Article(id=1215670318438465582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736179200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767767989977, onlineDateStr=2026-01-07, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767767989977, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767767989977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767767989977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1215670311140381365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767767988237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767970098618, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1216518023599538607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1215670311140381365, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=308, endPage=314, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1215670318853701719, articleId=1215670318438465582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Risk analysis of hydrogen peroxide residue in disposable bamboo and wood chopsticks, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the potential quality and safety risks of disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks by detecting and analyzing hydrogen peroxide residues. Methods This study simulated the migration of hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks under actual usage conditions. The migration amount of hydrogen peroxide in distilled water was measured using spectrophotometry, and its safety was evaluated through 4 steps: Hazard identification, hazard characteristic description, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Results The migration amount of hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks was 40-110 mg/kg, and the dietary exposure risk factor for the general population (excluding infants and young children) was 3.3×103%-9.1×103%, far exceeding the international default safety threshold (20%). The residual hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks might pose certain health risks to the human body. Conclusion The conclusion of the risk assessment indicates that the residual hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks poses a significant exposure risk, and long-term use may pose safety hazards. It is urgent to include it in the key monitoring scope of food safety. It is recommended to strengthen production control, improve industry standards, strengthen market supervision, and enhance public awareness to ensure the health and safety of the public.

, correspAuthors=Jian-Zhang DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian-Zhang DU, Jin-Jing ZHANG, Rui YANG, Yu-Fang ZHANG, Shu-Zhen XU, Ying-Hui MA, Yan JIA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1215670320489480446, articleId=1215670318438465582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留风险分析研究, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 通过对一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留检测分析, 评估其潜在的质量安全风险。方法 本研究模拟一次性竹木筷在实际使用条件进行过氧化氢迁移实验, 采用分光光度法测定蒸馏水中过氧化氢的迁移量, 按照危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露量评估和风险表征4个步骤, 评估其安全性。结果 一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢迁移量为40~110 mg/kg, 常规人群(非婴幼儿)的膳食暴露风险系数为3.3×103%~9.1×103%, 远超国际默认安全阈值(20%), 一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留可能会对人体造成一定的健康风险。结论 风险评估结论说明一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留已构成显著暴露风险, 长期使用可能存在安全隐患, 亟需纳入食品安全重点监控范畴, 建议加强生产管控、完善行业标准、强化市场监管并提高公众认知, 竭力保障公众人身健康安全。

