Article(id=1153433745056064285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250202001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738425600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929634583, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929634583, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929634583, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929634583, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=139, endPage=145, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433745857176381, articleId=1153433745056064285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Investigation and health risk assessment of metal element pollution in liquid milk in Inner Mongolia region, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To understand the metal element contamination in liquid milk in Inner Mongolia region from 2022 to 2023 and assess the metal health exposure risk for the population in Inner Mongolia region. Methods A total of 4103 samples of locally produced liquid milk were collected from Inner Mongolia region. Lead, total mercury, cadmium, chromium and total arsenic were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The inverno comprehensive pollution index method was used to evaluate the pollution levels of these elements. Considering the actual dietary intake of residents in Inner Mongolia region, the carcinogenic risk assessment (TCR) and non-carcinogenic risk assessment [target hazard quotient (THQ)] were employed to assess the health risks posed by metal elements in liquid milk to the population in Inner Mongolia region. Results In the 4013 samples monitored, all 5 kinds of metal elements were detected. The over-limit detection rate for lead was 22.26% (187/840), for cadmium it was 5.83% (49/840), for total mercury it was 5.12% (43/840), for total arsenic it was 6.54% (55/841), and for chromium it was 40.18% (262/652). Lead, total mercury, and total arsenic all had samples exceeding the limits, with exceedance rates of 5.83% (49/840), 0.119% (1/841), and 0.12% (1/841), respectively. The inverno index for all 5 kinds of metal elements was below 0.7; the TCR for total arsenic and cadmium was less than 10-4, Within an acceptable risk range; THQ of lead, chromium, and total mercury were all less than 1. Conclusion This study systematically analyzed and comprehensively assessed the sources of heavy metal pollution in liquid milk from different production and processing types, providing a scientific basis for government decision-making, regulation, and the revision of national food safety standards.

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目的 掌握2022—2023年内蒙古地区液态乳中金属元素污染情况, 评估内蒙古地区人群金属健康暴露风险。方法 采集内蒙古地区地产的液态乳4103份, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对样本中铅、总汞、镉、铬及总砷元素进行检测, 采用内梅罗综合污染指数法评估元素的污染情况。结合内蒙古地区居民膳食摄入量的实际情况, 运用致癌风险评估法(target cancer risk, TCR)与非致癌风险评估法[目标危险系数法(target hazard quotient, THQ)], 评估液态乳中金属元素对内蒙古地区人群的健康危害。结果 在监测的4013份样本中, 5种金属元素均有检出。铅的检出率为22.26% (187/840), 镉的检出率为5.83% (49/840), 总汞的检出率为5.12% (43/840), 总砷的检出率为6.54% (55/841), 铬的检出率为40.18% (262/652), 且铅、总汞、总砷均有超标样本检出, 超标率分别为5.83% (49/840)、0.119% (1/841)、0.12% (1/841); 5种金属元素的内梅罗综合污染指数均小于等于0.7; 总砷、镉的TCR<10-4 μg/(kg·d), 处于可接受的风险范围之内; 铅、铬、总汞的THQ均小于1。结论 本研究对不同生产加工类型的液态乳中重金属的污染来源进行系统分析与综合风险评估, 为政府决策、监管及食品安全国家标准制修订提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=蒲云霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 蒲云霞(1974—), 女, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:
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菅敏(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:

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Investigation and analysis of lead, cadmium, and total mercury pollution in major foods in Inner Mongolia from 2012 to 2016[J]. Chinese Journal of Food Hygiene, 2018, 30(2): 177-181., articleTitle=Investigation and analysis of lead, cadmium, and total mercury pollution in major foods in Inner Mongolia from 2012 to 2016, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1171733668503535685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=27, issue=24, pageStart=3511, pageEnd=3513, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=55, authorNames=王彩霞, 袁文婷, 刘宇, journalName=中国卫生检验杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王彩霞, 袁文婷, 刘宇, 等. 陕西省乳蛋类食品中重金属膳食暴露风险评估[J]. 中国卫生检验杂志, 2017, 27(24): 3511-3513., articleTitle=陕西省乳蛋类食品中重金属膳食暴露风险评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1171733668558061641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=27, issue=24, pageStart=3511, pageEnd=3513, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=56, authorNames=WANG CX, YUAN WT, LIU Y, journalName=Chinese Journal of Health Inspection, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG CX, YUAN WT, LIU Y, et al. Risk assessment of dietary exposure to heavy metals in dairy and egg products in Shaanxi Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Health Inspection, 2017, 27(24): 3511-3513., articleTitle=Risk assessment of dietary exposure to heavy metals in dairy and egg products in Shaanxi Province, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1171733668700667980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=33, issue=4, pageStart=294, pageEnd=301, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=57, authorNames=董峰光, 王朝霞, 宫春波, journalName=青岛农业大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=董峰光, 王朝霞, 宫春波, 等. 烟台市售乳及乳制品重金属污染状况及暴露风险评估研究[J]. 青岛农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 33(4): 294-301., articleTitle=烟台市售乳及乳制品重金属污染状况及暴露风险评估研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1171733668755193933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=33, issue=4, pageStart=294, pageEnd=301, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=58, authorNames=DONG FG, WANG CX, GONG CB, journalName=Journal of Qingdao Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=DONG FG, WANG CX, GONG CB, et al. Study on heavy metal pollution and exposure risk assessment of milk and dairy products sold in Yantai City[J]. Journal of Qingdao Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition), 2016, 33(4): 294-301., articleTitle=Study on heavy metal pollution and exposure risk assessment of milk and dairy products sold in Yantai City, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1171733663478760417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, awardId=2021GG0119, language=CN, fundingSource=内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2021GG0119), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1171733657879364454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733657900335975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, companyId=1171733657879364454, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. College of Public Health, Baotou Medical University, Baotou 014010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733657904530280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, companyId=1171733657879364454, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.包头医学院公共卫生学院, 包头 014010)]), AuthorCompany(id=1171733657996804970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733658034553708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, companyId=1171733657996804970, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733658042942317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, companyId=1171733657996804970, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.内蒙古自治区疾病预防控制中心, 呼和浩特 010000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1171733661780067267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of different types of liquid milk at different sampling stages, figureFileSmall=EDe2+KhhPVw/J+qmOOQE3w==, figureFileBig=9IVi/NwG3BvFfOo/rLvbRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733661893313476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同类别液态乳在不同采样环节的分布, figureFileSmall=EDe2+KhhPVw/J+qmOOQE3w==, figureFileBig=9IVi/NwG3BvFfOo/rLvbRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733662014948294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dietary consumption data and weight statistics of various gender age groups in Inner Mongolia region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群分组 调查人数 IR/(kg/d) BW/kg
0~6岁 100 0.207 19.64
6~18岁 276 0.286 43.7
18~59岁男 658 0.219 74.0
18~59岁女 702 0.283 61.9
>60岁男 160 0.207 68.9
>60岁女 166 0.205 62.1
合计 2062 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733662094640072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

内蒙古地区各性别-年龄组人群膳食消费量数据及其体重统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群分组 调查人数 IR/(kg/d) BW/kg
0~6岁 100 0.207 19.64
6~18岁 276 0.286 43.7
18~59岁男 658 0.219 74.0
18~59岁女 702 0.283 61.9
>60岁男 160 0.207 68.9
>60岁女 166 0.205 62.1
合计 2062 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733662174331849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detection of heavy metal elements in 5 kinds of liquid milk in Inner Mongolia region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目 N/份 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(mg/kg) P95/(mg/kg) 检出值范围/(mg/kg)
840 22.26 5.83 0.00545 0.02600 0.002~0.056
总汞 840 5.12 0.12 0.00172 0.00300 0.002~0.010
总砷 841 6.54 0.12 0.00350 0.00648 0.002~0.420
652 40.18 0.00 0.04460 0.19700 0.005~0.295
840 5.83 - 0.00192 0.00379 0.002~0.072
总计 4013 14.85 1.30 - - -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733662283383755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

内蒙古地区5种液态乳中重金属元素检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目 N/份 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(mg/kg) P95/(mg/kg) 检出值范围/(mg/kg)
840 22.26 5.83 0.00545 0.02600 0.002~0.056
总汞 840 5.12 0.12 0.00172 0.00300 0.002~0.010
总砷 841 6.54 0.12 0.00350 0.00648 0.002~0.420
652 40.18 0.00 0.04460 0.19700 0.005~0.295
840 5.83 - 0.00192 0.00379 0.002~0.072
总计 4013 14.85 1.30 - - -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733662363075532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Pollution of heavy metals lead, cadmium, and chromium in 5 kinds of liquid milk in Inner Mongolia region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
液态乳
N 检出率
/%
超标率
/%
平均值
/μg/kg
N 检出率
/%
超标率
/%
平均值/μg/kg N 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值
/μg/kg
生乳 277 29.24 8.30 6.10 277 5.78 - 1.93 270 36.29 0 34.6
巴氏杀菌乳 83 26.51 3.61 5.19 83 2.41 - 1.58 61 47.54 0 53.3
灭菌乳 255 18.82 7.84 5.18 258 6.20 - 1.77 120 35.83 0 44.3
发酵乳 65 18.46 1.54 5.60 62 3.23 - 2.09 141 50.35 0 55.6
调制乳 160 15.00 1.25 4.85 160 8.13 - 2.27 60 43.33 0 55.2
总计 840 22.26 5.83 - 840 5.83 - - 652 40.18 0 -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733662459544526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

