Article(id=1153433695374533504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241227007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735228800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929622738, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929622738, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929622738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929622738, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433696179839892, articleId=1153433695374533504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Synchronous generation pattern of heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end products in plant hamburger meat under different thermal processing conditions, columnId=1151895322692776479, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Analysis and Monitoring of Toxic and Harmful Substances in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the generation pattern of heterocyclic amines (HAs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in plant hamburger meat under different thermal processing conditions. Methods ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to analysed the effects of different treatments (uncooked, steamed and grilled), grilling temperatures (160, 180, 200 °C), and grilling times (4, 8, 12 min) on the content of free HAs and AGEs, bound HAs and AGEs, and amino acids in the plant hamburger meat. AGEs and amino acid content of plant hamburger meat, and investigate the simultaneous generation of free and bound HAs and AGEs in plant hamburger meat under different thermal processing conditions using principal component analysis (PCA). Results The results of PCA showed that the highest levels of free HAs and AGEs and bound HAs were found in plant hamburger meat under 200 °C/12 min roasting condition in the roasted sample group. A total of (11.44±2.68) ng/g of total free HAs, (80.24±9.56) ng/g of total bound HAs, (1.99±0.29) μg/g of total free AGEs and (46.00±4.00) μg/g of total bound AGEs were detected in the raw hamburger meat. Compared with raw plant hamburger meat, there was an increase in bound Nε-carboxyethyl-lysine (CELs) and a smaller difference in free AGEs and HAs in steamed plant hamburger meat. There was a significant increase in hazardous material content after steaming and roasting (200 °C, 12 min), which increased by 191.83%, 164.38%, 218.59% and 15.70%, respectively, as compared to the blank group. During roasting, the free and bound HAs, free AGEs in plant hamburger meat showed a increase with the increase of roasting temperature and time. The total amount of free and bound HAs and free AGEs increased by 79.14%, 23.38% and 88.05%, respectively, under the conditions of roasting temperature of 180 °C and roasting time of 4-12 min; under the condition of roasting time of 8 min, the content of hazards in plant hamburger meat at roasting temperature of 200 °C compared with that at 160 °C increased by 61.28%, 34.82% and 67.93%, respectively. Conclusion Different treatments and thermal processing conditions has significant effects on the generation of HAs and AGEs, which increase with the increase of roasting temperature and the prolongation of roasting time in plant hamburger meat. This study aims to provide theoretical and experimental basis for the reduction and control of HAs and AGEs in thermal processing of plant hamburger meat.

, correspAuthors=Mao-Mao ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-Han LI, Peng DENG, Si-Di MA, Zhuo-Jia LIN, Qiu-Ming CHEN, Zhao-Jun WANG, Zhi-Yong HE, Jie CHEN, Mao-Mao ZENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433725770653726, articleId=1153433695374533504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中杂环胺和晚期糖基化末端终产物的同步生成规律, columnId=1151895322898297380, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究植物汉堡肉在不同热加工条件下杂环胺(heterocyclic amines, HAs)和晚期糖基化末端终产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)的生成规律。方法 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)分析不同处理方式(未熟制、蒸制、烤制)、烤制温度(160、180、200 ℃)、烤制时间(4、8、12 min)对植物汉堡肉游离态HAs和AGEs、结合态HAs和AGEs以及氨基酸含量的影响, 并采用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)探讨不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态及结合态HAs和AGEs的同步生成规律。结果 PCA结果表明, 烤制样品组中200 ℃/12 min烤制条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态HAs和AGEs、结合态HAs含量最高。生汉堡肉中共检测出游离态HAs总量(11.44±2.68) ng/g、结合态HAs总量(80.24±9.56) ng/g、游离态AGEs总量(1.99±0.29) μg/g、结合态AGEs总量(46.00±4.00) μg/g; 与生汉堡肉相比, 蒸制后植物汉堡肉结合态羧乙基赖氨酸(Nε-carboxyethyl-lysine, CEL)含量有所增加,游离态AGEs和HAs差异较小。蒸后烤制(200 ℃、12 min)危害物总量显著增加, 相比于空白组分别增加191.83%、164.38%、218.59%、15.70%。在烤制时, 植物汉堡肉中游离态和结合态HAs、游离态AGEs生成量随着烤制温度和时间的增加而增加。在烤制温度为180 ℃、烤制时间为4~12 min时, 游离态及结合态HAs、游离态AGEs总量分别增长了79.14%、23.38%、88.05%; 在烤制时间为8 min时, 烤制温度200 ℃较160 ℃植物汉堡肉中危害物含量分别增长了61.28%、34.82%、67.93%。结论 不同处理方式及热加工条件对HAs和AGEs的生成具有显著影响, 植物汉堡肉中HAs和AGEs生成量随着烤制温度和时间的增加而增加。该研究旨在为植物汉堡肉热加工中HAs和AGEs减控提供理论和实验依据。

