Article(id=1217845641997370058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250220002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739980800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286627530, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286627530, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286627530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286627530, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=140, endPage=148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845642559406833, articleId=1217845641997370058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis of bacterial flora in peanut butter and sesame paste sold in Yunnan Province, columnId=1217845637362663999, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Control of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the bacterial community composition and abundance, as well as inter-sample variations in species composition and community structure in commercially available peanut butter and sesame paste sold in Yunnan Province using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Methods A total of 160 samples encompassing best-selling peanut butter, sesame paste, and mixed spreads from Yunnan Province were subjected to 16S rRNA V4 region amplicon sequencing. Subsequent analyses included species composition profiling, abundance clustering, phylogenetic relationships, and diversity assessments. Results Characteristic sequence analysis revealed that sesame paste contained the highest number of characteristic sequences, followed by peanut butter, while mixed paste had the least. Bacterial community composition analysis indicated that these unique sequences predominantly belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes. At the genus level, the top 35 identified genera included Listeria, Escherichia-Shigella, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Bacillus, Vibrio, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. α diversity analysis demonstrated significant differences in species diversity between peanut butter and sesame paste (P<0.05). Conclusion Distinct bacterial compositions are observed among peanut butter, sesame paste, and mixed spreads, with sesame paste exhibiting the highest species abundance. Among the top 35 identified genera, 12 are known to include pathogenic species, posing potential food safety risks. It is imperative for manufacturers and regulatory authorities to address these concerns to ensure consumer safety. This study provides a reference for food safety regulatory authorities and offered important data support for the establishment of microbiological safety standards for nut butter products.

, correspAuthors=Lu FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ni MA, Ya-Peng PENG, Rong-Ai LUO, Xiao-Zhao TANG, Jing YANG, Yu-Feng HE, Lu FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845646451721164, articleId=1217845641997370058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=云南省市售花生酱、芝麻酱中的细菌菌群分析, columnId=1217845637517853250, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食源性致病菌检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 利用16S rRNA基因序列分析探究云南省市售花生酱及芝麻酱中细菌菌群构成及丰度、不同样本间物种组成和群落结构差异。方法 对160份云南省畅销花生酱、芝麻酱及混合酱中细菌菌群的16S rRNA V4区域进行扩增子测序并进行物种组成分析、物种丰度聚类分析、物种系统发生关系和多样性分析。结果 特征序列分析发现芝麻酱所含特征序列数量最多, 花生酱次之, 混合酱最少。菌群组成分析发现这些特征序列主要来自变形菌门、蓝藻门、厚壁菌门, 属水平分析识别出的前35个属中包含李斯特菌属(Listeria)、埃希氏菌属/志贺氏菌属(EscherichiaShigella)、梭菌属(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)、芽孢菌属(Bacillus)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)等。α多样性组间差异分析表明花生酱和芝麻酱物种多样性差异显著(P<0.05)。结论 花生酱、芝麻酱、混合酱中细菌组成各不相同, 芝麻酱物种丰度最高。属水平识别出的前35个属中有12个属包含了能使人致病的种, 存在一定食品安全隐患, 生产企业和食品监管部门应引起重视。本研究为食品安全监管部门提供参考, 为坚果酱类食品的微生物安全标准制定提供了重要数据支撑。

, correspAuthors=范璐, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 范璐(1983—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检测与食物中毒检测。E-mail:
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马妮(1993—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1217883324983464881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641997370058, language=CN, label=图8, caption=二维PCoA图, figureFileSmall=z0GkPtv0ggOrOwOQq36+BA==, figureFileBig=WCAHZQQ/nK0SeU0pUf8pwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217883325063156658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845641997370058, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistical table of species difference analysis

