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Article(id=1153433696989336046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250116003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736956800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929623124, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929623124, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929623124, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929623124, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=87, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433698012746250, articleId=1153433696989336046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Determination of 4 kinds of non-volatile nitrosamines in dried smoked fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a new method for the determination of 4 kinds of non-volatile N-nitrosamines (NVNA), N-nitrosoproline (NPRO), N-nitrososarcosine (NSAR), N-nitroso-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (NTCA) and N-nitroso-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (NMTCA), in dried smoked fish products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods The samples were extracted by acetonitrile, degreased with n-hexane, separated on a MORHCHEM Caprisil C18-AQ (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)column, and detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and quantified by the external standard method of matrix standard curve. Results The linearity of the 4 kinds of NVNA was good in ranges of 1,4,10 or 50-800 ng/mL with r2>0.996, the detection limits were 1.36-56.17 μg/kg, the quantification limits were 4.52-187.2 μg/kg, and the spiked recoveries of 4 kinds of NVNA ranged from 90.34%-103.60% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.75%-6.47%. Practical applications showed that NVNAs were detected in commercially available samples of the dried smoked fish at different levels and in different species, with the weakly carcinogenic NSAR being detected at higher rates and levels. Conclusion This method is simple in sample pretreatment, good in accuracy and high in precision, which can meet the simultaneous determination of 4 kinds of NVNA in dried smoked fish, and provides a valuable technical reference for the regulation and control of the NVNA contamination level in dried smoked fish products.

, correspAuthors=Zong-Yi WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chen CHEN, Jian-Xin WU, Zong-Yi WANG, Wei-Qing ZHANG, Li-Hua YANG, Xiao-Tong MA, Zi-Qi DONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433722352292088, articleId=1153433696989336046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=液相色谱-串联质谱法检测干熏鱼中的4种非挥发性亚硝胺, columnId=1151895322898297380, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立液相色谱-串联质谱测定干熏鱼中N-亚硝基脯氨酸(N-nitrosoproline, NPRO)、N-亚硝基肌氨酸(N-nitrososarcosine, NSAR)、N-亚硝基-噻唑烷-4-羧酸(N-nitroso-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, NTCA)和N-亚硝基-2-甲基-噻唑烷-4-羧酸(N-nitroso-2-methyl-thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid, NMTCA) 4种非挥发性N-亚硝胺(non volatile N-nitrsoamine, NVNA)的新方法。方法 样品经乙腈提取, 正己烷脱脂, MORHCHEM Caprisil C18-AQ (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)色谱柱分离, 采用多反应监测模式进行液相色谱-串联质谱检测, 基质标曲, 外标法定量。结果 4种NVNA在1、4、10、50 ng/mL分别至800 ng/mL的范围内线性良好, r2>0.996, 检出限为1.36~56.17 μg/kg, 定量限为4.52~187.20 μg/kg, 加标回收率为90.34%~103.60%, 相对标准偏差为1.75%~6.47%。实际应用显示, 市售干熏鱼样品中均有不同程度、不同种类的NVNA检出, 其中具有弱致癌性的NSAR检出率和含量都较高。结论 本方法样品前处理简单、准确性好、精密度高, 能够满足干熏鱼中4种NVNA的同步测定, 为干熏鱼制品中NVNA的污染监测与控制提供了有价值的技术参考。

, correspAuthors=王宗义, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王宗义(1970—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养与安全检测。E-mail:
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#陈晨和吴建欣为共同第一作者

陈晨(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养安全检测。E-mail:

吴建欣(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养安全检测。E-mail:

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陈晨(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养安全检测。E-mail:

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陈晨(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养安全检测。E-mail:

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吴建欣(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养安全检测。E-mail:

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吴建欣(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养安全检测。E-mail:

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Journal of Chromatography A, 2014, 1330: 20-29., articleTitle=Simultaneous determination of volatile and non-volatile nitrosamines in processed meat products by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation and electrospray ionisation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1173278523939766729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696989336046, awardId=2023, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市都市农林学交叉学科平台建设项目(2023), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1173278524099150282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696989336046, awardId=5046516654/149, language=CN, fundingSource=北京农学院教改重点项目-服务乡村振兴专业能力实训课程体系的构建与教学实践项目(5046516654/149), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1173278519141482869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696989336046, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278519154065782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696989336046, companyId=1173278519141482869, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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MRM parameters for the determination of 4 kinds of NVNAs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 保留时间/min 电离模式 前级离子
(m/z)		 碎片离子
(m/z)		 碰撞能量
/eV		 真空接口电压
/V		 次级导引杆电压
/V
NSAR 3.62 ESI (+) 119 44.1* 18 145 11
88 9 30 4
NPRO 3.73 ESI (+) 145 69.4* 23 24 11
68 23 52 9
NTCA 4.34 ESI (−) 161 70.9* 17 45 3
117 9 30 4
NMTCA 4.97 ESI (−) 174.7 71* 14 30 3
131 8 10 9
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523126071746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696989336046, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4种NVNAs的MRM参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 保留时间/min 电离模式 前级离子
(m/z)		 碎片离子
(m/z)		 碰撞能量
/eV		 真空接口电压
/V		 次级导引杆电压
/V
NSAR 3.62 ESI (+) 119 44.1* 18 145 11
88 9 30 4
NPRO 3.73 ESI (+) 145 69.4* 23 24 11
68 23 52 9
NTCA 4.34 ESI (−) 161 70.9* 17 45 3
117 9 30 4
NMTCA 4.97 ESI (−) 174.7 71* 14 30 3
131 8 10 9
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523184792003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696989336046, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Linearity, LODS and LOQS of the method for determination of 4 kinds of NVNA in dried smoked fish

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 LODs/(μg/kg) LOQs/(μg/kg) 考察浓度范围/(ng/mL) 线性方程 r2
NPRO 18.51 61.70 10~800 Y=598.267X+630.176 0.9994
NSAR 56.17 187.20 50~800 Y=140.908X+285.898 0.9995
NTCA 3.87 12.90 4~800 Y=3125.253X+656.276 0.9968
NMTCA 1.36 4.52 1~800 Y=5260.183X-804.764 0.9991
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523251900868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696989336046, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

检测干熏鱼中4种NVNA方法的线性、LODs和LOQs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 LODs/(μg/kg) LOQs/(μg/kg) 考察浓度范围/(ng/mL) 线性方程 r2
NPRO 18.51 61.70 10~800 Y=598.267X+630.176 0.9994
NSAR 56.17 187.20 50~800 Y=140.908X+285.898 0.9995
NTCA 3.87 12.90 4~800 Y=3125.253X+656.276 0.9968
NMTCA 1.36 4.52 1~800 Y=5260.183X-804.764 0.9991
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523390312901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696989336046, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Accuracy and precision of determination of NVNA in the dried smoked fish (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 加标水平/(μg/kg) 回收率/% RSDs/%
NPRO 100 101.10 1.85
200 103.30 3.14
800 97.69 3.27
NSAR 200 103.60 6.47
800 97.55 1.75
NTCA 20 98.78 1.93
200 94.99 5.31
800 90.34 2.86
NMTCA 8 97.64 5.69
200 100.80 5.05
800 91.57 2.84
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523507753414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696989336046, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

干熏鱼中NVNA含量测定的准确度和精密度(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 加标水平/(μg/kg) 回收率/% RSDs/%
NPRO 100 101.10 1.85
200 103.30 3.14
800 97.69 3.27
NSAR 200 103.60 6.47
800 97.55 1.75
NTCA 20 98.78 1.93
200 94.99 5.31
800 90.34 2.86
NMTCA 8 97.64 5.69
200 100.80 5.05
800 91.57 2.84
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523608416711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696989336046, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Determining results of NVNA in the actual samples (n=2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称 含量/(μg/kg)
NPRO NSAR NTCA NMTCA
干烟熏鲤鱼 ND 243.6 ND ND
干烟熏鲢鱼 ND 205.6 1410.6 15.71
干烟熏翘嘴鱼 ND 158.0 ND ND
干烟熏刁子鱼 54.70 ND ND ND
干烟熏红眼鱼 56.24 ND ND ND
干咸鱼 ND ND ND ND
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523692302792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433696989336046, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

