Article(id=1151437195450659114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752453620063, onlineDateStr=2025-07-14, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752453620063, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752453620063, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752453620063, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1151437189243089177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752453618584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767768054466, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1215670588966883493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1151437189243089177, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=123, endPage=130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1151895322797634080, articleId=1151437195450659114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the detection of sulfonamide drug residues in dairy products, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As widely used veterinary antimicrobials, sulfonamides are essential to detect in dairy products to protect public health and food safety. Chromatography-mass spectrometry is the main technique for detecting sulfonamides in dairy products because of its high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. This paper reviewed the development of this technique in sulfonamide detection, focused on improvements in sample pretreatment methods, chromatographic condition optimization and advancements in mass spectrometry techniques. It also examined the roles of emerging technologies like microfluidics, molecularly imprinted polymers and 3D printing in improving detection efficiency, cutting costs and streamlining operations. Future research in drug residue detection will be centered on quick and economical methods, and this review offered useful information for that research field.

, correspAuthors=Cheng FAN, Wei JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu AN, Wei-Ming WANG, Jie KANG, Cheng FAN, Rong ZHANG, Wei JIA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1151895331366597363, articleId=1151437195450659114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=乳制品中磺胺类药物残留检测研究进展, columnId=1151895322898297380, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

磺胺类药物作为常用的兽用抗菌药, 检测其在乳制品中的残留对保障食品安全和公众健康至关重要。色谱-质谱技术因其高灵敏度和优异的选择性, 是乳制品中磺胺类药物检测的主要方法。本文综述了该技术在磺胺类药物检测中的应用进展, 重点讨论了样品前处理方法、色谱条件优化及质谱分析技术的改进。此外, 结合微流体技术、分子印迹聚合物以及3D打印技术等新兴手段, 探索了这些技术如何在提高检测效率、降低成本和简化操作方面发挥作用。未来对于药物残留检测的研究重点在于低成本的快速方便检测, 本文对该领域的研究提供了一定的参考思路。

, correspAuthors=樊成, 贾玮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 樊成(1973—), 男, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量检测。E-mail:
贾玮(1986—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=wuHHxILELwGq5mY6HBNoyA==, magXml=Fa687ZHqj7g5AOSNPXJ7KQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=yVul1QJezKx8DKTRRfVN6g==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=mvL7OVAndSfkFL1fRrnK+g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

安瑜(1985—), 女, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为药物残留检测。E-mail:

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安瑜(1985—), 女, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为药物残留检测。E-mail:

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注: 全球天然产物社会分子网络串联质谱数据库平台(global natural products social molecular networking, GNPS); R-project、Python、Jupyter均为可协助进行质谱数据处理的计算机编程语言。

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乳制品中磺胺类药物残留检测研究进展
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安瑜 1 , 王伟铭 2 , 康婕 1 , 樊成 1, * , 张荣 2 , 贾玮 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(11): 123-130
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(11): 123-130
乳制品中磺胺类药物残留检测研究进展
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安瑜1 , 王伟铭2, 康婕1, 樊成1, * , 张荣2, 贾玮2, *
作者信息
  • 1. 陕西省产品质量监督检验研究院, 西安 710048
  • 2. 陕西科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 西安 710021
  • 安瑜(1985—), 女, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为药物残留检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 樊成(1973—), 男, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量检测。E-mail:
贾玮(1986—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全。E-mail:
Research progress on the detection of sulfonamide drug residues in dairy products
Yu AN1 , Wei-Ming WANG2, Jie KANG1, Cheng FAN1, * , Rong ZHANG2, Wei JIA2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Shaanxi Provincial Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Xi’an 710048, China
  • 2. School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120008
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磺胺类药物作为常用的兽用抗菌药, 检测其在乳制品中的残留对保障食品安全和公众健康至关重要。色谱-质谱技术因其高灵敏度和优异的选择性, 是乳制品中磺胺类药物检测的主要方法。本文综述了该技术在磺胺类药物检测中的应用进展, 重点讨论了样品前处理方法、色谱条件优化及质谱分析技术的改进。此外, 结合微流体技术、分子印迹聚合物以及3D打印技术等新兴手段, 探索了这些技术如何在提高检测效率、降低成本和简化操作方面发挥作用。未来对于药物残留检测的研究重点在于低成本的快速方便检测, 本文对该领域的研究提供了一定的参考思路。

磺胺类药物  /  乳制品检测  /  色谱-质谱技术  /  样品处理  /  固相萃取

As widely used veterinary antimicrobials, sulfonamides are essential to detect in dairy products to protect public health and food safety. Chromatography-mass spectrometry is the main technique for detecting sulfonamides in dairy products because of its high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. This paper reviewed the development of this technique in sulfonamide detection, focused on improvements in sample pretreatment methods, chromatographic condition optimization and advancements in mass spectrometry techniques. It also examined the roles of emerging technologies like microfluidics, molecularly imprinted polymers and 3D printing in improving detection efficiency, cutting costs and streamlining operations. Future research in drug residue detection will be centered on quick and economical methods, and this review offered useful information for that research field.