, correspAuthors=曾茂茂, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 曾茂茂(1982—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品加工与健康。E-mail:
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李骏函(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工与健康。E-mail:

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Food Chemistry, 2020, 324: 126898., articleTitle=Reactive carbonyls and the formation of the heterocyclic aromatic amine 2-amino-3,4- dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (MeIQ), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1173278652931388269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, awardId=32272430, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(32272430), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1173278647449432738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278647457821346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, companyId=1173278647449432738, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278647462015651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, companyId=1173278647449432738, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江南大学食品学院, 无锡 214122)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1173278651207529267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes of free AGEs content in plant hamburger meats under different thermal processing conditions, figureFileSmall=yEfqq28CrAkh7rBWJEhhXA==, figureFileBig=RASZGbXOlOb/XpwkAMzMFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278651295609656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态AGEs含量变化

注: 不同字母表示组间具有显著差异性(P<0.05), 图2同。

, figureFileSmall=yEfqq28CrAkh7rBWJEhhXA==, figureFileBig=RASZGbXOlOb/XpwkAMzMFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278651379495738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in the content of bound AGEs in plant hamburger meats under different thermal processing conditions, figureFileSmall=QKBM6oHBL8794LrfMax38A==, figureFileBig=1bXg/V6FvzOrImvk11ye6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278651442410301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中结合态AGEs含量变化, figureFileSmall=QKBM6oHBL8794LrfMax38A==, figureFileBig=1bXg/V6FvzOrImvk11ye6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278651543073601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Amino acid composition and content in plant hamburger meats under different thermal processing conditions, figureFileSmall=QhUqjTlcaz3iKaZjlCdoAA==, figureFileBig=KaIJk7Yot+Hhgv0PF2FBDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278651610182467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中氨基酸组成及含量, figureFileSmall=QhUqjTlcaz3iKaZjlCdoAA==, figureFileBig=KaIJk7Yot+Hhgv0PF2FBDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278651723428678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=PCA of free HAs and AGEs in plant hamburger meats under different thermal processing conditions, figureFileSmall=L5uh8gTAu7LInpmfszf4Zw==, figureFileBig=GXsV2W1xXnahbWPOVcVRMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278651798926152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态HAs和AGEs PCA图, figureFileSmall=L5uh8gTAu7LInpmfszf4Zw==, figureFileBig=GXsV2W1xXnahbWPOVcVRMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278651933143885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=PCA of bound HAs and AGEs in plant hamburger meats under different thermal processing conditions, figureFileSmall=G6YQnfxO+OCTzpyZff47Pg==, figureFileBig=/kcc0dWvaSZ2COetzCIFSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278652025418576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中结合态HAs和AGEs PCA图, figureFileSmall=G6YQnfxO+OCTzpyZff47Pg==, figureFileBig=/kcc0dWvaSZ2COetzCIFSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278652105110355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Multiple reaction monitoring model parameters for UPLC-MS/MS analysis of 17 kinds of HAs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HAs 保留时间