内蒙古地区5种液态乳中重金属铅、镉、铬的污染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
液态乳
N 检出率
/%
超标率
/%
平均值
/μg/kg
N 检出率
/%
超标率
/%
平均值/μg/kg N 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值
/μg/kg
生乳 277 29.24 8.30 6.10 277 5.78 - 1.93 270 36.29 0 34.6
巴氏杀菌乳 83 26.51 3.61 5.19 83 2.41 - 1.58 61 47.54 0 53.3
灭菌乳 255 18.82 7.84 5.18 258 6.20 - 1.77 120 35.83 0 44.3
发酵乳 65 18.46 1.54 5.60 62 3.23 - 2.09 141 50.35 0 55.6
调制乳 160 15.00 1.25 4.85 160 8.13 - 2.27 60 43.33 0 55.2
总计 840 22.26 5.83 - 840 5.83 - - 652 40.18 0 -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733662547624912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Pollution of heavy metals total mercury and total arsenic in 5 kinds of liquid milk in Inner Mongolia region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总汞 总砷
N 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(μg/kg) N 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(μg/kg)
生乳 277 6.86 0 1.78 277 8.30 0 3.18
巴氏杀菌乳 83 0 0 1.50 83 3.61 0 2.17
灭菌乳 255 6.67 0 1.80 256 5.08 0.39 4.42
发酵乳 65 0 0 1.50 65 7.69 0 2.43
调制乳 160 4.38 0.625 1.72 160 6.88 0 3.69
总计 840 5.12 0.119 - 841 6.54 0.12 -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733662623122384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

内蒙古地区5种液态乳中重金属总汞、总砷的污染情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总汞 总砷
N 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(μg/kg) N 检出率/% 超标率/% 平均值/(μg/kg)
生乳 277 6.86 0 1.78 277 8.30 0 3.18
巴氏杀菌乳 83 0 0 1.50 83 3.61 0 2.17
灭菌乳 255 6.67 0 1.80 256 5.08 0.39 4.42
发酵乳 65 0 0 1.50 65 7.69 0 2.43
调制乳 160 4.38 0.625 1.72 160 6.88 0 3.69
总计 840 5.12 0.119 - 841 6.54 0.12 -
), ArticleFig(id=1171733662707008466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Metal element pollution in liquid milk in Inner Mongolia region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 铅污染指数 总汞污染指数 铬污染指数 总砷污染指数 内梅罗综合污染指数 污染程度 主要污染物
生乳 0.305 0.178 0.115 0.0318 0.242 安全
巴氏杀菌乳 0.260 0.150 0.178 0.0217 0.213 安全
灭菌乳 0.259 0.180 0.144 0.0442 0.214 安全
发酵乳 0.140 0.150 0.185 0.0243 0.158 安全
调制乳 0.121 0.172 0.184 0.0369 0.159 安全
), ArticleFig(id=1171733662849614804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

内蒙古地区不同液态乳中重金属元素污染指数评估结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 铅污染指数 总汞污染指数 铬污染指数 总砷污染指数 内梅罗综合污染指数 污染程度 主要污染物
生乳 0.305 0.178 0.115 0.0318 0.242 安全
巴氏杀菌乳 0.260 0.150 0.178 0.0217 0.213 安全
灭菌乳 0.259 0.180 0.144 0.0442 0.214 安全
发酵乳 0.140 0.150 0.185 0.0243 0.158 安全
调制乳 0.121 0.172 0.184 0.0369 0.159 安全
), ArticleFig(id=1171733662925112277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

EDI of heavy metals in different gender age groups [μg/(kg·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群分组 总汞 总砷
0~6岁 5.72×10-2 1.81×10-2 4.68×10-1 3.68×10-2 2.01×10-2
7~18岁 3.56×10-2 1.12×10-2 2.92×10-1 2.29×10-2 1.26×10-2
19~59岁男 1.61×10-2 5.07×10-3 1.31×10-1 1.03×10-2 5.66×10-3
19~59岁女 2.49×10-2 7.86×10-3 2.04×10-3 1.60×10-2 8.77×10-3
≥60岁男 1.64×10-2 5.16×10-3 1.34×10-1 1.05×10-2 5.76×10-3
≥60岁女 1.79×10-2 5.68×10-3 1.47×10-1 1.16×10-2 6.34×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1171733663004804055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同性别-年龄组人群重金属EDI [μg/(kg·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群分组 总汞 总砷
0~6岁 5.72×10-2 1.81×10-2 4.68×10-1 3.68×10-2 2.01×10-2
7~18岁 3.56×10-2 1.12×10-2 2.92×10-1 2.29×10-2 1.26×10-2
19~59岁男 1.61×10-2 5.07×10-3 1.31×10-1 1.03×10-2 5.66×10-3
19~59岁女 2.49×10-2 7.86×10-3 2.04×10-3 1.60×10-2 8.77×10-3
≥60岁男 1.64×10-2 5.16×10-3 1.34×10-1 1.05×10-2 5.76×10-3
≥60岁女 1.79×10-2 5.68×10-3 1.47×10-1 1.16×10-2 6.34×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1171733663092884441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Non carcinogenic risk assessment results [THQ, μg/(kg·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群分组 总汞 TTHQ
0~6岁 1.62×10-2 6.03×10-2 1.56×10-1 2.33×10-1
7~18岁 9.88×10-3 3.73×10-2 9.73×10-2 1.44×10-1
19~59岁男 4.47×10-3 1.69×10-2 4.37×10-2 6.51×10-2
19~59岁女 6.92×10-3 2.62×10-2 6.80×10-2 1.01×10-1
≥60岁男 4.56×10-3 1.72×10-2 4.47×10-2 6.65×10-2
≥60岁女 4.97×10-3 1.89×10-2 4.90×10-2 7.29×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1171733663201936347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