sulfonamide drugs  /  dairy product detection  /  chromatography-mass spectrometry  /  sample pretreatment  /  solid phase extraction
安瑜, 王伟铭, 康婕, 樊成, 张荣, 贾玮. 乳制品中磺胺类药物残留检测研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (11) : 123 -130 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120008
Yu AN, Wei-Ming WANG, Jie KANG, Cheng FAN, Rong ZHANG, Wei JIA. Research progress on the detection of sulfonamide drug residues in dairy products[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (11) : 123 -130 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120008
乳制品作为人类饮食中的重要组成部分, 不仅提供丰富的蛋白质、脂肪和糖类等营养成分, 还因其独特的口感和风味深受人们喜爱。然而, 随着乳制品消费的普及, 其质量安全问题也日益成为公众关注的焦点。抗菌药物的残留, 尤其是磺胺类药物的残留, 已成为乳制品安全隐患之一。
磺胺类药物自1932年由德国化学家G. Domagk首次发现以来, 广泛应用于治疗由细菌引起的感染[1]。近年来, 随着畜牧业的迅速发展, 磺胺类药物已成为预防和治疗动物疾病的主要抗菌药之一。为了提高生产效率并减少经济损失, 磺胺类药物被广泛使用。然而, 若操作不当或过量使用, 这些药物会在动物体内残留, 随后进入乳制品, 进而对食品安全构成威胁[2-3]。人类摄入过量的磺胺类药物, 可能引发过敏反应、激素水平异常、加重肝脏和肾脏的负担, 甚至导致胎儿畸形或发育异常等健康问题[4]
磺胺类药物进入动物体内不能被完全代谢, 大约有50%~70%会进入代谢系统, 以尿液、粪便和乳汁的形式排泄到环境中[5]。国家农业农村部、国家卫生健康委员会和国家市场监督管理总局于2019年9月6日联合发布了GB 31650—2019《食品安全国家标准 食品中兽药最大残留限量》, 其中明确规定了牛/羊奶中磺胺类(除磺胺二甲嘧啶)药物最大残留量为100 μg/kg; 磺胺二甲嘧啶在牛奶中最大残留量为25 μg/kg。
为确保食品中药物残留符合安全标准, 检测技术的不断创新和发展至关重要。这些技术能够实现对食品中各种有害残留的快速、高效和痕量检测。随着仪器检测的进步, 利用色谱仪、质谱仪的检测方法已成为药物残留检测的主要手段。本文旨在回顾近年来仪器检测乳制品中磺胺类药物残留中各部分的可优化环节, 特别在样品的萃取提纯方面汇总了近年来国内外的新兴技术, 并探讨新兴技术和现有检测方法的结合, 为未来检测方法的发展提供参考。
磺胺类药物作为一种广谱抗菌药物在畜牧行业中广泛使用, 常用于预防和治疗由细菌引起的感染, 它能通过干扰细菌的叶酸代谢抑制细菌的生长和繁殖。细菌体内通过二氢叶酸合成酶的作用将对氨基苯甲酸(C7H7NO2)催化合成为二氢叶酸, 二氢叶酸再经过二氢叶酸还原酶的作用形成四氢叶酸(tetrahydrogen folic acid, FH4), 该物质在细菌体内起重要作用, 是许多生物反应所必需的酶, 也是合成DNA、RNA和蛋白质的必要原料[6]。磺胺类药物的化学结构与对氨基苯甲酸相似, 能够在二氢叶酸合成酶的活性位点与对氨基苯甲酸竞争结合。通过以上作用阻断细菌的生长繁殖, 达到杀菌效果[7]