/min
前体离子
[M+H]
(m/z)
子离子
(m/z)
锥孔
电压/V
碰撞
电压/eV
驻留
时间/s
IQ 3.97 199 130 30 40 0.15
DMIP 4.63 163 148 30 25 0.15
MeIQ 4.75 213 198 30 25 0.15
IQx 5.79 200 185 30 25 0.15
1,5,6-TMIP 6.21 177 162 30 25 0.15
Glu-P-1 6.37 199 145 30 30 0.15
MeIQx 7.35 214 131 30 40 0.15
IQ[4,5-b] 7.81 199 115 30 40 0.15
7,8-DiMeIQx 8.77 228 213 30 25 0.15
Norharman 8.90 169 115 30 30 0.15
4,8-DiMeIQx 8.97 228 212 30 30 0.15
Phe-P-1 9.80 171 127 30 30 0.15
Harman 9.96 183 115 30 30 0.15
4,7,8-TriMeIQx 10.34 242 227 30 30 0.15
PhIP 11.41 225 210 30 30 0.15
AαC 11.84 183 140 30 30 0.15
MeAαC 13.34 198 181 30 25 0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1173278652226745173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

17种HAs UPLC-MS/MS分析的多反应监测模式参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HAs 保留时间
/min
前体离子
[M+H]
(m/z)
子离子
(m/z)
锥孔
电压/V
碰撞
电压/eV
驻留
时间/s
IQ 3.97 199 130 30 40 0.15
DMIP 4.63 163 148 30 25 0.15
MeIQ 4.75 213 198 30 25 0.15
IQx 5.79 200 185 30 25 0.15
1,5,6-TMIP 6.21 177 162 30 25 0.15
Glu-P-1 6.37 199 145 30 30 0.15
MeIQx 7.35 214 131 30 40 0.15
IQ[4,5-b] 7.81 199 115 30 40 0.15
7,8-DiMeIQx 8.77 228 213 30 25 0.15
Norharman 8.90 169 115 30 30 0.15
4,8-DiMeIQx 8.97 228 212 30 30 0.15
Phe-P-1 9.80 171 127 30 30 0.15
Harman 9.96 183 115 30 30 0.15
4,7,8-TriMeIQx 10.34 242 227 30 30 0.15
PhIP 11.41 225 210 30 30 0.15
AαC 11.84 183 140 30 30 0.15
MeAαC 13.34 198 181 30 25 0.15
), ArticleFig(id=1173278652335797080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mass spectrometry parameters of multiple reaction detection mode for HPLC-MS/MS analysis of AGEs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 母离子 (m/z) 子离子(m/z) 锥孔
电压/V
碰撞
能量/eV
驻留
时间/ms
中性碎片损失
CML 205 84 20 14 20 NH2CH2CO2H, H2CO2
d4-CML 209 88 20 15 20 NH2CH2CO2H, H2CO2
CEL 219 84 20 16 20 NH2CH(CH3)CO2H, H2CO2
d4-CEL 223 88 20 13 20 NH2CH(CH3)CO2H, H2CO2
), ArticleFig(id=1173278652411294554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

AGEs的HPLC-MS/MS多反应监测模式的质谱参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标物 母离子 (m/z) 子离子(m/z) 锥孔
电压/V
碰撞
能量/eV
驻留
时间/ms
中性碎片损失
CML 205 84 20 14 20 NH2CH2CO2H, H2CO2
d4-CML 209 88 20 15 20 NH2CH2CO2H, H2CO2
CEL 219 84 20 16 20 NH2CH(CH3)CO2H, H2CO2
d4-CEL 223 88 20 13 20 NH2CH(CH3)CO2H, H2CO2
), ArticleFig(id=1173278652511957853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Free HAs content in plant hamburger meats under different thermal processing conditions (ng/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式(条件) PhIP Harman Norharman AαC 总量
生植物汉堡肉 0.13±0.02ab 5.48±0.70f 5.46±2.96c 0.37±0.02f 11.44±2.68f
蒸制(100 ℃/1 h) 0.11±0.03b 6.53±0.82ef 6.21±0.16bc 0.76±0.23e 13.56±0.45ef
100 ℃/1 h蒸制后
烤制
160 ℃/4 min 0.15±0.02a 6.87±0.75ef 6.96±0.45bc 1.16±0.25d 15.13±0.65def
160 ℃/8 min 0.13±0.03ab 8.56±0.53de 8.46±2.44abc 1.29±0.12cd 18.44±2.14bcd
160 ℃/12 min 0.15±0.02a 9.97±1.30cd 9.21±1.00abc 1.39±0.28bcd 20.72±0.58bc
180 ℃/4 min 0.15±0.02a 7.07±0.67ef 7.41±1.06bc 1.34±0.13cd 15.96±0.65cdef
180 ℃/8 min 0.15±0.01a 11.91±2.73c 8.85±5.05abc 1.52±0.16bc 22.43±1.93b
180 ℃/12 min 0.15±0.02ab 14.75±2.89b 12.09±2.20a 1.61±0.07abc 28.59±4.14a
200 ℃/4 min 0.14±0.02ab 10.79±0.46cd 5.90±1.38bc 1.44±0.35bcd 18.27±1.56bcde
200 ℃/8 min 0.14±0.03ab 18.14±0.84a 9.78±1.58ab 1.68±0.17ab 29.74±1.98a
200 ℃/12 min 0.15±0.01a 19.31±2.77a 12.04±2.59a 1.88±0.02a 33.38±4.33a
), ArticleFig(id=1173278652587455328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态HAs含量(ng/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式(条件) PhIP Harman Norharman AαC 总量
生植物汉堡肉 0.13±0.02ab 5.48±0.70f 5.46±2.96c 0.37±0.02f 11.44±2.68f
蒸制(100 ℃/1 h) 0.11±0.03b 6.53±0.82ef 6.21±0.16bc 0.76±0.23e 13.56±0.45ef
100 ℃/1 h蒸制后
烤制
160 ℃/4 min 0.15±0.02a 6.87±0.75ef 6.96±0.45bc 1.16±0.25d 15.13±0.65def
160 ℃/8 min 0.13±0.03ab 8.56±0.53de 8.46±2.44abc 1.29±0.12cd 18.44±2.14bcd
160 ℃/12 min 0.15±0.02a 9.97±1.30cd 9.21±1.00abc 1.39±0.28bcd 20.72±0.58bc
180 ℃/4 min 0.15±0.02a 7.07±0.67ef 7.41±1.06bc 1.34±0.13cd 15.96±0.65cdef
180 ℃/8 min 0.15±0.01a 11.91±2.73c 8.85±5.05abc 1.52±0.16bc 22.43±1.93b
180 ℃/12 min 0.15±0.02ab 14.75±2.89b 12.09±2.20a 1.61±0.07abc 28.59±4.14a
200 ℃/4 min 0.14±0.02ab 10.79±0.46cd 5.90±1.38bc 1.44±0.35bcd 18.27±1.56bcde
200 ℃/8 min 0.14±0.03ab 18.14±0.84a 9.78±1.58ab 1.68±0.17ab 29.74±1.98a
200 ℃/12 min 0.15±0.01a 19.31±2.77a 12.04±2.59a 1.88±0.02a 33.38±4.33a
