Article(id=1153433634678756021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929608267, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929608267, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929608267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929608267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1758086445549, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=99, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433635073020601, articleId=1153433634678756021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on cumulative dietary risk assessment of pesticide residues, columnId=1153429495274000613, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Research and Detection of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residue, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The popularization of the concept of health in the new era has made the public extremely concerned about food safety. As an important factor affecting food safety, multi-pesticide residues have become the focus of attention for dietary consumers. This paper focused on the cumulative dietary exposure risk of multi-pesticide residues and reviewed the research progress in this field at home and abroad, covering aspects such as assessment frameworks, assessment methods, assessment software and databases. Secondly, it discussed and analyzed the differences in the cumulative dietary risk assessment systems of different international organizations and countries as well as the latest research methods at home and abroad, such as the introduction of advanced data analysis technologies and the adoption of multidisciplinary research models, to comprehensively assess the cumulative dietary exposure risk of multi-pesticide residues. Thirdly, it clarified the importance of relevant databases and software in the assessment process and pointed out the difficulties in data grouping, acquisition and standardization in the current risk assessment research. Finally, it putted forward reasonable suggestions in view of the current situation and existing problems of the cumulative dietary risk assessment of multi-pesticide residues, aiming to provide theoretical support for food quality and safety and the green development of pesticides in the new era.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-Tian LIU, Xian-Bin LI, Hui-Xin LIANG, Li-Lin ZHAO, You-Pu CHENG, Bin ZHANG, Zeng-Long CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin ZHANG, Zeng-Long CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433636100625092, articleId=1153433634678756021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=农药残留累积性膳食风险评估研究进展, columnId=1153429495479521513, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:农兽药残留研究与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

新时代大健康理念的普及使得公众对于食品安全极为关注, 多种农药残留作为影响食品安全的重要因素, 成为膳食消费者的关注焦点。本文聚焦多种农药残留的累积性膳食暴露风险, 综述了国内外在该领域的研究进展, 涵盖评估框架、评估方法、评估软件与数据库等方面内容, 其次, 探讨分析了不同国际组织和国家的累积性膳食风险评估体系的差异及国内外最新的研究方法, 如引入先进的数据分析技术, 采用多学科交叉的研究模型等, 全面评估多种农药残留的累积性膳食暴露风险。再次, 阐明了相关数据库及软件在评估过程中的重要性, 并提出当前风险评估研究中面临数据分组获取及标准化的难题。最后, 针对多种农药残留累积性膳食风险评估的现状及存在问题提出合理化的建议, 旨在为新时代食品质量安全和农药绿色发展提供理论支撑。

, authors=

刘姝甜(1998—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为农药风险评估模型研究。E-mail:

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* 张斌(1981—), 男, 博士, 主要研究方向为生态农药创制及抗病机制研究。E-mail:
陈增龙(1988—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农药残留与风险评估。E-mail:
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刘姝甜(1998—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为农药风险评估模型研究。E-mail:

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Framework for cumulative risk assessment of pesticide residues

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组织/国家 流程
EPA[8] 问题的形成暴露评估毒性评估化合物分组风险描述
EFSA[9] 问题的形成暴露评估危害评估风险特征描述
WHO[10] 问题的提出分层暴露评估分层危害评估暴露限值描述
ATSDR[11] 问题的形成单一组分评估多组分初步评估多组分精确评估风险描述
中国[12] 问题的形成分层暴露评估分层危害评估风险描述
), ArticleFig(id=1175086890861609890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634678756021, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