根据GB/T 22966—2008《牛奶和奶粉中16种磺胺类药物残留量的测定 液相色谱-串联质谱法》中列出了16种牛奶和奶粉中可检测磺胺类药物, 包括: 磺胺乙酰(sulfacetamide, SA)、甲氧苄胺嘧啶(trimethoprim, TMP)、磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine, SD)、磺胺噻唑(sulfathiazole, ST)、磺胺吡啶(sulfapyridine, SPD)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(sulfamerazine, SM1)、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶(sufamethoxydiazine, SMT)、磺胺甲噻二唑(sulfamethizole, SMTZ)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(sulfamethazine, SM2)、磺胺甲氧哒嗪(sulfamethoxypyridazine, SMP)、磺胺甲基异噁唑(sulfamethoxazole, SMZ)、磺胺-6-甲氧嘧啶(sulfamonomethoxine, SMM)、磺胺二甲异噁唑(sulfisoxazole, SIZ)、磺胺氯哒嗪(sulfachloropyridazine, SCP)、磺胺邻二甲氧嘧啶(sulfadimoxine, SDX)、磺胺喹噁啉(sulfaquinoxaline, SFX), 见图1
磺胺类药物常用于治疗牛乳腺炎, 因此容易在乳腺中累积[8]。当药物进入动物体内, 主要通过肝脏代谢, 代谢产物随血液循环进入乳腺, 并通过乳腺分泌到奶液中。磺胺类药物通常具有良好的水溶性和一定的脂溶性, 在乳汁中能较为稳定存在, 不易被分解或代谢。因此能够在乳制品中长时间存留, 尤其在药物治疗期间和停药后的一段时间内, 这些物质的浓度会大大提升。有研究发现, 羊乳腺乳汁中的磺胺浓度较高, 这可能与羊乳腺乳汁较高的pH有关, 同时也发现一些磺胺类药物在牛奶中的浓度要高于动物血液和尿液[9]
当乳制品中的磺胺类药物残留进入人体后, 主要在肝脏中发生氧化代谢, I级氧化和II级乙酰化是产生N1和N4非活性衍生物的主要途径, 此过程中, 药物通过细胞色素P4502C9/8 N4羟化作用而生成羟胺代谢物和无活性的N4-乙酰化衍生物, 后者通过自发氧化反应生成亚硝酸盐中间体[10]。亚硝磺酰胺类化合物具有高亲电性, 因此在溶液中不稳定, 可能会进一步氧化硝基代谢物[11], 进而通过硫醇介导的反应生成半加合物, 最终硫醇与亚砜酰胺和羟胺共轭形成偶氮氧和偶氮二聚体[12]。代谢产物会根据与蛋白质的结合程度不同, 以游离态和结合态在血浆中形成动态平衡[13]。如果磺胺类药物及其代谢物在人体内长期累积可能会造成过敏反应以及肝肾的损伤。
传统的免疫学检测方法虽然具有一定的应用价值, 但精确度较低, 通常仅限于定性检测。QuEChERS(快速、简单、廉价、高效、可靠、安全)方法在牛奶检测中迅速成熟, 但与高精度分析仪器连接时, 残留基质组分会造成大量干扰[14]。对于药物残留量的精确检测仍需要依赖仪器分析检测[15]。基于色谱-质谱技术的检测方式因其高灵敏度、高自动化程度和快速检测的优势, 已成为目前乳制品中磺胺类药物定量检测的主要手段, 例如高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)、液相色谱-质谱技术(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS)等[16]。随着仪器技术的不断发展, 样品前处理方法对检测效果的影响变得愈加显著。在这一背景下, QuEChERS样品处理方法已成为主流趋势。同时, 成熟的数据分析技术也为检测的精确性和高效性提供了保障。当前, 多种新技术的不断发展为乳制品中磺胺类药物的检测提供了更高效、便捷的选择[17]
对乳制品中磺胺类药物残留的检测流程(图2)主要包括样品准备、固相萃取、色谱分离、质谱检测、数据分析等环节。其中固相萃取技术的发展是提升检测灵敏性的关键, 近年来国内外已开发了多种具有高吸附性能的萃取材料。此外, 利用高效准确的数据处理技术能大大缩减人工和时间成本。