), ArticleFig(id=1173278652688118626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Content of bound HAs in plant hamburger meats under different thermal processing conditions (ng/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式(条件) MeAαC Harman Norharman AαC 总量
生植物汉堡肉 23.85±2.90f 20.53±4.60g 25.75±1.88de 10.12±3.18d 80.24±9.56g
蒸制(100 ℃/1 h) 26.84±1.73f 15.66±2.87g 32.50±1.58e 6.33±1.82e 81.33±2.97g
100 ℃/1 h蒸制后
烤制
160 ℃/4 min 39.80±4.17e 26.77±2.12f 38.80±3.88cd 10.89±2.98cd 116.26±3.22f
160 ℃/8 min 47.80±2.39cde 29.55±2.06ef 40.08±1.13cd 12.98±2.67abcd 130.40±5.79ef
160 ℃/12 min 43.91±4.14de 35.83±2.47d 43.50±4.02cd 14.65±0.28ab 137.88±2.47de
180 ℃/4 min 46.00±9.33de 33.78±1.58de 36.00±7.60cde 13.85±0.50abc 129.63±0.65ef
180 ℃/8 min 56.20±9.03abc 42.45±3.26c 47.28±5.77bc 12.28±0.33bcd 158.20±6.51c
180 ℃/12 min 60.45±9.95ab 39.38±2.83cd 44.13±4.10cd 15.99±1.59a 159.94±8.91bc
200 ℃/4 min 45.65±6.55de 52.08±7.02b 38.28±15.95cd 13.11±2.58abcd 149.11±16.49cd
200 ℃/8 min 52.95±3.13bcd 54.70±3.90b 57.05±3.82ab 11.10±1.40cd 175.80±5.43b
200 ℃/12 min 65.25±4.06a 69.83±2.61a 65.13±11.96a 11.94±1.39bcd 212.14±10.29a
), ArticleFig(id=1173278652755227494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433695374533504, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中结合态HAs含量(ng/g)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加工方式(条件) MeAαC Harman Norharman AαC 总量
生植物汉堡肉 23.85±2.90f 20.53±4.60g 25.75±1.88de 10.12±3.18d 80.24±9.56g
蒸制(100 ℃/1 h) 26.84±1.73f 15.66±2.87g 32.50±1.58e 6.33±1.82e 81.33±2.97g
100 ℃/1 h蒸制后
烤制
160 ℃/4 min 39.80±4.17e 26.77±2.12f 38.80±3.88cd 10.89±2.98cd 116.26±3.22f
160 ℃/8 min 47.80±2.39cde 29.55±2.06ef 40.08±1.13cd 12.98±2.67abcd 130.40±5.79ef
160 ℃/12 min 43.91±4.14de 35.83±2.47d 43.50±4.02cd 14.65±0.28ab 137.88±2.47de
180 ℃/4 min 46.00±9.33de 33.78±1.58de 36.00±7.60cde 13.85±0.50abc 129.63±0.65ef
180 ℃/8 min 56.20±9.03abc 42.45±3.26c 47.28±5.77bc 12.28±0.33bcd 158.20±6.51c
180 ℃/12 min 60.45±9.95ab 39.38±2.83cd 44.13±4.10cd 15.99±1.59a 159.94±8.91bc
200 ℃/4 min 45.65±6.55de 52.08±7.02b 38.28±15.95cd 13.11±2.58abcd 149.11±16.49cd
200 ℃/8 min 52.95±3.13bcd 54.70±3.90b 57.05±3.82ab 11.10±1.40cd 175.80±5.43b
200 ℃/12 min 65.25±4.06a 69.83±2.61a 65.13±11.96a 11.94±1.39bcd 212.14±10.29a
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不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中杂环胺和晚期糖基化末端终产物的同步生成规律
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李骏函 , 邓鹏 , 马斯迪 , 林卓佳 , 陈秋铭 , 王召君 , 何志勇 , 陈洁 , 曾茂茂 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025,16(7): 45-54
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品中有毒有害物质分析与监测 2025, 16(7): 45-54
不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中杂环胺和晚期糖基化末端终产物的同步生成规律
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李骏函 , 邓鹏, 马斯迪, 林卓佳, 陈秋铭, 王召君, 何志勇, 陈洁, 曾茂茂*
作者信息
  • 江南大学食品学院, 无锡 214122
  • 李骏函(2001—), 女, 硕士, 主要研究方向为食品加工与健康。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 曾茂茂(1982—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品加工与健康。E-mail:
Synchronous generation pattern of heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end products in plant hamburger meat under different thermal processing conditions
Jun-Han LI , Peng DENG, Si-Di MA, Zhuo-Jia LIN, Qiu-Ming CHEN, Zhao-Jun WANG, Zhi-Yong HE, Jie CHEN, Mao-Mao ZENG*
Affiliations
  • School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241227007
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目的 探究植物汉堡肉在不同热加工条件下杂环胺(heterocyclic amines, HAs)和晚期糖基化末端终产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)的生成规律。方法 采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)分析不同处理方式(未熟制、蒸制、烤制)、烤制温度(160、180、200 ℃)、烤制时间(4、8、12 min)对植物汉堡肉游离态HAs和AGEs、结合态HAs和AGEs以及氨基酸含量的影响, 并采用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)探讨不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态及结合态HAs和AGEs的同步生成规律。结果 PCA结果表明, 烤制样品组中200 ℃/12 min烤制条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态HAs和AGEs、结合态HAs含量最高。生汉堡肉中共检测出游离态HAs总量(11.44±2.68) ng/g、结合态HAs总量(80.24±9.56) ng/g、游离态AGEs总量(1.99±0.29) μg/g、结合态AGEs总量(46.00±4.00) μg/g; 与生汉堡肉相比, 蒸制后植物汉堡肉结合态羧乙基赖氨酸(Nε-carboxyethyl-lysine, CEL)含量有所增加,游离态AGEs和HAs差异较小。蒸后烤制(200 ℃、12 min)危害物总量显著增加, 相比于空白组分别增加191.83%、164.38%、218.59%、15.70%。在烤制时, 植物汉堡肉中游离态和结合态HAs、游离态AGEs生成量随着烤制温度和时间的增加而增加。在烤制温度为180 ℃、烤制时间为4~12 min时, 游离态及结合态HAs、游离态AGEs总量分别增长了79.14%、23.38%、88.05%; 在烤制时间为8 min时, 烤制温度200 ℃较160 ℃植物汉堡肉中危害物含量分别增长了61.28%、34.82%、67.93%。结论 不同处理方式及热加工条件对HAs和AGEs的生成具有显著影响, 植物汉堡肉中HAs和AGEs生成量随着烤制温度和时间的增加而增加。该研究旨在为植物汉堡肉热加工中HAs和AGEs减控提供理论和实验依据。