, correspAuthors=杜建章, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杜建章(1974—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为产品质量安全风险分析研究。E-mail:
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China Food Safety Magazine, 2025(5): 4-6., articleTitle=Research on management innovation path of food enterprises under the background of food safety, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686866716775013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=24, pageStart=26, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=62, authorNames=苏燕, journalName=食品安全导刊, refType=null, unstructuredReference=苏燕. 食品安全事件中的食品添加剂风险评估与管理[J]. 食品安全导刊, 2024(24): 26-28, 45., articleTitle=食品安全事件中的食品添加剂风险评估与管理, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215686866830021228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=24, pageStart=26, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=63, authorNames=SU Y, journalName=China Food Safety Magazine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SU Y. Risk Assessment and management of food additives in food safety incidents[J]. China Food Safety Magazine, 2024(24): 26-28, 45., articleTitle=Risk Assessment and management of food additives in food safety incidents, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215686849952142164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686849964725080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, companyId=1215686849952142164, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Henan Institute of Product Quality Inspection Technology, Zhengzhou 450047, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686849973113688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, companyId=1215686849952142164, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 河南省产品质量检验技术研究院, 郑州 450047)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215686850061194076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686850077971294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, companyId=1215686850061194076, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Henan Institute of Food and Salt Industry Inspection Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215686850086359903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, companyId=1215686850061194076, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 河南省食品和盐业检验技术研究院, 郑州 450000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215686854997889203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Determination value of the migration amount of hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wood chopstick samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 3次测定值/(mg/kg) 平均值/(mg/kg) RSDs/% 样品编号 3次测定值/(mg/kg) 平均值/(mg/kg) RSDs/%
1# 73.3 72.6 74.1 73.3 1.0 26# 61.9 63.0 62.6 62.5 0.9
2# 52.9 52.0 53.5 52.8 1.4 27# 61.6 60.4 59.9 60.6 1.4
3# 60.9 61.6 61.0 61.2 0.6 28# 91.9 90.6 91.1 91.2 0.7
4# 77.4 76.6 76.1 76.7 0.8 29# 59.6 58.5 57.9 58.7 1.5
5# 63.2 64.0 63.0 63.4 0.8 30# 86.6 85.8 84.7 85.7 1.1
6# 57.4 57.9 58.2 57.8 0.7 31# 52.7 53.3 51.5 52.5 1.7
7# 45.0 45.7 46.2 45.6 1.3 32# 72.2 73.4 72.9 72.8 0.8
8# 69.0 68.0 68.7 68.6 0.7 33# 62.7 64.4 63.8 63.6 1.4
9# 82.7 81.9 82.1 82.2 0.5 34# 47.6 49.5 48.8 48.6 2.0
10# 70.7 71.3 71.9 71.3 0.8 35# 111.6 110.4 108.7 110.2 1.3
11# 59.8 58.6 59.0 59.1 1.0 36# 61.1 60.4 59.7 60.4 1.2
12# 82.3 81.0 81.8 81.7 0.8 37# 52.3 50.7 51.1 51.4 1.6
13# 69.1 67.5 68.0 68.2 1..2 38# 63.1 62.8 64.6 63.5 1.5
14# 58.6 59.3 59.3 59.1 0.7 39# 60.2 62.3 59.8 60.8 2.2
15# 74.4 75.6 75.1 75.0 0.8 40# 91.2 92.0 90.8 91.3 0.7
16# 101.9 103.3 102.5 102.6 0.7 41# 91.6 89.4 90.8 90.6 1.2
17# 71.8 70.6 71.1 71.2 0.8 42# 81.6 80.0 79.1 80.2 1.6
18# 69.0 68.1 68.4 68.5 0.7 43# 57.7 60.3 58.0 58.7 2.4
19# 73.1 72.8 73.9 73.3 0.8 44# 75.3 77.0 76.4 76.2 1.1
20# 47.4 48.2 48.0 47.9 0.9 45# 88.7 89.3 90.0 89.3 0.7
21# 88.1 89.3 88.6 88.7 0.7 46# 67.0 65.5 68.6 67.1 2.3
22# 79.6 80.2 78.8 79.5 0.9 47# 89.7 87.3 89.0 88.7 1.4
23# 51.3 52.0 51.8 51.7 0.7 48# 57.4 55.7 56.2 56.4 1.5
24# 88.4 87.2 87.7 87.8 0.7 49# 79.9 77.3 78.1 78.4 1.7
25# 39.3 40.2 40.7 40.1 1.8 50# 56.3 58.1 56.9 57.1 1.6
), ArticleFig(id=1215686855136301244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

一次性竹木筷样品过氧化氢迁移量测定值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 3次测定值/(mg/kg) 平均值/(mg/kg) RSDs/% 样品编号 3次测定值/(mg/kg) 平均值/(mg/kg) RSDs/%
1# 73.3 72.6 74.1 73.3 1.0 26# 61.9 63.0 62.6 62.5 0.9
2# 52.9 52.0 53.5 52.8 1.4 27# 61.6 60.4 59.9 60.6 1.4
3# 60.9 61.6 61.0 61.2 0.6 28# 91.9 90.6 91.1 91.2 0.7
4# 77.4 76.6 76.1 76.7 0.8 29# 59.6 58.5 57.9 58.7 1.5
5# 63.2 64.0 63.0 63.4 0.8 30# 86.6 85.8 84.7 85.7 1.1
6# 57.4 57.9 58.2 57.8 0.7 31# 52.7 53.3 51.5 52.5 1.7
7# 45.0 45.7 46.2 45.6 1.3 32# 72.2 73.4 72.9 72.8 0.8
8# 69.0 68.0 68.7 68.6 0.7 33# 62.7 64.4 63.8 63.6 1.4
9# 82.7 81.9 82.1 82.2 0.5 34# 47.6 49.5 48.8 48.6 2.0
10# 70.7 71.3 71.9 71.3 0.8 35# 111.6 110.4 108.7 110.2 1.3
11# 59.8 58.6 59.0 59.1 1.0 36# 61.1 60.4 59.7 60.4 1.2
12# 82.3 81.0 81.8 81.7 0.8 37# 52.3 50.7 51.1 51.4 1.6
13# 69.1 67.5 68.0 68.2 1..2 38# 63.1 62.8 64.6 63.5 1.5
14# 58.6 59.3 59.3 59.1 0.7 39# 60.2 62.3 59.8 60.8 2.2
15# 74.4 75.6 75.1 75.0 0.8 40# 91.2 92.0 90.8 91.3 0.7
16# 101.9 103.3 102.5 102.6 0.7 41# 91.6 89.4 90.8 90.6 1.2
17# 71.8 70.6 71.1 71.2 0.8 42# 81.6 80.0 79.1 80.2 1.6
18# 69.0 68.1 68.4 68.5 0.7 43# 57.7 60.3 58.0 58.7 2.4
19# 73.1 72.8 73.9 73.3 0.8 44# 75.3 77.0 76.4 76.2 1.1
20# 47.4 48.2 48.0 47.9 0.9 45# 88.7 89.3 90.0 89.3 0.7
21# 88.1 89.3 88.6 88.7 0.7 46# 67.0 65.5 68.6 67.1 2.3
22# 79.6 80.2 78.8 79.5 0.9 47# 89.7 87.3 89.0 88.7 1.4
23# 51.3 52.0 51.8 51.7 0.7 48# 57.4 55.7 56.2 56.4 1.5
24# 88.4 87.2 87.7 87.8 0.7 49# 79.9 77.3 78.1 78.4 1.7
25# 39.3 40.2 40.7 40.1 1.8 50# 56.3 58.1 56.9 57.1 1.6
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856382009537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical table of the migration amount of hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wood chopstick samples

