Article(id=1217845639065551462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250125001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737734400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768286626831, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768286626831, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768286626831, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768286626831, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217845635080962613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='16', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768286625881, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768287480278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217849218753024880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217845635080962613, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=238, endPage=246, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217845639426261625, articleId=1217845639065551462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Preparation of functional dairy products by co-microencapsulation of probiotic complex and stachyose, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To develope a co-microencapsulated probiotic-stachyose functional dairy product. Methods This research employed spray-drying technology using sodium alginate and stachyose as wall materials for probiotic encapsulation, with optimized parameters. The optimal yogurt formulation was determined through orthogonal experiments. Results The mass ratio of sodium alginate and stachyose was 3:1, the concentration of materials was 2.00%, and the spray drying was carried out at 140 ℃ and a feeding speed of 40%, the best embedding rate of the composite probiotics was achieved. Through orthogonal experiments, the yogurt formula was optimized to determine that the optimal combination was an addition rate of 0.08% for the starter culture, 3.00% for white granulated sugar, and 0.30% for stachyose. Under optimized conditions, the microencapsulation efficiency of probiotics reached optimal levels. Microscopic examination confirmed effective probiotic encapsulation, preventing thermal damage and improving stability. The final yogurt product demonstrated excellent color, taste, texture, and received outstanding sensory evaluations. Conclusion This study successfully developes a functional yogurt combining probiotic viability with superior sensory qualities, providing valuable technical insights for functional food innovation while meeting consumer demand for dairy products that balance health benefits with excellent taste.

, correspAuthors=Hui-Lian CHE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-Qiong LIU, Jia-Xun CONG, Qian-Nan WANG, Xie-Yu LIU, Bei-Ning GE, Hui-Lian CHE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217845642077061841, articleId=1217845639065551462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=复合益生菌-水苏糖共微胶囊化制备功能性乳制品的研究, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 制备复合益生菌-水苏糖共微胶囊功能性乳制品。方法 本研究采用喷雾干燥技术, 以海藻酸钠和水苏糖为壁材包裹益生菌, 优化工艺参数。通过正交试验确定酸奶最佳配方。结果 当海藻酸钠与水苏糖质量比为3:1、壁材浓度为2.00%, 在140 ℃、40%进料速度下进行喷雾干燥时, 复合益生菌包埋率最佳。通过正交试验优化酸奶配方, 确定发酵剂添加量0.08%、白砂糖3.00%、水苏糖0.30%为最佳组合。优化条件下复合益生菌包埋率达到最佳, 显微结构观察证实益生菌被有效包埋, 避免了热损伤并增强了稳定性, 成品酸奶色泽、口感、质地俱佳, 感官评价优异。结论 本研究成功开发了一种兼具益生菌活性和良好感官品质的功能性酸奶, 为功能食品创新提供了技术参考, 同时满足了消费者对健康与口感兼具的乳制品需求。

, correspAuthors=车会莲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 车会莲(1977—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为食物过敏、免疫学。E-mail:
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刘宇琼(2004—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:

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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(3): 372-377., articleTitle=Research progress on probiotic microcapsules by compound sodium alginate, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1217864258189185512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=四川成都中农大现代农业产业研究院建设省市农业补助专项, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217864251436356590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864251448939505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, companyId=1217864251436356590, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 China Agricultural University-Sichuan Advanced Agricultural & Industrial Institute, Chengdu 611430, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864251453133809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, companyId=1217864251436356590, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 四川成都中农大现代农业产业研究院, 成都 611430)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217864251562185720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864251570574329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, companyId=1217864251562185720, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864251578962939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, companyId=1217864251562185720, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院, 北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217864251717373958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864251721568264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, companyId=1217864251717373958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 CTI Certification Group Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 101111, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217864251729956872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, companyId=1217864251717373958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 华测检测认证集团北京有限公司, 北京 101111)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217864256414994763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Diagram of process flow, figureFileSmall=elKqu8D3NnkMUYdOts0lpA==, figureFileBig=chsN76UX6xIDvczrq/zJSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256565989716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=CN, label=图1, caption=工艺流程图, figureFileSmall=elKqu8D3NnkMUYdOts0lpA==, figureFileBig=chsN76UX6xIDvczrq/zJSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256691818849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different factors on the embedding rate, figureFileSmall=VWqra2sJFxiH8yu+b7U5Jg==, figureFileBig=MC3IxjA7gyj5zOTX8kcfYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864256888951148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同因素对包埋率的影响

注: 不同小写字母表示组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=VWqra2sJFxiH8yu+b7U5Jg==, figureFileBig=MC3IxjA7gyj5zOTX8kcfYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257002197365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Microstructure of microcapsules, figureFileSmall=NsSBARGfCwjA9NBElgXmXA==, figureFileBig=R/9nbq6lqht/egxWSqLRsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257119637888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=CN, label=图3, caption=微胶囊微观结构