实际样品中NVNA的检测结果(n=2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称 含量/(μg/kg)
NPRO NSAR NTCA NMTCA
干烟熏鲤鱼 ND 243.6 ND ND
干烟熏鲢鱼 ND 205.6 1410.6 15.71
干烟熏翘嘴鱼 ND 158.0 ND ND
干烟熏刁子鱼 54.70 ND ND ND
干烟熏红眼鱼 56.24 ND ND ND
干咸鱼 ND ND ND ND
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液相色谱-串联质谱法检测干熏鱼中的4种非挥发性亚硝胺
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陈晨 1, # , 吴建欣 1, # , 王宗义 1, * , 张巍青 2 , 杨丽华 2 , 马小童 1 , 董子琦 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(7): 87-93
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题：食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(7): 87-93
液相色谱-串联质谱法检测干熏鱼中的4种非挥发性亚硝胺
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陈晨1, # , 吴建欣1, # , 王宗义1, * , 张巍青2, 杨丽华2, 马小童1, 董子琦1
作者信息
  • 1.北京农学院食品科学与工程学院, 农产品有害微生物及农残安全检测与控制北京市重点实验室, 北京 102206
  • 2.广州禾信仪器股份有限公司, 广州 510535

    • 陈晨(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养安全检测。E-mail:

    吴建欣(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品营养安全检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王宗义(1970—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养与安全检测。E-mail:
Determination of 4 kinds of non-volatile nitrosamines in dried smoked fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Chen CHEN1 , Jian-Xin WU1 , Zong-Yi WANG1, * , Wei-Qing ZHANG2, Li-Hua YANG2, Xiao-Tong MA1, Zi-Qi DONG1
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Detection and Control for Spoilage Organisms and Pesticides, College of Food Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2. Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250116003
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摘要
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目的 建立液相色谱-串联质谱测定干熏鱼中N-亚硝基脯氨酸(N-nitrosoproline, NPRO)、N-亚硝基肌氨酸(N-nitrososarcosine, NSAR)、N-亚硝基-噻唑烷-4-羧酸(N-nitroso-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, NTCA)和N-亚硝基-2-甲基-噻唑烷-4-羧酸(N-nitroso-2-methyl-thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid, NMTCA) 4种非挥发性N-亚硝胺(non volatile N-nitrsoamine, NVNA)的新方法。方法 样品经乙腈提取, 正己烷脱脂, MORHCHEM Caprisil C18-AQ (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)色谱柱分离, 采用多反应监测模式进行液相色谱-串联质谱检测, 基质标曲, 外标法定量。结果 4种NVNA在1、4、10、50 ng/mL分别至800 ng/mL的范围内线性良好, r2>0.996, 检出限为1.36~56.17 μg/kg, 定量限为4.52~187.20 μg/kg, 加标回收率为90.34%~103.60%, 相对标准偏差为1.75%~6.47%。实际应用显示, 市售干熏鱼样品中均有不同程度、不同种类的NVNA检出, 其中具有弱致癌性的NSAR检出率和含量都较高。结论 本方法样品前处理简单、准确性好、精密度高, 能够满足干熏鱼中4种NVNA的同步测定, 为干熏鱼制品中NVNA的污染监测与控制提供了有价值的技术参考。

