Article(id=1217779718112330419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241225003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735056000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768270910051, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768270910051, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768270910051, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768270910051, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217779717386715826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768270909877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768299620707, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=15, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217779718519177912, articleId=1217779718112330419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the rapid detection technology for meat freshness, columnId=1217779718456263351, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Highlight: “The 14th Five-Year Plan” National Key Research and Development Program of China—Key Technology Research and Standardized Application for Panoramic Analysis of Food Authenticity, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the demand for meat products has risen sharply, ensuring the quality and freshness of meat has become a major challenge for the industry. It is known that meat spoilage is a complex biochemical process involving the action of microorganisms and the accumulation of various compounds, during which many characteristic substances are produced, such as biological amines, volatile basic nitrogen, hypoxanthine, hydrogen sulfide, etc. However, the traditional methods of freshness assessment are time-consuming and not precise enough to provide accurate detection results. Therefore, this review focused on introducing some emerging detection technologies, including biosensors, gas sensors, electronic noses, electronic tongues and spectroscopic techniques, covered their principles and applications. These technologies could not only rapidly and non-destructively assess the freshness of meat but also provided clear information on the overall safety and quality of meat products, reducing waste caused by spoilage. Finally, the review discussesed the trends of future meat freshness detection technologies, which were expected to become more advanced, intelligent and user-friendly providing more efficient and intelligent solutions for the food industry.