非致癌风险评估结果[THQ, μg/(kg·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群分组 总汞 TTHQ
0~6岁 1.62×10-2 6.03×10-2 1.56×10-1 2.33×10-1
7~18岁 9.88×10-3 3.73×10-2 9.73×10-2 1.44×10-1
19~59岁男 4.47×10-3 1.69×10-2 4.37×10-2 6.51×10-2
19~59岁女 6.92×10-3 2.62×10-2 6.80×10-2 1.01×10-1
≥60岁男 4.56×10-3 1.72×10-2 4.47×10-2 6.65×10-2
≥60岁女 4.97×10-3 1.89×10-2 4.90×10-2 7.29×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1171733663281628124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Cancer risk assessment results[TCR, μg/(kg·d)]

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人群分组 总砷
0~6岁 2.45×10-2 3.30×10-3
7~18岁 1.53×10-2 2.07×10-3
19~59岁男 6.87×10-3 9.28×10-3
19~59岁女 1.07×10-2 1.44×10-2
≥60岁男 7.00×10-3 9.44×10-4
≥60岁女 7.73×10-3 1.04×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1171733663348736990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745056064285, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

致癌风险评估结果[TCR, μg/(kg·d)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人群分组 总砷
0~6岁 2.45×10-2 3.30×10-3
7~18岁 1.53×10-2 2.07×10-3
19~59岁男 6.87×10-3 9.28×10-3
19~59岁女 1.07×10-2 1.44×10-2
≥60岁男 7.00×10-3 9.44×10-4
≥60岁女 7.73×10-3 1.04×10-3
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内蒙古地区液态乳中重金属污染调查与风险评估
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菅敏 1 , 蒲云霞 2, * , 商慧敏 2 , 王朝亮 2 , 李嘉凝 2 , 张超 2 , 常春霞 2 , 闫萍 2 , 侯坤 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(8): 139-145
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(8): 139-145
内蒙古地区液态乳中重金属污染调查与风险评估
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菅敏1 , 蒲云霞2, * , 商慧敏2, 王朝亮2, 李嘉凝2, 张超2, 常春霞2, 闫萍2, 侯坤2
作者信息
  • 1.包头医学院公共卫生学院, 包头 014010
  • 2.内蒙古自治区疾病预防控制中心, 呼和浩特 010000
  • 菅敏(1999—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 蒲云霞(1974—), 女, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:
Investigation and health risk assessment of metal element pollution in liquid milk in Inner Mongolia region
Min JIAN1 , Yun-Xia PU2, * , Hui-Min SHANG2, Chao-Liang WANG2, Jia-Ning LI2, Chao ZHANG2, Chun-Xia CHANG2, Ping YAN2, Kun HOU2
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Public Health, Baotou Medical University, Baotou 014010, China
  • 2. Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250202001
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目的 掌握2022—2023年内蒙古地区液态乳中金属元素污染情况, 评估内蒙古地区人群金属健康暴露风险。方法 采集内蒙古地区地产的液态乳4103份, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对样本中铅、总汞、镉、铬及总砷元素进行检测, 采用内梅罗综合污染指数法评估元素的污染情况。结合内蒙古地区居民膳食摄入量的实际情况, 运用致癌风险评估法(target cancer risk, TCR)与非致癌风险评估法[目标危险系数法(target hazard quotient, THQ)], 评估液态乳中金属元素对内蒙古地区人群的健康危害。结果 在监测的4013份样本中, 5种金属元素均有检出。铅的检出率为22.26% (187/840), 镉的检出率为5.83% (49/840), 总汞的检出率为5.12% (43/840), 总砷的检出率为6.54% (55/841), 铬的检出率为40.18% (262/652), 且铅、总汞、总砷均有超标样本检出, 超标率分别为5.83% (49/840)、0.119% (1/841)、0.12% (1/841); 5种金属元素的内梅罗综合污染指数均小于等于0.7; 总砷、镉的TCR<10-4 μg/(kg·d), 处于可接受的风险范围之内; 铅、铬、总汞的THQ均小于1。结论 本研究对不同生产加工类型的液态乳中重金属的污染来源进行系统分析与综合风险评估, 为政府决策、监管及食品安全国家标准制修订提供科学依据。