农药残留累积性风险评估框架

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组织/国家 流程
EPA[8] 问题的形成暴露评估毒性评估化合物分组风险描述
EFSA[9] 问题的形成暴露评估危害评估风险特征描述
WHO[10] 问题的提出分层暴露评估分层危害评估暴露限值描述
ATSDR[11] 问题的形成单一组分评估多组分初步评估多组分精确评估风险描述
中国[12] 问题的形成分层暴露评估分层危害评估风险描述
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农药残留累积性膳食风险评估研究进展
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刘姝甜 1, 2 , 李贤宾 3 , 梁慧芯 3 , 赵莉蔺 1 , 程有普 2 , 张斌 2, * , 陈增龙 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农兽药残留研究与检测 2025,16(6): 99-105
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食品安全质量检测学报 |本期专题:农兽药残留研究与检测 2025 , 16 (6) : 99 -105
农药残留累积性膳食风险评估研究进展
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刘姝甜1, 2 , 李贤宾3, 梁慧芯3, 赵莉蔺1, 程有普2, 张斌2, * , 陈增龙1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院动物研究所, 农业虫害鼠害综合治理研究国家重点实验室, 北京 100101
  • 2.天津农学院园艺园林学院, 天津 300384
  • 3.农业农村部农药检定所, 北京 100125
通讯作者:
* 张斌(1981—), 男, 博士, 主要研究方向为生态农药创制及抗病机制研究。E-mail:
陈增龙(1988—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农药残留与风险评估。E-mail:
Research progress on cumulative dietary risk assessment of pesticide residues
Shu-Tian LIU1, 2 , Xian-Bin LI3, Hui-Xin LIANG3, Li-Lin ZHAO1, You-Pu CHENG2, Bin ZHANG2, * , Zeng-Long CHEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Management of Agricultural Pests and Rodents, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2. College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 3. Institute of Pesticide Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120004
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新时代大健康理念的普及使得公众对于食品安全极为关注, 多种农药残留作为影响食品安全的重要因素, 成为膳食消费者的关注焦点。本文聚焦多种农药残留的累积性膳食暴露风险, 综述了国内外在该领域的研究进展, 涵盖评估框架、评估方法、评估软件与数据库等方面内容, 其次, 探讨分析了不同国际组织和国家的累积性膳食风险评估体系的差异及国内外最新的研究方法, 如引入先进的数据分析技术, 采用多学科交叉的研究模型等, 全面评估多种农药残留的累积性膳食暴露风险。再次, 阐明了相关数据库及软件在评估过程中的重要性, 并提出当前风险评估研究中面临数据分组获取及标准化的难题。最后, 针对多种农药残留累积性膳食风险评估的现状及存在问题提出合理化的建议, 旨在为新时代食品质量安全和农药绿色发展提供理论支撑。

农药残留  /  累积风险  /  膳食暴露  /  评估模型

The popularization of the concept of health in the new era has made the public extremely concerned about food safety. As an important factor affecting food safety, multi-pesticide residues have become the focus of attention for dietary consumers. This paper focused on the cumulative dietary exposure risk of multi-pesticide residues and reviewed the research progress in this field at home and abroad, covering aspects such as assessment frameworks, assessment methods, assessment software and databases. Secondly, it discussed and analyzed the differences in the cumulative dietary risk assessment systems of different international organizations and countries as well as the latest research methods at home and abroad, such as the introduction of advanced data analysis technologies and the adoption of multidisciplinary research models, to comprehensively assess the cumulative dietary exposure risk of multi-pesticide residues. Thirdly, it clarified the importance of relevant databases and software in the assessment process and pointed out the difficulties in data grouping, acquisition and standardization in the current risk assessment research. Finally, it putted forward reasonable suggestions in view of the current situation and existing problems of the cumulative dietary risk assessment of multi-pesticide residues, aiming to provide theoretical support for food quality and safety and the green development of pesticides in the new era.