, correspAuthors=Zong-Lin GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-Yin HOU, Bing-Zi LI, Yi-Heng DENG, Ge-Ge SU, Wen-Hao LUO, Xue PAN, Le-Yi LI, Zong-Lin GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217779719915881183, articleId=1217779718112330419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=肉类新鲜度的快速检测技术研究进展, columnId=1217779718691144379, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期重点:“十四五”国家重点研发计划——食品真实性全景分析关键技术研究与标准化应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着肉类产品市场需求量的急剧上升, 确保肉品品质和新鲜度成为了行业面临的一大挑战。已知肉类腐败是一个涉及微生物作用和多种化合物积累的复杂生物化学过程, 在腐败过程中会产生很多标志性物质, 如生物胺、挥发性盐基氮、次黄嘌呤、硫化氢等。然而, 目前传统的新鲜度评估方法耗时且不够精确, 无法提供快速准确的检测结果。因此, 本文着重介绍了一些新兴检测技术, 包含生物传感器、气体传感器、电子鼻、电子舌和光谱技术, 包括这些技术的原理及应用, 利用这些技术不仅能够迅速且无损地评估肉类的新鲜度, 而且可以明确肉类产品的整体安全性和品质。最后讨论了未来肉类新鲜度检测技术的发展趋势, 预计这些技术将变得更加先进、智能化且易于使用, 为食品产业提供更高效、更智能的解决方案。

, correspAuthors=郭宗林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郭宗林(1991—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为畜产食品贮藏保鲜理论与技术。E-mail:
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侯佳音(2002—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为畜产食品贮藏保鲜理论与技术。E-mail:

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侯佳音(2002—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为畜产食品贮藏保鲜理论与技术。E-mail:

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肉类新鲜度的快速检测技术研究进展
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侯佳音 1 , 李丙子 2 , 邓漪恒 1 , 苏格格 1 , 罗文豪 1 , 潘雪 1 , 李乐怡 1 , 郭宗林 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:“十四五”国家重点研发计划——食品真实性全景分析关键技术研究与标准化应用 2025,16(12): 15-24
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:“十四五”国家重点研发计划——食品真实性全景分析关键技术研究与标准化应用 2025, 16(12): 15-24
肉类新鲜度的快速检测技术研究进展
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侯佳音1 , 李丙子2, 邓漪恒1, 苏格格1, 罗文豪1, 潘雪1, 李乐怡1, 郭宗林1, *
作者信息
  • 1 华南农业大学食品学院, 广州 510642
  • 2 富平县检验检测中心, 渭南 714000
  • 侯佳音(2002—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为畜产食品贮藏保鲜理论与技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*郭宗林(1991—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为畜产食品贮藏保鲜理论与技术。E-mail:
Research progress on the rapid detection technology for meat freshness