高效的样品前处理是提升仪器检测精度的关键。目前, 固相萃取(solid phase extraction, SPE)技术已成为乳制品中磺胺类药物残留提取的主要方法, 提纯后的样品通过色谱-质谱进行精确检测。除仪器本身的影响因素外, 样品处理的质量直接决定了检测过程能否实现快速、高效和环保。因此, 对提取技术的研究已成为分析检测领域的热点。SPE被广泛用于消除样品中其他杂质和极性分子干扰, 其优点包括较高的可重复性、更好的基质去除率以及减少有机溶剂消耗和环境污染[18-19]。URAIRAT等[20]设计了测定牛奶中各类抗菌药的实验, 利用SPE结合LC-电喷雾离子化-MS (LC-electrospray ionization-MS, LC-ESI-MS)方法显示出了较高的选择性、灵敏度、准确性和回收率。NEBOT等[21]提出了一种同时提取、鉴定和定量牛乳样品中9种磺胺类药物的方法。通过简单的提取程序, 结合HPLC-MS/MS对磺胺类药物直接进行鉴定和定量, 其结果符合欧盟标准。该方法优势在于显著缩短分析时间, 不使用SPE小柱也降低了分析成本。SPE和LC-MS程序简单, 适用于牛奶的常规分析以及多残留确认[21]。传统固相萃取技术同时存在操作流程烦琐, 吸附能力有限, 溶剂消耗过高等问题, 为了在样品前处理中提升效果, 减少成本, 目前开发了许多新型技术和材料。
在样品前处理中利用磁性纳米材料例如磁性多孔碳(magnetic porous carbon, MPC)、磁性氧化石墨烯纳米带(magnetic graphene oxide nanoribbons, Mag-GONRs, 可简化操作过程, 提高提取效率, 并显著缩短处理时间。磁性固相萃取(magnetic solid phase extraction, MSPE)对不同类型的痕量残留物具有优异的吸附能力, 磁性改性使吸附剂能通过磁铁轻松收集, 无需过滤和离心步骤, 从而简化操作程序并节省时间[22]。ZHANG等[23]基于柠檬酸钠热解产生多孔碳(porous carbon, PC), 并通过热处理法合成磁性多孔碳(MPC-Fe3O4), 用于分离和检测环境水样中的6种磺胺类药物, 该方法克服了样品中痕量残留检测的困难。然而其局限性在于采用溶剂热法将Fe3O4颗粒负载在PC上可能导致负载不均匀, 部分弱磁性复合材料在萃取过程中流失, 导致萃取效率降低。金属有机框架(metal-organic framework, MOF)材料在吸附和分离领域展现出优良性能。具有Zr基有机框架的UiO-66型MOF因其大比表面积和高孔隙率而对磺胺类抗菌药表现出优异的吸附能力[24]。但MOF对分析物的强吸附能力使其难以被各种有机溶剂洗脱, 导致检测回收率不理想。WANG等[25]采用溶剂热反应的模板-有机配体控制方法制备了粒径为50 nm的超细Zr-MOF(UP/UiO-66)。UP/UiO-66可选择性地吸附磺胺, 无需洗脱和富集, 然后与抗原发生间接竞争反应, 可用于酶联反应吸附实验定量检测。通过切割碳纳米管而获得的氧化石墨烯纳米带(graphene oxide nanoribbons, GONR)具有丰富的含氧基团, 展现出良好的亲水性、分散性和吸附能力[26], 氢键、静电相互作用和π-π共轭是Mag-GONRs吸附SAs的主要驱动力。ZHANG等[27]纵向切割多壁碳纳米管制备了GONRs。采用Fe3O4修饰纳米颗粒, 形成Mag-GONRs复合材料, 具有高效的磁性固相吸附能力, 可用于提取牛奶中残留的磺胺类药物, 建立了Mag-GONRs-MSPE-HPLC-UV分析测定牛奶中SPD等5种磺胺类药物残留回收率在79.6%~114.6%。Mag-GONRs在水溶液中的优异分散性和稳定性使提取时间显著缩短, 展示了在分析食品样品中痕量药物残留的广阔前景。