注: A. 益生菌微胶囊在500倍扫描电镜下的结构; B. 益生菌微胶囊在2000倍扫描电镜下的结构。

, figureFileSmall=NsSBARGfCwjA9NBElgXmXA==, figureFileBig=R/9nbq6lqht/egxWSqLRsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257232884108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=In vitro digestion properties of microcapsules, figureFileSmall=J3Yqqa0xB0F78d1EKsOq0w==, figureFileBig=CZmIXOhi+uMuaQJ8ENCq0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257341936027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=CN, label=图4, caption=微胶囊体外消化性质, figureFileSmall=J3Yqqa0xB0F78d1EKsOq0w==, figureFileBig=CZmIXOhi+uMuaQJ8ENCq0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217864257421627813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Table of sensory evaluation criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 特征 得分
色泽
(20分)
色泽均匀一致, 呈乳白或乳黄色, 具有果冻的适当颜色 12~20
非添加原料来源的深黄色或灰色 4~11
非添加原料来源的有色斑点或杂质, 或其他异常颜色 0~3
滋味和气味
(40分)
纯正的奶味, 具有自然的发酵风味和气味, 具有添加的果料、果冻来源的特征风味, 酸甜比适中 31~40
自然的发酵风味不够, 添加的果料、果冻来源的特征风味不够, 略酸或略甜 21~30
奶味不够, 自然的发酵风味差, 添加的果料、果冻来源的特征风味差, 有苦味, 过酸或过甜 5~20
特征风味错误或没有风味, 不愉悦的气味 0~4
组织状态
(40分)
组织细腻、均匀, 表面光滑平整、无裂纹、切面平整光滑、质感坚实、弹性好、无粉末感、无糊口感、无气泡、无乳清析出; 含有果料、果冻颗粒的颗粒口感适中 31~40
表面平整欠光滑、轻微肉眼可见的颗粒, 无明显裂纹、切面平整稍欠光滑、有少量气泡出现或轻微的乳清析出含有果料、果冻颗粒的口感略软和略硬 21~30
组织粗糙, 明显肉眼可见的颗粒, 有明显裂纹、表面偶见小凝乳块、切面不平整、质感偏软、弹较性差、有糊口感、有明显气泡或明显乳清析出; 含有果料、果冻颗粒口感偏软或偏硬 5~20
组织粗糙, 严重的肉眼可见的颗粒, 有大量裂纹、凝乳块大小不一、无明显切面、质感稀软、无弹性、糊口感强、有大量气泡或严重的乳清析出; 含有果料、果冻颗粒口感太软或太硬 0~4
), ArticleFig(id=1217864257530679727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

感官评价标准表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 特征 得分
色泽
(20分)
色泽均匀一致, 呈乳白或乳黄色, 具有果冻的适当颜色 12~20
非添加原料来源的深黄色或灰色 4~11
非添加原料来源的有色斑点或杂质, 或其他异常颜色 0~3
滋味和气味
(40分)
纯正的奶味, 具有自然的发酵风味和气味, 具有添加的果料、果冻来源的特征风味, 酸甜比适中 31~40
自然的发酵风味不够, 添加的果料、果冻来源的特征风味不够, 略酸或略甜 21~30
奶味不够, 自然的发酵风味差, 添加的果料、果冻来源的特征风味差, 有苦味, 过酸或过甜 5~20
特征风味错误或没有风味, 不愉悦的气味 0~4
组织状态
(40分)
组织细腻、均匀, 表面光滑平整、无裂纹、切面平整光滑、质感坚实、弹性好、无粉末感、无糊口感、无气泡、无乳清析出; 含有果料、果冻颗粒的颗粒口感适中 31~40
表面平整欠光滑、轻微肉眼可见的颗粒, 无明显裂纹、切面平整稍欠光滑、有少量气泡出现或轻微的乳清析出含有果料、果冻颗粒的口感略软和略硬 21~30
组织粗糙, 明显肉眼可见的颗粒, 有明显裂纹、表面偶见小凝乳块、切面不平整、质感偏软、弹较性差、有糊口感、有明显气泡或明显乳清析出; 含有果料、果冻颗粒口感偏软或偏硬 5~20
组织粗糙, 严重的肉眼可见的颗粒, 有大量裂纹、凝乳块大小不一、无明显切面、质感稀软、无弹性、糊口感强、有大量气泡或严重的乳清析出; 含有果料、果冻颗粒口感太软或太硬 0~4
), ArticleFig(id=1217864257622954428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Orthogonal experimental results of formula optimization

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试验编号 A(发酵剂添加量)/% B(白砂糖添加量)/% C(水苏糖添加量)/% 感官评价分数
色泽 滋味和气味 组织状态 总分
1 0.08 2.00 0.20 18.60±2.89 33.10±2.89 32.70±8.39 84.40
2 0.08 3.00 0.30 18.90±2.89 33.60±6.08 34.40±11.55 86.90
3 0.08 4.00 0.40 18.80±2.89 33.60±5.77 33.20±10.00 85.60
4 0.10 2.00 0.30 18.70±2.89 31.10±7.00 34.20±10.58 84.00
5 0.10 3.00 0.40 18.40±2.89 31.30±13.00 31.10±5.29 80.80
6 0.10 4.00 0.20 18.80±2.89 29.50±8.33 35.40±11.55 83.70
7 0.12 2.00 0.40 18.70±2.89 29.90±16.62 33.20±8.39 81.80
8 0.12 3.00 0.20 18.00.±2.89 29.30±12.34 34.30±11.53 82.50
9 0.12 4.00 0.30 18.80±2.89 30.30±11.55 31.40±5.29 80.50
K1j 256.50 250.20 250.60
K2j 248.50 250.20 251.40
K3j 244.80 249.80 248.20
k1j 85.63 83.40 83.53
k2j 82.83 83.40 83.80
k3j 81.60 83.27 82.73
R 4.03 1.33 1.07
因素主次 A>B>C
最优水平 A1 B2B3 C2
最优组合 A1B2C2
), ArticleFig(id=1217864257727812036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