植物汉堡肉  /  杂环胺  /  晚期糖基化末端终产物  /  热加工  /  生成规律

Objective To investigate the generation pattern of heterocyclic amines (HAs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in plant hamburger meat under different thermal processing conditions. Methods ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to analysed the effects of different treatments (uncooked, steamed and grilled), grilling temperatures (160, 180, 200 °C), and grilling times (4, 8, 12 min) on the content of free HAs and AGEs, bound HAs and AGEs, and amino acids in the plant hamburger meat. AGEs and amino acid content of plant hamburger meat, and investigate the simultaneous generation of free and bound HAs and AGEs in plant hamburger meat under different thermal processing conditions using principal component analysis (PCA). Results The results of PCA showed that the highest levels of free HAs and AGEs and bound HAs were found in plant hamburger meat under 200 °C/12 min roasting condition in the roasted sample group. A total of (11.44±2.68) ng/g of total free HAs, (80.24±9.56) ng/g of total bound HAs, (1.99±0.29) μg/g of total free AGEs and (46.00±4.00) μg/g of total bound AGEs were detected in the raw hamburger meat. Compared with raw plant hamburger meat, there was an increase in bound Nε-carboxyethyl-lysine (CELs) and a smaller difference in free AGEs and HAs in steamed plant hamburger meat. There was a significant increase in hazardous material content after steaming and roasting (200 °C, 12 min), which increased by 191.83%, 164.38%, 218.59% and 15.70%, respectively, as compared to the blank group. During roasting, the free and bound HAs, free AGEs in plant hamburger meat showed a increase with the increase of roasting temperature and time. The total amount of free and bound HAs and free AGEs increased by 79.14%, 23.38% and 88.05%, respectively, under the conditions of roasting temperature of 180 °C and roasting time of 4-12 min; under the condition of roasting time of 8 min, the content of hazards in plant hamburger meat at roasting temperature of 200 °C compared with that at 160 °C increased by 61.28%, 34.82% and 67.93%, respectively. Conclusion Different treatments and thermal processing conditions has significant effects on the generation of HAs and AGEs, which increase with the increase of roasting temperature and the prolongation of roasting time in plant hamburger meat. This study aims to provide theoretical and experimental basis for the reduction and control of HAs and AGEs in thermal processing of plant hamburger meat.

plant hamburger meats  /  heterocyclic amines  /  advanced glycation end products  /  thermal processing  /  generation pattern
李骏函, 邓鹏, 马斯迪, 林卓佳, 陈秋铭, 王召君, 何志勇, 陈洁, 曾茂茂. 不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中杂环胺和晚期糖基化末端终产物的同步生成规律. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 45 -54 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241227007
Jun-Han LI, Peng DENG, Si-Di MA, Zhuo-Jia LIN, Qiu-Ming CHEN, Zhao-Jun WANG, Zhi-Yong HE, Jie CHEN, Mao-Mao ZENG. Synchronous generation pattern of heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end products in plant hamburger meat under different thermal processing conditions[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 45 -54 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241227007
近年来, 由于人口的增长和饮食结构的改变, 人们对蛋白质的需求日益增加, 随之带来的是畜牧过度生产以及温室气体过度排放导致的全球变暖等问题的严重恶化[1-2]。因此, 能有效解决人们对蛋白质需求问题和减缓资源消耗的植物肉(plant-based meat alternatives, PBMAs)受到了广泛的关注, 用植物蛋白制造植物基人造肉以替代动物源肉类食品正成为目前食品工业的研究热点之一[3]
PBMAs以植物蛋白为主要原料, 通过3D打印、纺丝、蛋白质和亲水胶体混合、剪切、高水分挤压、冷冻排列等加工工艺使蛋白质降解、重组形成与动物肉相似的纤维结构[4-6]。大豆和豌豆由于其蛋白含量高、容易获取且成本较低, 已成为PBMAs最常见的植物原料[7-8]。一些已具有与肉类相似的产品特性和感官属性的汉堡肉、油炸肉丸等植物肉产品在市场中的销量不断增加。PBMAs的市场规模迅速扩大, 从2018年的46亿美元预计增至2030年的850亿美元[9]。目前, PBMAs的研究重点仍然是如何改善产品口味和提升营养价值, 对于PBMAs在加工生产过程中相关安全性研究及危害物减控方面研究较少。PBMAs通常使用水、油、蛋白质、碳水化合物、香精、色素和黏合剂等成分加工而成[8]。由于PBMAs富含脂质和蛋白质, 烹饪等热处理过程会促进这些成分之间的相互作用, 从而产生杂环胺(heterocyclic amines, HAs)和晚期糖基化末端终产物 (advanced glycation end products, AGEs)等一些危害物[10]
Ames试验和长期动物研究证实, HAs是一大类致癌和致突变化合物, 长期摄入HAs会增加人类罹患胃癌、结肠癌等癌症的风险[11-13]。AGEs是一类在美拉德反应的最后阶段中形成的结构复杂、化学性质稳定的美拉德反应有害产物[14]。研究表明, AGEs可以通过食物摄入并在人体内累积, 导致人体氧化应激, 进而引发血管疾病、糖尿病并发症、尿毒症等慢性疾病, 在日常饮食中减少AGEs的摄入对伤口愈合、心血管疾病有一定的积极影响[15-17]。HAs和AGEs有共同的前体和中间体, 可以在富含蛋白质食品的高温加工过程中同时生成。动物源肉制品中HAs和AGEs的研究较多, 但在植物基肉制品中特别是HAs和AGEs的同步生成研究很少。
本研究采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)分析了植物汉堡肉在不同热加工条件下HAs和AGEs以及前体氨基酸的含量变化, 以探究HAs和AGEs的同步生成规律。本研究对植物基肉制品加工过程危害物的控制具有一定的理论和实际应用价值。