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样品数量
/批次
检出数量
/批次
检出率/% 均值/(mg/kg) 标准差/(mg/kg) P50/(mg/kg) P95/(mg/kg) 最大值/(mg/kg) 最小值/(mg/kg)
50 50 100 69.68 15.37 68.35 91.26 110.2 40.1
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856478478534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

一次性竹木筷样品过氧化氢迁移量统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品数量
/批次
检出数量
/批次
检出率/% 均值/(mg/kg) 标准差/(mg/kg) P50/(mg/kg) P95/(mg/kg) 最大值/(mg/kg) 最小值/(mg/kg)
50 50 100 69.68 15.37 68.35 91.26 110.2 40.1
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856654639312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Summary table of EDI values of hydrogen peroxide for the general population

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称 迁移量/(mg/kg) 常规人群(非婴幼儿)
EDI/(mg/kg·bw/day)
过氧化氢 40 0.67
110 1.83
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856793051356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

过氧化氢常规人群的EDI值汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称 迁移量/(mg/kg) 常规人群(非婴幼儿)
EDI/(mg/kg·bw/day)
过氧化氢 40 0.67
110 1.83
), ArticleFig(id=1215686856897908962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Table of the risk coefficient of hydrogen peroxide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质名称 迁移量/(mg/kg) HBGV
/(mg/kg·bw/day)
常规人群(非婴幼儿)
EDI
/(mg/kg·bw/day)
风险系数/%
过氧化氢 40 0.02 0.67 3.3×103
110 1.83 9.1×103
), ArticleFig(id=1215686857040515314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1215670318438465582, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

过氧化氢风险系数表

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物质名称 迁移量/(mg/kg) HBGV
/(mg/kg·bw/day)
常规人群(非婴幼儿)
EDI
/(mg/kg·bw/day)
风险系数/%
过氧化氢 40 0.02 0.67 3.3×103
110 1.83 9.1×103
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一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留风险分析研究
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杜建章 1, * , 张金景 1 , 杨芮 2 , 张玉芳 1 , 许书珍 1 , 马迎辉 1 , 贾岩 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(14): 308-314
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(14): 308-314
一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留风险分析研究
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杜建章1, * , 张金景1, 杨芮2, 张玉芳1, 许书珍1, 马迎辉1, 贾岩1
作者信息
  • 1 河南省产品质量检验技术研究院, 郑州 450047
  • 2 河南省食品和盐业检验技术研究院, 郑州 450000

通讯作者:

*杜建章(1974—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为产品质量安全风险分析研究。E-mail:
Risk analysis of hydrogen peroxide residue in disposable bamboo and wood chopsticks
Jian-Zhang DU1, * , Jin-Jing ZHANG1, Rui YANG2, Yu-Fang ZHANG1, Shu-Zhen XU1, Ying-Hui MA1, Yan JIA1
Affiliations
  • 1 Henan Institute of Product Quality Inspection Technology, Zhengzhou 450047, China
  • 2 Henan Institute of Food and Salt Industry Inspection Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107002
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目的 通过对一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留检测分析, 评估其潜在的质量安全风险。方法 本研究模拟一次性竹木筷在实际使用条件进行过氧化氢迁移实验, 采用分光光度法测定蒸馏水中过氧化氢的迁移量, 按照危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露量评估和风险表征4个步骤, 评估其安全性。结果 一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢迁移量为40~110 mg/kg, 常规人群(非婴幼儿)的膳食暴露风险系数为3.3×103%~9.1×103%, 远超国际默认安全阈值(20%), 一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留可能会对人体造成一定的健康风险。结论 风险评估结论说明一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留已构成显著暴露风险, 长期使用可能存在安全隐患, 亟需纳入食品安全重点监控范畴, 建议加强生产管控、完善行业标准、强化市场监管并提高公众认知, 竭力保障公众人身健康安全。

一次性竹木筷  /  过氧化氢残留  /  风险分析  /  安全评估

Objective To evaluate the potential quality and safety risks of disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks by detecting and analyzing hydrogen peroxide residues. Methods This study simulated the migration of hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks under actual usage conditions. The migration amount of hydrogen peroxide in distilled water was measured using spectrophotometry, and its safety was evaluated through 4 steps: Hazard identification, hazard characteristic description, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Results The migration amount of hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks was 40-110 mg/kg, and the dietary exposure risk factor for the general population (excluding infants and young children) was 3.3×103%-9.1×103%, far exceeding the international default safety threshold (20%). The residual hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks might pose certain health risks to the human body. Conclusion The conclusion of the risk assessment indicates that the residual hydrogen peroxide in disposable bamboo and wooden chopsticks poses a significant exposure risk, and long-term use may pose safety hazards. It is urgent to include it in the key monitoring scope of food safety. It is recommended to strengthen production control, improve industry standards, strengthen market supervision, and enhance public awareness to ensure the health and safety of the public.