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分组 R P
HSJ vs HHJ 0.14840 0.012
HSJ vs ZMJ 0.52430 0.001
HHJ vs ZMJ 0.06339 0.042
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物种差异分析统计表

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分组 R P
HSJ vs HHJ 0.14840 0.012
HSJ vs ZMJ 0.52430 0.001
HHJ vs ZMJ 0.06339 0.042
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云南省市售花生酱、芝麻酱中的细菌菌群分析
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马妮 1, 2 , 彭亚鹏 1 , 罗荣爱 1 , 汤晓召 1 , 杨菁 1 , 何玉凤 1 , 范璐 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性致病菌检测与防控 2025,16(16): 140-148
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性致病菌检测与防控 2025, 16(16): 140-148
云南省市售花生酱、芝麻酱中的细菌菌群分析
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马妮1, 2 , 彭亚鹏1, 罗荣爱1, 汤晓召1, 杨菁1, 何玉凤1, 范璐1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 云南省疾病预防控制中心(云南省预防医学科学院), 昆明 650500
  • 2 云南省公共卫生与生物安全重点实验室, 昆明 650500
  • 马妮(1993—), 女, 硕士, 主管技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 范璐(1983—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检测与食物中毒检测。E-mail:
Analysis of bacterial flora in peanut butter and sesame paste sold in Yunnan Province
Ni MA1, 2 , Ya-Peng PENG1, Rong-Ai LUO1, Xiao-Zhao TANG1, Jing YANG1, Yu-Feng HE1, Lu FAN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Yunnan Academy of Preventive Medicine), Kunming 650500, China
  • 2 Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety & Health Laboratory Center, Kunming 650500, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250220002
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目的 利用16S rRNA基因序列分析探究云南省市售花生酱及芝麻酱中细菌菌群构成及丰度、不同样本间物种组成和群落结构差异。方法 对160份云南省畅销花生酱、芝麻酱及混合酱中细菌菌群的16S rRNA V4区域进行扩增子测序并进行物种组成分析、物种丰度聚类分析、物种系统发生关系和多样性分析。结果 特征序列分析发现芝麻酱所含特征序列数量最多, 花生酱次之, 混合酱最少。菌群组成分析发现这些特征序列主要来自变形菌门、蓝藻门、厚壁菌门, 属水平分析识别出的前35个属中包含李斯特菌属(Listeria)、埃希氏菌属/志贺氏菌属(EscherichiaShigella)、梭菌属(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)、芽孢菌属(Bacillus)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)等。α多样性组间差异分析表明花生酱和芝麻酱物种多样性差异显著(P<0.05)。结论 花生酱、芝麻酱、混合酱中细菌组成各不相同, 芝麻酱物种丰度最高。属水平识别出的前35个属中有12个属包含了能使人致病的种, 存在一定食品安全隐患, 生产企业和食品监管部门应引起重视。本研究为食品安全监管部门提供参考, 为坚果酱类食品的微生物安全标准制定提供了重要数据支撑。

花生酱  /  芝麻酱  /  细菌菌群  /  α多样性

Objective To explore the bacterial community composition and abundance, as well as inter-sample variations in species composition and community structure in commercially available peanut butter and sesame paste sold in Yunnan Province using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Methods A total of 160 samples encompassing best-selling peanut butter, sesame paste, and mixed spreads from Yunnan Province were subjected to 16S rRNA V4 region amplicon sequencing. Subsequent analyses included species composition profiling, abundance clustering, phylogenetic relationships, and diversity assessments. Results Characteristic sequence analysis revealed that sesame paste contained the highest number of characteristic sequences, followed by peanut butter, while mixed paste had the least. Bacterial community composition analysis indicated that these unique sequences predominantly belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes. At the genus level, the top 35 identified genera included Listeria, Escherichia-Shigella, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Bacillus, Vibrio, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. α diversity analysis demonstrated significant differences in species diversity between peanut butter and sesame paste (P<0.05). Conclusion Distinct bacterial compositions are observed among peanut butter, sesame paste, and mixed spreads, with sesame paste exhibiting the highest species abundance. Among the top 35 identified genera, 12 are known to include pathogenic species, posing potential food safety risks. It is imperative for manufacturers and regulatory authorities to address these concerns to ensure consumer safety. This study provides a reference for food safety regulatory authorities and offered important data support for the establishment of microbiological safety standards for nut butter products.

