Article(id=1153429499204063535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752928622294, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752928622294, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752928622294, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752928622294, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153429493357203682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752928620900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758690311058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153429500604961104, articleId=1153429499204063535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Summary of domestic and international regulations and standards on mercury in aquatic products and comparison of methylmercury detection methods, columnId=1153429494888129034, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Highlight: Guangzhou Inspection Testing and Certification Group Co., Ltd., runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mercury is a global environmental pollutant that poses potential threats to ecosystems and human health. Among the various chemical forms of mercury, methylmercury is of particularly concern due to its neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The consumption of aquatic products is a significant source of human exposure to mercury. To ensure food safety, stringent regulations have been established by different countries and regions, specifying the maximum allowable levels of mercury species such as total mercury and methylmercury in aquatic products, as well as the corresponding detection methods. This paper provided a comprehensive summary of the current international regulations on the maximum allowable levels of total mercury and methylmercury in aquatic products, and compared the standard detection methods for methylmercury in different countries. Through comparative analysis, investigated the characteristics of various extraction methods, including acidic, organic reagent, and distillation methods in depth. Additionally, this paper evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of common separation techniques, such as liquid and gas chromatography, summarized the performance of various detection methods, including liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LC-AFS), liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS). These analyses not only revealed the limitations of existing detection methods but also provided a scientific basis and reference for the development and standardization of future methylmercury analytical techniques. This article further outlined the future direction of methylmercury determination in seafood, with the goal of enhancing the precision, accuracy, and sensitivity of detection methods to better support food safety.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-Sen LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao LING, Zhi-Sen LIANG, Yu-Zhen CHEN, Min-Heng HE, Xiu-Ying LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153429500932116823, articleId=1153429499204063535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=水产品中汞形态国内外法规标准汇总及甲基汞检测方法对比, columnId=1153429495039123980, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期重点:广州检验检测认证集团有限公司, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