pesticide residue  /  cumulative risk  /  dietary exposure  /  evaluation model
刘姝甜, 李贤宾, 梁慧芯, 赵莉蔺, 程有普, 张斌, 陈增龙. 农药残留累积性膳食风险评估研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 99 -105 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120004
Shu-Tian LIU, Xian-Bin LI, Hui-Xin LIANG, Li-Lin ZHAO, You-Pu CHENG, Bin ZHANG, Zeng-Long CHEN. Research progress on cumulative dietary risk assessment of pesticide residues[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 99 -105 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120004
根据联合国粮农组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)报道, 全世界每年由于病虫草害导致的粮食减产率在20%~40%[1], 我国每年因此造成的粮食损失高达4000万t[2]。农药已成为不可或缺的农业生产物资。然而, 伴随农药的大量使用, 病虫害的抗药性问题已经在世界范围内加剧, 多种农药联合复配成为解决抗性问题的重要手段。已有研究表明, 腐霉利与咯菌腈混合制剂对黄瓜灰霉病菌的防治效果比单一农药制剂增强5倍[1]。多种农药混合使用势必造成食品中多种农药残留的问题[3-4]。例如: 美国农业部在检测样品中发现南瓜样本中含有19种不同的农药残留[5]。欧盟消费者安全科学委员会(Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, SCCS)也指出, 人体同时或先后暴露于多种农药残留可能引起比暴露于一种残留产生较高或较低的联合效应[6]。仅对单一化学品进行暴露风险评估和管理是不够的, 存在很大的安全隐患。比如, 当某些农药混合使用时, 可能会产生协同作用, 使毒性增强, 对人体健康造成更大的危害, 而在另一些情况下, 不同农药之间可能会相互拮抗, 降低整体的毒性风险[1]。膳食及环境中同样存在大量其他化学物质, 目前很多研究主要针对单一化学品进行暴露风险评估, 这也存在很大安全隐患[7]。因此, 为解决多种农药残留问题在食品安全以及国际贸易等领域的突出矛盾, 有效监测和管理农产品中的多种农药残留, 综合评估农药的使用风险就变得十分重要。
本文将依据国内外农药残留累积性膳食风险评估的研究进展进行归纳总结, 阐明我国累积性膳食风险评估模式与国际组织和发达国家的异同, 结合当前软件开发与数据库应用等关键因素, 展望该研究在未来的发展趋势及重要性, 并强调应重视农药的多残留问题, 及时进行农药的累积性膳食风险评估, 完善我国的评估框架流程及模型方法, 以降低对人体的威胁。
累积性农药残留膳食风险评估是评估人们长期通过饮食摄入多种农药后可能面临的健康风险。包括危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估和风险特征描述等。其可以准确评估具有相同毒性机制的多种农药残留通过多渠道、多途径暴露于人体的现象。近年来, 国际上先后提出了决策树和分层法来评估多种农药累积的健康风险, 世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)、美国环境保护署(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA)以及欧盟食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)等机构均制定和颁布了多个累积性风险评估的文件, 为农药在膳食中的联合暴露风险的评估提供了方法和指南[8-9]。2011年, 世界卫生组织国际化学品安全规划署(International Programme on Chemical Safety, IPCS)对评估方法进行了改进, 采用分层的方式进行评估, 通过收集混合物危害和暴露的信息估计联合暴露阈值(margin of exposure, MOE), 同时结合数据的可用性和评估的范围决定是否继续下一层评估[10]。EFSA也以此为评估模板进行多层次的风险评估。2012年, 欧洲联盟非食物科学理事会(European Union Scientific Committee for Non-Food Products, SCNFP)提出了一种基于决策树的累积风险评估模型, 该模型根据数据的充足性来确定暴露与危害程度, 采用分层与决策树相结合的方法(表1)。美国毒物和疾病登记署(Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, ATSDR)进一步改进了传统的决策树流程, 建立了3个层次的准确层次结构, 有助于更精确、更有效地进行风险评估[11]。与此同时, 我国研究学者也提出了农药残留累积性膳食风险评估的框架[12]