peanut butter  /  sesame paste  /  bacterial community  /  α-diversity
马妮, 彭亚鹏, 罗荣爱, 汤晓召, 杨菁, 何玉凤, 范璐. 云南省市售花生酱、芝麻酱中的细菌菌群分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 140 -148 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250220002
Ni MA, Ya-Peng PENG, Rong-Ai LUO, Xiao-Zhao TANG, Jing YANG, Yu-Feng HE, Lu FAN. Analysis of bacterial flora in peanut butter and sesame paste sold in Yunnan Province[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 140 -148 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250220002
芝麻酱和花生酱均属于常见的籽类及坚果加工食品调味品, 富含蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸、多种维生素等营养元素且食用口感浓郁、细腻, 深受大众喜爱, 在全球范围内有广泛的消费市场[1]。云南省位于中国西南边陲, 气候复杂且民族众多, 各地各个民族都有着自己的地方特色食品[2], 特别是在气候炎热的地方喜欢食用凉拌食品, 如云南地方特色食品凉米线、凉卷粉中的配料会大量用到花生酱和芝麻酱, 另外, 烧饵块和火锅的蘸料中也普遍用到花生酱和芝麻酱[2]。花生酱、芝麻酱原料经过高温炒制、磨酱, 以及酱本身的高脂、低水分环境不能支持大多数微生物的生长, 通常被视为低风险产品。然而, 花生酱等低水分食品引发的食源性疾病爆发事件时有发生[3-4]。一般来说, 细菌, 包括一些食源性致病菌, 在花生酱、芝麻酱等低水分食品中比在高水分食品中更耐热[5]。这些低水分食物环境使得细菌在较长时间内处于休眠状态[6-7]。另外这类食品通常具有较长的保质期, 因此在全球供应链以及消费者购买以后保存时间较长。一旦发生细菌污染, 这些细菌可能存在于产品的整个保质期内。然而花生酱、芝麻酱相关的食品安全标准中只是对耐高脂肪、低水分环境的沙门氏菌做了限制[8], 除此之外还有很多耐高温、高压、干燥的重要病原菌, 如芽孢菌属、梭菌属等没有纳入食品安全风险监测项目中。
16S rRNA位于原核细胞核糖体小亚基上, 包括10个保守区域和9个高变区域, 其中保守区在细菌间差异不大, 高变区具有属或种的特异性, 随亲缘关系不同而有一定的差异[9-10]。因此, 16S rRNA可以作为揭示生物物种的特征核酸序列, 被认为是最适于细菌系统发育和分类鉴定的指标。16S rRNA扩增子测序, 通常是选择某个或某几个变异区域, 利用保守区设计通用引物进行聚合酶链反应扩增, 然后对高变区进行测序分析和菌种鉴定, 16S rRNA扩增子测序技术已成为研究样本中微生物群落组成结构的重要手段[11-13]。因此, 本研究通过对160份云南省市售花生酱、芝麻酱的16S rRNA V4区域进行扩增子测序对其细菌菌群组成、多样性等进行综合分析, 了解云南省市售花生酱和芝麻酱的菌群组成情况以发现微生物污染风险, 科学评估云南省花生、芝麻酱食品安全现状, 为食品安全监管部门提供参考, 为坚果酱类食品的微生物安全标准制定提供重要数据支撑。
在云南省包含昆明、大理、红河、普洱4个州市市场上共采集了160份样品, 其中包括花生酱(HSJ) 79份, 芝麻酱(ZMJ) 55份, 花生芝麻混合酱(以下简称混合酱, HHJ) 26份。
按国家食品安全风险评估中心《2023年国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》(内部资料)中的扩增子项目操作流程, 对样品进行分装送诺禾致源公司基于illumina NovaSeq测序平台进行16S rRNA V4区域扩增子测序和分析。α多样性是指一个特定区域或者生态系统内的多样性[14], 本研究中为从市场上采集到的160份样品。覆盖度指数用于评估本次花生酱、芝麻酱测序样本的序列覆盖度, 测序覆盖度越高,覆盖度指数越大; 直观观测到的物种数和Chao1指数只表示物种的丰富度, Chao1指数与样品中微生物群落丰度成正相关[9]; Shannon指数和Simpon指数表示物种的丰富度和均匀度, 数值越大, 微生物种类越丰富[15]。