汞是一种全球性环境污染物, 对生态系统和人类健康构成了潜在的威胁。在汞元素不同的化学形态中, 甲基汞因其极强的神经毒性和致癌性而备受关注。水产品的食用是人类重要的汞暴露来源。为保障食品安全, 不同国家和地区制定了严格的食品安全法规, 规定了水产品中汞化学形态的限量要求及相关检测方法。本文系统总结了国际上现行有效的水产品中总汞和甲基汞等汞化学形态的限量要求, 并详细比较了不同国家的甲基汞的检测标准方法。通过对比分析, 本文深入探讨了包括酸式、有机试剂以及蒸馏提取在内的不同提取方法的特点, 评估了液相色谱和气相色谱等常见分离方法的优缺点, 并总结了液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法(liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry, LC-AFS)和液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LC-ICP-MS)等多种检测方法的不同性能。这些分析不仅揭示了当前检测方法的局限性, 还为未来甲基汞的分析技术的开发和标准化提供了科学依据和参考。本文展望了水产品中甲基汞测定的发展方向, 旨在提高检测方法的精密度、准确性和灵敏度, 为保障食品安全提供更有力的支持。

, correspAuthors=梁志森, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 梁志森(1989—), 男, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与分析检测技术。E-mail:
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凌逍(1999—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品安全与分析检测技术。E-mail:

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Chemosphere, 1999, 39(7): 1181-1197., articleTitle=The analysis of inorganic and methyl mercury by derivatisation methods; opportunities and difficulties, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1177619208935453515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=55, issue=1, pageStart=44, pageEnd=55, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=58, authorNames=CARICCHIA AM, MINERVINI G, SOLDATI P, journalName=Microchemical Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CARICCHIA AM, MINERVINI G, SOLDATI P, et al. GC-ECD Determination of Methylmercury in Sediment Samples Using a SPB-608 Capillary Column after Alkaline Digestion[J]. Microchemical Journal, 1997, 55(1): 44-55., articleTitle=GC-ECD Determination of Methylmercury in Sediment Samples Using a SPB-608 Capillary Column after Alkaline Digestion, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1177619202820158120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, awardId=ISO25342, language=CN, fundingSource=ISO/TC34/SC6 WG24污染物测定标准化项目(ISO25342), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1177619202920821418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, awardId=2024kj08GZ, language=CN, fundingSource=广州检验检测认证集团有限公司科技项目(2024kj08GZ), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1177619198365807201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177619198374195810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, companyId=1177619198365807201, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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National Quality Inspection and Testing Center for Processed Foods (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511447, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177619198479053414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, companyId=1177619198458081892, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.国家加工食品质量检验检测中心(广东), 广州 511447)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177619201775776403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Domestic and international comparisons of food types tested for mercury

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品种类 CAC 欧盟 加拿大 美国 中国 日本 韩国 澳大利亚
水产品及
其制品
√(a) √(c) √(e) √(f) √(i) √(j) √(k) √(l)
肉及肉制品 √(i)
蛋及蛋制品 √(i) √(l)
乳及乳制品 √(i) √(l)
粮食和粮
食制品
√(g) √(i) √(l)
调味品 √(b) √(k) √(l)
特殊营养
用食品
√(d)
水及饮料类 √(a) √(h) √(i) √(j)
总计 3 2 1 3 6 2 2 5