非挥发性亚硝胺  /  干熏鱼  /  液相色谱-串联质谱法

Objective To establish a new method for the determination of 4 kinds of non-volatile N-nitrosamines (NVNA), N-nitrosoproline (NPRO), N-nitrososarcosine (NSAR), N-nitroso-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (NTCA) and N-nitroso-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (NMTCA), in dried smoked fish products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods The samples were extracted by acetonitrile, degreased with n-hexane, separated on a MORHCHEM Caprisil C18-AQ (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)column, and detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and quantified by the external standard method of matrix standard curve. Results The linearity of the 4 kinds of NVNA was good in ranges of 1,4,10 or 50-800 ng/mL with r2>0.996, the detection limits were 1.36-56.17 μg/kg, the quantification limits were 4.52-187.2 μg/kg, and the spiked recoveries of 4 kinds of NVNA ranged from 90.34%-103.60% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.75%-6.47%. Practical applications showed that NVNAs were detected in commercially available samples of the dried smoked fish at different levels and in different species, with the weakly carcinogenic NSAR being detected at higher rates and levels. Conclusion This method is simple in sample pretreatment, good in accuracy and high in precision, which can meet the simultaneous determination of 4 kinds of NVNA in dried smoked fish, and provides a valuable technical reference for the regulation and control of the NVNA contamination level in dried smoked fish products.