配方优化正交试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号 A(发酵剂添加量)/% B(白砂糖添加量)/% C(水苏糖添加量)/% 感官评价分数
色泽 滋味和气味 组织状态 总分
1 0.08 2.00 0.20 18.60±2.89 33.10±2.89 32.70±8.39 84.40
2 0.08 3.00 0.30 18.90±2.89 33.60±6.08 34.40±11.55 86.90
3 0.08 4.00 0.40 18.80±2.89 33.60±5.77 33.20±10.00 85.60
4 0.10 2.00 0.30 18.70±2.89 31.10±7.00 34.20±10.58 84.00
5 0.10 3.00 0.40 18.40±2.89 31.30±13.00 31.10±5.29 80.80
6 0.10 4.00 0.20 18.80±2.89 29.50±8.33 35.40±11.55 83.70
7 0.12 2.00 0.40 18.70±2.89 29.90±16.62 33.20±8.39 81.80
8 0.12 3.00 0.20 18.00.±2.89 29.30±12.34 34.30±11.53 82.50
9 0.12 4.00 0.30 18.80±2.89 30.30±11.55 31.40±5.29 80.50
K1j 256.50 250.20 250.60
K2j 248.50 250.20 251.40
K3j 244.80 249.80 248.20
k1j 85.63 83.40 83.53
k2j 82.83 83.40 83.80
k3j 81.60 83.27 82.73
R 4.03 1.33 1.07
因素主次 A>B>C
最优水平 A1 B2B3 C2
最优组合 A1B2C2
), ArticleFig(id=1217864257866224078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of sensory evaluation

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指标 样品1 样品2 样品3 样品4 样品5 样品6 样品7 样品8 样品9
色泽 18.60±2.89 18.90±2.89 18.80±2.89 18.70±2.89 18.40±2.89 18.80±2.89 18.70±2.89 18.90±2.89 18.80±2.89
滋味和气味 33.10±2.89 33.60±6.08 33.60±5.77 31.10±7.00 31.30±13.00 29.50±8.33 29.90±16.62 29.30±12.34 30.30±11.55
组织状态 32.70±8.39 34.40±11.55 33.20±10.00 34.20±10.58 31.10±5.29 35.40±11.55 33.20±8.39 34.30±11.53 31.40±5.29
), ArticleFig(id=1217864257983664601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217845639065551462, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

感官评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 样品1 样品2 样品3 样品4 样品5 样品6 样品7 样品8 样品9
色泽 18.60±2.89 18.90±2.89 18.80±2.89 18.70±2.89 18.40±2.89 18.80±2.89 18.70±2.89 18.90±2.89 18.80±2.89
滋味和气味 33.10±2.89 33.60±6.08 33.60±5.77 31.10±7.00 31.30±13.00 29.50±8.33 29.90±16.62 29.30±12.34 30.30±11.55
组织状态 32.70±8.39 34.40±11.55 33.20±10.00 34.20±10.58 31.10±5.29 35.40±11.55 33.20±8.39 34.30±11.53 31.40±5.29
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复合益生菌-水苏糖共微胶囊化制备功能性乳制品的研究
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刘宇琼 1, 2 , 丛嘉迅 1, 2 , 王倩男 3 , 刘撷玉 1, 2 , 葛贝宁 1, 2 , 车会莲 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(16): 238-246
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(16): 238-246
复合益生菌-水苏糖共微胶囊化制备功能性乳制品的研究
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刘宇琼1, 2 , 丛嘉迅1, 2, 王倩男3, 刘撷玉1, 2, 葛贝宁1, 2, 车会莲1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 四川成都中农大现代农业产业研究院, 成都 611430
  • 2 中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院, 北京 100083
  • 3 华测检测认证集团北京有限公司, 北京 101111
  • 刘宇琼(2004—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 车会莲(1977—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为食物过敏、免疫学。E-mail:
Preparation of functional dairy products by co-microencapsulation of probiotic complex and stachyose
Yu-Qiong LIU1, 2 , Jia-Xun CONG1, 2, Qian-Nan WANG3, Xie-Yu LIU1, 2, Bei-Ning GE1, 2, Hui-Lian CHE1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 China Agricultural University-Sichuan Advanced Agricultural & Industrial Institute, Chengdu 611430, China
  • 2 College of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3 CTI Certification Group Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 101111, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250125001
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目的 制备复合益生菌-水苏糖共微胶囊功能性乳制品。方法 本研究采用喷雾干燥技术, 以海藻酸钠和水苏糖为壁材包裹益生菌, 优化工艺参数。通过正交试验确定酸奶最佳配方。结果 当海藻酸钠与水苏糖质量比为3:1、壁材浓度为2.00%, 在140 ℃、40%进料速度下进行喷雾干燥时, 复合益生菌包埋率最佳。通过正交试验优化酸奶配方, 确定发酵剂添加量0.08%、白砂糖3.00%、水苏糖0.30%为最佳组合。优化条件下复合益生菌包埋率达到最佳, 显微结构观察证实益生菌被有效包埋, 避免了热损伤并增强了稳定性, 成品酸奶色泽、口感、质地俱佳, 感官评价优异。结论 本研究成功开发了一种兼具益生菌活性和良好感官品质的功能性酸奶, 为功能食品创新提供了技术参考, 同时满足了消费者对健康与口感兼具的乳制品需求。