具体框架流程详细展示于表1中, 对这些机构的评估流程加以审视能够发现, 其中存在诸多共性, 危害识别、剂量—反应关系评估、暴露评估以及风险特征描述等关键步骤, 均为各流程的必要组成部分。不过, 它们之间的差异也较为明显, 主要体现在评估重点、框架内容以及所依据的法规政策3个关键维度。在评估重点方面, EPA着重关注化学物质于环境中的累积效应, 深入探究其对生态系统的潜在影响; EFSA构建了涵盖人类健康、动物健康及生态健康的综合通用框架, 从多个维度保障生物链各环节, 为食品安全与生态稳定提供坚实支撑; WHO聚焦于公共卫生领域的风险因素, 力求从宏观层面保障人群健康; ATSDR侧重于有毒物质所致的暴露及相关疾病风险因素, 为开展针对性防控提供有力依据。从框架内容来看, EPA的框架以对环境暴露的精准评估、确定与监测为核心, 致力于构建环境风险防控体系; WHO的框架聚焦于人类健康的评估、确定与监测, 并在风险评估环节运用分层推进法, 逐步深入剖析风险; ATSDR的框架重点在于评估特定场所的暴露风险, 将多种化学物质及非化学应激源纳入考量, 为特定场景下的风险防控夯实基础。此外, 李善雅文等[12]参照国际组织的成熟框架流程, 初步构建了我国的累积性风险评估框架, 创新性地提议采用由简至繁、逐级精确细化的分层模型推进评估工作, 为我国相关领域的发展探索出一条新路径。
在农药累积性膳食风险评估方面, 不同国家和组织依据自身实际情况制定了相应法规政策, 以规范评估流程。WHO依据其与FAO联合发布的《食品法典》中的相关标准和准则开展评估工作。EPA依据《食品质量保护法》, 对多种农药联合效应进行考量, 发布累积风险评估指导规范与程序方法, 实行农药再评价制度; ATSDR参考EPA相关指南, 辅助开展农药累积性膳食风险评估。EFSA依据欧盟396/2005号法规, 制定科学的评估原则、方法与分组策略, 通过严格的数据收集、监测及定期审查更新来实施评估。我国依据《农药管理条例》建立农药安全风险监测制度, 结合《食品中农药残留风险评估指南》等法规政策, 对农药累积性膳食风险进行评估与管理。这些法规政策决定了各国及组织开展风险评估的具体程序与严格要求, 对评估工作流程起到规范作用。
在我国目前的研究中, 对于农药的累积性膳食风险的研究主要集中于蔬菜中的有机磷农药, 且主要采用基于确定性的评估方法; 在国际层面, 多数采用基于概率性方法评估累积性膳食风险, 例如: 蒙特卡罗风险评估模型(Monte Carlo risk assessment, MCRA)、生理药代动力学模型(physiologically based pharmacokinetic, PBPK)等; 伴随复杂情形下的实际评估需求, 基于确定性评估和概率性评估相结合的评估方法逐步被建立, 以我国相关研究为例[13-14], 已有科研人员在对有机磷和拟除虫菊酯于蔬菜中的累积性膳食风险展开评估时, 运用了该方法, 并取得良好效果。不仅如此, 本文还系统汇总了当下农药累积性膳食风险评估领域所涌现出的新技术, 旨在为后续研究与实践提供参考。
在我国, 采用基于确定性方法评估急性累积性膳食风险的步骤如下: (1)数据的收集: 需获取相关农药的急性参考剂量等毒理学信息, 并了解膳食数据, 对不同人群的食物消费模式、摄入量以及食品中农药的残留监测数据进行信息收集。(2)将农药化合物分组、作用模式确定以及效应关系进行确定: 依据其化合物的结构、靶器官及毒理学效应来判断化合物的成分及毒性并对其各组分之间的联合作用模式相互效应关系进行确定, 将具有相似性质的农药归为一组[15-18]。常用的方法有: 等效线图法、毒性指数法等[19-20]。(3)选择指示化合物: 从化合物的分组中选择一个或多个该组毒性特征的指示化合物。(4)计算相对效能因子(relative potency factor, RPF): 确定每种农药与指示化合物的相对毒性关系以明确每种农药相对于指示化合物的毒性强度[21-22]。(5)计算累积当量浓度[23-26]: 将评估组中农药浓度乘以其RPF, 转化为指示化合物的当量浓度, 再将不同的农药进行累加以计算累积当量浓度。(6)进行累积急性膳食摄入风险评估: 计算国际短期摄入量(international estimated short term intake, IESTI)及急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)。