颗粒状大豆组织蛋白(台湾弘阳食品股份有限公司); 片状大豆组织蛋白(烟台双塔食品股份有限公司); 17种HAs标准品: ‌2-氨基-3-甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉(2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, IQ)、‌2-氨基-3,4-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹啉(2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoline, MeIQ)、2-氨基-1-甲基咪唑并[4,5-b]喹啉(2-amino-1-methylimidazo[4,5-b]quinoline, IQ[4,5-b])、‌2-氨基-3-甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline, IQx)、‌2-氨基-3,8-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-ƒ]quinoxaline, MeIQx)、‌2-氨基-3,4,8-三甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(2-amino- 3,4,8-trimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, 4,8-DiMeIQx)、2-氨基-1,5,6-三甲基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶(2-amino- 1,5,6-trimethylimidazole and [4,5-b]pyridine, 1,5,6-TMIP)、‌2-氨基-3,7,8-三甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(2-amino-3,7,8- trimethyl-imidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline, 7,8-DiMeIQx)、2-氨基-3,4,7,8-四甲基咪唑并[4,5-f]喹喔啉(2-amino-3,4,7,8- tetramethyl-imidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline, 4,7,8-TriMeIQx)、‌2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶(2-amino-1- methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, PhIP)、2-氨基-1,6-二甲基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶(2-amino-1,6-dimethyl imidazole and [4,5-b]pyridine, DMIP)、2-氨基-9H-吡啶并[2,3-b]吲哚(2-amino-9Hpyrido[2,3-b]indole, AαC)、2-氨基-3-甲基-9H-吡啶并[2,3-b]吲哚(2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido [2,3-b]indole, MeAαC)、1-甲基-9H-吡啶并[4,3-b]吲哚(1-methyl-9H-pyrido [2,3-b]indole, Harman)、9H-吡啶并[4,3-b]吲哚(9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole, Norharman)、2-氨基-5-苯基吡啶(2-amino-5-phenylpyridine, Phe-P-1)和2-氨基-6-甲基二吡啶并[1,2-a:3’,2’-d]咪唑(2-amino-6-methyldipyrido [1,2-a:3’,2’-d] imidazole, Glu-P-1)(纯度>99%, 上海圣克鲁斯生物技术有限公司); 2种AGEs标准品: 羧甲基赖氨酸(Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine, CML)、羧乙基赖氨酸(Nε-carboxyethyl-lysine, CEL)及同位素标准品d4-CML、d4-CEL(纯度>98%, 美国Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司); 17种氨基酸标准品: 天冬氨酸(aspartic acid, Asp)、精氨酸(arginine, Arg)、酪氨酸(tyrosine, Tyr)、半胱氨酸(cysteine, Cys)、缬氨酸(valine, Val)、蛋氨酸(methionine, Met)、苯丙氨酸‌(phenylalanine, Phe)、异亮氨酸(isoleucine, Ile)、亮氨酸(leucine, Leu)、赖氨酸(lysine, Lys)、脯氨酸(proline, Pro)、甘氨酸(glycine, Gly)、丙氨酸(alanine, Ala)、丝氨酸(serine, Ser)、苏氨酸‌ (threonine, Thr)、组氨酸(histidine, His)和谷氨酸(glutamic acid, Glu)(纯度>99%, 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司); 甲醇、乙腈(色谱级, 美国赛默飞公司); 盐酸、氢氧化钠、正己烷、乙酸乙酯、硼氢化钠、硼酸、三氯乙酸、1-辛醇、氨水(分析级, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
莱欣诺®全新iCombi Pro膳酷盛®智能厨房烹饪系统(德国Rational公司); Acquity UPLC TQD超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱联用仪、配有2998二极管阵列检测器的Waters e2695高效液相色谱仪、Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm)、X-Bridge C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)(美国Waters公司); Agilent Hypersil OSD色谱柱(250 mm×4.0 mm, 5 μm)(美国Agilent Tchnologies公司); Fotector Plus高通量全自动固相萃取仪和Auto EVA-60全自动平行浓缩仪[睿科集团(厦门)股份有限公司]; AL104电子天平[精度0.1 mg, 梅特勒-托利多仪器(上海)有限公司]; SB-4200 DTD超声波清洗机(宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司); DHG-9140A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(江苏盛蓝仪器制造有限公司); GT10-1离心机(上海安亭科学仪器厂); Oasis MCX固相萃取小柱(60 mg/3 cc)(上海沃特世科技有限公司); 厚壁耐压瓶(48 mL, 北京欣维尔玻璃仪器有限公司)。
将市售植物蛋白(颗粒状大豆组织蛋白+片状大豆组织蛋白)复水, 洗涤至水无色, 将洗好的蛋白脱水, 拆丝, 加入魔芋胶和碳酸钠、盐、味精、酱油和预制棕榈油、酵母提取物混合均匀, 取40 g于直径6 cm培养皿中压紧实, 制成肉饼, 放入烤箱中100 ℃蒸1 h成型, 蒸好的肉饼冷却后采用不同温度(160、180、200 ℃)和时间(2、4、6 min/面)条件烤制。
参考DENG等[18]的方法稍作修改, 进行游离态和结合态HAs的提取。游离态HAs提取: 称取4 g待测样品, 加入20 mL正己烷, 振荡, 以4 ℃, 8000 r/min离心15 min, 除去正己烷层, 重复3次。挥干剩余样品中的正己烷后, 加入30 mL 1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液均质1 min, 转移至盛有14 g硅藻土的三角瓶中, 加入50 mL乙酸乙酯混合, 混匀后40 kHz, 50 ℃超声提取60 min。将超声提取后的样品以3000 r/min离心10 min, 收集上清液, 继续向剩余的下层样品加入50 mL乙酸乙酯溶液, 重复上述步骤3次, 确保提取完全。将收集到的上清乙酸乙酯提取液汇总并氮吹浓缩至20 mL左右后, 加入1 mL 2 mol/L盐酸溶液中和残留的氢氧化钠溶液, 随后进行固相萃取。
游离态HAs固相萃取: 对Oasis MCX固相萃取小柱活化后(色谱级甲醇、超纯水、乙酸乙酯各6 mL), 上样乙酸乙酯提取液, 随后淋洗(0.1 mol/L盐酸溶液、甲醇各6 mL), 最后, 用甲醇-氨溶液(19:1, V:V)洗脱保留在小柱中的HAs, 得到6 mL洗脱液。洗脱液用氮气吹干, 再用0.3 mL甲醇复溶, 涡旋30 s, 再用0.22 μm滤膜过滤后进行UPLC-MS/MS分析。
结合态HAs提取: 将上述采用乙酸乙酯提取游离态HAs的剩余滤渣转移到耐压瓶中, 然后加入40 mL 6 mol/L盐酸, 氮吹2 min后, 于110 °C水解24 h。水解后过滤并定容至100 mL, 取10 mL定容后的水解液进行固相萃取。
结合态HAs固相萃取: 分别各用6 mL色谱级甲醇、超纯水、0.1 mol/L盐酸溶液对Oasis MCX固相萃取小柱活化后, 上样水解液, 后续淋洗、洗脱等步骤与游离态HAs固相萃取步骤相同。最终, 洗脱液用氮气吹干, 再用0.3 mL甲醇复溶, 涡旋30 s, 再用0.22 μm滤膜过滤后进行UPLC-MS/MS分析。色谱条件: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm); 柱温: 45 ℃; 流动相: A相为100%乙腈, B相为0.1%甲酸(pH=4.75); 洗脱梯度: 0~2 min为2% A, 2~12 min为2%~20% A, 12~14 min为20%~100% A, 14~17 min为100%~2% A, 17~20 min为2% A。