益生菌  /  水苏糖  /  微胶囊化  /  功能性食品

Objective To develope a co-microencapsulated probiotic-stachyose functional dairy product. Methods This research employed spray-drying technology using sodium alginate and stachyose as wall materials for probiotic encapsulation, with optimized parameters. The optimal yogurt formulation was determined through orthogonal experiments. Results The mass ratio of sodium alginate and stachyose was 3:1, the concentration of materials was 2.00%, and the spray drying was carried out at 140 ℃ and a feeding speed of 40%, the best embedding rate of the composite probiotics was achieved. Through orthogonal experiments, the yogurt formula was optimized to determine that the optimal combination was an addition rate of 0.08% for the starter culture, 3.00% for white granulated sugar, and 0.30% for stachyose. Under optimized conditions, the microencapsulation efficiency of probiotics reached optimal levels. Microscopic examination confirmed effective probiotic encapsulation, preventing thermal damage and improving stability. The final yogurt product demonstrated excellent color, taste, texture, and received outstanding sensory evaluations. Conclusion This study successfully developes a functional yogurt combining probiotic viability with superior sensory qualities, providing valuable technical insights for functional food innovation while meeting consumer demand for dairy products that balance health benefits with excellent taste.

probiotics  /  stachyose  /  microencapsulation  /  functional foods
刘宇琼, 丛嘉迅, 王倩男, 刘撷玉, 葛贝宁, 车会莲. 复合益生菌-水苏糖共微胶囊化制备功能性乳制品的研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (16) : 238 -246 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250125001
Yu-Qiong LIU, Jia-Xun CONG, Qian-Nan WANG, Xie-Yu LIU, Bei-Ning GE, Hui-Lian CHE. Preparation of functional dairy products by co-microencapsulation of probiotic complex and stachyose[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (16) : 238 -246 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250125001