), ArticleFig(id=1177619201884828310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国内外检测汞的食品种类比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食品种类 CAC 欧盟 加拿大 美国 中国 日本 韩国 澳大利亚
水产品及
其制品
√(a) √(c) √(e) √(f) √(i) √(j) √(k) √(l)
肉及肉制品 √(i)
蛋及蛋制品 √(i) √(l)
乳及乳制品 √(i) √(l)
粮食和粮
食制品
√(g) √(i) √(l)
调味品 √(b) √(k) √(l)
特殊营养
用食品
√(d)
水及饮料类 √(a) √(h) √(i) √(j)
总计 3 2 1 3 6 2 2 5
), ArticleFig(id=1177619201956131480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Assessments of safe levels of mercury across various countries

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家 依据 适用类别范围 最大限量/(mg/kg)
总汞 甲基汞
CAC CXS 193—1995《食品和饲料中污染物和毒素通用标准》 金眼鲷、大马林鱼、橙连鳍鲑、羽鼬鳚、鲨鱼、金枪鱼 / 1.2~1.7
欧盟 欧盟关于食品污染物最高限量的法规(EC)No 629/2008与(EC)No 1881/2006 以下鱼类的肌肉: 鮟鱇鱼、大西洋鲶鱼、鲣、鳗、皇帝鱼、橙连鳍鲑、红兵鲶、长尾鳕、比目鱼、大马林鱼、狭鳞庸鲽、鲻鱼、狗鱼、鲣鱼、鳕鱼、角鲨、魟鱼、鲈鲉、旗鱼、剑尾鱼、真鲷、潘多拉鱼、鲨鱼、蛇鲭、鲟鱼、剑鱼、金枪鱼 1.0 /
其他渔业产品和鱼类肌肉 0.5 /
加拿大 加拿大关于更新《零售鱼类产品中汞的现有风险管理战略》 冷冻金枪鱼、鲨鱼、旗鱼、大鳞魣、四鳍旗鱼和罗非鱼 1.0 /
其他鱼类 0.5
美国 美国食品药品监督管理局关于《鱼和水产品危害与控制指南》的2022年6月修订版 所有鱼类 / 1.0
中国 GB 2762—2022 水产动物及其制品(肉食性鱼类及其制品除外) / 0.5
肉食性鱼类及其制品(金枪鱼、金目鲷、枪鱼、鲨鱼及以上鱼类的制品除外) / 1.0
金枪鱼及其制品 / 1.2
金目鲷及其制品 / 1.5
鲨鱼及其制品 / 1.6
枪鱼及其制品 / 1.7
日本 日本关于食品中天然毒素的暂定限量 鱼类和贝类(深海海鲜例如鲨鱼、金枪鱼、剑鱼、鲣鱼、比目鱼、
黄带石斑鱼、裸鳃海蛞蝓)
0.4 0.3
韩国 韩国食品法典 海洋鱼类、淡水鱼类(深海鱼类的金枪鱼和旗鱼除外) 0.5 /
深海鱼类(包括金枪鱼和旗鱼) / 1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1177619202031628956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各国对水产品中汞安全水平的评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家 依据 适用类别范围 最大限量/(mg/kg)
总汞 甲基汞
CAC CXS 193—1995《食品和饲料中污染物和毒素通用标准》 金眼鲷、大马林鱼、橙连鳍鲑、羽鼬鳚、鲨鱼、金枪鱼 / 1.2~1.7
欧盟 欧盟关于食品污染物最高限量的法规(EC)No 629/2008与(EC)No 1881/2006 以下鱼类的肌肉: 鮟鱇鱼、大西洋鲶鱼、鲣、鳗、皇帝鱼、橙连鳍鲑、红兵鲶、长尾鳕、比目鱼、大马林鱼、狭鳞庸鲽、鲻鱼、狗鱼、鲣鱼、鳕鱼、角鲨、魟鱼、鲈鲉、旗鱼、剑尾鱼、真鲷、潘多拉鱼、鲨鱼、蛇鲭、鲟鱼、剑鱼、金枪鱼 1.0 /
其他渔业产品和鱼类肌肉 0.5 /
加拿大 加拿大关于更新《零售鱼类产品中汞的现有风险管理战略》 冷冻金枪鱼、鲨鱼、旗鱼、大鳞魣、四鳍旗鱼和罗非鱼 1.0 /
其他鱼类 0.5
美国 美国食品药品监督管理局关于《鱼和水产品危害与控制指南》的2022年6月修订版 所有鱼类 / 1.0
中国 GB 2762—2022 水产动物及其制品(肉食性鱼类及其制品除外) / 0.5
肉食性鱼类及其制品(金枪鱼、金目鲷、枪鱼、鲨鱼及以上鱼类的制品除外) / 1.0
金枪鱼及其制品 / 1.2
金目鲷及其制品 / 1.5
鲨鱼及其制品 / 1.6
枪鱼及其制品 / 1.7
日本 日本关于食品中天然毒素的暂定限量 鱼类和贝类(深海海鲜例如鲨鱼、金枪鱼、剑鱼、鲣鱼、比目鱼、
黄带石斑鱼、裸鳃海蛞蝓)
0.4 0.3
韩国 韩国食品法典 海洋鱼类、淡水鱼类(深海鱼类的金枪鱼和旗鱼除外) 0.5 /
深海鱼类(包括金枪鱼和旗鱼) / 1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1177619202157458077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Domestic and international standards for determination of methylmercury in fish and aquatic products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家或
组织
方法名称 年份 适用范围 前处理过程 分离与检测
方法
检出限 定量限
美国分析化学家协会 美国分析化学家协会标准方法983.20 1988 旗鱼、鲨鱼、
金枪鱼、蛤蜊和
牡蛎
通过丙酮洗涤和苯洗涤去除均质材料
中的有机干扰物通过添加盐酸释放与
蛋白质结合的甲基汞并提取到苯中
GC-ECD / 0.25 mg/kg
美国分析化学家协会标准方法990.04 1995 鱼类、贝类 样品中加入一定量的盐酸提取液进行
振荡或超声处理, 以确保充分提取
LC-AAS / /
欧盟 欧洲标准化委员会发布标准(EN) 16801:2016 2016 贻贝组织、鱿鱼肌肉、蟹爪肌肉、狗鱼肝脏、鲸鱼肉、鳕鱼肌肉
和格陵兰比
目鱼肌肉
样品先加入富集汞同位素的甲基汞标准物质, 用四甲基氢氧化铵消化。调整
pH后, 用四乙基硼化钠衍生化甲基汞
为乙基甲基汞。待反应完加入正己烷
萃取以将目标物转移至有机相
GC-ID-ICP-MS / 0.004 mg/kg
欧洲标准化委员会发布标准(EN) 17266:2019 2019 所用种类的海产品,
包括不限于鱼类、
贝类和甲壳类
样品中加入6 mol/L盐酸和30%过氧化
氢后先于60 °C水浴加热30 min。经滤
纸过滤后使用甲醇进行有机相萃取。
将收集的有机相再通过C18固相萃
取柱净化富集
测汞仪 / 0.001 mg/kg
加拿大 加拿大保护水生生物水质准则: 无机汞和甲基汞 2003 水样、沉积物和
生物组织
文件提及加拿大在检测甲基汞时广泛
使用了美国环境保护署标准
方法1630
CV-AFS 1 pg/L /
美国 美国环境保护署标准方法1630 2001 水样 样品经盐酸处理后蒸馏, 加入乙基化试剂将甲基汞转化为乙基汞。随后, 用氮气吹扫并捕集乙基汞, 经热解吸释放后, 用冷蒸气原子荧光光谱仪检测 CV-AFS 0.02 ng/L 0.06 ng/L
中国 GB 5009.17—2021 2021 大米、食用菌、
水产动物及其
制品
样品中加入5 mol/L盐酸, 室温下超声提取60 min。离心后取上清液, 调节pH至3~7, 加入10 g/L L-半胱氨酸溶液, 稀释并经0.45 µm有机滤膜过滤 LC-AFS 0.008 mg/kg 0.03 mg/kg
LC-ICP-MS 0.005 mg/kg 0.02 mg/kg
日本 汞分析手册 2004 鱼类、头发、