新型材料普遍具有高比表面积和良好吸附性, 在对溶剂中微量药物残留的吸附上表现良好。MIL-68(Al)是一种新型MOF, 由铝离子(Al3+)和对苯二甲酸(p-phthalic acid, BDC)或其衍生物组成, 具有高度有序的孔隙结构和大表面积[28]。ZHANG等[29]研究设计了一种名为壳聚糖/β-环糊精/MIL-68(Al) [chitosan/β-cyclodextrin/MIL-68(Al), CS/β-CD/MIL-68(Al)]的圆柱形聚合物泡沫柱作为SPE装置。通过将MIL-68(Al)嵌入包含交联CS和β-CD的聚合物基质中, 采用冰模板冷冻干燥技术制得泡沫柱。该设计综合利用了MIL-68(Al)、CS和β-CD的优势实现对磺胺类药物的高效吸附。基于CS/β-CD/MIL-68(Al)泡沫柱的SPE-HPLC方法, 吸收牛奶中磺胺类药物得到的回收率在87.4%~100.9%。其多孔结构降低了传统SPE相关的压力, 无需施加任何外力或特殊设备即可使样品通过色谱柱, 具备经济实惠、易于制备、无需专用设备和溶剂经济性的优点, 在水性样品的预处理过程中具有广泛的应用前景。
共价有机框架(covalent organic framework, COF)材料是由碳、氢、氧和氮元素组成, 通过共价键互相链接的有序多孔聚合物。其高孔隙率、化学稳定性和较大的比表面积, 使其在吸附、有机合成和污染物去除等多领域中极具前景。COF材料能通过金属离子和有机配体之间的螯合, 轻松连接到氧化铁颗粒的表面[30]。由于磺胺类药物中含有较多的氧原子和氮原子, QIAO等[31]基于此设计了一种可重复使用的磁性纳米材料Fe3O4-SiO2-MPA-TAPA-COF作为MSPE材料。该材料利用Fe3O4纳米材料作为磁芯, 5-溴苯-1,3-二甲醛和三(4-氨基苯基)胺为COF壳层, 可有效吸收提取各种样品中痕量的磺胺类药物残留, 并且COF的多孔性能提供了更多的活性位点, 避免了Fe3O4的积累。利用Fe3O4-SiO2-MPA-TAPA-COF与高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)结合建立了一种快速、简单、高灵敏度的SAs分析方法对水和牛奶中SDT等12种磺胺类药物检测, 回收率在60.38%~102.94%之间。
分散移液器萃取(dispersion pipette extraction, DPX)是一种将液体样品中目标化合物提取到萃取剂中的技术, 吸附剂填充在移液器吸头中, 当样品被吸入移液管中, 目标化合物通过物理或化学作用与萃取材料发生作用, 溶解或吸附在材料上, 完成萃取后, 用适当的溶剂将目标化合物从移液管中的萃取材料中洗脱出来, 获得清洁的萃取液。DPX技术操作简单, 快速, 可以同时处理多个样品, 相比于传统的SPE技术操作步骤更加简化。尽管目前DPX技术在检测方面的应用还较少, 但开发适用于DPX的优良吸附剂具有重要研究价值[32-33]。由MOF和纤维素微球(cellulose microspheres, CM)制备的复合材料作为DPX吸附剂具有优良性能。MOF中多种官能团能与样品间产生配位效应、疏水效应、氢键和π-π堆叠等相互作用, 有助于提取具有不同极性和基团的分析物。将微小的MOF加载到CM上, 不仅可以避免DPX过程中MOF的损失, 还能利用CM结构较大的空隙, 为进一步修饰提供丰富位点[34]。LI等[35]利用金属有机骨架材料MIL-88B(Fe)制造了MIL-88B(Fe)/CM复合材料作为DPX吸附剂, 用于在UPLC-MS/MS之前提取牛奶样品中的磺胺类药物。MIL-88B(Fe)以氧原子为中心的金属八面体和对苯二甲酸配体组成三维骨架, 形成微孔孔道和孔笼结构, 这些结构有助于样品溶剂中的萃取。加入CM后成功克服了MOF材料在DPX过程中的损失问题, 同时该复合材料还具备高通量和操作简便的优势。借助MOF/CM复合材料的DPX技术不仅实现了高效、简便的样品预处理, 还为开发新型萃取材料和拓展其多样化应用前景提供了坚实支撑。