益生菌是一类能对宿主健康产生积极影响的活性微生物[1], 研究表明益生菌可以通过在人体肠道中定植并产生短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs)等代谢物来维持肠道微生物群的平衡, 维持肠道环境的稳定性[2]; CHEN等[3]发现副干酪乳杆菌能上调肠上皮紧密连接蛋白Claudin和ZO-1的表达水平, 从而加强肠上皮细胞间的连接, 减少进入血液循环系统的致敏原, 抑制食物过敏的发生。将益生菌添加到食品中, 可有效提高食品的功能和价值。在功能性食品的加工中, 应用最为广泛的益生菌为双歧杆菌和乳杆菌。大量研究表明, 一些乳杆菌科和双歧杆菌科菌株, 如鼠李糖乳杆菌GG菌株(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, LGG)、植物乳杆菌和短双歧杆菌具有免疫调节作用[4-5]。严浩东等[6]研究显示鼠李糖乳酪杆菌MP108能调节免疫低下大鼠的脾脏指数和细胞因子分泌。ZHANG等[7]揭示植物乳杆菌L168通过代谢物吲哚-3-乳酸增强CD8+ T细胞抗肿瘤免疫。陈晓旭[8]研究发现LGG能够缓解β-伴大豆球蛋白诱发的过敏症状, 李琪等[9]发现副干酪乳杆菌33 (Lactobacillus paracasei 33, LP33)胞外多糖VL8-EPS能够通过提高胞内酶活性及释放活性氧激活RAW264.7细胞从而发挥免疫增强作用。此外, 复合益生菌存在协同作用可增强生物活性[10], 一项临床试验证明(NCT04738565), 服用3个月李糖乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌菌株复合益生菌制剂可显著改善特应性皮炎的临床症状[11]。基于此, 本研究联合LGG和LP33两种益生菌进行功能性乳制品的开发。
益生菌产品的益生效果很大程度上取决于递送到胃肠道中的活菌数量, 然而益生菌的活性会受到口腔和胃肠道条件、所处基质的pH、离子强度和营养状况等的影响[12]。益生菌微胶囊技术是将益生菌包埋于具有半透性和生物相容性基质载体的一种技术, 通过创建一种物理屏障从而提高益生菌对不良环境的抗性力, 减少保护基质中益生菌的损伤, 然后使其到达目标部位顺利释放并发挥作用[13]。夏心蕾[14]使用美拉德反应产物包埋具有抗大豆过敏功效的噬酸乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌, 制备的乳酸菌微胶囊具有良好的肠释放性和储藏稳定性, 可降低KU812细胞中β-HEX和组胺的释放量并抑制炎症因子的分泌。目前较为常见的微胶囊制备方法主要有乳化法、挤压法、冷冻干燥法、喷雾干燥法和复合凝聚法[15], 用于包埋益生菌细胞的材料包括海藻酸盐、植物或微生物树胶、壳聚糖、淀粉、醋酸纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯、明胶、乳蛋白和脂肪等[16]。由于喷雾干燥法具有高效率、低成本和低能耗等优点[17], 且产品通常表现出理想的特性, 包括良好的流动性、较低的残余水分含量以及均匀的形状和粒度分布[18], 因此本研究选择喷雾干燥法制备微胶囊, 以海藻酸钠和水苏糖复合物作为壁材, 并通过多因素交叉试验确定最优壁材浓度及比例和最适喷雾干燥条件, 以保证包埋率及存活率。
水苏糖作为一种优质益生元, 具有调节肠道菌群、降血糖、降血压血脂、免疫调节、缓解便秘等生理功能, 还可以有效促进乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌等有益菌的增殖和产酸能力[19]。此外, 水苏糖能够有效降低肠道内有害菌如大肠埃希菌和产气荚膜梭菌的定植量, 一定程度上恢复肠道微生物群的丰富度[20]。在免疫调节方面, 水苏糖能够抑制过敏症状的病程发展。YAMASHITA等[21]通过腹腔注射卵清蛋白建立食物过敏小鼠模型, 酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)测定发现水苏糖能够抵御卵清蛋白引起的特异性免疫球蛋白IgG 1的升高, 抑制过敏症状的发展。LI等[22]在使用卵清蛋白(ovalbumin, OVA)诱导食物过敏模型确定水苏糖的抗过敏作用研究中指出水苏糖可通过改善小鼠的TH 1/TH 2平衡来对食物过敏发挥治疗作用, 而这种作用可能与激活TLR2/NF-κB信号通路有关。
本研究从LGG和LP33的免疫调节功效出发, 创新使用水苏糖为益生元, 通过喷雾干燥法进行微胶囊包埋, 优选出适宜的喷雾干燥条件及壁材包埋比例, 开发出一款功能性乳制品, 旨在为功能性食品创新提供技术参考。
白砂糖[安琪酵母(赤峰)有限公司]; MRS肉汤培养基、MRS固体培养基(北京奥博星生物技术有限公司); LGG(菌种编号: ATCC 7469)、副干酪乳杆菌LP33(菌种编号: ATCC 25302)(北京北城鸿业科技发展有限公司); 海藻酸钠(纯度≥99%, 青岛明月海藻集团有限公司); 水苏糖(纯度≥99%, 上海万康生物科技有限公司); 生理盐水(四川科伦药业有限公司); 磷酸缓冲盐溶液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS)(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司); 鲜牛乳(石家庄君乐宝乳业有限公司); 牛胆盐(胆酸含量≥70%); KH2PO4(优级纯, 索莱宝生物科技有限公司); 柠檬酸钠(分析纯, 天津恒兴化学试剂制造有限公司); 胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、HCl、NaOH(分析纯, 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司); NaCl(分析纯, 北京百瑞极生物科技有限公司); 白凉粉(安琪酵母股份有限公司); 柠檬酸(分析纯, 正宏生物科技有限公司); 酸奶发酵剂(安琪生物科技有限公司)。