使用QIIME2的classify-sklearn算法对每个特征序列(amplicon sequence variant, ASV)进行物种注释(注释数据库为: Silva 138.1), 根据ASVs注释结果和各样品特征表, 获得界、门、纲、目、科、属、种水平物种丰度表。基于不同分类水平的物种注释结果, 选取每个样本或分组在各分类水平(门、纲、目、科、属、种)上最大相对丰度排名前10的物种, 并将其余的物种设置为其他, 绘制出各样品(组)对应的物种注释结果在不同分类层级上的相对丰度柱形图, 根据该类图可以直观呈现两方面信息, 一方面是3个分组各样本在分类层级上含哪些优势物种, 另一方面是这些样本中各优势物种的相对丰度[16]。用群落热图呈现群落物种组成及丰度信息, 反映不同分组(或样本)在各分类学水平上(本研究选择属水平进行展示)群落组成的相似性和差异性[17]β多样性是指不同环境群落之间的物种差异[18], 主要通过计算加权unifrac距离、非加权unifrac距离、杰卡德距离、布雷柯蒂斯距离, 对各样本组物种相似性或差异性进行评估分析[19-20]
利用统计学软件SPSS 26对数据进行显著性比较分析, 组间比较采用χ2检验, 以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。使用在线网站(https://magic.novogene.com/customer/main#/homeNew)绘制韦恩图、物种丰度柱形图、热图、主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA)图、箱形图及系统发育树。
本研究在所有样本中测得1600多万条去除嵌合体之后的序列, 每个样本有51215~190115条序列(平均值102849), 平均长度在248.61~253.68 bp之间, 嘌呤-胞嘧啶含量在50.98%~55.46%之间, Q20、Q30均在90%以上。根据质控后的有效标签, 使用QIIME 2软件中的DADA2模块进行降噪, 并过滤掉丰度小于5的序列, 从而获得最终的9115条ASVs, 其中花生酱中测得4212条ASVs, 芝麻酱中测得5218条ASVs, 混合酱中测得1389条ASVs。
160份花生酱、芝麻酱样本中覆盖度指数均大于0.99, 表明本次测序结果已足够反映花生酱、芝麻酱样本所包含的微生物多样性, 测序深度为后续生物信息学分析提供较高的可信度。直观观测到的物种数目(也即操作分类单元, operational taxonomic units, OTUs), 160份样本中抽取的OTUs数相差较大, 花生酱样品中OTUs数最多为362, 最少为19, 芝麻酱样品中OTUs数最多为551, 最少为15, 混合酱样品中OTUs数最多为317, 最少为23, 表明各组样本之间的细菌菌群多样性差异较大。根据样品种类分组用各样本OTUs数作散点图(图1), 经T-test检验对花生酱、芝麻酱、混合酱3组样本OTUs数进行组间差异分析, 结果显示, 花生酱与芝麻酱OTUs数差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
α多样性指数组间差异分析中, 箱形图可以直观地反映组内物种多样性的中位数、离散程度、最大值、最小值、异常值。通过Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验分析花生酱、芝麻酱和混合酱组间物种多样性差异, 由图2可看出花生酱和芝麻酱物种多样性差异显著(P<0.05)。
韦恩图可用于统计多组或多个样本中所共有的和独有的物种数目, 根据所得到的特征序列进行Venn分析, 可直观展示不同种类样品的共有、特有的特征序列数目[21]。由图3可看出, 花生酱特有的特征序列有2967个, 芝麻酱特有序列为3978个, 混合酱仅为815个。花生酱、芝麻酱和混合酱样品共有特征序列数量为349个, 占3种样品总序列数的 3.83% (349/9115); 花生酱和芝麻酱样品共有特征序列数量为1130个, 占两种样品总序列数的13.61% (1130/8300); 花生酱和混合酱样品共有特征序列数量为464个, 占两种样品总序列数的9.21% (464/5037); 芝麻酱和混合酱样品共有特征序列数量为459个, 占两种样品总序列数的7.47% (459/6148)。
根据门水平物种注释结果, 本研究发现160份样品中共鉴定到50个细菌门, 其中花生酱鉴定到38个门, 芝麻酱43个门, 混合酱29个门。根据样品类别来看, 3组样品中鉴定到相对丰度大于1%的3个优势细菌门(图4), 平均相对丰度最高的细菌为蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria, 57.40%), 相对丰度较高的有变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 37.64%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 4.01%), 这些优势细菌门占总序列的99.05%左右。