(7)风险评估: 当%ARfD小于100时认为风险可接受, 大于则认为是不可接受的[27]。我国慢性累积膳食风险评估步骤与急性相似, 不同在于第(6)(7)步是计算每日估计摄入量(estimated daily intake, EDI)与每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI), 以此来进行慢性风险评估。需要注意的是, 不同农药具有不同的毒性作用机制和残留特点, 在进行实际评估中, 应根据实际情况选择合适的评估方法和参数, 上述第(4)步中, 我国普遍采用RPF法进行评估计算, 但仍有很多其他的评估方法, 例如: 危害指数法(hazard index, HI)、毒性分离点指数法(point of departure index, PODI)、联合暴露阈值法(margin of exposure, MOE)、参考点指数法(reference point index, RfPI)、累积风险指数法(cumulative risk index, CRI)、相互反应指数法(harmonious interaction index of nuclear technology, HIINT)、反应相加法(reaction addition method, Pm)等。
在风险评估专业领域, 各类方法依据其特性, 精准适配于特定的应用场景。RPF法, 适用于在同一浓度下, 所有化合物所产生的效应呈现相加态势, 有效避免相互抵消的情形, 基于此独特性质, RPF法在国际农药累积性膳食风险评估领域得以广泛应用[28], 成为重要手段之一。HI法聚焦于具有高度毒性相似性的化学物质群体, 该方法不仅精准针对此类物质, 更具备精确阐释该群体物质与剂量之间剂量反应模式的能力, 因而在国际农药累积性膳食风险评估进程中[29-32], HI法作为常用方法备受认可。PODI法凭借其专业性, 专门应用于对无遗传毒性风险物质的评估, 为精准度量该类物质风险状况构筑专业、可靠的路径, 确保评估结果的科学性[33]。MOE法专为评估遗传毒性致癌物而设, 面对此类高危物质, MOE法为致癌物风险评估构建稳固保障体系, 保障评估流程严谨规范[34-36]。RfPI法着力于攻克个体或群体暴露于不同化学成分后风险累积的评估难题, 为复杂暴露场景下的风险研判提供坚实支撑, 助力精准把控风险态势[37]。CRI法聚焦关键要点, 能够精准反映某一化合物相较于其毒性分离点的总体风险状态, 辅助专业人员全面洞察化合物潜在风险全貌, 为风险决策提供深度参考[38]。HIINT法善用策略, 通过合理调控危险因素, 适时引入协同或拮抗的响应因子, 深度剖析并精准评价化合物间的相互作用, 为探究化合物复合效应打造精细工具, 推动相关科研向纵深发展[39-41]。Pm法适配于单一化合物毒理学作用不受混合物中其他组分干扰的特定情形, 确保在复杂混合物体系下, 依然能够精准判定单一化合物毒性, 维护评估结果的精准性与独立性[42-43]。尤为突出的是, RPF法[44]与HI法[45]在国际农药累积性膳食风险评估领域应用广泛, 具有极高的业界认可度与深厚的实践根基, 是行业内广泛倚重的关键方法。
国际多数采用基于概率性方法评估累积性膳食风险, 基于确定性方法则较少。例如: EFSA在评估农药对甲状腺系统的慢性影响和对神经系统的急性影响时, 其结论表示消费者通过饮食暴露于农药的累积暴露量要低于风险管理者制定的监管阈值[46]。该试验需要考虑多种不确定性因素, 需要通过概率分布来更全面的描述可能的风险, 因此, 在评估累积性膳食风险时概率性的分析是必不可少的[47-49]。在我国近年的研究中, 也采用了国外的MCRA模型来进行累积性膳食风险的评估工作, 其主要步骤如下[50-51]: (1)数据的收集、输入: 要将上述急性累积性膳食风险评估步骤(1)中的数据进行收集和整理, 输入变量的参数分布。(2)随机抽样: 从这些输入的变量概率分布中进行大量的随机抽样, 形成一个样本, 这里常采用Bootstrap抽样技术进行抽样。(3)计算每次抽样的结果: 根据具体的风险评估模型, 使用抽样得到的值计算每次的暴露量或风险指标。常在Bootstrap样本中进行10000次MCRA模拟, 以此来量化变异性。(4)重复: 要多次重复进行成千上万的抽样和计算。通常需要计算出暴露量来得到最高百分位点的置信区间, 以量化不确定性。该过程中, 需要在一定的编程环境中进行, 如Python、MATLAB等编程工具, 其中MATLAB可替代Bootstrap直接抽样。在国外, 利用概率法进行风险评估时, 往往将农药特性、食品消费规律、人体生理指标等多个因素结合起来, 确定概率分布的种类及参数。不同的概率评估模型与软件, 其具体的算法、数据的处理方法以及使用的场合都会有所不同。在应用概率评估的过程中, 国内外的共性和差异主要体现在数据的来源、评估模型的选取、参数的设定和对不确定因素的处理等方面。这种差别会造成评估结果的差异, 因此, 必须在个案基础上加以分析与比较。在实践中, 国内外均需进一步改进资料采集与处理技术, 提升评估模型的精度与可靠性, 为公众健康安全提供科学依据。