MC-HW2210电陶炉(美的集团股份有限公司); HH-S8水浴加热锅(江苏金怡仪器科技有限公司); GR60DA高压蒸汽灭菌锅[致微(厦门)仪器有限公司]; 5810R台式冷冻离心机[艾本德(上海)国际贸易有限公司]; TS-3S200恒温摇床(上海天呈实验仪器制造有限公司); WT-1N超净工作台(北京王堂蓝翼科技有限公司); KFB150低温生化培养箱[埃开仪器设备(上海)有限公司]; SD-BASIC喷雾干燥机(英国LabPlant公司); SRH60-70均质机(上海申鹿均质机有限公司); SU8010扫描电子显微镜[日立科学仪器(北京)有限公司]; NDJ-5S数显旋转黏度计(上海尼润智能科技有限公司); FE28 pH计(梅特勒-托利多国际有限公司); JA1003C千分之一电子天平(上海越平科学仪器有限公司)。
工艺流程如图1所示。
(1)益生菌活化
取保存于-80 ℃冰箱中的LGG和LP33, 以1%的接种量接种到MRS液体培养基中, 并在37 ℃下培养36 h, 连续传代培养2~3次, 使菌体达到完全活化的状态。
(2)菌悬液制备
将已经活化完全的LGG和LP33以1%的接种量接种到10 mL灭菌的MRS营养肉汤中, 在37 ℃, 150 r/min条件下培养12 h, 4 ℃, 4000 r/min下低速离心15 min, 收集菌泥, 并用无菌生理盐水洗涤2次, 随后将其悬浮于10 mL 0.85%的生理盐水中, 其菌体数量维持在1011 CFU/mL左右, 于4 ℃冰箱中冷藏备用。
(3)益生菌微胶囊制备
选择海藻酸钠和水苏糖作为包埋材料, 按质量比2:1、3:1, 溶液浓度2.00%混合并溶解于去离子水中。调整pH至6.5~7.0。将混合溶液加热至121 ℃高压蒸汽灭菌, 同时增加溶解度和降低黏度。活化后的LGG和LP33混合菌悬液作为芯材, 以10%添加量加入壁材溶液中, 将混合溶液加入高速均质机中, 进行乳化处理, 使其均匀分散在壁材溶液中。将准备好的乳化液送入预热好的喷雾干燥机中进行干燥, 在收集容器中收集微胶囊产品。
(4)果冻配方确定
将白凉粉、白砂糖用冷水搅拌至胶粉分散均匀, 没有结块。将溶液加热至沸腾(95~100 ℃), 维持沸腾时间5 min, 加热时需要搅拌均匀。加热完成后, 立即用80~100目筛网直接过滤, 可得透明澄清的溶液。糖胶液冷至65~70 ℃时加柠檬酸, 使pH不低于3.7~3.8, 所有辅料均需事先配成溶液后加入。在75~80 ℃水浴中加热10~15 min进行巴氏消毒。消毒后冷却至40 ℃以下, 加入微胶囊, 放入5 ℃冰箱冷藏至凝固。
(5)微胶囊酸奶制备
①混合。以80%以上生牛乳为原料, 添加0.20%水苏糖和4.00%白砂糖, 持续搅拌5 min, 直至充分溶解。
②均质。将混合液在转速为1200 r/min条件下均质15 min。
③杀菌。杀菌温度为90~95 ℃, 杀菌时间10 min。
④接种。向冷却至44 ℃左右的混合液中先加入0.10%发酵剂, 搅拌至混合均匀。
⑤发酵。发酵温度为41 ℃, 发酵时间9 h。
⑥冷却。加入微胶囊果冻, 将酸奶转移到5 ℃冰箱中, 放置12 h, 即得益生菌微胶囊酸奶成品。
(1)最适进料速度的探究
在135 ℃进风温度下, 设置进料速度30%、35%、40%、45%、50% 5组, 每组110 mL乳化液, 分别进行喷雾干燥, 得到微胶囊, 并计算包埋率。
(2)最适进风温度的探究
在40%进料速度下, 设置进风温度125、130、135、140、150 ℃ 5组, 每组110 mL乳化液, 分别进行喷雾干燥, 得到微胶囊, 并计算包埋率。
(3)最适壁材溶液浓度与比例探究
在140 ℃进风温度、40%进料速度下, 设置壁材添加浓度分别为2.00%、2.50%, 海藻酸钠与水苏糖比例分别为2:1、3:1、4:1, 进行搭配后分为6组, 分别为2.00%/2:1、2.00%/3:1、2.00%/4:1、2.50%/2:1、2.50%/3:1和2.50%/4:1, 每组110 mL乳化液, 分别进行喷雾干燥, 得到微胶囊, 并计算包埋率。
包埋率计算如公式(1)所示:
包埋率=喷雾干燥前的活菌数/喷雾干燥后的活菌数×100%
喷雾干燥后的总数: 将0.5 g微胶囊溶于20 mL PBS中, 置于恒温摇床中37 ℃, 150 r/ min解囊1 h, 随后用移液枪吸取0.1 mL解囊液进行梯度稀释, 涂布于MRS固体培养基上, 与恒温培养箱中37 ℃培养48 h, 计算每克微胶囊中含有的菌数, 再乘以相应的质量, 即得喷雾干燥后的总菌数。
用SU8010扫描电镜观察喷雾干燥粉末的微观结构。将粉末用导电胶固定在样品台上后镀金, 在3 kV电子束加速电压和×500、×2000的放大倍数下观察微胶囊的形貌。
模拟胃消化液(simulated gastric fluid, SGF): 0.1 g NaCl, 350 μL 0.1 mol/L HCl溶于50 mL水中, 调pH至2.0, 含2% (W:V)胃蛋白酶。模拟肠消化液(simulated small intestinal fluid, SIF): 0.34 g KH2PO4, 9.5 mL 0.1 mol/L NaOH溶于50 mL水中, 调pH至7.4, 含有0.2% (W:V)胰蛋白酶和1.2% (W:V)牛胆汁盐。0.22 μm微孔膜过滤除菌。取0.25 g微胶囊于10 mL SGF中, 放置于恒温摇床中37 ℃, 120 r/min缓慢振摇, 并于0、0.5、1.0、2.0 h吸取1 mL样品于9 mL柠檬酸钠溶液中解囊1 h, 而后对此解囊液选择合适的稀释倍数进行平板计数。随后再将经过2 h模拟胃液处理的微胶囊悬浮液, 用1 mol/L的NaOH调节pH至7.4, 然后吸取5 mL加入至5 mL SIF中。置于恒温摇床中37 ℃, 120 r/min缓慢振摇, 并于2.5、4.5、6.0 h时, 吸取0.1 mL样品经梯度稀释后进行平板计数, 并计算存活率。