disposable bamboo and wood chopsticks  /  hydrogen peroxide residue  /  risk analysis  /  safety assessment
杜建章, 张金景, 杨芮, 张玉芳, 许书珍, 马迎辉, 贾岩. 一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留风险分析研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (14) : 308 -314 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107002
Jian-Zhang DU, Jin-Jing ZHANG, Rui YANG, Yu-Fang ZHANG, Shu-Zhen XU, Ying-Hui MA, Yan JIA. Risk analysis of hydrogen peroxide residue in disposable bamboo and wood chopsticks[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (14) : 308 -314 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107002
随着我国经济的快速发展, 人们的生活节奏加快, 外出就餐和外卖市场不断扩大。在这个过程中, 一次性竹木筷凭借其方便、卫生、成本低等优势, 被广泛应用于餐饮行业, 成为人们日常生活中不可或缺的餐具之一[1-3]。尤其是随着外卖市场的迅速发展, 一次性竹木筷的使用量更是呈指数增长, 其庞大的市场需求推动了生产行业的快速发展。但近年来, 一次性竹木筷给人们带来便利的同时, 却频频因为质量安全问题引发广大消费者的担忧[4], 过氧化氢残留便是其中备受关注的焦点。在一次性竹木筷的生产过程中, 部分企业为了降低成本, 使筷子外观更洁白、提升卖相, 采用工业过氧化氢(H2O2, 俗称双氧水)进行漂白处理[5-6]。过氧化氢作为一种强氧化剂, 具有较强的漂白能力, 能够有效去除竹木筷表面的污渍和杂质, 使其颜色更加鲜亮。但部分企业生产设备陈旧落后, 缺乏精确的生产控制手段, 在使用过氧化氢对一次性竹木筷进行漂白时, 无法准确控制用量和处理时间, 直接影响过氧化氢的反应和分解速度, 导致过氧化氢残留在筷子表面[4]。当人们使用这些残留过氧化氢超标的竹木筷时, 尤其是在接触高温食物或饮品时, 残留的过氧化氢可能会迁移到食物中。一旦摄入过量的过氧化氢, 会对人体的呼吸道黏膜、肺等造成损伤, 引发咳嗽、呼吸困难等症状。如果使用的是工业用过氧化氢, 还可能伴随着重金属超标的风险, 这些重金属在人体内不断积累, 会对神经系统、免疫系统等造成严重损害, 对消费者的人体健康构成潜在威胁[5-8]
本研究通过对市场上不同品牌、不同批次的一次性竹木筷进行广泛采样, 采用分光光度法检测过氧化氢迁移量, 同时综合考虑一次性竹木筷的使用场景、消费者的使用习惯以及过氧化氢的迁移特性等因素, 量化评估过氧化氢残留对人体健康的潜在风险, 对过氧化氢残留可能存在的危害因素进行系统分析, 以期为构建“生产-流通-消费”全链条监管体系提供决策支持。
从超市、便利店以及餐饮批发市场等销售领域随机采集50批次不同品牌、不同包装规格、不同价格区间一次性竹木筷样品, 每个批次的样品数量100双。
钼酸铵四水合物(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 硫酸(纯度98%, 分析纯, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 过氧化氢标准溶液(标准物质, 浓度≥30%, 中国计量科学研究院); 磷酸二氢钾(基准试剂, 纯度≥99.5%, 天津科密欧化学试剂有限公司); 实验用水(一级水, 符合GB/T 6682)。
UV765紫外可见分光光度计(波长精度±1 nm, 光度精度±0.3% T, 上海佑科仪器有限公司); ME204E分析天平[精度0.1 mg, 梅特勒-托利多(中国)有限公司]; HH-6数显恒温水浴锅(温度波动±0.5 ℃, 常州国华电器有限公司); 石英比色皿(光径1 cm, 透射比误差≤0.5%, 上海精密科学仪器有限公司)。
本研究一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢迁移实验按照GB 31604.1—2023《食品接触材料及制品迁移试验通则》和GB 5009.156—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品迁移试验预处理方法通则》进行, 准备500 mL具塞锥形瓶, 准确量取300 mL蒸馏水加入其中。按照样品与蒸馏水的接触面积与体积比(S/V)为6 dm2/L的要求, 准确取一定质量的一次性竹木筷样品, 确保其与蒸馏水充分接触。考虑到用餐食物温度通常介于40~70 ℃, 为模拟实际使用场景, 将装有样品和蒸馏水的具塞锥形瓶放入HH-6型数显恒温水浴锅中, 将水浴锅温度设定为70 ℃, 开始计时2 h。然后将具塞锥形瓶从恒温水浴锅中取出, 冷却至室温。用滤纸对迁移后的溶液进行过滤, 去除可能存在的竹木碎屑等杂质, 得到澄清的迁移液。