Jia-Yin HOU1 , Bing-Zi LI2, Yi-Heng DENG1, Ge-Ge SU1, Wen-Hao LUO1, Xue PAN1, Le-Yi LI1, Zong-Lin GUO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 2 Fuping County Inspection and Testing Center, Weinan 714000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241225003
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随着肉类产品市场需求量的急剧上升, 确保肉品品质和新鲜度成为了行业面临的一大挑战。已知肉类腐败是一个涉及微生物作用和多种化合物积累的复杂生物化学过程, 在腐败过程中会产生很多标志性物质, 如生物胺、挥发性盐基氮、次黄嘌呤、硫化氢等。然而, 目前传统的新鲜度评估方法耗时且不够精确, 无法提供快速准确的检测结果。因此, 本文着重介绍了一些新兴检测技术, 包含生物传感器、气体传感器、电子鼻、电子舌和光谱技术, 包括这些技术的原理及应用, 利用这些技术不仅能够迅速且无损地评估肉类的新鲜度, 而且可以明确肉类产品的整体安全性和品质。最后讨论了未来肉类新鲜度检测技术的发展趋势, 预计这些技术将变得更加先进、智能化且易于使用, 为食品产业提供更高效、更智能的解决方案。

肉类  /  新鲜度  /  快速检测  /  新兴技术

As the demand for meat products has risen sharply, ensuring the quality and freshness of meat has become a major challenge for the industry. It is known that meat spoilage is a complex biochemical process involving the action of microorganisms and the accumulation of various compounds, during which many characteristic substances are produced, such as biological amines, volatile basic nitrogen, hypoxanthine, hydrogen sulfide, etc. However, the traditional methods of freshness assessment are time-consuming and not precise enough to provide accurate detection results. Therefore, this review focused on introducing some emerging detection technologies, including biosensors, gas sensors, electronic noses, electronic tongues and spectroscopic techniques, covered their principles and applications. These technologies could not only rapidly and non-destructively assess the freshness of meat but also provided clear information on the overall safety and quality of meat products, reducing waste caused by spoilage. Finally, the review discussesed the trends of future meat freshness detection technologies, which were expected to become more advanced, intelligent and user-friendly providing more efficient and intelligent solutions for the food industry.

meat  /  freshness  /  detection  /  emerging technologies
侯佳音, 李丙子, 邓漪恒, 苏格格, 罗文豪, 潘雪, 李乐怡, 郭宗林. 肉类新鲜度的快速检测技术研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (12) : 15 -24 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241225003
Jia-Yin HOU, Bing-Zi LI, Yi-Heng DENG, Ge-Ge SU, Wen-Hao LUO, Xue PAN, Le-Yi LI, Zong-Lin GUO. Research progress on the rapid detection technology for meat freshness[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (12) : 15 -24 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241225003