non-volatile nitrosamine  /  dried smoked fish  /  liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
陈晨, 吴建欣, 王宗义, 张巍青, 杨丽华, 马小童, 董子琦. 液相色谱-串联质谱法检测干熏鱼中的4种非挥发性亚硝胺. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 87 -93 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250116003
Chen CHEN, Jian-Xin WU, Zong-Yi WANG, Wei-Qing ZHANG, Li-Hua YANG, Xiao-Tong MA, Zi-Qi DONG. Determination of 4 kinds of non-volatile nitrosamines in dried smoked fish by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 87 -93 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250116003
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0 引言
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亚硝胺是一类食品中较受关注的污染物, 容易在加工肉制品[1-2]和动物性水产制品[3-4]中生成累积。流行病学调查结果表明, 胃癌[5]、食道癌[6]、肝细胞癌[7]和胰腺癌[8]的发病均与亚硝胺有关。根据挥发性或能否气相色谱无衍生检测, 亚硝胺可分为挥发性亚硝胺(volatile N-nitrsoamine, VNA)和非挥发性亚硝胺(non volatile N-nitrsoamine, NVNA)[9]。VNA主要由二胺与亚硝化试剂反应生成, 其中具有2A类致癌性的二甲基亚硝胺, 在水产制品中检出率高且超标率较高[10-12]。NVNA则主要由氨基酸或氨基酸与醛的环化产物经亚硝化反应生成[13], 在烟熏或其他干燥工艺生产的食品容易被检出[13-14]; 常见的NVNA有亚硝基脯氨酸(N-nitrosoproline, NPRO)、亚硝基肌氨酸(N-nitrososarcosine, NSAR)、亚硝基-噻唑烷-4-羧酸(N-nitroso- thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, NTCA)和亚硝基-2-甲基-噻唑烷-4-羧酸(N-nitroso-2-methyl-thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid, NMTCA)等, 化学结构如图1所示, 其中NPRO被认定为非致癌物质, NSAR具有弱致癌性, NTCA、NMTCA的致癌性不明确[15-16], 但随着人们营养与健康意识的不断提升, NVNA监测仍然是食品安全需要关注的问题。因此, 针对NVNA污染风险较高[13,16]的加工类制品, 建立NVNA检测方法, 具有重要应用价值。
目前, 亚硝胺的检测方法多集中在VNA上, 近年来应用较多的是气相色谱-质谱法(gas chrromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)[17-18]、气相色谱-串联质谱法(gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS)[19-20]或液相色谱-串联质谱法(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)[21-22], 相应的样品前处理方法有GB 5009.26—2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中N-亚硝胺类化合物的测定》第一法使用的水蒸气蒸馏-液液萃取(ssteam distillation liquid-liquid extraction, SD-LLE)、QuEChERS方法[23-25]、固相萃取(solid phase extraction, SPE)[26-27]、分散液液微萃取(dispersing liquid-liquid microextraction, DLLME)[28-29]和均质盐析提取[30]等。其中GC-MS和GC-MS/MS不适合对NVNA直接检测, 衍生化处理则较麻烦; LC-MS/MS检测NVNA较适宜, 但相关报道还较少, 同样, 有效的样品前处理技术和色谱分离体系仍然是检测的关键; HERRMANN等[31]和NIKLAS等[2]采用酸化乙腈提取, 结合超低温冷冻除脂和氮吹浓缩, 薄壳型柱反相分离, 稳定同位素内标法定量, 实现了主要VNA和NVNA的同步检测, 但样品处理用时较长、步骤烦琐、成本较高。本研究针对干熏鱼样品, 拟通过研究简单的样品前处理技术, 选择适宜色谱分离体系, 建立4种NVNA的LC-MS/MS检测方法, 为相关产品中NVNA污染监测与控制提供了技术参考。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 材料与试剂
干熏鱼(淘宝等网络购物平台原料); NPRO、NSAR和NTCA(纯度98%)、NMTCA(纯度95%)(加拿大Toronto Research Chemicals公司); 正己烷、乙腈(色谱级, 美国MREDA Technology Inc公司); 甲酸(色谱级, 北京迈瑞达科技有限公司); 氨水(色谱级, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)。
1.2 仪器与设备