质谱条件: 多反应监测模式; 电喷雾正离子模式; 离子源温度: 100 ℃; 脱溶剂气温度: 400 ℃; 脱溶剂气流速: 700 L/h; 毛细管电压: 3.5 kV; 锥孔气体(氮气)流速: 50 L/h; 碰撞气(氩气)流速: 0.15 mL/min; HAs的质谱参数如表1所示。
AGEs的测定参考DENG等[18]方法并稍作修改。游离态AGEs: 称取50 mg样品, 加入5 mL正己烷, 振荡, 离心15 min, 除去正己烷层, 重复3次。挥干剩余样品中的正己烷。加入硼酸盐缓冲液(1.5 mL 0.2 mol/L), 加入硼氢化钠溶液(1 mL), 加入适量的1-辛醇, 在室温下静置4 h。向还原后的样品液加入2.5 mL 20%的三氯乙酸溶液, 使得最后样品液中的三氯乙酸浓度为10%, 充分混合后静置, 然后在10000 g/min下离心10 min, 沉淀备用。吸取500 μL上清液, 氮气吹干, 用3 mL 5 mmol/L的九氟戊酸水溶液复溶, 并加入150 μL 0.1 μg/mL的d4-CML和d4-CEL混合内标溶液, 涡旋振荡30 s充分混匀。结合态AGEs提取: 取剩余沉淀5 mL 6 mol/L的盐酸溶液, 氮吹30 s, 于110 ℃烘箱水解24 h。水解完成后, 过滤, 定容至25 mL。吸500 μL水解液, 60 ℃下吹干, 同样复溶后加入150 μL含有0.0891 μg d4-CML和0.0825 μg d4-CEL的内标溶液。
游离态和结合态提取液随后进行固相萃取: 对Oasis MCX固相萃取小柱进行活化(甲醇、超纯水各3 mL), 润洗(3 mL 0.1 mol/L HCl溶液), 上样, 淋洗(0.1 mol/L HCl、超纯水各3 mL), 洗脱[3 mL甲醇-氨溶液(19:1, V:V)]。将洗脱液用氮气吹干, 用600 μL超纯水复溶, 涡旋30 s, 再用0.22 μm水系滤膜过滤, 进行高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS/MS)分析。
HPLC-MS/MS分析条件: X-Bridge C18柱(250 mm× 4.6 mm, 5 μm); 流动相A: 5 mmol/L NPFA, B: 乙腈; 柱温: 35 ℃; 进样量: 5 μL; 洗脱梯度: 0~0.1 min, 5% A; 0.1~5.0 min, 60% A; 5.0~9.0 min, 100% A; 9.0~10.0 min, 5% A。
电离方式: 电喷雾正离子模式; 检测方式: 多反应监测模式; 毛细管电压: 3.55 kV; 离子源温度: 110 ℃; 脱溶剂气温度: 350 ℃; 锥孔气流量: 50 L/h; 脱溶剂气流量: 500 L/h; 碰撞气流量: 0.15 mL/min。AGEs的质谱参数如表2所示。
参考DENG等[18]的方法, 采用6 mol/L盐酸120 ℃水解22 h, 加入10 mol/L NaOH进行中和后定容, 过滤, 得到总氨基酸提取液。采用Agilent Hypersil OSD色谱柱(250 mm× 4.0 mm, 5 μm)进行高效液相色谱法分析。流动相为29.3 mmol/L乙酸钠-三乙胺-四氢呋喃(A, 500:0.09:2.5, V:V:V, pH=7.2)和49.0 mmol/L乙酸钠-乙腈-甲醇(B, 1:2:2, V:V:V, pH=7.2)。洗脱梯度: 0~27.0 min, 92%~50% A, 1.0 mL/min; 27.0~31.0 min, 50%~0% A, 1.0 mL/min; 31.0~31.5 min, 0% A, 1.5 mL/min; 31.5~33.5 min, 0%~100% A, 1.5 mL/min; 33.5~35.0 min, 100% A, 1.0 mL/min。进样量1 μL, 柱温40 ℃, 检测波长: 338 nm, 脯氨酸为262 nm。
实验样品设置3组平行, 测定数据采用平均值±标准偏差的形式表示; 用Masslynx V4.1软件进行液相色谱质谱数据分析; 用Statistix 9.0软件进行显著性差异分析; 用SIMCA绘制PCA图; 用Origin 9.0软件绘图。
不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态HAs含量如表3所示。共检测到4种游离态HAs: PhIP、Harman、Norharman、AαC, 主要为咔啉类HAs。根据化合物结构及极性不同, HAs可分为氨基咪唑氮杂芳烃(aminoi-midazoazaren, AIA), 即极性HAs; 氨基咔啉类(amino-carbolin congener), 即非极性HAs两类。检测到的4种游离态HAs中, PhIP属于极性HAs, Harman、Norharman及AαC属于非极性HAs。生植物汉堡肉中4种游离态HAs含量分别为PhIP (0.13±0.02 ng/g)、Harman (5.48±0.70 ng/g)、Norharman (5.46±2.96 ng/g)、AαC (0.37±0.02 ng/g), 总量(11.44±2.68) ng/g, 4种游离态HAs含量及总量在11个样品组中数值最低。在未经熟制的生植物汉堡肉中即可检测到危害物存在, 这可能是生植物汉堡肉的原料组织蛋白在高温挤压过程中所产生的, 在挤压过程中环境温度升高, 生植物汉堡肉原料组织蛋白发生热解, 其所含氨基酸部分经斯特勒克降解生成苯乙醛进而和肌酸酐发生缩合反应生成危害物; 部分氨基酸同葡萄糖发生反应其重排产物进一步环化、氧化形成危害物[19]。此外植物汉堡肉制作过程中所添加的盐、味精、酱油等调味料本身也存在一定量的危害物[18,20]。有研究表明酱油中存在大量的非极性HAs, 以Harman、Norharman为主, 这也可能是生汉堡肉中Harman、Norharman较另两种HAs含量较高的原因[21]
在10种不同热加工条件下, 植物汉堡肉中检测到游离态HAs含量分别为PhIP 0.11~0.15 ng/g, Harman 6.53~19.31 ng/g、Norharman 5.90~12.09 ng/g、AαC 0.76~1.88 ng/g, 总量13.56~33.38 ng/g。对比不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态HAs总量发现, 蒸制后游离态HAs总量与生汉堡肉中总量没有明显差异; 蒸后烤制的植物汉堡肉所生成的游离态HAs总量均高于生汉堡肉和蒸制汉堡肉,在烤制温度200 ℃,烤制时间12 min条件下游离态HAs总量较生植物汉堡肉增加了191.83%。此外,植物汉堡肉中的游离态HAs含量随烤制温度增加、时间延长呈现持续增长的趋势,在烤制温度为180 ℃、烤制时间为4~12 min时, 游离态HAs总量增长了79.14%; 在烤制时间为8 min时, 烤制温度200 ℃较160 ℃植物汉堡肉中游离态HAs总量增长了61.28%。LIAO等[22]测定蒸煮、微波烹煮、烤制、油炸等不同烹饪条件下鸭肉的HAs含量, 发现一样的增长趋势, 即蒸煮<微波烹煮<烤制。在不同热加工条件下, 植物汉堡肉中PhIP含量相对较低在0.11~0.15 ng/g范围内浮动, 差异性较小, 通过研究结果不能看出PhIP的生成规律, 这可能是因为目前的加工条件(100~200 ℃)没有达到PhIP大量生成的条件。有研究表明, 高温更有利于PhIP的形成, 当温度高于200 ℃时PhIP生成速度会显著增快, 含量发生显著变化[23-25]。蒸后烤制条件下, Harman、Norharman、AαC 3种游离态HAs含量均随烤制温度增加、时间延长而增加且温度影响较大, 这可能是因为随着温度升高、时间延长, 由美拉德反应等途径生成HAs的反应逐渐加剧, 累计的HAs含量也逐渐增多[26]
表4可知, 不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中共检测出4种结合态HAs, 包括MeAαC、Harman、Norharman和AαC。生植物汉堡肉中4种结合态HAs含量分别为MeAαC (23.85±2.90 ng/g)、Harman (20.53±4.60 ng/g)、Norharman (25.75±1.88 ng/g)和AαC (10.12±3.18 ng/g), 总量为(80.24±9.56) ng/g。蒸制处理后的植物汉堡肉中4种结合态HAs含量及总量与生植物汉堡肉差异较小。蒸后烤制加工的9个样品组4种结合态HAs含量均有所升高, 分别为MeAαC (39.80~65.25) ng/g, Harman (26.77~69.83) ng/g、Norharman (36.00~65.13) ng/g、AαC (10.89~15.99) ng/g。同一体系下, Harman、Norharman和AαC 3种结合态HAs的含量都比对应的游离态HAs高3~10倍, 这可能是因为结合态HAs的生成途径有多种, 除蛋白质总氨基酸残基与HAs前体发生反应生成外, 游离态HAs中氨基与蛋白质或氨基酸中羧基也可以反应形成酰胺键生成HAs, 游离态HAs本身也可有选择性地吸附在蛋白质表面生成结合态HAs所致[27]