全球范围内, 消费者对肉类产品的需求持续增长[1-2]。我国是肉类生产消费大国, 因此肉及肉制品质量安全事件频频爆发, 致使我国肉类产品难以进入国际市场[3]。此外, 由于变质导致的肉类和肉制品浪费现象严重, 每年约有35亿kg的肉类在消费者、生产者和餐饮服务业中被丢弃, 这不仅带来了经济损失, 也对环境造成了负面影响[4]
肉类腐败过程中, 微生物通过复杂的代谢活动导致肉的感官和营养特性发生劣变。在肉类贮藏期间, 微生物(如假单胞菌、肠杆菌、乳酸菌等)利用肉中的碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪作为营养来源, 产生多种代谢产物。例如, 假单胞菌在冷藏条件下是肉类的主要腐败菌, 它们优先分解葡萄糖, 随后利用氨基酸和脂肪, 产生挥发性有机物(如硫化物、胺类、醇类等), 导致肉的异味和黏性增加。此外, 微生物的代谢活动还会改变肉的蛋白质二级结构, 进一步影响其质地。这些微生物的生长和代谢不仅受自身特性影响, 还与包装方式、环境条件(如温度、氧气浓度)密切相关。因此, 肉类腐败是一个由微生物主导的复杂动态过程, 涉及多种菌群的相互作用及其代谢产物的积累。简而言之, 微生物活动和酶促反应共同作用, 导致了肉类腐败, 使其不再适合食用[5]。在肉类腐败过程中, 蛋白质的脱羧作用会产生多种化合物, 包括生物胺、氨、总挥发性碱氮、三甲胺和硫化氢。生物胺是由微生物脱羧酶作用于游离氨基酸产生的一类抗营养氮化合物, 它们在肉类和肉制品中很常见。这些生物胺, 也被称作挥发性胺, 因其在评估肉类新鲜度方面的潜力而被广泛研究[6]。由于生物胺具有生理和毒理学效应, 摄入含有高浓度生物胺的食物已被证实与健康风险相关[7]。除此之外, 在肉类腐败过程中还会产生很多关键性标志物, 如硫化氢、次黄嘌呤等, 这些都可以作为检测肉制品新鲜度的基础物质。
传统肉品新鲜度检测方法有感官评价、理化指标检测以及微生物菌落检测等[8]。其中, 感官评价存在主观性强、不易量化、评价人员意见难以一致的问题。理化指标及微生物检测存在待测样品预处理烦琐、化学试剂消耗量大、检测周期长以及成本较高等问题[9]。然而, 现在已有多种技术被应用于评估肉类的质量和新鲜度, 这对于消费者的感官评价和购买决策至关重要[10]。色谱技术, 包括高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)、质谱法(mass spectrometry, MS)和气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography- mass spectrometry, GC-MS), 已显示出强大的检测能力, 并被证实适用于监测肉类新鲜度。这些检测技术通常通过识别肉类中的特定物质来确定其新鲜度, 如微生物、生物胺、三甲基胺、挥发性胺和三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)的降解产物。然而, 尽管这些色谱和质谱方法具有高灵敏度和精确度, 它们通常耗时、成本高昂, 且需要专业的操作人员[11-12]。由于这些色谱方法的样品制备过程复杂, 不适合现场快速检测。
当前的检测技术, 如生物传感器、气体传感器和光学比色生物传感器, 提供了更高效、经济且无损的检测方式。这些技术被用于分析肉类的新鲜度, 以确保肉类产品的高品质和安全性。WU等[13]讨论了评估鱼类新鲜度的新方法的原理和应用。随着电化学、光学和数学技术的快速进步, 已经开发出多种新颖、无损、快速且经济的技术来评估鱼类的新鲜度, 这些技术甚至能够实现在线监测[12]
本文的核心目标是强调特定的分析技术的关键作用, 这些技术包括电化学生物传感器、比色传感器、气体传感器、光学技术以及其他先进的检测系统, 它们已显示出在快速有效地评估各类肉类新鲜度方面的潜力, 并对这些技术的未来发展提供了前瞻性的视角。通过深入探讨食品行业所面临的挑战, 本文概述了这些分析方法的基本原理及其在长期应用中的关键性, 并对未来研究路径进行总结, 为相关研究进一步提供参考。
肉类产品, 涵盖家禽、牛肉、海鲜和野味, 是蛋白质和能量的主要来源, 不仅含有脂肪、维生素和微量元素, 还提供了人类日常生活需要的多种营养素[13]。肉类的特征包括其风味、色泽、新鲜度、pH和嫩度。肉制品是指经过一系列加工步骤如研磨、干燥、发酵、腌制或煎炸等处理的新鲜肉类。肉类在储存过程中微生物生长与化学变化之间的联系被认为是评估肉类品质和新鲜度的关键指标[14]
肉类新鲜度的关键标志物是评估肉类产品在储存和分销过程中品质变化的重要化学和生物指标。这些标志物包括生物胺、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)、硫化氢和次黄嘌呤等, 它们是肉类在微生物作用和酶促反应下产生的代谢产物[15]。生物胺, 如组胺、尸胺等, 其浓度的增加直接关联到微生物活动和肉类腐败的进程。TVB-N作为肉类腐败过程中氨基酸分解的主要产物, 其含量的升高是肉类新鲜度下降的明显信号。硫化氢的产生则与肉类中含硫氨基酸的分解有关, 可以作为冷鲜肉新鲜度的一个指标。次黄嘌呤作为ATP分解的终产品, 其在肉类中的积累反映了肉类的新鲜度和可能的腐败程度。这些标志物的监测对于确保肉类产品的安全性、品质以及满足消费者对新鲜肉类的需求至关重要, 它们为肉类新鲜度的快速检测和评估提供了科学依据。通过实时监测这些关键标志物, 可以有效控制肉类产品的腐败和变质, 减少经济损失, 并保护消费者健康。