LC-TQ 5200液相色谱-质谱联用仪(广州禾信仪器股份有限公司); 5810R高速冷冻离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); MS 3 basic涡旋混匀器(德国IKA公司); FW100高速粉碎机(泰斯特仪器有限公司); FSH-2可调高速匀浆机(常州国华电器有限公司); BSA224S-CW电子分析天平(精度0.01 mg, 北京赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司); NW30VF Smart Plus超纯水机(力康生物医疗科技控股有限公司); ZORBAX SB-Aq (2.1 mm× 150 mm, 3.5 μm)、ZORBAX SB-C18 (2.1 mm× 150 mm, 3.5 μm)、Extend-C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) (美国安捷伦公司); XSELECTM HSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm× 150 mm, 3.5 μm)(美国Waters公司); Caprisil HILIC-X (2.0 mm× 150 mm, 3 μm)、Caprisil C18-AQ (2.0 mm×150 mm, 3 μm)、MORHCHEM Caprisil C18-AQ色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)(美国MORHCHEM technologies inc公司)。
1.3 实验方法
1.3.1 溶液配制
称取NSAR、NPRO、NTCA和NMTCA各10 mg(精确到0.01 mg), 分别于10 mL容量瓶中, 用甲醇定容, 得各化合物质量浓度均为1 mg/mL的单标储备液, 转移至储液瓶中, -18 ℃保存。分别移取各单标储备液, 用甲醇分两级稀释, 得质量浓度为1 μg/mL的混合中间液, -18 ℃保存。储备液与混合中间液, 使用前, 均需室温放置不少于10 min。分别移取混合中间液10、25、50、100、150、200 μL于系列10 mL离心管中, 室温条件下, 氮气流吹至近干, 准确加入1.00 mL空白样提取液, 涡旋30 s, 转入样品瓶中, 即得质量浓度为10、25、50、100、150、200 ng/mL的系列基质标准溶液。
1.3.2 样品前处理
称取经切割、粉碎至均匀的干熏鱼试样2.5 g(精确至0.001 g)至50 mL离心管, 准确加入10 mL乙腈(精确至0.01 mL), 于高速均质机以10000 r/min的转速均质30 s, 8000 r/min离心10 min。取2 mL上清液于10 mL离心管中, 加入2 mL用乙腈饱和的正己烷、涡旋振荡30 s, 静置5 min, 待充分分层后, 移液枪移除上层正己烷, 重复上述脱脂步骤一次, 下层样品提取液过0.22 μm滤膜, 转移至样品瓶中待测。
1.4 分析条件
1.4.1 色谱条件
使用MORHCHEM Caprisil C18-AQ色谱柱(4.6 mm× 250 mm, 5 μm), 流动相A为0.1%甲酸水(V:V), 流动相B为0.1%甲酸乙腈(V:V), 流速: 1.0 mL/min, 柱后分流0.6 mL, 进入质谱离子源的流速为0.4 mL/min, 进样量为20 μL。梯度洗脱程序为0~6.0 min, 0% B; 6.0~6.1 min, 40%~90% B; 6.1~ 8.0 min, 90% B; 8.0~8.1 min, 90%~40% B; 8.1~14.0 min, 40% B。
1.4.2 质谱条件
采用电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI)源, 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测。干燥用氮气温度为500 ℃, 干燥用氮气流量为10.0 L/min, ESI (+)模式反吹氮气流量为2.0 L/min, ESI (−)模式反吹氮气流量为3.0 L/min, 雾化用氮气流量为75.0 psi, 碰撞用氮气量为0.4 mL/min, ESI (+)喷针高压为5500.0 V, ESI (−)喷针高压为4500.0 V, ESI电晕针电流为8000.0 mA, 检测器入口高压为4000.0 V。4种NVNA的MRM模式质谱参数如表1所示。
1.5 数据处理
仪器数据采集、定性和定量分析使用MassSeekerV1.01.16-t9数据处理系统进行; 数据处理与统计分析使用Excel 2021进行。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 质谱检测条件的选择与优化
由于分子中存在可质子化叔氨基结构和给出质子的羧酸基团, 对4种NVNA均可进行ESI (+)或ESI (−)模式检测, 实验以蠕动泵直接进样的方式, 比较两种电离模式下灵敏度, 每种NVNA不同离子化方式各重复采集3~4次, 结果显示NPRO和NSAR在正离子模式下电离强度较高, NTCA和NMTCA在负离子模式下电离强度较高, 见图2, 故为保证方法的灵敏度, NPRO和NSAR选择正离子模式检测, NTCA和NMTCA选择负离子模式检测。
实验进一步以离子响应信号强度为考察指标, 以1 V为步长对碰撞能量、次级导引杆电压进行优化, 以5 V为步长对真空接口电压进行优化, 4种NVNA碰撞能量、真空接口电压以及次级导引杆电压最终优化结果亦列于表1。
2.2 色谱分离条件的选择与优化