样品经过前处理后, 优化仪器检测条件是确保最终检测准确性的关键。由于不同物质的化学性质不同, 选择适当的流动相和色谱柱, 同时避免杂质污染。常见的乳制品前处理方法是利用乙腈、甲醇、三氯乙酸和六氰合铁(II)酸钾-乙酸锌等沉淀乳制品中蛋白质。离心后上清液供LC-MS测定。磺胺类化合物是弱极性化合物, 易被有机溶剂(如酸化乙腈、乙腈、甲醇和乙酸乙酯)提取, 亢美娟等[36]发现三氯乙酸作为沉淀剂时, 样品溶液体系的酸度过高, 会对HPLC分离产生不利影响; 而采用六氰合铁(II)酸钾-乙酸锌沉淀蛋白质会引入其他元素和基团, 干扰色谱分离结果; 如果以乙腈为萃取溶剂相比其他溶剂对磺胺类药物的提取效率更高, 同时乙腈比甲醇沸点更低, 有利于氮吹浓缩。色谱仪中常采用甲醇、乙腈、甲酸和水等配制流动相。在吴燕等[37]的实验中考察了甲醇-水、乙腈-水、甲醇-4 mmoL乙酸铵溶液和甲醇-0.1%甲酸溶液这4种流动相体系的分离效果, 结果表明, 乙酸铵和甲酸能有效促进正离子扫描模式下多种磺胺类药物的电离, 从而显著提高了检测灵敏度。特别是加入乙酸铵后, 不仅峰形获得显著改善, 定量结果的准确度也得以提升。
磺胺类药物通常具有含氨基(-NH2)、磺酰基(-SO2NH2)等极性基团, 这使得它们在ESI条件下易于生成正离子, 因此质谱条件一般选用ESI正离子扫描模式, 能有效对样品离子化。采用正离子模式不仅能够增强极性化合物的响应信号, 同时也有利于降低基质干扰, 提高定性和定量分析的灵敏度。刘楚君等[38]设计的液相色谱-四极杆线性离子阱质谱法测定牛奶中磺胺类和喹诺酮类药物残留, 结合了四极杆的高选择性和线性离子阱的高碎裂效率, 采用简单的液-液萃取完成样品检测。该方法不仅简化了样品前处理, 也降低了对技术人员的要求, 同时回收率达到了77.39%~119.44%。采用ESI正离子模式结合四极杆和线性离子阱的质谱技术, 通过优化离子源参数和仪器工作条件, 提升磺胺类药物的离子化效率, 在降低背景干扰、提高碎片信息解析及检测灵敏度方面均取得显著效果。为牛奶及其他乳制品中药物残留的快速、准确检测提供了有力支持。
质谱数据处理依赖于数据库比对确定被测物质, 近年来随着人工智能的发展, 质谱数据结合计算机大数据分析的应用日益广泛。全球天然产物社会分子网络串联质谱数据库能通过比对质谱碎片数据, 将具有相似质谱特征的分子连接在一起构建分子网络, 从而高效分析质谱数据。这一技术不仅能实现对药物残留的快速分析, 还能检测到一些未被发现的微量成分[39]。王伟等[40]利用全球天然产物社会分子网络串联质谱数据库平台迅速分析食品中的类似化合物家族的分子网络, 并能对未知物质组成的样品自动收集整理二级质谱谱图。而对于复杂样品的检测往往会获得大量数据, 原始谱图通常需要以供应商专有的格式存储, 且仅能通过供应商提供的软件库进行访问, 这对现有的数据存储和访问技术带来了诸多不便。BILBAO等[41]开发了MZA工具, 这是一种通用的质荷比(m/z)数据存储与访问工具, 由一个数据转换工具和一个基于HDF5格式的简单储存文件结构组成, 可以有效存储大量原始质谱数据, 并能够快速随机的高效访问读取。同时, 该工具支持使用数据科学和人工智能编程语言(例如Python和R), 便于快速处理和开发新工具。软件可执行文件以及Python和R脚本可在 https://github.com/PNNL-m-q/mza免费获得。随着计算机科学的进步, https://github.com/PNNL-m-q/mza免费获得。随着计算机科学的进步,利用网络数据库和编程工具可以实现对质谱数据的快速可视化分析, 解决了大量数据处理困难的问题。
微流体技术具有高表面积与体积比、更强的表面张力、层流和毛细管效应增强, 能够在几平方厘米的芯片空间内实现样品制备、反应、分离和检测的小型化, 因此在便携性分离、检测和分析方面表现出巨大的潜力[42]。CAROLINA-RAFANHIN等[43]设计了一种简单、快速、便携且低成本的微流体纸质分析设备(microfluidic paper-based analytical device, μPAD), 该设备通过抑制碳酸酐酶(carbonic anhydrase, CA)和4-硝基苯乙酸酯(4-nitrophenyl acetate, NphOAc)之间的比色反应, 并结合计算机软件分析每个像素点的颜色, 实现对牛奶中的磺胺类药物残留的定量检测。通过抑制CA、NphOAc和分析物之间的酶促反应, 即使在高度复杂的基质中也能精确识别磺胺类药物而不产生明显的干扰。μPAD显著降低了分析成本, 具有高度便携性且操作简便。