生物胺是一组由氨基酸脱羧反应产生的有机化合物, 这些化合物包括组胺、尸胺、腐胺、酪胺等, 它们在食品中的存在和浓度增加通常与微生物活动和食品腐败过程密切相关[16]。生物胺的形成主要依赖微生物脱羧酶的作用, 这些酶将游离氨基酸转化为相应的生物胺[17]。在肉类产品中, 生物胺的积累尤其受到关注, 因为它们不仅作为肉类新鲜度和腐败的生物标志物, 而且某些生物胺如组胺在摄入过量时还可能引起食物中毒, 对人体健康构成风险。肉及肉制品生物胺的形成过程如图1
生物胺的检测是评估肉类和其他食品新鲜度的重要手段之一。随着肉类的储存时间延长和温度升高, 微生物生长繁殖, 导致生物胺含量增加。因此, 监测肉类中生物胺的水平可以帮助食品行业评估产品的新鲜度和安全性, 及时采取措施防止食品腐败和保障消费者健康。
目前已有研究基于色谱技术的生物胺定量分析方法, 这些方法包括薄层色谱法(thin layer chromatography, TLC)、GC、毛细管电泳法(capillary electrophoresis, CE)、HPLC、离子液体辅助技术和多模态检测技术。这些技术能够单独或联合使用以定量分析食品中的生物胺[19]。同类研究探讨了液体和固相基质分析技术在检测各种食品中生物胺的挑战, 包括生物胺与干扰物质的有效分离和保留问题[20]。目前, 生物胺研究领域关注的焦点包括缩短分析时间、降低衍生化剂的使用浓度以及提高检测灵敏度。
TVB-N是一组由氨基酸分解产生的挥发性碱, 主要包括氨、三甲胺(trimethylamine, TMA)、二甲胺(dimethylamine, DMA)等, 它们是肉类和水产品在微生物作用下的腐败产物。TVB-N的含量增加通常与肉类新鲜度的下降和腐败程度的增加有关。由于这些挥发性碱具有刺激性气味, 它们的存在和浓度变化可以作为肉类产品是否开始腐败的直接指示[21]
在肉类新鲜度评估中, TVB-N含量的测定是一种常用的化学分析方法。通过测量这些挥发性碱的总量, 可以有效地监控肉类产品的微生物活性和腐败进程。然而, TVB-N的测定方法存在一些局限性, 例如样品处理过程复杂、操作耗时长、结果重复性差以及容易受到大气污染的影响。因此, 研究人员和食品工业正在寻求更快速、更精确的替代技术, 如光谱分析和比色传感器成像技术, 以提高肉类新鲜度评估的效率和准确性。这些新兴技术不仅能够提供无损检测, 而且还能实现在线监测, 为肉类产品的质量和安全提供更有效的保障[22]。随着这些技术的发展和应用, TVB-N的传统测定方法可能会逐渐被更现代、更高效的检测手段所替代。
硫化氢是一种具有强烈臭味的有毒气体, 它在肉类腐败过程中由含硫氨基酸(如半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸)在微生物作用下分解产生[23]。硫化氢的生成是肉类新鲜度下降的一个典型指标, 其浓度的增加通常与肉类腐败程度密切相关。
在肉类新鲜度的评估中, 硫化氢的检测通常作为补充指标[24]。然而, 由于硫化氢的检测需要特定的设备和技术, 且其检测过程可能较为复杂, 研究人员正在探索替代性的检测方法。这些方法包括利用电化学传感器、光学传感器和气体传感器等技术来检测肉类中硫化氢的浓度。这些传感器能够提供快速、灵敏的检测结果, 且操作简便, 适合现场快速检测。
此外, 一些新型的检测技术, 如基于纳米材料的传感器和生物传感器, 也显示出在硫化氢检测中的潜力。这些技术能够提供高选择性和高灵敏度的检测, 有助于更早地识别肉类腐败, 从而减少食品浪费并确保食品安全。例如, 有学者研发了一种新型纳米复合薄膜标签, 用于在1 m/V溶液系统中检测硫化氢气体。膜标检测硫化氢的检出限(limit of detection, LOD)和定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)分别为3.27 μmol/mol和10.94 μmol/mol[25]
次黄嘌呤是一种自然存在的嘌呤类化合物, 分子结构由一个苯环和一个环戊烷环构成。它是转移RNA中肌苷的次要核苷酸成分。次黄嘌呤也是鱼和肉在变质过程中ATP分解的产物之一。在这个过程中(图2), 黄嘌呤氧化酶促进次黄嘌呤氧化生成黄嘌呤和尿酸。次黄嘌呤偶尔也作为核酸的一部分出现, 已知会在鱼、牛肉以及心脏、肾脏和骨骼肌等器官中积累。因此, 监测死亡的动物体内的次黄嘌呤浓度可以作为一种预测死亡时间的有效手段。通过测定次黄嘌呤的浓度, 可以轻松判断肉的新鲜度。特别值得注意的是, 次黄嘌呤的存在会导致苦味, 这种味道在变质的肉中很容易被察觉。
黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤都是尿酸的前体, 在高尿酸血症的痛风患者中增加, 并被认为是痛风的生物标志物。由于次黄嘌呤可能具有毒性作用, 它受到高度关注, 因为血液中高浓度的次黄嘌呤会导致活性氧的产生增加。因此, 当红细胞单位的储存期结束时, 次黄嘌呤水平升高, 可能导致输血相关的组织损伤。
生物传感器可以定义为一种分析设备, 它包含生物探针(如酶、细胞器、抗体、细胞和组织)以及各种传感器(如电化学、电压、光学和热)的组合, 具体取决于生物传感器的使用原理。生物传感器的生物受体部分(即检测器元件)由一个特定位点组成, 该位点识别目标分析物并可能将分析物转化为产物。换能器的任务是将生物受体的生物识别转换为可检测和可测量的电、光学、热或机械信号, 其大小与特定分析物或一组目标分析物的浓度成正比[26]。根据传感器的类型, 生物传感器可分为不同的类别。传感器的类型是根据生物感器的信号选择的。产生的电信号数量与目标分析物的浓度成正比, 从而对目标分析物进行定性检测和定量评估。