液态乳  /  重金属元素  /  风险评估

Objective To understand the metal element contamination in liquid milk in Inner Mongolia region from 2022 to 2023 and assess the metal health exposure risk for the population in Inner Mongolia region. Methods A total of 4103 samples of locally produced liquid milk were collected from Inner Mongolia region. Lead, total mercury, cadmium, chromium and total arsenic were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The inverno comprehensive pollution index method was used to evaluate the pollution levels of these elements. Considering the actual dietary intake of residents in Inner Mongolia region, the carcinogenic risk assessment (TCR) and non-carcinogenic risk assessment [target hazard quotient (THQ)] were employed to assess the health risks posed by metal elements in liquid milk to the population in Inner Mongolia region. Results In the 4013 samples monitored, all 5 kinds of metal elements were detected. The over-limit detection rate for lead was 22.26% (187/840), for cadmium it was 5.83% (49/840), for total mercury it was 5.12% (43/840), for total arsenic it was 6.54% (55/841), and for chromium it was 40.18% (262/652). Lead, total mercury, and total arsenic all had samples exceeding the limits, with exceedance rates of 5.83% (49/840), 0.119% (1/841), and 0.12% (1/841), respectively. The inverno index for all 5 kinds of metal elements was below 0.7; the TCR for total arsenic and cadmium was less than 10-4, Within an acceptable risk range; THQ of lead, chromium, and total mercury were all less than 1. Conclusion This study systematically analyzed and comprehensively assessed the sources of heavy metal pollution in liquid milk from different production and processing types, providing a scientific basis for government decision-making, regulation, and the revision of national food safety standards.