血液等生物样品
样品中加入10%盐酸, 涡旋混合后超声处理并离心。取上清液5 mL, 加入等体积10% L-半胱氨酸溶液, 重复上述处理步骤。最后, 将上清液通过0.45 µm有机相滤膜过滤 GC-ECD 0.02 ng/L 0.06 ng/L
日本 汞分析手册 2016 生物样品 样品中加入0.1% L-半胱氨酸和5 mol/L氢氧化钠, 置于80 °C恒温器中孵育1~2 h。随后加入甲基异丁基酮脱脂, 分离有机层后用正己烷洗涤。再依次加入5 mol/L氢溴酸、1 mol/L氯化铜和甲苯, 剧烈摇动。转移上层甲苯层, 加入0.2% L-半胱氨酸-2%醋酸钠溶液, 再次剧烈摇动。最后移去甲苯层 AAS / /
韩国 韩国食品法典第8章一般测试方法9.1.7甲基汞 2023 鱼类和贝类 样品中加入适量盐酸(6 mol/L)和过氧化氢(30%, V/V), 在60 °C的水浴中加热30 min。经滤纸过滤后进行衍生化。后加入适量的二氯甲烷进行液-液萃取。收集有机相后再通过C18固相萃取柱
净化富集
GC-ECD 0.0005 mg/kg 0.0016 mg/kg
), ArticleFig(id=1177619202442670753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

国内外测定鱼类和水产品中甲基汞的标准方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家或
组织
方法名称 年份 适用范围 前处理过程 分离与检测
方法
检出限 定量限
美国分析化学家协会 美国分析化学家协会标准方法983.20 1988 旗鱼、鲨鱼、
金枪鱼、蛤蜊和
牡蛎
通过丙酮洗涤和苯洗涤去除均质材料
中的有机干扰物通过添加盐酸释放与
蛋白质结合的甲基汞并提取到苯中
GC-ECD / 0.25 mg/kg
美国分析化学家协会标准方法990.04 1995 鱼类、贝类 样品中加入一定量的盐酸提取液进行
振荡或超声处理, 以确保充分提取
LC-AAS / /
欧盟 欧洲标准化委员会发布标准(EN) 16801:2016 2016 贻贝组织、鱿鱼肌肉、蟹爪肌肉、狗鱼肝脏、鲸鱼肉、鳕鱼肌肉
和格陵兰比
目鱼肌肉
样品先加入富集汞同位素的甲基汞标准物质, 用四甲基氢氧化铵消化。调整
pH后, 用四乙基硼化钠衍生化甲基汞
为乙基甲基汞。待反应完加入正己烷
萃取以将目标物转移至有机相
GC-ID-ICP-MS / 0.004 mg/kg
欧洲标准化委员会发布标准(EN) 17266:2019 2019 所用种类的海产品,
包括不限于鱼类、
贝类和甲壳类
样品中加入6 mol/L盐酸和30%过氧化
氢后先于60 °C水浴加热30 min。经滤
纸过滤后使用甲醇进行有机相萃取。
将收集的有机相再通过C18固相萃
取柱净化富集
测汞仪 / 0.001 mg/kg
加拿大 加拿大保护水生生物水质准则: 无机汞和甲基汞 2003 水样、沉积物和
生物组织
文件提及加拿大在检测甲基汞时广泛
使用了美国环境保护署标准
方法1630
CV-AFS 1 pg/L /
美国 美国环境保护署标准方法1630 2001 水样 样品经盐酸处理后蒸馏, 加入乙基化试剂将甲基汞转化为乙基汞。随后, 用氮气吹扫并捕集乙基汞, 经热解吸释放后, 用冷蒸气原子荧光光谱仪检测 CV-AFS 0.02 ng/L 0.06 ng/L
中国 GB 5009.17—2021 2021 大米、食用菌、
水产动物及其
制品
样品中加入5 mol/L盐酸, 室温下超声提取60 min。离心后取上清液, 调节pH至3~7, 加入10 g/L L-半胱氨酸溶液, 稀释并经0.45 µm有机滤膜过滤 LC-AFS 0.008 mg/kg 0.03 mg/kg
LC-ICP-MS 0.005 mg/kg 0.02 mg/kg
日本 汞分析手册 2004 鱼类、头发、
血液等生物样品
样品中加入10%盐酸, 涡旋混合后超声处理并离心。取上清液5 mL, 加入等体积10% L-半胱氨酸溶液, 重复上述处理步骤。最后, 将上清液通过0.45 µm有机相滤膜过滤 GC-ECD 0.02 ng/L 0.06 ng/L
日本 汞分析手册 2016 生物样品 样品中加入0.1% L-半胱氨酸和5 mol/L氢氧化钠, 置于80 °C恒温器中孵育1~2 h。随后加入甲基异丁基酮脱脂, 分离有机层后用正己烷洗涤。再依次加入5 mol/L氢溴酸、1 mol/L氯化铜和甲苯, 剧烈摇动。转移上层甲苯层, 加入0.2% L-半胱氨酸-2%醋酸钠溶液, 再次剧烈摇动。最后移去甲苯层 AAS / /
韩国 韩国食品法典第8章一般测试方法9.1.7甲基汞 2023 鱼类和贝类 样品中加入适量盐酸(6 mol/L)和过氧化氢(30%, V/V), 在60 °C的水浴中加热30 min。经滤纸过滤后进行衍生化。后加入适量的二氯甲烷进行液-液萃取。收集有机相后再通过C18固相萃取柱
净化富集
GC-ECD 0.0005 mg/kg 0.0016 mg/kg
), ArticleFig(id=1177619202543334051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Application of LC-AFS method in food safety detection in different countries or organizations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家或组织 年份 检测元素 适用范围 检出限 定量限 相对标准偏差/% 来源
西班牙 2003 砷(As)形态(III、V) 牛肉 As(III): 0.12 mg/L
As(V): 0.39 mg/L
/ <8.9 [33]
英国 2012 锑(Sb)形态(III、V) 菠菜、洋葱和萝卜 Sb(III): 0.07 µg/L
Sb(V): 0.08 µg/L
/ Sb(III): 5.2
Sb(V): 5.0
[34]
加拿大 2013 无机汞、甲基汞、
乙基汞和苯基汞
鱼肉 无机汞: 0.7 mg/L
甲基汞: 1.1 mg/L
乙基汞: 0.8 mg/L
苯基汞: 0.9 mg/L
/ 无机汞: 3.9
甲基汞: 1.6
乙基汞: 4.8
苯基汞: 2.1
[35]
阿根廷 2015 砷形态(III、V) 大米 As(III): 0.020 mg/L
As(V): 0.025 mg/L
/ As(III): 4
As(V): 6
[36]
ISO 2018 砷形态(III、V) 水样 / 1 μg/L / ISO/TS 19620:2018
日本 2021 无机汞、甲基汞 血液 无机汞: 0.14 ng/mL
甲基汞: 0.12 ng/mL
/ 无机汞: 4.0
甲基汞: 2.8
[37]
日本 2022 无机汞、甲基汞 大米 无机汞: 0.3 ng/L
甲基汞: 0.2 ng/L
/ <2 [38]
美国 2024 铅、砷 烟草植物 / / <10 [39]
), ArticleFig(id=1177619202623025829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429499204063535, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

LC-AFS方法在不同国家或组织中食品安全检测的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家或组织 年份 检测元素 适用范围 检出限 定量限 相对标准偏差/% 来源
西班牙 2003 砷(As)形态(III、V) 牛肉 As(III): 0.12 mg/L