针对农药累积性膳食风险评估中的复杂性和不确定性, 建议综合运用多种评估方式以减小偏差, 通常将确定性与概率性方法联合应用。MCRA模型是一种综合了农药残留、食品消费方式等不确定性的概率性评估方法, 采用随机抽样和模拟结合的方式, 对膳食风险进行综合评价。但是, MCRA模型也有其自身的不足之处, 如对数据的支撑量大, 模型参数的选取比较复杂。确定性评估方式则是基于已知的信息和数据, 通过确定的计算公式和参数来评估风险。这种评估方式简单直观, 容易理解和应用, 但它忽略了不确定性因素的影响, 可能会导致评估结果的偏差。所以, 将MCRA和确定性评估方法结合起来, 可以实现二者的优势互补。核心步骤包括: (1)采用基于确定性评估的方法, 确定农药组合、指标化合物筛选、相对效应系数及摄入风险等数据; (2)将上述信息导入MCRA模型, 通过随机抽样与模拟, 获得其暴露概率分布; (3)基于确定性评估与概率性评估, 对我国农产品中农药残留的风险进行评价。此外, 我国在该项目中应用时还需结合我国食品消费模式、农药使用现状、农药残留监测等因素, 对MCRA模式进行改进与完善。然而, 联合模型协同方面尚需建立统一评估框架(如以概率性模型为主体嵌入确定性阈值), 避免因方法逻辑冲突产生评估偏差。例如: PRICE等[52]评估农药αβγ累积暴露风险时, 确定性模型(含已知农药毒性、标准暴露剂量等信息)和概率性模型(采用Lifeline v1.0)运行逻辑冲突, 将确定性标准暴露剂量嵌入概率性模型, 模拟结果偏离实际。后以概率性模型为主, 用确定性毒性阈值约束随机抽样范围, 解决了该问题, 精准评估出农药累积暴露风险。可见, 国内科研工作者应继续探索与创新, 建立一套符合我国实际的、可持续发展的食品中农药残留的风险评估方法与模型, 从而为公共卫生与食品安全提供更多的科学依据。
在持续的探索和创新进程中, 已有研究学者逐渐挖掘出了新的评估方法[53]。(1)就混合物评估因子(mixture evaluation factor, MAF)而言, 在设定如MAF为10这样的固定数值来防范协同效应时, 具备一定的确定性。然而, 人体生物监测(human biomonitoring, HBM)数据的引入旨在更好地估计MAF, 这又兼具了一定的不确定性和概率性。(2)不良结局途径(adverse outcome pathway, AOP)是一种概念框架, 它描述了从分子起始事件开始, 通过一系列有因果关联的关键事件, 最终导致不良结局的过程, 这种模式有助于深入理解化学物质等因素对生物系统产生有害影响的内在机制。在对化学物质进行分类以及确定关键事件方面, 存在一定的确定性。而在量化风险以及比较效果时, 或许存在概率性的估量。(3)在优先考虑累积风险的主要驱动因素方面, 确定对风险有显著贡献的农药/商品组合, 以及采用相关方法来减少所考虑的成分数量等操作, 具有相对的确定性。但定期更新清单以及在更高层次上细化评估, 又存在一定的不确定性。(4)对于考虑毒代动力学相互作用, 基于共同动力学组的方法对物质进行分组具有一定的确定性, 然而具体的相互作用效果和程度的评估可能包含概率性的成分。可见, 将概率性评估与确定性评估方式加以联合, 是我国当下农药残留累积性膳食风险评估研究的一项重要趋向, 有利于提升评估的准确性和有效性, 为制定合理的风险管理措施提供科学依据。
数据库和软件在农药残留累积性膳食风险评估中具有不可或缺的作用, 提供了高效、稳定和可扩展的评估途径。例如, 美国EPA的综合风险信息系统(integrated risk information system, IRIS), 整合了大量的化学物质毒性数据和评估模型, 为环境健康风险评估提供了有力支持。欧洲也有众多先进的评估工具和数据库。如EFSA建立的数据库, 涵盖了广泛的食品中化学物质残留数据, 并结合相关模型进行风险评估。在对于农药残留累积性膳食风险评估的研究中, 常用的软件有: MCRA、@risk、PBPK等。MCRA可用于模拟和分析不确定情况下的风险, 适用于农药残留等领域的累积风险评估。在MCRA 8.2版本中介绍了悲观模型与乐观模型两种不同的风险评估策略[54]。悲观模型倾向于对风险进行较为保守的估计, 而乐观模型则是对风险相对积极的估计。该软件的升级对后续农药残留的累积性膳食风险评估增加了助力。@Risk也是一款风险评估相关的软件, 具体功能和特点可能因版本和应用场景而不同。而PBPK是一种通过模拟人体生理结构和功能, 结合药物的物理化学特性、代谢途径等因素, 来预测药物在体内吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程的数学模型, 在农药累积性膳食风险评估中能够考虑多次膳食摄入情况。