存活率计算如公式(2)所示:
存活率/%=A/B×100%
式中: A为模拟消化液处理后样品中的活菌数, CFU/mL; B为模拟消化液液处理前样品中的活菌数, CFU/mL[23]
(1)微胶囊酸奶的基本条件
生牛乳150 mL、微胶囊添加量3.00%、发酵温度41 ℃、发酵时间9 h, 以感官评分中的色泽、滋味和气味、组织状态为评价指标, 根据预试验确定的各因素添加水平, 分别考察发酵剂添加量(0.08%、0.10%、0.12%)、白砂糖添加量(2.00%、3.00%、4.00%)、水苏糖添加量(0.20%、0.30%、0.40%)对酸奶感官评分的影响。
(2)微胶囊酸奶配方优化正交试验
在单因素试验的基础上, 以感官评分中的色泽、滋味和气味、组织状态为评价指标, 以发酵剂添加量(A)、白砂糖添加量(B)、水苏糖添加量(C)为影响因素, 进行3因素3水平正交试验, 确定酸奶的最佳工艺配方。
邀请10名具备发酵乳感官评定专业知识的人员进行感官评定, 参考GB/T 19302—2010《食品安全国家标准 发酵乳》制定, 采用百分制对酸奶产品的色泽(20分)、滋味和气味(40分)、组织状态(40分)进行感官评分, 满分100分(表1)。
采用SPSS 24进行数据分析, Prism 9作图, 所有数据重复测定3次, 结果以平均值±标准偏差表示。
图2A为不同进料速度下微胶囊包埋率比较。结果表明, 进料速度对益生菌的存活率和包埋效率具有显著影响。随着进料速度的增加, 益生菌的包埋率整体呈现先上升后下降趋势, 这可能是由于较高的进料速度缩短了益生菌在高温环境下的暴露时间, 减少了其热损伤。当进料速度为40%时, 包埋率表现最佳, 表明这一进料速度可以有效平衡干燥效率和益生菌的热稳定性, 能够实现较高的益生菌存活率和稳定的包埋效果。进料速度过快会导致干燥过程不充分, 如在进料速度为50%时, 有明显未充分干燥溶液, 影响微胶囊的形成质量和益生菌的包埋效果[24-25]。因此, 本研究将40%作为最适进料速度, 以确保益生菌的包埋效率。
图2B所示, 进风温度从125 ℃上升至140 ℃时, 包埋率由53.90%上升至87.50%, 到达最高水平; 进风温度继续升高时, 包埋率开始持续下降, 当进风温度达到150 ℃时, 益生菌活性下降, 包埋率为67.11%, 推测是由于益生菌的热敏性, 导致喷雾干燥过程中的高温对益生菌活性造成破坏[26]。总体而言, 在140 ℃条件下的包埋率和益生菌活性表现相对较好, 表明该温度在保证包埋效果的同时, 对益生菌的热稳定性影响较小。因此, 本研究将140 ℃作为最适进风温度, 以确保益生菌的较高存活率和包埋效率。
图2C为不同壁材浓度及比例下微胶囊包埋率比较, 组别1~6分别表示壁材添加浓度2.00%、2.50%, 海藻酸钠与水苏糖比例为2:1、3:1、4:1, 即2.00%/2:1、2.00%/3:1、2.00%/4:1、2.50%/2:1、2.50%/3:1和2.50%/4:1, 可以看出,壁材浓度和其组成比例对微胶囊的包埋效果产生了显著的影响。当第2组壁材浓度为2.00%, 海藻酸钠与水苏糖的比例为3:1时, 其包埋率达到了84.12%, 高于其他试验组。表明在该试验条件下, 壁材浓度和比例组合能够有效提升活菌的包埋率。这可能是由于壁材的特性能够在这种浓度和比例下提供更理想的微胶囊结构, 从而有效保护和包裹活菌[27]。其他组别的包埋率相对较低, 尤其是组3 (49.28%)和组6 (48.41%), 表明较低的壁材浓度或不适当的比例难以形成稳定的包埋结构[28], 导致活菌流失或包埋效率降低。因此后续研究采用壁材浓度为2.00%、海藻酸钠与水苏糖比例3:1作为优化微胶囊包埋效率的最佳选择。
利用冷冻扫描电镜观察微胶囊的形态, 结果如图3所示。结果显示所有微胶囊样品均未发现明显的裂缝或孔洞, 形状完整饱满, 且大多数微胶囊表现出典型的喷雾干燥形成的凹陷表面结构。这种凹陷特征是由于喷雾干燥过程中水分快速蒸发所致[29]。微胶囊大小较为均匀, 差异不大, 基本达到预期效果。此外, 图像中未见微胶囊表面存在裸露的益生菌, 表明益生菌已成功包埋于微胶囊内部, 受到壁材的有效保护。
微胶囊体外模拟消化性质如图4所示。由图4可以看出, 在模拟消化过程中, 整个胃消化模拟试验中微胶囊中菌体数量仅下降了1.289 logCFU/g, 数量维持在8.182 logCFU/g, 对比消化前并未出现较为明显的下降, 这表明所选壁材在模拟胃消化液中对益生菌起到了很好的保护作用。在肠消化模拟试验中, 活菌数仍然有6.602 logCFU/g, 损失仅为1.58 logCFU/g, 这表明微胶囊显著提高了益生菌对消化酶和胆盐的耐受性。这可能归因于海藻酸钠的抗酶解及对pH环境稳定性。海藻酸钠在低pH环境中易形成凝胶, 在胃消化液中能起到保护益生菌的作用, 而随着pH升高, 离子交联被破坏, 形成的凝胶逐渐溶解, 能够在肠道中释放益生菌[30-31]
在单因素的基础上, 以发酵剂添加量、白砂糖添加量、水苏糖添加量为影响因素, 以酸奶色泽、滋味和气味、组织状态为考察指标, 通过3因素3水平的L9(34)试验, 确定最佳发酵底物配比, 具体试验方案和结果如表2所示。