As(V): 0.39 mg/L
/ <8.9 [33]
英国 2012 锑(Sb)形态(III、V) 菠菜、洋葱和萝卜 Sb(III): 0.07 µg/L
Sb(V): 0.08 µg/L
/ Sb(III): 5.2
Sb(V): 5.0
[34]
加拿大 2013 无机汞、甲基汞、
乙基汞和苯基汞
鱼肉 无机汞: 0.7 mg/L
甲基汞: 1.1 mg/L
乙基汞: 0.8 mg/L
苯基汞: 0.9 mg/L
/ 无机汞: 3.9
甲基汞: 1.6
乙基汞: 4.8
苯基汞: 2.1
[35]
阿根廷 2015 砷形态(III、V) 大米 As(III): 0.020 mg/L
As(V): 0.025 mg/L
/ As(III): 4
As(V): 6
[36]
ISO 2018 砷形态(III、V) 水样 / 1 μg/L / ISO/TS 19620:2018
日本 2021 无机汞、甲基汞 血液 无机汞: 0.14 ng/mL
甲基汞: 0.12 ng/mL
/ 无机汞: 4.0
甲基汞: 2.8
[37]
日本 2022 无机汞、甲基汞 大米 无机汞: 0.3 ng/L
甲基汞: 0.2 ng/L
/ <2 [38]
美国 2024 铅、砷 烟草植物 / / <10 [39]
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水产品中汞形态国内外法规标准汇总及甲基汞检测方法对比
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凌逍 1, 2 , 梁志森 1, 2, * , 陈玉珍 1, 2 , 何敏恒 1, 2 , 李秀英 1, 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:广州检验检测认证集团有限公司 2025,16(5): 1-9
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:广州检验检测认证集团有限公司 2025, 16(5): 1-9
水产品中汞形态国内外法规标准汇总及甲基汞检测方法对比
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凌逍1, 2 , 梁志森1, 2, * , 陈玉珍1, 2, 何敏恒1, 2, 李秀英1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.广州检验检测认证集团有限公司, 广州 511447
  • 2.国家加工食品质量检验检测中心(广东), 广州 511447
  • 凌逍(1999—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品安全与分析检测技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 梁志森(1989—), 男, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与分析检测技术。E-mail:
Summary of domestic and international regulations and standards on mercury in aquatic products and comparison of methylmercury detection methods
Xiao LING1, 2 , Zhi-Sen LIANG1, 2, * , Yu-Zhen CHEN1, 2, Min-Heng HE1, 2, Xiu-Ying LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Guangzhou Inspection and Testing Certification Group Company Limited, Guangzhou 511447, China
  • 2. National Quality Inspection and Testing Center for Processed Foods (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511447, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120005
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汞是一种全球性环境污染物, 对生态系统和人类健康构成了潜在的威胁。在汞元素不同的化学形态中, 甲基汞因其极强的神经毒性和致癌性而备受关注。水产品的食用是人类重要的汞暴露来源。为保障食品安全, 不同国家和地区制定了严格的食品安全法规, 规定了水产品中汞化学形态的限量要求及相关检测方法。本文系统总结了国际上现行有效的水产品中总汞和甲基汞等汞化学形态的限量要求, 并详细比较了不同国家的甲基汞的检测标准方法。通过对比分析, 本文深入探讨了包括酸式、有机试剂以及蒸馏提取在内的不同提取方法的特点, 评估了液相色谱和气相色谱等常见分离方法的优缺点, 并总结了液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法(liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry, LC-AFS)和液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LC-ICP-MS)等多种检测方法的不同性能。这些分析不仅揭示了当前检测方法的局限性, 还为未来甲基汞的分析技术的开发和标准化提供了科学依据和参考。本文展望了水产品中甲基汞测定的发展方向, 旨在提高检测方法的精密度、准确性和灵敏度, 为保障食品安全提供更有力的支持。

甲基汞  /  水产品  /  法规标准  /  提取方法  /  检测方法  /  液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法  /  液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法

Mercury is a global environmental pollutant that poses potential threats to ecosystems and human health. Among the various chemical forms of mercury, methylmercury is of particularly concern due to its neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The consumption of aquatic products is a significant source of human exposure to mercury. To ensure food safety, stringent regulations have been established by different countries and regions, specifying the maximum allowable levels of mercury species such as total mercury and methylmercury in aquatic products, as well as the corresponding detection methods. This paper provided a