CHEN等[44]构建了一个具有两个旋转轴的离心微流控平台, 可以简单实现包括液体输送、顺序释放和混合在内的基本液体操作, 并配备荧光检测系统用于信号记录。该平台可用于同时筛选和定量牛奶样品中的抗生素残留, 包括氯霉素(chloramphenicol, CAP)、四环素(tetracycline, TCs)、恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin, ENR)、头孢氨苄(cefalexin, CEX)、磺胺类药物和三聚氰胺(melamine, MEL)。实验表明本方法可以在17 min内成功检测4个牛奶样品中的6种污染物, 并获得可靠结果, 极大提高了检测效率。
分子印迹聚合物(molecularly imprinted polymer, MIP)是一类基于分子识别原理运行, 具有高选择性和特异性的分析方法。通过在聚合物材料中合成复杂的孔隙结构来实现靶向分子识别。由于其特定的孔结构而表现出高度选择性识别和捕获目标分子的能力[45]。MIP利用目标分子(模板分子)的特定空间结构, 使得该聚合物能够在后续的分析中选择性地识别并结合与模板分子结构相似的分子。在磺胺药物的检测中, 可制备对应的MIP[46-47]。MOHAMED-NAGEIB等[48]以甲基丙烯酸(methyl acrylic acid, MAA)和丙烯酰胺(acrylic amide, AA)作为聚合物材料, 合成磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethoxazole, SMX)的MIP。根据实验验证了MAA对于SMX具有更良好的亲和性, 使用MAA作为单体合成的MIP可作为传感器中的识别元件[45], 进行SMX的选择性检测。与GC-MS和HPLC等常规检测方法相比, 该方法简单稳定且成本低。DAI等[49]制备了以聚多巴胺(polydopamine, PDA)为中间体的新型分子印迹间苯二酚-甲醛树脂纳米纤维垫(molecularly imprinted resorcinol- formaldehyde resin nanofibers, MIRF NFs)。MIRF NFs具有高比表面积和良好的可用性。基于MIRF NFs的SPE显示出极高的提取效率, 尤其在检测动物源性食品中痕量SAs残留方面具有巨大的应用潜力。KHONGKLA等[50]制备了一种对于磺胺类药物具有高选择性的杂化吸附剂ZnO/Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2/MIP/alginate, 采用Fe3O4作为MOFs, 并基于藻酸盐制备的复合MIP海藻酸盐水凝胶珠, 海藻酸盐具有无毒、稳定且可生物降解的优点, 加入ZnO纳米材料后, 能够通过氢键吸附磺胺类药物, 从而提高其吸附性和特异性, 并且可重复使用10次以上。经过高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测(high performance liquid chromatography- diode array detection, HPLC-DAD)对SMT和SDM两种磺胺类药物检测, 其回收率在93.8%~97.0%, 具有制备简单、提取高效、特异性强以及能重复使用的优点。
3D打印技术能够通过灵活设计和定制结构以及选择材料, 能够快速制备用于药物检测的特异性传感器、SPE小柱和微流控芯片[51]。近年来, 3D打印在分析化学中的适用性显着增加。这使得使用计算机辅助数字设计(computer aided digital, CAD)和随后的立体光固化成型技术(stereo lithography apparatus, SLA)的协作下, 能够实现逐层光聚合打印的精确设计。BARZALLO等[52]开发了一种基于3D SLA打印的载体, 该载体覆盖有反相混合阳离子交换(reverse phase mixed cation exchange, Oasis MCX)树脂, 用于现场和实验室提取样品中的磺胺类药物。该方法克服了传统SPE小柱中高反压的缺点, 避免了大体积样品的运输和储存, Oasis MCX能够从单个样品中预浓缩7种磺胺类药物, 并通过带DAD的HPLC仪器同时进行分析。