根据属水平物种注释结果(图5), 花生酱中前10位菌属组成百分比分别为: 未被分类的蓝藻细菌(55.08%)、代尔夫特菌属(20.55%)、未被分类的Mitochondria属(15.31%)、寡养单胞菌属(3.15%)、联合乳杆菌属(1.49%)、乳杆菌属(0.50%)、不动杆菌属(0.44%)、链球菌属(0.33%)、肠球菌属(0.18%)、拟杆菌属(0.14%); 芝麻酱中前10位菌属组成百分比分别为: 未被分类的蓝藻细菌(52.19%)、未被分类的Mitochondria属(19.04%)、代尔夫特菌属(12.01%)、联合乳杆菌属(2.69%)、寡养单胞菌属(1.70%)、链球菌属(1.49%)、芽孢杆菌属(1.29%)、乳杆菌属(0.90%)、罗尔斯通菌属(0.89%)、不动杆菌属(0.58%); 混合酱中前10位菌属组成百分比分别为: 未被分类的蓝藻细菌(64.90%)、未被分类的Mitochondria属(21.01%)、代尔夫特菌属(12.07%)、寡养单胞菌属(0.47%)、李斯特菌属(0.30%)、罗尔斯通菌属(0.15%)、芽孢杆菌属(0.08%)、假单胞菌属(0.07%)、泛菌属(0.06%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(0.04%)。
样本与物种关系主要由物种丰度聚类分析通过丰度聚类热图表示。根据所有样本在属水平的物种注释及丰度信息, 选取丰度排名前35的属, 进行聚类绘制成群落热图(如图6所示), 图中颜色越深表示该物种聚集越多。从图中6可看出3组样品物种聚集差异较大, 均有物种出现不同程度聚集, 但集中在不同区间。花生酱中, 埃希氏菌属/志贺氏菌属(EscherichiaShigella)、巨单胞菌属(Megamonas)、梭菌属(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)、粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)、罗氏菌属(Romboutsia)、代尔夫特菌属(Delftia)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)等11个属聚集较多, 芝麻酱中弧菌属(Vibrio)、芽孢菌属(Bacillus)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、乳杆菌属(Limosilactobacillus)等14个属聚集较多, 而混合酱中优势菌属为李斯特菌属(Listeria)和未被分类的蓝藻细菌(Chloroplast), 其他物种较分散。值得注意的是, 其中李斯特菌属、埃希氏菌属/志贺氏菌属、梭菌属、罗氏菌属、粪杆菌属、芽孢菌属、弧菌属、链球菌属、假单胞菌属、气单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、肠球菌属共12个属中包含有能使人致病的菌种。
为了进一步研究物种的发育分析关系, 绘制进化树能更直观地呈现其结果[17], 本研究选择属水平进行。通过多序列比对得到排名前100属的代表序列, 如图7所示, 从门水平来看, 排名前100属物种聚集在蓝澡门、变形杆菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、疣微菌门、弯曲菌门、脱硫杆菌门8个门。花生酱、芝麻酱、混合酱3种类型样品中物种主要聚集在蓝澡门和变形杆菌门, 3种类型样品在厚壁菌门中物种丰富度很高, 共识别到43个属, 但丰度却大大降低。
从样品类型看, 花生酱、芝麻酱、混合酱3种类型样品中物种主要聚集3个不同分支, 即未被分类的Mitochondria属、未被分类的Chloroplast属和戴尔福特菌属, 未被分类的Mitochondria属属于变形菌门α变形菌纲立克次氏体目中一种原核微生物, 未被分类的Chloroplast属属于蓝细菌门中一种常见细菌, 代尔夫特菌属属于变形杆菌门γ-变形菌纲伯克氏菌目丛毛单胞菌科, 这与属分类水平物种丰度注释结果一致。
本研究采用PCoA分析, 探究3组样本间菌群构成情况。结果显示(图8), 3组样本中各样本点间距离较大, 表明各组内菌群构成差异较大, 且3组样本间也存在一定距离, 花生酱、芝麻酱和混合酱群落呈分离状态, 提示3组样本的群落构成具有较大差异。
采用Anosim分析检验组间的差异是否显著大于组内差异, 从而判断分组是否有意义[22], 并通过Bray-Curtis方法进行组间差异显著性检验。由表1可知, R均大于0, 说明组间差异大于组内差异, 且组间差异具有统计学意义(P均小于0.05)。