在陈志军[50]的研究中表明: 对于农药残留风险评估的模型及软件有膳食暴露评价模型、CalendexTM、随机人体暴露与剂量模拟模型、Lifeline和MCRA, 这些软件主要由欧美国家研发并使用。另外也可以使用Crystal Ball进行不确定性和敏感性分析, 它使用MCRA技术来计算不确定性和敏感性, 帮助用户更好地理解模型的结果和局限性。而对于数据库来说, 数据的质量和准确性是关键, 不论使用何种软件进行风险分析, 输入的数据必须是可靠的、准确的。我国与国外在农药残留累积性风险评估中使用的数据是不同的, 不同国家和地区的农药使用情况也是不同的。因此, 农药使用数据的来源和准确性也不同。此外, 农产品监测数据以及膳食消费数据也与国外有区别, 一些国家可能有更完善的数据管理系统。但是, 随着国际合作的加强与标准化的推进, 我国与国外均在不断地改进和完善软件分析和数据分析的质量和可靠性。
多种农药联合应用在农业实际生产中有助于解决病虫害抗药性, 但不可避免地带来了食品中多种农药残留的科学问题。本综述对农药累积性膳食风险评估的国内外研究现状进行了梳理和分析, 主要涵盖风险评估框架、评估方法、评估软件及数据库等方面, 并对不同国际组织和国家的累积性膳食风险评估体系的差异进行探讨, 阐明相关数据库及软件在评估过程中的重要性, 以及当前面临的数据分组获取及标准化难题。当前, 在农药残留累积性膳食风险评估方面, 国内在一些情形下仍沿用单一的确定性方法, 不过已意识到其在处理复杂残留、多种农药同时暴露场景时的短板, 进而逐步重视概率性方法, 将其纳入评估体系, 只是具体应用尚需深入挖掘。模型选择上不断引入新方法, 软件倾向公式计算结合MCRA, 还会依据农产品特性定制软件、优化参数, 数据依靠地区膳食调查结合当地习惯采集。国际上则更倾向于运用概率性方法, 因其能更直观展现实际的不确定性与变异性。所开发的概率性模型综合考量诸多因素, 像参数的精细化设置、评估软件的针对性研究等, 数据主要源于大规模膳食调查, 如美国国家健康与营养检查调查, 涵盖人群与食物种类。然而, 当前无论是单一运用确定性还是概率性方法评估农药累积性风险, 虽能反映一定风险特征, 但局限性显著。
未来我国农药残留累积性风险评估的研究应着重关注以下5个方面: (1)发展更为精准、适用性强的评估模型, 以更好地量化复杂暴露情形的风险特性; (2)提高模型参数更新迭代、大数据处理能力, 包括农药残留水平、居民膳食结构等, 同时保证数据的准确性和实用性; (3)强化多学科(生态毒理学、生物信息学、流行病学等)交叉融合, 运用人工智能、大数据挖掘等技术评估结果不确定性与变异性, 系统模拟提升监测数据效率, 深化应用优化参数提取与预测; (4)加强与我国实际风险管控问题相结合, 探索适用于不同暴露途径、不同暴露群体的累积性风险评估方法; (5)积极关注国际的研究动态和实践成果, 结合我国的实际农业生产国情, 将其合理地衔接到风险评估工作中, 推动我国风险评估工作的精准化、高效化、智能化发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32472594)
  • 中国科学院动物研究所自主部署项目(2023IOZ010)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120004
  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32472594)
中国科学院动物研究所自主部署项目(2023IOZ010)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院动物研究所, 农业虫害鼠害综合治理研究国家重点实验室, 北京 100101
    2.天津农学院园艺园林学院, 天津 300384
    3.农业农村部农药检定所, 北京 100125

通讯作者:

* 张斌(1981—), 男, 博士, 主要研究方向为生态农药创制及抗病机制研究。E-mail:
陈增龙(1988—), 男, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农药残留与风险评估。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spaq/CN/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250120004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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