乳制品中磺胺类药物残留的检测是保障食品安全的重要环节。色谱-质谱技术凭借其高灵敏度、优异的选择性及对复杂基质的强大解析能力, 已成为该领域最高效的检测手段。近年来, 随着样品前处理技术的革新与仪器分析方法的不断优化, 检测水平也显著提升。在前处理方面, SPE技术通过引入MOFs、COFs和MIPs等新型吸附材料, 显著提高了萃取效率与选择性; 在仪器分析方面, LC-MS/MS等技术的广泛应用, 不断推动检测限降低和准确性提升。此外, 微流控技术与3D打印等新兴技术的交叉融合, 也为检测方法的创新开辟了新路径。
但当前检测技术仍面临多重挑战。乳制品基质成分复杂, 对目标物的提取与识别干扰显著; 高端检测设备成本高、操作复杂, 难以在基层监管和企业自检中广泛应用; 同时, 现有方法在样品前处理阶段仍较繁琐, 难以满足现场快速检测的需求。针对上述问题, 未来研究应重点聚焦3个方向: 一是开发新型功能化吸附材料, 深入研究其性能调控机制, 探索复合材料的协同增效作用, 以提升材料的吸附容量与选择性; 二是研制智能化、便携式检测设备, 结合人工智能算法、微流体芯片及3D打印技术构建集成化、一体化的小型检测平台, 实现样品处理与结果分析的自动化; 三是完善标准化检测体系, 制定统一的方法验证流程和质量控制标准, 提升检测结果的可比性与可靠性, 并建设共享数据库平台, 推动检测数据的互联互通。
随着材料科学、分析化学与工程技术的进步, 乳制品中磺胺类药物残留的检测将朝着更高效、更精准、更便捷的方向持续发展。通过不断的技术创新与方法优化, 最终有望建立一套完善的快速检测技术体系, 为食品安全风险监测提供坚实技术支撑, 切实保障乳制品质量安全与公众健康。实现这一目标不仅依赖科研人员的持续努力, 更需监管部门、生产企业与技术机构的协同合作, 推动检测技术的转化应用与行业标准的持续完善。
  • 2024年度陕西省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(2024KY03)
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划项目(GZC20231513)
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2025年第16卷第11期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120008
  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-14
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
基金
2024年度陕西省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(2024KY03)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划项目(GZC20231513)
作者信息
    1. 陕西省产品质量监督检验研究院, 西安 710048
    2. 陕西科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 西安 710021

通讯作者:

* 樊成(1973—), 男, 正高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品质量检测。E-mail:
贾玮(1986—), 男, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品质量安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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