本研究韦恩分析表明花生酱、芝麻酱和混合酱样品细菌构成不甚相同, 且芝麻酱样品所含的细菌种类最丰富, 而混合酱样品中细菌种类丰度明显减少, 这可能与混合酱制作工艺差异有关[23-25]。物种组成分析发现花生酱、芝麻酱和混合酱中蓝藻门都占有绝对优势, 这一研究结果与王鸣秋等[26]对婴幼儿羊奶粉及米粉的研究结果一致, 除此之外其他食品中蓝藻门丰度相对较高的有雷山鱼酱酸中[15]、腌制臭鸡蛋中[27]、川味发酵香肠中[28]、新疆伊犁地区哈萨克族和柯尔克孜族的传统谷物发酵饮料中[29]。花生酱、芝麻酱和混合酱中蓝藻门都占有绝对优势可能是因为花生酱、芝麻酱、混合酱的主要原料为花生/芝麻, 花生属于豆科植物[30], 芝麻属于油料作物[31], 皆是一年生草本植物, 具有固氮作用, 蓝藻有很多种类(如螺旋藻)与固氮作用密不可分, 因此花生/芝麻作为原料在加工过程中不可避免地带入较多的蓝藻[32]。另一种可能是生产用水被蓝藻污染, 导致最终产品含有较多蓝藻, 这些推测有待进一步证实。此外, 厚壁菌门和变形菌门为优势菌门, 这与汤晓召等[2]研究结果一致。变形菌门是细菌中最大的一门, 具有极为多样的形状和丰富的物种遗传多样性, 包括很多可以进行固氮的细菌, 同时也包括很多病原菌, 通常是细菌性食物中毒的主要污染来源[9,29], 花生酱、芝麻酱中该类细菌为优势菌, 提示需加强对该类细菌中致病菌的监测。厚壁菌门细胞壁厚含肽聚糖量高, 能够形成芽孢, 在强碱性、高温、寒冷、高压和高盐等极端环境中都能生长[33-34], 推测花生、芝麻酱在生产过程中的高温、干燥环境使得这类细菌成为优势菌。3组样品属水平物种丰度聚类热图中显示的物种聚集较多的李斯特菌属、埃希氏菌属/志贺氏菌属、梭菌属、罗氏菌属、粪杆菌属、芽孢菌属、弧菌属、链球菌属、假单胞菌属、气单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、肠球菌属中都包含有能使人致病的菌种, 提示花生酱、芝麻酱有原料污染风险或卫生控制漏洞。企业应加强花生、芝麻原料的食源性致病菌筛查, 优化灭菌工艺, 食品安全监管部门应建立该类产品致病菌快速检测标准, 尤其重点关注李斯特菌属、埃希氏菌属/志贺氏菌属、产气荚膜梭菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌等高风险病原体。
本研究以芝麻酱、花生酱为研究对象, 在4个州市的市场中采集160份样本包含了花生酱、芝麻酱和花生/芝麻混合酱3种类型样本, 对其16S rRNA V4区域进行扩增子测序并进行细菌群落组成和多样性分析, 结果发现, 3组样本中特征序列数芝麻酱最多, 花生酱居中, 混合酱显著减少; 3组样本中细菌主要来自于变形菌门、蓝藻门、厚壁菌门, 属水平分析发现3组样本菌群丰度存在较大差异, 识别出的前35个优势菌属中有12个属包含有能使人致病的种(致病菌种属占比34.3%), 包含了易引发食物中毒的李斯特菌属, 被列为肠道致病菌的埃希氏菌/志贺氏菌属, 有产毒素风险的梭菌属, 包含霍乱病原体的弧菌属等。这些结果表明花生酱、芝麻酱加工过程中存在多重微生物污染风险, 生产企业需加强原料筛选和加工环境微生物管控, 食品监管部门应重视对芝麻酱、花生酱终产品的致病菌风险监测。本研究下一步计划对花生酱、芝麻酱进行宏基因组测序分析, 进一步解析菌群功能特征。
  • 云南省医学高端人才培养计划项目(L-2024020)
  • 云南省疾病预防控制中心(云南省预防医学科学院)自主立项科研项目(YNAPM2025-005)
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2025年第16卷第16期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250220002
  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
基金
云南省医学高端人才培养计划项目(L-2024020)
云南省疾病预防控制中心(云南省预防医学科学院)自主立项科研项目(YNAPM2025-005)
作者信息
    1 云南省疾病预防控制中心(云南省预防医学科学院), 昆明 650500
    2 云南省公共卫生与生物安全重点实验室, 昆明 650500

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* 范璐(1983—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品微生物检测与食物中毒检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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