率的变化密切相关, 为揭示桃果实成熟机制提供了理论基础。在不同肉质特性的桃果实中, 乙烯生物合成相关基因的表达模式存在差异。软肉质桃果实在成熟过程中, PpACS1基因表达与乙烯产生高度协调, 而硬肉质桃果实中该基因的表达水平极低, 导致果实在成熟过程中硬度保持较高, 无法正常软化。通过克隆和功能鉴定, 可以分析乙烯生物合成关键基因如ACS和ACO在桃果实成熟中的作用。这些基因的表达差异可能与桃果实的成熟特性和香气形成有关[50]
乙烯生物合成途径及其相关基因工程的研究进展为桃果实品质改良提供了新的视角。通过基因工程手段, 如基因沉默或过表达, 可以调节桃果实中乙烯的生物合成, 从而影响果实的成熟和香气特性。高活性和高热稳定性的乙烯合成酶的筛选和鉴定为乙烯生物合成提供了新的酶资源。这些酶的特性可能对桃果实乙烯生物合成途径的研究和应用具有重要意义[51]。乙烯生物合成相关基因在桃果实品质改良中具有重要的应用潜力。通过调节这些基因的表达, 可以影响桃果实的成熟、软化以及香气形成, 从而改良果实的品质[52]。通过病毒诱导基因沉默(virus-induced gene silencing, VIGS)技术抑制特定乙烯生物合成相关基因的表达, 可以延迟桃果实的成熟和软化过程。例如, 抑制PpFUL4基因的表达可以导致果实软化延迟, 同时显著抑制PpACO1PpACS2基因的表达, 这些基因与乙烯生物合成密切相关。过表达乙烯生物合成相关基因可以加速桃果实的成熟和软化。过表达PpFUL4基因可以促进果实软化, 同时PpACO1基因表达显著上调, 这表明PpFUL4可能通过调节乙烯生物合成途径来影响桃果实的成熟和软化。利用成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9, CRISPR/Cas9)等基因编辑技术, 可以精确修改乙烯生物合成途径中的关键基因, 从而改良桃果实的品质[53]。例如, 通过编辑ACS或ACO基因, 可以调节桃果实中乙烯的生物合成, 影响果实的成熟和软化过程。
转录因子在乙烯生物合成相关基因的表达调控中发挥重要作用。研究发现, PpWRKY14转录因子可以直接激活乙烯合成关键基因PpACS1PpACO1的表达, 促进乙烯的生物合成。这一发现为桃果实成熟期改良提供了新的靶点。在桃果实中, 乙烯生物合成相关基因的表达与果实硬度的变化密切相关[54]。例如, 硬肉质桃果实中PpACS1基因的表达水平极低, 导致果实在成熟过程中硬度保持较高, 无法正常软化。乙烯的生物合成与桃果实的香气形成密切相关。在桃果实成熟过程中, 乙烯的增加促进了香气化合物的合成, 如酯类和内酯类化合物, 这些化合物对桃果实的香气特性有重要影响。通过这些基因工程手段, 可以为桃果实品质的遗传改良提供新的策略和方法, 实现对桃果实成熟、软化和香气形成的精确调控[55]
桃果实香气作为其风味品质的核心特征, 近年来受到广泛关注。桃果实中已鉴定出100多种挥发性香气成分, 这些成分主要由酯类、醛类、醇类、萜类和内酯类等化合物组成。香气的形成受到遗传因素和外界环境的双重影响, 涉及多种生物合成途径和关键酶的调控。目前对于桃香气的洋酒取得了一定进展, 但香气合成的调控机制尚未完全清晰, 尤其是在香气成分的动态调控和多基因协同作用方面。此外, 环境因素对香气合成的影响机制也尚未完全明确, 这限制了香气品质的精准调控和改良。未来的研究需要进一步深入解析桃果实香气合成的分子机制[56], 优化栽培和采后处理技术, 以提升果实的香气品质。具体方向包括: 利用多组学技术进一步揭示香气合成相关基因的表达调控网络, 明确关键基因和转录因子在香气合成中的作用。通过优化栽培管理措施(如施肥、灌溉、修剪)和采后处理条件(如低温预处理、间歇升温), 提高果实的香气品质[57]。利用基因编辑技术(如CRISPR/Cas9)对香气合成相关基因进行精准编辑, 结合分子标记辅助选择技术, 培育香气品质更优的桃果实新品种。研究不同环境胁迫(如温度、光照、土壤条件)对香气合成的影响, 揭示其分子机制, 为精准调控香气品质提供理论依据[58]
综上所述, 桃果实香气的研究在基础理论和应用技术方面均取得了显著进展, 但仍面临诸多挑战。未来的研究需要在分子机制解析、栽培技术优化和基因编辑应用等方面取得突破, 以实现桃果实香气品质的精准调控和改良。
  • 现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-30-5-03)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD1600500)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(1015)
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250303001
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
基金
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-30-5-03)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD1600500)
国家重点研发计划项目(1015)
作者信息
    1 南京林业大学森林食品资源挖掘与利用全国重点实验室, 南京 210037
    2 江苏省农业科学院农产品质量安全与营养研究所, 江苏省食品质量安全重点实验室, 南京 210014

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* 宋立晓(1982—), 女, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品品质评价与调控。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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