表2可知, 对比各因素RK, 根据综合平衡法, 对于总分与感官指标, 发酵剂添加量(A)是主要影响因素; 对于总分, 发酵剂添加量取A1水平最优; 对于感官评价中的“组织状态”, 发酵剂添加量取A2水平最优。综合考虑, 发酵剂添加量取A1水平。对于白砂糖添加量(B), 在总分中, B2水平最优; 在感官评价中, 白砂糖添加量对“滋味和气味”的影响较为显著, B2水平在多项指标中表现优异, 因此白砂糖添加量最终取B2水平。对于水苏糖添加量(C), 在感官指标和总分中, C2水平均表现较好。水苏糖对“滋味和气味”的提升效果尤其显著, 故水苏糖添加量取C2水平。
综上, 最优方案为A1B2C2, 即发酵剂添加量为0.08%, 白砂糖添加量为3.00%, 水苏糖添加量为0.30%。
邀请10位感官评价者对益生菌微胶囊酸奶进行评价, 评价结果如表3所示。
样品1至样品9的发酵剂、白砂糖、水苏糖添加量依次为样品1 (0.08%、2.00%、0.20%), 样品2 (0.08%、3.00%、0.30%), 样品3 (0.08%、4.00%、0.40%), 样品4 (0.10%、2.00%、0.30%), 样品5 (0.10%、3.00%、0.40%), 样品6 (0.10%、4.00%、0.20%), 样品7 (0.12%、2.00%、0.40%), 样品8 (0.12%、3.00%、0.20%), 样品9 (0.12%、4.00%、0.30%), 微胶囊添加量为3.00%。
样品1至样品9的色泽评分非常接近, 均在18.40至18.90之间, 标准差为2.89。这表明所有样品在色泽方面的表现一致, 且评价者对色泽的评分差异不大。
样品2和3的滋味和气味评分最高, 为33.60, 而样品8的评分最低, 为29.30。评分的标准差在不同样品间有所变化。样品1标准差较小(2.89), 而样品7和样品8的标准差较大(16.62和12.34)。这表明在滋味和气味方面, 样品间的差异较大, 且某些样品的评价结果根据不同评分者的口味不同波动较大。
样品6的组织状态评分最高, 为35.40, 而样品5的评分最低, 为31.10。评分的标准差在不同样品间也有所不同, 样品2和样品6的标准差较大(11.55), 而样品5和样品9的标准差较小(5.29)。这表明在组织状态方面, 样品间也存在一定的差异, 且某些样品的评价结果波动较大。
综合以上得分, 样品2得分最高。因此, 微胶囊酸奶的最佳配方为: 发酵剂浓度0.08%、白砂糖浓度3.00%、水苏糖浓度0.30%。微胶囊添加量不同的样品口感无差异。此外, 将微胶囊包埋于果冻中, 可显著减轻其固有的颗粒感与粗糙感, 进而缓解含微胶囊食品中微胶囊口感突兀的问题。同时, 微胶囊果冻还能为酸奶提供额外的支撑结构, 不显著影响酸奶的流动性, 也未对其组织状态产生不良影响。果冻与酸奶的结合使产品综合了果冻的爽滑和酸奶的醇厚两种口感, 为食用者提供了丰富的口感层次; 同时, 果冻的甜味与酸奶的酸甜得到了有效平衡, 使整体风味更为和谐。
本研究采用喷雾干燥技术制备益生菌微胶囊, 有效减少了高温环境中益生菌的损失, 提升了其活性和稳定性, 并通过共包埋策略, 使用复合水苏糖和海藻酸钠作为壁材, 将其与两种益生菌共同包埋, 当微胶囊壁材海藻酸钠与水苏糖比例为3:1、浓度为2.00%, 在140 ℃、40%进料速度下进行喷雾干燥时, 复合益生菌包埋率最佳。通过正交试验优化酸奶配方, 确定发酵剂添加量0.08%、白砂糖3.00%、水苏糖0.30%为最佳组合。本微胶囊在促进益生菌在肠道内的定植和代谢活性的同时也为益生菌的生长提供了营养支持, 综合增强了益生菌的功能性。此外, 为改善酸奶口感, 本研究采用酸奶果冻配方, 通过感官评价优化产品配方, 创造出新型果冻酸奶产品, 在健康性、口感和营养价值方面均表现出独特优势, 为消费者提供了更加多样化的消费选择, 在功能性食品的开发和创新方面具有一定参考价值。
  • 四川成都中农大现代农业产业研究院建设省市农业补助专项
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250125001
  • 接收时间:2025-01-25
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-25
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四川成都中农大现代农业产业研究院建设省市农业补助专项
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    1 四川成都中农大现代农业产业研究院, 成都 611430
    2 中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院, 北京 100083
    3 华测检测认证集团北京有限公司, 北京 101111

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* 车会莲(1977—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为食物过敏、免疫学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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