过氧化氢标准溶液配制: 根据需要, 将过氧化氢标准溶液用实验用水稀释成0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0 mg/L等不同质量浓度的标准工作溶液。
硫酸溶液配制: 将浓硫酸缓慢加入水中, 配制成浓度为1 mol/L的硫酸溶液, 冷却后备用。
钼酸铵溶液配制: 称取一定量的钼酸铵四水合物, 用温水浴搅拌溶解, 配制成质量浓度为50 g/L的钼酸铵溶液, 冷却至室温。
显色反应: 分别取适量的标准溶液和处理后的迁移液于一系列比色管中, 加入一定量的硫酸溶液调节酸度, 再加入适量的钼酸铵溶液, 摇匀, 反应15 min, 使过氧化氢与钼酸铵充分反应生成黄色络合物。
吸光度测定: 以空白溶液按照与迁移液相同的操作步骤, 使用紫外可见分光光度计在波长430 nm处测定标准溶液和迁移液的吸光度。
标准曲线绘制: 以过氧化氢标准溶液的浓度为横坐标, 对应的吸光度为纵坐标, 绘制标准曲线。
过氧化氢迁移量计算: 根据迁移液的吸光度, 从标准曲线上查得对应的过氧化氢浓度, 再根据迁移液的稀释倍数等因素计算出迁移液中过氧化氢的迁移量。
重复测定空白迁移液11次, 计算吸光度标准偏差, 迁移液测试重复测定3次取平均值, 应用Microsoft Excel 2013软件进行数据汇总和统计分析。
对50批次一次性竹木筷样品进行过氧化氢迁移量测定, 数据如表1所示。可能是由于不同生产厂家在生产工艺、生产条件、过氧化氢使用量及后续处理等方面存在差异, 产品中过氧化氢残留情况也参差不齐。
从数据分布来看(表2), 一次性竹木筷过氧化氢迁移量检出率为100%, P50值为68.35 mg/kg, P95值为91.26 mg/kg。
其主要原因可能是生产企业在使用过氧化氢进行漂白处理时, 对过氧化氢用量和处理时间控制不好, 导致过氧化氢残留量较高; 还有一些企业生产条件简陋, 对生产环境的温度、湿度等因素控制不佳, 也会影响过氧化氢的分解, 造成产品中的过氧化氢残留量较大。这些数据充分说明, 一次性竹木筷生产行业在过氧化氢使用和残留控制方面存在较大问题, 亟待采取有效措施加以解决。
本研究采用欧洲食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)《食品包装材料中化学物质的暴露评估: 综述》中的方法, 按照危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露量评估和风险表征4个步骤[9], 对一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留进行安全评估。在评估过程中, 为了全面且保守地评估风险, 本研究做出了一系列假设。假设所有食品均与包装材料接触, 且拟评估物质(过氧化氢)的污染情况为所有食品包装均含有该物质, 且其迁移量以实测最大迁移量(Mmax)计。这一假设充分考虑了最不利的情况, 确保评估结果能够涵盖可能存在的最大风险。
再假设体重60 kg的常规人群(非婴幼儿)每天摄入1 kg包装食品。即可按照公式(1)计算出特定物质每人每天膳食摄入估计值(estimated daily intake, EDI)[10]
EDI=Mmax×1 kg÷60 kg/人
例如, 若一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢的实测最大迁移量为110 mg/kg, 则根据公式(1)可计算出该常规人群每人每天对过氧化氢的膳食摄入估计值EDI=110 mg/kg×1 kg÷ 60 kg/人≈1.83 mg/kg·bw/day。这种计算方法基于合理的假设, 能够较为准确地反映出常规人群通过使用一次性竹木筷可能摄入的过氧化氢量, 可为后续风险评估提供重要的数据基础[11]
然后按照GB 15193.18—2015《食品安全国家标准 健康指导值》计算其健康指导值(health-based guidance values, HBGV), 根据公式(2)计算该物质的风险系数, 通过风险系数评估其在预期使用条件下的安全风险。当风险系数不超过20%时(国际默认食品包装材料的风险分配系数为20%), 通常认为在预期使用条件下, 产品中拟评估物质的迁移量对人体带来的健康风险较小。这种评估方法充分考虑了多种因素, 能够较为全面地评估一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留对人体健康的潜在风险。
$风险系数/%=EDI/HBGV×100%$
在危害识别环节, 本研究引用了澳大利亚国家工业化学品申报评估署(National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, NICNAS)发布的评估报告中关于过氧化氢重复剂量毒性实验研究数据。该数据显示, 在对雄性Wistar大鼠进行的实验中, 让其通过管饲服用0、6、10、20、30、60 mg/kg·bw/day剂量浓度的过氧化氢, 持续100 d。实验结果表明, 在30 mg/kg·bw/day剂量下, 发现血浆中过氧化氢酶减少。据此, 确定无观测不良效应水平(no observed adverse effect level, NOAEL)为20 mg/kg·bw/day[12]。这一数据为后续的风险评估提供了重要的参考依据, 明确了在一定剂量范围内, 过氧化氢对生物体产生不良影响的界限。通过对这些数据的分析, 可以更准确地了解过氧化氢的毒性特征, 为评估其对人体健康的潜在危害提供科学支持。