comprehensive summary of the current international regulations on the maximum allowable levels of total mercury and methylmercury in aquatic products, and compared the standard detection methods for methylmercury in different countries. Through comparative analysis, investigated the characteristics of various extraction methods, including acidic, organic reagent, and distillation methods in depth. Additionally, this paper evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of common separation techniques, such as liquid and gas chromatography, summarized the performance of various detection methods, including liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LC-AFS), liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS). These analyses not only revealed the limitations of existing detection methods but also provided a scientific basis and reference for the development and standardization of future methylmercury analytical techniques. This article further outlined the future direction of methylmercury determination in seafood, with the goal of enhancing the precision, accuracy, and sensitivity of detection methods to better support food safety.

methylmercury  /  aquatic products  /  regulatory standards  /  extraction methods  /  detection methods  /  liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry  /  liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
凌逍, 梁志森, 陈玉珍, 何敏恒, 李秀英. 水产品中汞形态国内外法规标准汇总及甲基汞检测方法对比. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (5) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120005
Xiao LING, Zhi-Sen LIANG, Yu-Zhen CHEN, Min-Heng HE, Xiu-Ying LI. Summary of domestic and international regulations and standards on mercury in aquatic products and comparison of methylmercury detection methods[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (5) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120005
汞作为一种全球性环境污染物, 对生态系统和人类健康均构成威胁[1]。在汞的各种化学形态中, 甲基汞因其具有极强的神经毒性和潜在的致癌性而成为研究的焦点[2-3]。甲基汞通过食物链逐级被富集, 具有显著的生物累积性。研究表明, 水产品是人类汞暴露的重要来源[4]。甲基汞进入人体后, 其生物半衰期一般在30~120 d, 主要依赖肠道中菌群的生物转化作用实现去甲基化, 并通过毛发排出[5]
为了保障公众健康, 避免汞污染带来的食品安全风险, 各国及地区都制定了严格的法规和标准, 明确规定了水产品中总汞和甲基汞的最高允许含量及相应的检测方法。然而, 由于国际间缺乏统一的限量要求与检测方法标准, 水产品在全球市场的流通上, 仍然存在食品安全风险。近年来, 随着分析技术的进步, 甲基汞的检测方法也在不断发展。常见的检测方法包括液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, LC-ICP-MS)[6]、气相色谱-电子捕获检测器法(gas chromatography-electron capture detector, GC-ECD)[7]、液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法(liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry, LC-AFS)等[8]。然而, 除分离与检测以外, 样品的前处理、提取方法也对甲基汞检测效率与结果有不可忽视的影响[9]。这些方法各有优缺点, 选择合适的前处理、分离和检测方法对于准确评估食品中的甲基汞含量至关重要。
本文旨在总结国内外有关总汞和甲基汞的限量要求及甲基汞的检测标准方法, 比较检测标准方法中前处理、分离与检测方法的差异及其优缺点, 并探讨未来甲基汞检测技术的发展方向, 为测定鱼类和水产品中甲基汞的相关研究和实际应用提供相应的参考与指导, 以进一步提高甲基汞检测方法的精密度、准确性和灵敏度, 为保障食品安全和公众健康提供更有力的支持。
根据表1可以看出, 国内外检测汞的食品种类主要集中在水产品及其制品上, 这反映了水产品及其制品在汞污染方面的重要程度。此外, 我国还规定了其他食品类别进行汞检测。相比之下, 欧盟的检测范围还侧重于食品补充剂。国际食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC)和韩国则特别要求对调味品进行总汞检测, 这表明其对调味品安全性的高度关注。这些差异反映了不同国家和地区在食品安全监管中的重点和策略差异, 各国根据自身的饮食结构、消费习惯等因素, 制定了相应的检测标准和监管重点。