对比不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中结合态HAs含量发现, 结合态MeAαC、Harman及HAs总量随烤制温度增加、烤制时间延长呈增加的趋势。蒸后烤制的植物汉堡肉中结合态MeAαC、Harman及HAs总量较生植物汉堡肉增加了66.88%~173.58%、30.39%~240.14%、44.89%~ 164.38%。在烤制温度确定为180 ℃、烤制时间为4~12 min时,结合态HAs总量增长了23.38%; 在烤制时间为8 min时, 烤制温度200 ℃较160 ℃植物汉堡肉中危害物含量分别增长了34.82%。结合态Norharman随烤制温度变化明显, 温度增加含量随之增加, 但烤制时间对其含量的影响仅表现在烤制温度为200 ℃条件下。在烤制温度160 ℃及180 ℃条件下其含量随时间变化没有显著差异及明显规律; 在烤制温度200 ℃时含量随烤制时间延长增加, 这可能是因为结合态Norharman在较低温度条件下生成的含量是有限的, 不足以观察到明显的变化规律[23]。结合态AαC在烤制温度160 ℃及180 ℃条件下随烤制温度增加、烤制时间延长而随之增加, 但烤制温度为200 ℃时, 其含量随时间延长而有所下降, 这可能是因为结合态AαC在≥200 ℃条件下会向游离态转变所致[28]。与传统肉类如烤猪肉、烤羊肉、烤牛肉等肉类制品中HAs含量相比, 植物汉堡肉中的HAs种类更少、含量更低, 这可能是由于传统肉类制品相较植物汉堡肉营养价值更高、氨基酸种类及含量更丰富, 由此氨基酸进一步反应所生成的危害物种类更多, 含量更高[19]
由于化学结构不同, AGEs主要可分为具有荧光性(戊糖素等)和不具有荧光性(CML、CEL等)两类 [29]。本研究分别检测游离态和结合态的CML和CEL含量变化来表征AGEs在不同热加工条件下的生成规律。不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态AGEs含量变化如图1所示, 在生植物汉堡肉中检测到游离态CML含量(0.85±0.20) μg/g、CEL含量(1.15±0.18) μg/g,游离态AGEs总量(1.99±0.29) μg/g。生植物汉堡肉中AGEs的来源可能源于植物汉堡肉中加入的酱油调味品, CHAO等[30]测定酱油中CML含量为(224±43) μg/100 mL。蒸制后的植物汉堡肉所测游离态CML和CEL含量与生植物汉堡肉差异较小; 蒸后烤制处理下的植物汉堡肉中游离态CML和CEL含量大多增加。蒸后烤制的游离态AGEs总量随烤制温度增加、烤制时间延长有所增加,在烤制温度为180 ℃、烤制时间为4~12 min时,游离态AGEs总量88.05%; 在烤制时间为8 min时, 烤制温度200 ℃较160 ℃增长了67.93%。在烤制热处理方式下, 随烤制温度增加植物汉堡肉中游离态CML含量没有明显变化趋势, 当烤制温度确定、烤制时间延长游离态CML含量呈现显著增加的趋势, LIU等[31]曾报道过类似的结果, 即在140、150、160 ℃不同油炸条件下面糊肉制品CML含量并无显著变化, 这表明相对而言烤制温度可能对游离态CML的生成影响较小, 烤制时间影响较大。随烤制温度增加、烤制时间延长, 植物汉堡肉中游离态CEL含量显著增加。当烤制时间确定为12 min, 200 ℃烤制条件下的植物汉堡肉中游离态CEL含量较160、180 ℃分别提高了33.33%、39.58%; 当烤制温度确定为200 ℃时, 烤制12 min的植物汉堡肉中游离态CEL含量较4、8 min提高了48.05%、26.90%。
不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中结合态AGEs含量变化如图2所示。在生植物汉堡肉中检测到结合态CML含量(21.14±2.74) μg/g、CEL含量(24.86±4.06) μg/g、结合态AGEs总量(46.00±4.00) μg/g。不同热处理方式、不同烤制温度、时间下, 植物汉堡肉中结合态CML没有明显变化规律。结合态CEL含量变化规律明显, 蒸制及蒸后烤制处理后植物汉堡肉中结合态CEL含量明显高于生植物汉堡肉, 分别达(27.68±4.27) μg/g、29.34~43.38 μg/g。经过蒸后烤制加工的植物汉堡肉所生成的结合态CEL随烤制温度增加呈现增加的趋势, 随时间延长呈现先增加后降低的趋势, 这可能是反应到后期CEL从结合态向游离态转变导致的[32]
美拉德反应是危害物形成过程中的关键环节, 研究报道反应中还原糖和氨基酸发生斯特勒克降解生成的吡啶和吡嗪等物质会同肌酸酐与醛类脱水生成的氨基咪唑发生缩合反应进一步生成咪唑喹啉、咪唑喹喔啉及咪唑吡啶等物质[33]。因此, 氨基酸是反应生成HAs和AGEs的重要前体物质[34]。不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中氨基酸组成及含量如图3所示, 加工处理后植物汉堡肉中均可检测出17种氨基酸: Asp、Arg、Tyr、Cys、Val、Met、Phe、Ile、Leu、Lys、Pro、Gly、Ala、Ser、Thr、His、Glu。所有处理组的植物汉堡肉中Cys、Met含量均较低, 这可能是由于植物汉堡肉原料特殊性所致, 大豆蛋白和豌豆蛋白自身含硫氨基酸(Cys、Met)较少[35]。PhIP的前体物质已被证实为Phe [36]。CHEN等[37]报道选用Phe、葡萄糖和肌酐模拟体系进行加热可以生成MeAαC、Harman、Norharman和AαC 4种HAs。因此, Phe是生成HAs的重要前体物质之一。在不同热加工条件下的植物汉堡肉中, 蒸后烤制处理组的Phe含量显著低于生植物汉堡肉及蒸制处理组, 但其随烤制温度及时间没有明显变化规律, Phe含量与HAs生成含量不存在显著相关性, 这与廖国周等[38]研究结果一致。Lys是CML和CEL的前体氨基酸, 有研究报道Lys与二羰基的结合是形成CML和CEL的主要反应之一[39]。本研究中, 蒸后烤制处理后植物汉堡肉中Lys含量显著低于生植物汉堡肉与蒸制处理组, 而其CML及CEL含量显著高于生植物汉堡肉与蒸制处理组, 二者可能存在较强的相关性。
采用PCA主成分分析表明不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态HAs和AGEs水平的差异, 如图4所示。主成分分析模型中PC1和PC2累积贡献率为76.2%, 大于60%, 可以充分反映不同热加工条件对植物汉堡肉中生成游离态HAs和AGEs的影响。图中PC1方向来看, 生植物汉堡肉组和蒸制组位于最左侧, 偏离游离态HAs和AGEs的位置, 烤制组均位于蒸制组右侧, 这表明游离态HAs和AGEs生成含量与加工条件密切相关, 生植物汉堡肉和蒸制组游离态HAs和AGEs生成含量最少。随着温度升高, 样本点向PC1方向向右迁移, 逐渐靠近HAs和AGEs位置, 这说明温度越高, AGEs和HAs的生成量越高。从烤制加热时间角度分析, 在每一烤制温度组别内, 烤制12 min均在最右侧, 这表明烤制加热时间延长可增加植物汉堡肉游离态HAs和AGEs的生成。从PC2方向可以发现, 不同热加工条件下的样品组集中在中间区域, 上下并没有明显分离且与PhIP距离较远, 这表明本研究中的热加工条件(100~200 ℃)对游离态PhIP的生成没有产生较大的影响, 可能并没有达到PhIP显著变化的条件, 研究表明当温度高于200 ℃时PhIP生成速度会显著增快, 含量发生显著变化[25]
不同热加工条件对植物汉堡肉中结合态HAs和AGEs生成的影响如图5所示。两个主成分方差累计贡献率为71.3% (>60%), 可以反映不同热加工条件对植物汉堡肉中生成结合态HAs和AGEs的影响。不同样本点在PC1方向出现明显分离, 3种不同处理方式(生植物汉堡肉、蒸制组、蒸后烤制组)下, 生植物汉堡肉与蒸制组组位于最左侧, 蒸后烤制组分布在中间和右侧区域, 这说明不同处理方式对植物汉堡肉生成结合态HAs和AGEs具有显著影响, 蒸后烤制组会使植物汉堡肉生成更多的结合态HAs和AGEs。160、180、200 ℃ 3个不同加热温度样品点在PC1方向上有明显的分离, 这表明烤制温度对结合态危害物的生成具有显著的影响。这是因为烤制温度越高, 越接近危害物的最佳生成温度, 危害物越易生成[40-41]。随着烤制温度从160 ℃升高至200 ℃, 同一温度下不同烤制时间的样本点呈现越来越分散的趋势, 这说明烤制温度越高的样品中危害物的生成受烤制时间影响越大。AαC接近于200 ℃/12 min的位置, CEL位于200 ℃/8 min的位置, 这些危害物可能是导致这些样品点之间存在差异的因素。
本研究探讨了在不同热加工条件下植物汉堡肉中HAs和AGEs的生成规律, 比较了不同处理方式(未熟制、蒸制、蒸后烤制)、不同烤制温度(160、180、200 ℃)、烤制时间(4、8、12 min)下植物汉堡肉中游离态HAs和AGEs、结合态HAs和AGEs、氨基酸含量的影响。与生植物汉堡肉、蒸制组相比, 蒸后烤制处理后的植物汉堡肉中HAs和AGEs含量最高, 氨基酸总量较低。PCA结果表明, 烤制样品组中200 ℃/12 min烤制条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态HAs和AGEs、结合态HAs含量最高,与生汉堡肉相比200 ℃/12 min烤制条件下植物汉堡肉中游离态HAs、结合态HAs、游离态AGEs及结合态AGEs总量分别增加了191.83%、164.38%、218.59%、15.70%。综上所述, 植物汉堡肉中HAs和AGEs生成规律为随烤制温度增加、烤制时间延长, HAs和AGEs整体上也随之增加, 本研究旨在为PBMA的安全生产提供理论参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32272430)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241227007
  • 接收时间:2024-12-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-27
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32272430)
作者信息
    江南大学食品学院, 无锡 214122

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* 曾茂茂(1982—), 男, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品加工与健康。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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