liquid milk  /  metal elements  /  risk assessment
菅敏, 蒲云霞, 商慧敏, 王朝亮, 李嘉凝, 张超, 常春霞, 闫萍, 侯坤. 内蒙古地区液态乳中重金属污染调查与风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 139 -145 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250202001
Min JIAN, Yun-Xia PU, Hui-Min SHANG, Chao-Liang WANG, Jia-Ning LI, Chao ZHANG, Chun-Xia CHANG, Ping YAN, Kun HOU. Investigation and health risk assessment of metal element pollution in liquid milk in Inner Mongolia region[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 139 -145 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250202001
在全球范围内, 环境污染问题日趋增多, 特别是重金属污染, 已成为引起人类健康重大威胁的核心议题之一。重金属污染物一旦通过饲草料被乳牛摄入体内, 便会在其液态乳中累积, 从而引发一系列潜在的健康风险[1-2]。液态乳中的重金属污染主要来源于乳牛的饲养环境和液态乳的加工过程。如乳牛饲养过程中的水源污染主要来自工业废水的排放和矿山的开采污染的土壤和地下水; 空气中的重金属微粒能通过乳牛的呼吸系统进入其体内; 液态乳的加工过程使用含重金属成分的设备、管道、容器等, 也会导致乳制品中重金属含量超标, 进而对消费者的健康构成潜在威胁[3-7]。内蒙古是乳液大省, 据统计, 2022年, 全区牛奶产量733.83万t, 占全国牛奶产量的18.66%, 居全国第1位。因此, 开展内蒙古地区液态乳中重金属元素的污染调查显得尤为重要。
本研究研究旨在通过对内蒙古地产的液态乳中铅、总汞、总砷、铬及镉5种重金属元素开展污染调查, 评估其健康暴露风险, 为国家制修订食品安全标准、推动内蒙古地区乳制品产业持续健康发展提供科学依据。
在2022年至2023年间, 在内蒙古自治区12个盟市, 按照随机抽样原则分别在养殖环节、收购环节、流通环节(商店、农贸市场、路边摊)随机采集内蒙古地区地产的液态乳样品。共采集样本4013份, 其中生乳1378份, 巴氏杀菌乳393份, 灭菌乳1144份, 发酵乳398份以及调制乳700份。样本量分配充分考虑了各盟市液态乳生产规模和市场流通特点, 确保了样本在类型和地域分布上的代表性。所有样本均按照统一标准采集、处理和保存, 为后续研究提供了可靠的数据基础。不同类别液态乳在不同采样环节的分布见图1
样本的检测采用GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》与GB 5009.17—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总汞及有机汞的测定》中第一法(电感耦合等离子体质谱法)进行测定乳制品中铅、总汞、总砷、铬、镉, 方法的检出限(limit of detection, LOD)分别为铅0.004 mg/kg、总汞0.003 mg/kg、总砷0.004 mg/kg、铬0.01 mg/kg、镉0.003 mg/kg。
(1)样本采集过程中的质量控制
随机抽样, 要采集内蒙古地区生产的不同品牌的液态乳, 采集的样本类别包括生乳、杀菌乳、灭菌乳、发酵乳、调制乳, 每个类别样本量不少于300份, 采样环节要覆盖养殖环节、流通环节、收购环节。
(2)检测过程中的质量控制
检测元素时, 采用全过程空白试验、平行双样测定、样本加标回收率及有证标准物质等方法进行质量控制。
按照GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》限量标准进行评价, 具体为生乳、巴氏杀菌乳和灭菌乳铅的限量为0.02 mg/kg; 调制乳和发酵乳铅的限量为0.04 mg/kg; 液态乳总汞、总砷和铬的限量分别为0.01、0.10和0.30 mg/kg。
按照世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)全球环境监测系统/食品污染监测与评估规划第二次会议关于“食品中低水平污染物可信评价”中对未检出数据处理原则[8-9], 当样本中元素含量低于LOD, 则存在两种情况的处理方式。当检出率≥60%时, 使用LOD来替代未检出的值。当检出率低<60%, 采用LOD值的一半(1/2 LOD)来替代未检出值。在进行数据统计分析时, 本研究采用了SPSS 22.0软件。为了对检出率行比较分析, 运用秩和检验和χ2检验。在统计结果中, 当P<0.05时, 认为差异具有统计学上的意义。
(1)单因子污染指数法
按照GB 2762—2022规定的铅、铬、总汞、总砷的限量值, 采用单因子污染指数法[10-11]对本地区生产液态乳中的元素含量进行评估。单因子污染指数法能够精准地展现出样本受单一元素污染的程度, 其中, Pi值越大表示污染程度越重。计算如公式(1)。
Pi=Ci/Si
式中: Pi为某种污染物的单因子污染指数, Ci为该种污染物实际测定的浓度, Si为该污染物国标中最高允许的限值。其等级评价标准为: Pi<0.2表示清洁; 0.2≤Pi<0.6表示轻度污染; 0.6≤Pi<1.0表示中度污染; Pi>1.0表示重度污染。
(2)内梅罗污染指数法
用于综合评价液态乳最高污染指数[12-13]。计算如公式(2)。
$P_{\text {综 }}=\left(\frac{P_{\text {平均 }}^{2}+P_{\max }^{2}}{2}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$