为了获取更保守的安全评估结论, 本研究采用了较小的NOAEL值, 即20 mg/kg·bw/day。根据拟评估物质的毒理学资料, 按照GB 15193.18—2015计算其HBGV, 详见公式(3)。
HBGV=POD/UFs
式中: POD为起始点, NOAEL为常用起始点, 可从亚慢性毒性实验、生殖和发育毒性实验、慢性毒性实验和致癌实验中获得; UFs为不确定系数, 将动物资料外推到人通常以100倍的不确定系数作为起点, 即物种间差异10倍, 和人群内易感性差异10倍。
在本次评估中, 取动物资料外推到人以100倍的不确定系数作为起点, 在此基础上, 再增加时间外推系数10。经过计算, 得出过氧化氢的HBGV为0.02 mg/kg·bw/day。这一计算过程充分考虑了多种因素, 确保了HBGV的科学性和保守性[13], 为评估一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留对人体健康的风险提供了关键的参考指标。
根据一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢在70 ℃条件下的蒸馏水中迁移2 h的迁移量结果(40~110 mg/kg), 将其作为全类别食品模拟物迁移量结果。采用EFSA评估方法, 计算过氧化氢常规人群(非婴幼儿)的EDI, 以获取其对应人群的膳食暴露量。具体计算结果如表3所示。
表3数据直观地反映了不同迁移量情况下, 常规人群通过使用一次性竹木筷可能摄入的过氧化氢量, 为后续的风险表征提供了具体的数据支持, 有助于准确评估一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留对人体健康的潜在风险[14]
将拟评估物质的EDI与安全限量[日耐受摄入量(tolerable daily intake, TDI)/日容许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)/HGBV]进行比较, 从而得到该物质的风险系数。在本研究中, 按照公式(2)来计算风险系数。通过风险系数, 可以直观地评估物质在预期使用条件下的安全风险。综合危害识别、危害特征描述和暴露量评估的结果, 为了获取更保守的安全评估结论, 本研究采用对应人群中数值相对较大的EDI来计算过氧化氢的风险系数, 以确定一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢对人体健康的风险程度, 具体结果如表4所示。
表4可知, 将一次性竹木筷在70 ℃条件下的蒸馏水中迁移2 h的过氧化氢迁移量结果作为全类别食品模拟物迁移量结果的条件下, 常规人群(非婴幼儿)的风险系数高达3.3×103%~9.1×103%, 远远超过20%(国际默认食品包装材料的风险分配系数为20%)。这表明一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢迁移量(40~110 mg/kg)可能会对人体造成一定的健康风险, 一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留问题不容忽视, 亟需采取有效措施加以解决, 以保障公众的健康安全。
一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留可经由呼吸道、消化道及皮肤接触途径对人体造成多维度健康威胁[15], 具体而言:
呼吸暴露风险: 挥发性过氧化氢气体被人体吸入, 会直接刺激呼吸道黏膜, 引发咳嗽、气喘、呼吸困难等症状, 可诱发黏膜刺激性炎症反应(如急性喉炎、灼烧性支气管炎等疾病)。患者会表现出剧烈咳嗽, 甚至可能出现咳血的症状[12]。对哮喘患者等敏感人群具有显著诱发效应, 过氧化氢残留的危害更为严重, 可能诱发疾病发作或加重病情[6]
消化道损伤: 迁移至食品的过氧化氢随着食物进入口腔、食道和肠胃, 可导致口腔溃疡及消化道黏膜氧化应激损伤[15](口腔溃疡、食道炎症等), 还可能引发胃痛、胃胀、恶心、呕吐等症状。长期或大量接触过氧化氢残留, 严重时可能引发消化系统疾病, 如胃炎、胃溃疡等[16], 对人体消化系统的正常功能产生极大的影响。
接触性危害: 皮肤接触高浓度残留过氧化氢可能会导致皮肤出现红肿、瘙痒、疼痛等过敏症状[12]。若接触到眼睛, 会引起刺痛、流泪、畏光等不适症状, 严重时可能损伤眼角膜, 影响视力[16]
值得注意的是, 过氧化氢的神经毒性及免疫抑制效应虽在动物模型中已被证实[12], 但人体长期低剂量暴露的慢性影响仍需进一步研究。
我国现行标准体系对竹木筷过氧化氢残留的规制存在显著漏洞:
标准缺失: 原国家质量监督检验检疫总局《关于食品添加剂对羟基苯甲酸丙酯等33种产品监管工作的公告》(2011年第156号公告)明确规定, 自该公告发布之日起, 各省级质量技术监督局不再受理对过氧化氢作为食品添加剂进行生产许可申请, 食品添加剂企业禁止生产过氧化氢, 已生产的过氧化氢禁止作为食品添加剂出厂销售, 食品生产企业禁止使用过氧化氢[17]。我国现行的GB 2760—2014《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》, 已删除过氧化氢作为食品添加剂使用的规定, 明确禁止其在食品中作为添加剂使用。但GB/T 19790.1—2021《一次性筷子 第1部分: 木筷》和GB/T 19790.2—2005《一次性筷子 第2部分: 竹筷》未规定过氧化氢限量值。国家标准之间形成的监管断层, 使得企业在生产过程中存在过氧化氢被滥用的趋势[18]