实验以0.1%的甲酸水(V/V)和0.1%的甲酸乙腈(V/V)为二元流动相, 改变不同洗脱方式, 测试了ZORBAX SB-Aq (2.1 mm×150 mm, 3.5 μm)、ZORBAX SB-C18 (2.1 mm×150 mm, 3.5 μm)、Caprisil HILIC-X (2.0 mm× 150 mm, 3 μm)、Extend-C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm)、XSELECTM HSS T3 (2.1 mm×150 mm, 3.5 μm)、Caprisil C18-AQ (2.0 mm×150 mm, 3 μm)和Caprisil C18-AQ (4.6 mm× 250 mm, 5 μm) 7款色谱柱对4种NVNA的分离效果。结果显示HILIC分离模式的保留和峰型较差, 反相色谱分离模式中仅XSELECTM HSS T3柱和Caprisil C18-AQ柱的各NVNA峰形较好, 但使用150 mm柱出峰较快, 不利于克服共流出物的干扰, 故本研究使用Caprisil C18-AQ (4.6 mm× 250 mm, 5 μm)色谱柱, 在1.4的条件下, 获得较好分离, 代表性MRM色谱图见图3。
2.3 提取溶剂的选择
乙腈作为一种常用提取剂同时具有去除蛋白的功能, 是动物性样品常用的提取剂。考虑目标物具有两性解离的特点, 为调节其解离程度, 加入适量的酸、碱和水(质子化溶剂), 以便更有利于目标物的提取和后续正己烷脱脂, 实验考查了A、B、C、D和E 5种提取剂的提取效果, 其中A为乙腈、B为0.1%甲酸乙腈(V:V)、C为乙腈水溶液(V:V, 9:1)、D为0.1%甲酸乙腈水溶液(V:V:V)、E为0.1%氨水乙腈水溶液(V:V:V)共5种不同提取剂对4种目标物的提取效果, 每个实验进行4次重复, 见图4, 结果显示提取剂为A, 即纯乙腈的效果相对最好, 故本研究使用纯乙腈为提取剂。
2.4 方法学考查
2.4.1 检出限、定量限和线性关系
对空白样品加标测定, 按3倍信噪比和10倍信噪比计算检出限(limit of detection, LOD)和定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ), 结果见表3, LOD和LOQ分别为1.36~56.17 μg/kg和4.52~187.20 μg/kg。由于本研究的样品提取液不进行浓缩, LOD和LOQ较文献[2,31]高, 但由于熏鱼样品中NVNA含量较高, 并不影响方法的使用。
根据实际样品处理, 参考LOQ值和样品溶液中目标物的可能含量范围, 对接近LOQ至800 ng/mL的质量浓度范围进行线性考察, 结果见表2, 各NVNA均呈现良好线性, r2>0.996。
2.4.2 准确度与精密度
结合实际样品中的4种目标物的可能实际含量和方法的LOQ, 进行3水平6重复的加标回收实验, 设定加标水平见表3, 其中最低加标水平按接近LOQ进行加标。由于NSAR检出限较高, 所以仅添加了200、800 μg/kg两个加标水平, NVNA总体回收率和精密度亦见表3, 回收率为90.34%~103.60%, RSDs为1.75%~6.47%, 符合GB 5009.295—2023的指标要求。
2.5 实际样品检测
对市售的5个干熏鱼和5个干咸鱼样品进行了实际检测, 每个样品重复3次, 结果见表4, 5个干烟熏鱼中均有不同程度、不同种类的NVNA检出, 其中干烟熏鲢鱼中NTCA高达1410.6 μg/kg, 作为对照样品的干咸鱼则没有NVNA检出。干熏鱼中具有弱致癌性的NSAR检出率较高, 含量也较高, 可见干烟熏鱼中存在较大NVNA污染风险, 应该引起重视。
3 结论
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本研究通过优化色谱分离条件和质谱检测参数, 结合使用正己烷脱脂, 比较了不同酸碱度的乙腈水溶液的提取效果, 最终建立了基质标准曲线法测定干熏鱼中4种NVNA的LC-MS/MS检测方法。该方法样品处理简单, 操作便捷, 有机试剂用量少, 具有较高灵敏度、准确度和精密度, 能够满足干熏鱼中4种NVNA的同步高效检测的需要, 为干熏鱼制品中NVNA污染监测与控制提供了有价值的技术参考。虽然该方法对干熏鱼样品中4种NVNA的检测取得良好的效果, 但其他样品的适用性仍有待进一步验证; 同时也存在NVNA反相柱上的分离效果较差, 出峰较快, 对空白样不易获得的样品, 基质标准曲线法较难实现的问题。因此改善色谱分离, 改进样品前处理技术, 降低基质效应的干扰, 是使用LC-MS/MS检测食品中NVNA需要进一步解决的问题。
基金
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  • 北京市都市农林学交叉学科平台建设项目(2023)
  • 北京农学院教改重点项目-服务乡村振兴专业能力实训课程体系的构建与教学实践项目(5046516654/149)
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250116003
  • 接收时间：2025-01-16
  • 首发时间：2025-07-19
  • 出版时间：2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-16
基金
北京市都市农林学交叉学科平台建设项目(2023)
北京农学院教改重点项目-服务乡村振兴专业能力实训课程体系的构建与教学实践项目(5046516654/149)
作者信息
    1.北京农学院食品科学与工程学院, 农产品有害微生物及农残安全检测与控制北京市重点实验室, 北京 102206
    2.广州禾信仪器股份有限公司, 广州 510535

通讯作者:

* 王宗义(1970—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为食品营养与安全检测。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spaq/CN/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250116003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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