式中: P为各元素单项污染指数; Pmax为各单项污染指数中最大值; P平均为各单项污染指数的平均值。该方法的评价标准为: P≤0.7为安全; 0.7<P≤1表示警戒线; 1<P≤2表示轻污染; 2<P≤3表示中污染; P>3表示重污染。
(1)摄入量计算
采用美国环境保护署(US Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA)制定的人体污染物暴露健康风险评估方法, 对液态乳中的元素含量进行了详尽的风险评估。根据此方法, 本研究利用公式(3)精确地计算了元素的日均摄入量(estimated daily intake, EDI)[14-15]
EDI=$\frac{C\times \text{IR}}{\text{BW}}$
式中: EDI为食用液态乳产生的日均摄入量, mg/(kg·d); C为液态乳中元素的浓度, mg/kg; IR为液态乳的消费量, kg/d; BW为暴露人群体重, kg。本次评估用到的液态乳的消费量以及暴露人群的体重数据均来自2022年内蒙古地区液态乳的消费量数据库见表1
(2)非致癌风险评估—目标危险系数法
铅、总汞、铬因未列入Ⅰ类致癌物质范畴, 故在评估其健康风险时, 采用非致癌风险评估方法, 即目标危险系数法(target hazard quotient, THQ)进行计算。对于这3种元素共同引发的健康风险, 通过总目标危险系数(total target hazard quotient, TTHQ)进行综合评估[16-18], 计算见公式(4)~(5)。
THQ=$\frac{\text{EF}\times \text{ED}\times \text{EDI}}{\text{RfD}\times TA}$
TTQH=∑THQ
式中: THQ为目标危险系数; TTHQ为总目标危险系数, TTHQ≤1, 无负面影响; TTHQ>1, 负面影响可能性很大; TTHQ>10, 慢性毒性效应; EF为暴露频率, 365 d/a; ED为暴露持续时间, 70 a; EF、ED[19-20]主要来源《中国人群暴露参数手册》, 参考USEPA数据; RfD[21]为日均暴露参考剂量, mg/(kg·d), 重金属元素铅、总汞、铬的日均暴露参考剂量分别为: 0.0036、0.0003、0.003 mg/(kg·d); TA为人群平均作用时间, d; TA=ED×365 (d/a)。
(3)致癌风险评估
总砷与镉属于Ⅰ类致癌物质, 为评估这些元素对人体健康的具体风险, 本研究引入致癌风险评估法(target cancer risk, TCR)[22], 计算见公式(6)。
TCR=EDI×SF
式中: TCR为元素暴露产生的终身致癌风险, TCR≤10-6, 风险可忽略; 10-6<TCR≤10-4, 风险可接受; 10-4<TCR, 严重风险; EDI为食品产生的元素日均暴露剂量, mg/(kg·d); SF为元素的致癌斜率因子, mg/(kg·d), 参考USEPA的IRIS毒性数据库[23-24], 重金属元素总砷、镉的致癌斜率因子分别为: 1.5 mg/(kg·d)、6.1 mg/(kg·d)。
在监测的4013份液态乳样本中, 5种重金属元素均有检出, 检出率从高到低为铬(40.18%)>铅(22.26%)>总砷(6.54%)>镉(5.83%)>总汞(5.12%)。按照GB 2762—2022中规定, 所有样本中铬含量均低于标准中规定的限值(0.3 mg/kg); 总汞、总砷和铅的超标率分别为0.12%, 0.12%和5.83%。结果见表2
在所采集的5种液态乳中, 铅的平均含量从大到小依次为生乳>发酵乳>巴氏杀菌乳>灭菌乳>调制乳。经χ2检验, 5种不同液态乳样本中铅的检出率差异无统计学意义(χ2=16.4, P=4)。使用Kruskal-Waliis H检验时, 结果显示不同液态乳之间的铅含量存在显著差异, 具有统计学意义(H=12.8, P=0.01)。通过进一步的两两比较, 发现生乳中的铅含量与灭菌乳及调制乳中的铅含量存在显著性差异(H=6.16, P=0.013; H=8.97, P=0.003)。铅作为一种广泛存在的环境污染物, 能够通过大气沉降、水体污染以及土壤渗透等途径进入奶牛的食物链, 并在其体内蓄积, 最终转移至生乳中。由于生乳是未经任何处理的原料乳, 其铅含量直接反映了环境暴露水平。其他4种液态乳在加工过程中可能通过物理或化学方法(如过滤、离心、稀释等)有效减少铅的含量, 从而降低最终产品中的铅浓度[25]
不同类别的液态乳中镉的含量呈现出明显差异, 其中, 巴氏杀菌乳中镉的检出率最低, 为2.41%; 调制乳中镉的检出率最高, 为8.13%。卡方检验结果显示5种不同液态乳样本中镉的检出率差异无统计学意义(χ2=4.13, P=4), 因此, 当前数据不足以认为这5种液态乳在镉的检出率上存在区别。
5种液态乳中铬的检出率呈现出明显差异, 其中, 铬在液态乳中的检出率普遍偏高, 特别是在发酵乳中的检出率最高, 达到了50.35%。在所有液态乳中铬的含量均未超过国家标准限值。卡方检验结果显示铬检出率在不同液态乳中的差异具有显著性(χ2=10.1, P=0.039)。进一步进行两两比较, 发现发酵乳与生乳及灭菌乳中铬含量有明显差异(χ2=7.56, P=0.056; χ2=5.56, P=0.012)。发酵乳中的乳酸菌和其他微生物可能通过代谢活动将环境中的三价铬转化为更易检测的六价铬, 从而提高铬的检出率。六价铬具有更高的生物活性和毒性, 且更易被检测方法识别[26]。结果见表3
5种液态乳中总汞的含量呈现出明显差异, 巴氏杀菌乳与发酵乳中均未检出总汞。在生乳、灭菌乳与调制乳3种液态乳中均检出总汞, 并且生乳中总汞的检出率最高, 为6.86%。在所有的液态乳样本中, 仅调制乳中有一份样本的总汞含量超出了标准限量。Kruskal-Waliis H检验显示这些液态乳间的总汞含量存在显著差异, 这一差异具有统计学意义(H=11.1, P=0.026)。两两对比分析, 结果显示生乳及灭菌乳的总汞含量显著高于巴氏杀菌乳的总汞含量(H=5.99, P=0.014; H=5.80, P=0.016)。同样地, 生乳及灭菌乳的总汞含量也显著高于发酵乳的总汞含量(H=4.70, P=0.030; H=4.56, P=0.033)。