在诸多国家, 水产品中汞污染水平普遍被认为高于其他食物种类[10]。ELLEN等[11]基于美国国家健康与营养检查调查(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES)的数据, 深入探究了不同食品(涵盖海鲜、葡萄酒、米饭和蔬菜等)与汞生物标志物之间的关联, 研究结果显示, 有关汞生物标志物浓度的饮食预测指标中, 水产品是最为显著的。法国的研究团队亦指出, 水产品能够在整个食物链中富集并积累甲基汞, 是甲基汞暴露的主要来源, 食物链顶端的鱼类生物体内的甲基汞水平可高达5 mg/kg[12]。此外, 意大利的一项研究重点评估了人群食用水产品摄入的汞相关的估计饮食摄入量(estimated weekly intake, EWI)和目标危害商数(target hazard quotient, THQ), 其结果同样表明水产品是汞暴露的主要来源[13]。韩国的研究团队发现, 某地区水产品中的汞水平与当地居民血液和尿液中的汞含量之间存在显著的正相关关系[14]。因此, 在有关水产品中总汞与甲基汞的具体限量方面, 不同国家和组织均将水产品(鱼类、贝类等)作为主要的限制对象[15]。如表2所示, 在众多国际标准中, CAC标准对水产品类别的划分主要聚焦于金枪鱼、金眼鲷、旗鱼、鲨鱼等大型食肉性鱼类, 且仅对甲基汞设定限量, 标准值分别为1.2、1.5、1.7和1.6 mg/kg, 相较于各国的限量值, 显得最宽松; 欧盟和加拿大尚未对水产品中甲基汞限量作出明确要求; 美国则采取了相对统一的标准, 将所有鱼类的甲基汞限量标准设为1.0 mg/kg, 这种统一的标准便于监管和执行; 我国食品安全国家标准对非肉食性水产动物及其制品的甲基汞限量标准为0.5 mg/kg, 对肉食性鱼类及其制品的甲基汞限量则为1.0 mg/kg。值得注意的是, 我国还分别对金枪鱼及其制品、金目鲷及其制品、鲨鱼及其制品和枪鱼及其制品设置了不同限量, 充分考虑了鱼类间的生物特性及其在食物链中的位置, 这种差异化的限量设置, 旨在更精准地保障公众健康, 满足不同消费场景下的食品安全需求, 体现了我国在食品安全监管中对科学性和多样性的高度重视。除鱼类外, 日本还规定了对贝类的甲基汞限量为0.3 mg/kg; 韩国食品法典区分淡水鱼和深海鱼种类, 并设置了不同的限量标准。除甲基汞的限量外, 标准法规中对总汞的限量设定更多地体现了各国对水产品整体汞污染水平的控制策略。在有关水产品中总汞的限量方面, 欧盟对食肉性鱼类肌肉的总汞限量设为1.0 mg/kg, 而其他水产品中总汞限量为0.5 mg/kg; 加拿大制定的总汞限量标准与欧盟存在相似性, 但在适用范围上进行了相应调整; 而美国和我国尚未对水产品中总汞限量作具体规定; 日本对鱼类和贝类的总汞限量则较严格, 为0.4 mg/kg。这些标准的制定, 充分体现了各国的饮食文化和水产品消费结构的差异。每个国家都在力求于保障食品安全和促进水产品产业发展之间寻找一个合理的平衡点, 以实现二者协调共进的目标。
在甲基汞检测的样品前处理过程中, 萃取步骤是关键环节, 并直接影响回收率以及汞形态之间的相互转化率。常见的萃取方法包括酸萃取、有机溶剂萃取和蒸馏萃取。
酸萃取法最早可追溯至20世纪60年代, 当时被提出用于在盐酸介质中以苯或甲苯从鱼肉中萃取甲基汞[16], 此后, 该方法逐渐发展成为样品预处理领域的一种关键手段, 并被广泛应用于各国的标准方法中(如表3所示)。酸萃取的显著优势在于无需进行复杂的样品前处理步骤, 从而在很大程度上提高了检测工作的效率。KAKIMOTO等[17]还发现, 酸的引入可以一定程度上溶解样品中的脂质等其他杂质, 所以相对容易获得较纯的提取溶液。在各国的甲基汞检测标准中, L-半胱氨酸被普遍选用为酸式萃取法的辅助提取剂, 或作为液相色谱(liquid chromatography, LC)中的流动相成分之一。相关研究表明, L-半胱氨酸、硫脲和二硫腙等有机物在汞提取过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。它们能够与汞离子形成稳定的螯合物[18], 既有效从复杂的样品基质中提取汞形态, 还能在液相分离时增强反相色谱柱对目标物的保留能力, 从而提高检测的选择性和灵敏度[19]。然而, 酸萃取法所使用的萃取剂中含有较高浓度的盐分, 容易改变色谱柱中填料的离子强度, 降低柱效。同时, 流动相中的有机相成分会使得盐分析出, 堵塞色谱柱。因此, 在采用酸萃取法时, 需要综合考虑其优势与潜在的局限性, 并在实际应用中采取相应的优化措施, 以确保检测结果的准确性和可靠性。
有机溶剂萃取法也是一种在甲基汞检测的样品前处理过程中常用的技术, 其原理是利用有机溶剂与甲基汞的亲和性来实现有效的分离和富集[20]。如表3中欧盟的EN 16801:2016和EN 17266:2019方法分别采用了正己烷和甲醇进行有机相萃取。该方法的优势在于萃取液中盐分含量低, 对色谱柱的影响较小。现有的研究报道中, 有机溶剂萃取法主要以甲苯萃取为主[21]。而LUCYNA[22]使用甲苯溶液从石斑鱼组织中萃取甲基汞, 发现还需要加入适量的L-半胱氨酸以进一步结合与稳定甲基汞, 从而提高萃取效率。有机溶剂萃取法虽在实验室中应用广泛, 但由于其需要使用较大量的有机试剂, 不符合绿色化学所倡导的可持续发展理念。KAKIMOTO等[23]研究开发了一种基于乙腈作为提取剂, 并结合使用Oasis PRiME HLB固相萃取小柱的前处理方法, 用于测定鱼类和贝类中的甲基汞, 该方法不需要在测试前用大量丙酮或甲苯进行提取, 在纯化过程中仅需35 mL乙腈, 并能在1 h内完成整个操作。随着绿色化学的不断发展, 研究者们正在探索更加环保、高效的替代方法(如低共熔溶剂、离子溶液等), 以减少对传统有机溶剂的依赖, 降低对环境的影响[24]
表3所呈现的信息显示, 美国环境保护署(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA)所开发的甲基汞检测标准(EPA Method 1630)引入了一种蒸馏提取技术。该技术通过将甲基汞转化为乙基汞, 利用了乙基汞相对较低的沸点这一物理特性, 在氮气的辅助作用下进行蒸馏操作, 从而能够高效地将其从复杂的混合物中分离出来。该方法的优势在于, 在提取过程中不仅实现了甲基汞的纯化, 还同步完成了浓缩, 显著提升了检测的灵敏度。ALILOVIC等[25]以尿液为实验样本提取甲基汞, 对比了蒸馏分离法和酸式提取法, 结果显示蒸馏可使甲基汞、无机汞和基质实现更好的分离, 且对于试样体积较大、低于10 pg/g甲基汞浓度的样品, 蒸馏分离法的性能更胜一筹, 而酸式提取法的不确定度高达43.2%, 样品重现性较差。然而, MILENA等[26]研究表明该方法的主要缺点是前处理时间长, 且有机试剂的消耗量大。
在甲基汞及其他汞形态(如无机汞、乙基汞等)的检测过程中, 分离步骤通常依赖于不同形态汞的极性差异来实现有效分离。常用的分离技术包括LC和气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)。研究显示, GC一般具有较强的分离能力和更高的灵敏度, 在GC中, 常用以二甲基聚硅氧烷为色谱柱的固定相, 如BRYCE等[27]在检测不同汞形态前, 先在GC系统中使用了HP-1半毛细管柱进行色谱分离。而VÄLIMÄKI等[28]在测定生物样品中甲基汞和无机汞前, 在GC系统中使用了DB-1毛细管柱用于分离不同汞形态种类。而LC法中, 研究者则常用C18作为反相柱, 如ABEDINLAH等[29]使用了带有Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18保护柱和分析柱的LC系统分离人体血液样本中的甲基汞, 甲基汞与无机汞之间达到了良好的分离度。此外, 如表3所示, 这些技术在各国的标准方法中均得到了广泛应用。欧盟的EN 16801:2016标准以及韩国食品法典第八章中甲基汞的检测方法均采用了GC分离技术, 其检出限分别为4.0 μg/kg和1.6 μg/kg, 相较于其他采用LC法分离技术的国家标准, 检出限值更低。然而, 在大多数情况下, 使用GC分离技术时, 甲基汞需要进行衍生化处理, 这增加了操作的复杂性和时间成本。相比之下, LC法的前处理更为简单, 提取液经液相分离后可直接进样, 无需任何衍生或转化步骤, 从而提高了检测效率并降低了操作误差。此外, LC分离所使用的流动相通常为甲醇、乙腈等有机溶剂。然而, 在以ICP-MS为检测器时, 流动相中有机溶剂的浓度一般需要控制在8%以下, 若有机溶剂浓度过高, 会产生积碳现象并影响检测的准确性和灵敏度, 甚至导致ICP-MS的矩管熄火, 使检测结果偏差较大[30]。因此, 在选择检测技术时, 需综合考虑检测灵敏度、操作简便性以及检测器兼容性等因素, 以确保检测结果的可靠性和有效性。