加工助剂滥用: 尽管标准GB 2760—2014表C.1中允许加工助剂残留豁免, 但竹木筷生产缺乏有效去除工艺, 而且在一次性竹木筷生产过程中, 过氧化氢主要用于漂白、消毒, 不符合“技术必要性”原则[19], 但目前标准对此没有明确的禁止性规定。
执法依据模糊: 现有法规对“食品接触材料”中过氧化氢的定性存在争议, 156号公告和GB 2760—2014明确禁止其在食品中作为添加剂使用, GB 9685—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品用添加剂使用标准》又规定过氧化氢在食品接触材料领域可作为塑料、黏合剂、纸和纸板材料添加剂使用, 监管部门在执法过程中缺乏明确的依据。
本研究通过迁移实验和风险评估证实: 市售一次性竹木筷过氧化氢迁移量为40~110 mg/kg, 导致常规人群膳食暴露风险系数达3.3×103%~9.1×103%, 远超国际安全阈值(20%)。现有标准对食品中过氧化氢的使用界定比较模糊, 生产企业利用标准漏洞规避法律约束, 在一次性竹木筷的生产加工过程中, 使用过氧化氢对一次性竹木筷进行漂白处理比较普遍。
构建“生产-监管-消费”三维风险防控体系:
生产企业: 构建完善的质量管理体系, 加强生产管理, 严格原料采购与验收, 确保原材料的质量安全[20-21]。优化生产工艺, 采用更科学、更环保的生产工艺, 如紫外线/臭氧协同灭菌工艺(杀菌率≥99.9%)。建立危害分析与关键控制点(hazard analysis critical control point, HACCP)体系对生产过程的全链条危害分析控制, 引进高精度、高灵敏度的检测仪器, 采用更科学的检测方法, 对有害物质残留进行逐批次严格检测, 确保每一批次的产品质量符合安全标准[22-25]
市场监管部门: 修订一次性竹木筷的国家标准, 解决现行标准与生产工艺存在不相适应的问题[26-27], 明确规定过氧化氢等有毒有害有害物质的限量。严格监管食品添加剂的使用, 确保其在安全范围内使用[28], 加大对一次性竹木筷的风险监测力度, 建立常态化的监测机制[29], 及时发现存在的质量安全风险, 采取有效措施进行处理。开发基于区块链的质量追溯平台, 督促企业对原材料采购、生产过程、质量检测等环节进行详细记录[30-31], 强化企业主体责任落实, 实现产品质量的可追溯目的[32]
消费者: 加强宣传教育, 通过各种媒体渠道, 向消费者普及食品安全常识[33], 讲解一次性竹木筷中过氧化氢残留的危害以及正确的选用方法, 引导消费者增强自我保护意识, 尽可能避免或减少一次性竹木筷的使用, 选择更安全、环保的餐具。必须使用一次性竹木筷时, 可以用沸水浸泡一会以降低其残留过氧化氢的迁移量, 从而减轻对人体健康的不利影响[17]
本研究的局限性体现在: (1)迁移实验未模拟真实膳食矩阵。只模拟了一次性竹木筷在实际使用中的部分条件, 但实际使用中, 竹木筷可能会接触到各种不同温度、不同酸碱度、不同油脂含量的食物, 这些因素可能会对过氧化氢的迁移产生协同影响; (2)风险评估具有一定的局限性。由于缺乏明确的国家标准作为参考, 评估结果的准确性和权威性有待进一步提高。
未来研究方向建议: 在实验研究中, 应进一步拓展研究范围, 全面考虑实际使用中可能遇到的各种复杂因素, 更真实地模拟一次性竹木筷在不同使用场景下的过氧化氢迁移情况。在风险评估领域, 期待国家尽快出台明确的一次性竹木筷过氧化氢残留限量标准, 为风险评估提供更科学、准确的依据。结合大数据分析和人工智能技术, 建立更完善的风险评估模型, 综合考虑多种因素, 实现对过氧化氢残留风险的精准评估。针对生产环节, 还需进一步加强研究, 不断探索更安全、更环保的一次性竹木筷处理方法和替代产品, 以满足人们对健康和环保的需求。
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250107002
  • 接收时间:2025-01-07
  • 首发时间:2026-01-07
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-07
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    1 河南省产品质量检验技术研究院, 郑州 450047
    2 河南省食品和盐业检验技术研究院, 郑州 450000

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*杜建章(1974—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为产品质量安全风险分析研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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