5种液态乳中仅灭菌乳中有一份样本的总砷含量超出了标准限量。经过χ2检验的统计分析, 得出结论, 5种不同液态乳样本在总砷的检出率上并未表现出统计学上的显著差异(χ2 =4.01, P=4)。基于这一结果, 不能确认液态乳在总砷的检出率上存在区别。进一步通过Kruskal-Wallis H检验验证, 同样发现这5种不同液态乳样本在总砷含量上不存在统计学差异(H=7.83, P=2), 结果见表4
液态乳中重金属元素含量的单因子污染指数评价结果表明, 生乳、巴氏杀菌乳及灭菌乳中的铅污染程度被判定为轻度污染; 发酵乳与调制乳中铅处于清洁水平, 即属于无污染状态。生乳、巴氏杀菌乳及灭菌乳中主要的重金属污染物是铅元素, 发酵乳与调制乳的主要重金属污染物是铬元素。为了全面地评估液态乳的安全性, 本研究进一步采用了内梅罗综合污染指数法进行综合评估, 结果表明监测的液态乳中重金属元素的污染处于安全水平。结果见表5
本研究将人群分为成年男性、成年女性、儿童[24]分别分析不同重金属污染对人群的暴露, 结果表明, 0~6岁儿童、7~18岁儿童、19~59岁成年男性以及≥60岁成年男性与女性中均是重金属铬的日均摄入量较高, 分别为4.68×10-1、2.92×10-1、1.31×10-1、1.34×10-1、1.47×10-1 μg/(kg·d); 针对19~59岁这一年龄段成年女性中重金属铅的日均摄入量最高, 为2.49×10-2 μg/(kg·d), 结果见表6
不同性别-年龄人群对重金属元素的健康暴露风险评估结果显示, 液态乳中铅、总汞、铬对不同人群的THQ顺序为: 铬>总汞>铅, 且THQ均小于1; TTHQ的评估结果显示, 铅、铬、总汞对0~6岁儿童相较于其他年龄组稍高。结果见表7
评估结果显示, 不同性别-年龄组人群液态乳中总砷、镉致癌风险均处于可接受范围。大于19岁这一年龄段, 成年男性重金属镉、总汞的TCR值低于成年女性。研究表明女性可能通过化妆品、生活用品(如染发剂)摄入更多镉。女性较高的体脂率和雌激素水平也可能促进镉的蓄积。结果见表8
通过对内蒙古自治区2022—2023年液态乳中铅、总汞、镉、铬及总砷元素污染情况的研究结果显示, 5种重金属元素均有检出, 5种重金属元素的内梅罗指数均≤0.7, 污染程度处于安全范围内。
重金属铅、铬污染的主要来源包括工业排放的“三废”、生活垃圾以及汽车尾气等, 导致饲养用水和饲料中重金属铅的含量逐渐上升。此外, 使用含铅的化肥和农药亦是污染源之一。重金属铅、铬通过生物蓄积效应, 增加了人体摄入铅的风险。同时, 液态乳在采集、运输和加工等环节也可能被污染[26-30]
评估结果显示, 不同性别-年龄组人群的铅、铬、总汞THQ评估结果均小于1, 表明这3种重金属元素在当前浓度下不会对人体健康造成影响; TTHQ评估结果显示, 这3种元素对0~6岁儿童的膳食暴露风险相较于其他年龄组稍高; TCR结果显示总砷、镉致癌风险均<10-4 μg/(kg·d), 处于可接受的范围内, 在>18岁这一年龄组内, 女性对于5种重金属元素的膳食暴露风险略微高于男性。本次风险评估过程中, 未将生物可给性因素[31]纳入考量, 故当前计算所得致癌风险水平可能存在一定程度的高估。
通过对2022—2023年内蒙古地区液态乳中重金属元素污染状况调查分析发现, 本研究检测到的重金属铅的检出率显著低于蒲云霞等[32](2012—2016年)研究的结果, 重金属总汞和镉的检出率则呈现出升高趋势。重金属铅污染降低可能与近年来工业排放管控措施的加强相关; 重金属总汞和镉具有更强的生物蓄积性, 其半衰期较长(汞的半衰期约为70 d, 镉在人体内的半衰期可达10~30年), 可能在食物链中持续累积进入到环境中, 导致检出率升高。横向对比显示, 本研究检测到的重金属(总汞、镉、铅、总砷)污染水平显著低于陕西省[33]乳类食品中相应元素的污染水平。分析5种液态乳的综合污染指数, 生乳的P最高, 但仍显著低于烟台市[34]的污染评估结果(P=0.292, P<0.05)。这一差异可能与区域环境暴露特征、工业分布有关。在后续的工作中我们将持续关注液态乳中重金属的污染情况, 绘制重金属的污染地图, 为重金属的环境治理提供科学依据。
内蒙古位于北纬40°的黄金奶源带, 拥有全国最大面积的草原, 是国家重要的奶源基地。内蒙古自治区政府近年来出台了多项乳液振兴政策, 进一步规范了乳品行业的发展, 确保了液态乳的质量与安全, 让全国人民喝上安全放心奶。
  • 内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2021GG0119)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250202001
  • 接收时间:2025-02-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-02
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内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2021GG0119)
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    1.包头医学院公共卫生学院, 包头 014010
    2.内蒙古自治区疾病预防控制中心, 呼和浩特 010000

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* 蒲云霞(1974—), 女, 主任技师, 主要研究方向为食品安全风险监测与评估。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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