表3所示, 在国内标准中, 甲基汞检测仪器通常与LC联用, 如有LC-ICP-MS和LC-AFS。而在国外标准中, 则以LC-ICP-MS和GC-ECD的使用为主。
AFS起源于20世纪50年代, 最初作为AAS的增强版技术而开发, 是利用共振荧光的原理来实现更高的检测灵敏度[31]。LC-AFS的联用结合, 为AFS的应用拓展提供了基础。LC-AFS已应用于测定食品中的汞、砷等有毒元素, 并成为国际标准和我国国家标准认可的方法, 如ISO 17733:2015规定了测定工作场所空气中汞蒸气和无机汞化合物的方法, 其中提及了使用LC-AFS进行分析; 我国GB 5009.17—2021中, 第二篇明确规定了LC-AFS联用方法被用于食品中甲基汞含量的测定。在LC-AFS检测过程中, 提取液中的甲基汞首先经液相色谱分离, 后通过紫外照射法或过氧化钾氧化法等方法被转化为汞离子。在酸性环境下, 汞离子与硼氢化钾在线反应生成汞蒸汽, 最终由载气送至AFS检测器系统进行测定[32]表4总结了LC-AFS方法在不同国家中食品安全检测领域的应用情况, 这种联用技术显著提高了分析精度和灵敏度, 甲基汞的LOD可达到ng/L级别。此外, LC-AFS的相对标准偏差通常<10%, 最低至1.6%, 能够精准检测复杂基质中超痕量水平的甲基汞。目前, LC-AFS已在环境监测(如水质检测等)、食品安全(如鱼类、蔬菜、粮食安全检测等)以及生物研究(如血液分析等)等多个领域得到了广泛的研究与开发, 展现出广阔的应用前景。
LC-ICP-MS是一种具有极高灵敏度的分析技术, 已被广泛用于超痕量的多元素组成分析, 其利用等离子体将样品中的元素分解并离子化, 生成的信号与样品的初始化学结构无关[40]。KOPLIK等[41]使用了C8反相色谱柱来分离汞形态, 通过LC-ICP-MS技术测定了多种食品基质(包括鱼类、谷物、蔬菜和草药)中的甲基汞含量, 并对比与优化了样品前处理中巯基乙醇提取法与盐酸提取法的效率差异。MALIŠOVÁ等[42]报道了一种测定植物样品中汞形态的方法, 将汞蒸气发生装置与LC-ICP-MS联用, 通过含辛烷基固定相的反相色谱柱将无机汞和甲基汞分离, 以铋溶液(30 μg/L)作为改性剂, 增强了甲基汞的信号, 检出限可达15 μg/L。此外, AGNIESZKA等[43]还探讨了如何通过数学建模和大数据分析工具(GUM Workbench)来优化LC-ICP-MS法检测甲基汞的过程和提高结果的准确性, 结果显示, 质控样品中甲基汞含量的结果与参考值之间, 平均差异小于4.2%, 检出限低至0.42 μg/kg, 可用于准确测定水产品中的甲基汞。目前, 机器学习和深度学习技术已被广泛应用于食品检测中[44]。这些技术可以处理大量的实时数据, 从而为食品质量检测和食品安全保障提供更多参考。在甲基汞检测领域, 相较于LC-AFS, LC-ICP-MS无需复杂的化学反应或转化步骤, 便能直接对样品中的甲基汞进行检测, 展现出极高的检测效率和灵敏度, 其检出限同样可达到ng/L级别, 然而, LC-ICP-MS对样品的前处理要求较高, 且仪器成本与运行维护费用也相对较高。在ICP-MS与LC技术串联的检测过程中, 对样品中高浓度的盐分和有机相可能会对检测结果产生干扰[45]。因此, 在采用LC-ICP-MS进行甲基汞检测时, 需对样品进行精细的前处理, 以确保检测结果的准确性和仪器的稳定运行。
ECD是一种高灵敏度的选择性检测器, 广泛应用于与GC的联用中, 特别适用于检测含有电负性基团的化合物。然而, 甲基汞的电负性较弱, 因此在使用GC-ECD检测时, 通常需要衍生化处理, 将甲基汞转化为具有电负性基团的衍生物。常用的衍生化试剂包括四乙基硼化钠、四丙基硼化钠等[46], 这类试剂可以将甲基汞转化为相应的烷基汞衍生物, 增加其电负性, 从而提高ECD的响应。此外, 也可通过引入卤素(如氯、溴)来增强ECD检测灵敏度; 而KUITUNEN等[47]研究表明, 磷酰氯、三氯化磷和五氯化磷等这类含磷元素的衍生剂可以通过与1-丙醇在40%吡啶溶液中反应进行衍生化, 提高检测的灵敏度和稳定性; 还有1-甲基咪唑、乙酰咪唑等含氮元素的衍生剂; 以及L-半胱氨酸乙酯、双硫腙等这类含硫元素的衍生剂[48]。KIM等[49]对GC-ECD技术在鱼类样本中甲基汞检测的性能进行了优化, 该方法的检出限和定量限分别为1.02和3.09 μg/kg。然而, 与韩国食品法典中的标准方法相比, 仍存在一定差距。此外, 该方法的提取步骤较为复杂, 预处理时间较长, 并且需要消耗大量化学品。因此, GC-ECD在甲基汞检测中具有高灵敏度、选择性好和线性范围广等优势, 但其衍生化处理复杂、衍生试剂成本高等缺点限制了其应用[50-51]
本文总结了国内外关于水产品中甲基汞检测的法规标准, 并详细对比了不同前处理、分离与检测方法的优缺点。各国在检测汞的食品种类上集中在水产品, 尤其是鱼类和贝类等高风险类别。在各国的检测标准中, 样品的前处理、提取方法的差异对甲基汞检测效率与结果都起到了显著影响, 选择合适的前处理、分离和检测方法对于准确评估食品中的甲基汞含量至关重要。在全球范围内, LC-ICP-MS、GC-ECD方法已是被广泛认可, 且常见的检测手段, 技术开发较为成熟。而LC-AFS虽然也是一种高效的甲基汞检测方法, 具有灵敏度高、操作简便、维护成本低和应用广等优势, 但目前只在我国的食品类检测标准中被广泛应用, 具有较大的推广与开发潜力。未来, 甲基汞检测技术的发展方向应集中在以下几个方面: (1)开发更高效、简便的前处理方法, 减少样品在处理过程中的损失和转化; (2)集成化、一体化仪器的开发以及联用技术的创新, 加强对甲基汞专用检测分析仪等仪器的研发, 进一步通过学科交叉的方式发展色谱和光谱的联用技术, 以提高检测的综合性能, 降低不确定度, 实现对复杂基质中甲基汞的快速、准确检测; (3)现场快速检测技术的开发, 以满足食品安全监管和环境监测的实时需求; (4)各国进一步加强甲基汞检测方法的标准化和规范化, 制定统一的检测标准和操作规程, 提高检测结果的可比性和可靠性。
  • ISO/TC34/SC6 WG24污染物测定标准化项目(ISO25342)
  • 广州检验检测认证集团有限公司科技项目(2024kj08GZ)
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2025年第16卷第5期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120005
  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
基金
ISO/TC34/SC6 WG24污染物测定标准化项目(ISO25342)
广州检验检测认证集团有限公司科技项目(2024kj08GZ)
作者信息
    1.广州检验检测认证集团有限公司, 广州 511447
    2.国家加工食品质量检验检测中心(广东), 广州 511447

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* 梁志森(1989—), 男, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与分析检测技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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