(1)电化学生物传感器
电化学生物传感器基于生物传感器上生化识别事件中电活性物质的消耗和/或产生, 以及生物相互作用前后对电化学标记或氧化还原对的监测。在这个过程中, 传感器通常是连接到恒电位仪或恒电流仪的电极, 测量这种相互作用产生的电化学信号并将其转换为可读信号。这种类型的传感器经常测量的变量是电流、电位、电导率和阻抗[27]。将生化信号转导为电信号是通过安培法(电流测量)、伏安法(电压测量)、阻抗法(阻抗, 即电阻和电抗测量)、电位法(电位或电荷累积测量)或电导法(介质测量的导电特性的变化)来实现的。
此前, 生产了一种快速而直接的葡萄糖传感器, 其中金电极使用L-半胱氨酸和纳米金溶液进行改性, 并将聚谷氨酸-葡萄糖氧化酶的复合物滴在改性电极上[28]L-半胱氨酸的电极表面与复合物的聚谷氨酸部分之间的静电结合导致修饰的电极形成。该设备旨在检测肉类中的葡萄糖以监测肉类的新鲜度。它表明, 建立的传感器是一种检测肉类葡萄糖的有效且简单的方法。除此之外, 目前已建立了一种微流控方法, 使用两种形式的酶促反应, 包括甘油激酶和甘油-3-磷酸氧化酶, 在现场检测鱼中腺苷-5’-三磷酸浓度的新鲜度[29]。结果表明, 产生的电流与ATP浓度之间存在线性关系, 因此已经从竹荚鱼提取物中进行了ATP检测。
另一方面, 通过在肉类样品制备过程中添加石墨烯片以改善电化学信号, 引入了一种使用便携式丝网印刷电极的电化学技术来确定鸡胸肉的新鲜度[30]。此外, 也建立了一种基于Nafion涂层磷酸铜为主的电极和丝网印刷碳电极, 用于快速检测组胺以评估鱼肉的新鲜度[31]
(2)光学比色和荧光传感器
比色法是一种科学技术, 它依据比尔-朗伯定理来分析和确定材料中有色化合物的浓度。比尔-朗伯定理表明, 当光通过一个溶液时, 其吸收程度与溶液的浓度和光路径长度的乘积成正比。在食品科学领域, 比色法被用来监测食品的新鲜度[32]。例如, 以TMB为显色剂、高温热解制得的铁-氨共掺杂碳基纳米酶(Fe-N/C)为催化剂、抗坏血酸为抑制剂制备了一种新型比色传感器, 实现了食品中总抗氧化能力的快速、超灵敏检测[33]。有学者开发了一种新型的比色指示膜, 这种膜基于明胶/聚乙烯醇基质, 并结合了桑树花青素提取物[34]。这种膜对挥发性含氮化合物非常敏感, 能够显示出明显的颜色变化, 从亮红色变为深绿色, 这可以作为食品新鲜度的一个指标。此外, 也有展示了一种基于淀粉/聚乙烯醇与洛斯酵母花青素相结合的比色薄膜, 用于对鱼类新鲜度进行实时监测。研究结果表明, 虽然薄膜的含水量和拉伸强度有所下降, 但其伸长率和对氨的敏感性却有所增加, 这表明该薄膜在监测食品新鲜度方面具有潜在的应用价值[35]
已有研究者开发了一种创新的比色传感器阵列(colorimetric sensor array, CSA), 这种阵列通过打印多种反应性化学品制成, 并且配备了便携式设备, 用于现场快速评估和监测肉制品的新鲜度[36]。这种传感器阵列对气态分析物、特定胺类和硫化物具有极高的灵敏度, 能在ppb(十亿分之一)级别进行检测。为了处理和分析传感器阵列产生的数据, 研究者们采用了多种化学计量学方法, 包括主成分分析和分层聚类分析。
在另一项研究中, 制作了一种比色薄膜, 该薄膜具备实时监测pH的功能, 用于作为包装上的指示标签, 以实现对鱼新鲜度的无损检测[37]。薄膜中包含了姜黄素和花青素, 这两种物质能够对鱼肉的pH变化作出响应。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)的分析, 研究者们证实了姜黄素和花青素在淀粉、聚乙烯醇和甘油制成的成膜底物中得到了成功固定。值得注意的是, 这种甘油对挥发性氨的敏感度较低, 这有助于提高薄膜作为新鲜度指示器的准确性。
此外, 渤海大学也有一项利用荧光探针进行肉类新鲜度检测的专利[38]。该专利为一种检测亚硫酸氢盐和指示鱼肉新鲜度的双功能近红外发射荧光探针及其合成方法和应用(图3), 该荧光探针具有合成路线简单, 近红外发射, 响应速度快, 比色和荧光双通道响应等优点。该探针可检测红酒、白糖等真实样品中的HSO3-, 以及对活细胞中HSO3-和正丙胺进行荧光成像。利用该探针制备鱼肉新鲜度标准比色卡, 分为日光和紫外光新鲜比色区、日光和紫外光合格比色区、日光和紫外光腐败比色区, 指示标签结合标准比色卡可实现对鱼肉新鲜度实时监测, 无需破坏样品及复杂的前处理, 结果准确可靠。
电子鼻通过气体传感器对被测气体具有不同的灵敏度, 实现对肉类新鲜度评估, 这些被测气体主要是微生物生长和生化反应产生的挥发性化合物(如醛、酮、酯、硫和氨化合物)。电子鼻是一种模拟人类嗅觉的气体检测设备, 其工作原理基于气体采样、传感器阵列响应、信号处理和模式识别。通过将待测气体引入传感器阵列, 传感器会因与气味分子的相互作用而产生电信号变化, 这些信号经过放大、滤波和特征提取后, 通过模式识别算法进行分析和分类, 最终实现对气味的快速识别和判断[40]。电子鼻技术具有许多优点, 例如测量范围广、测定速度快、无需样品预处理, 在肉类质量检测方面有许多成功的应用。有学者发现, 感官品质、总生物胺含量和微生物计数都与电子鼻读数密切相关, 虽然该设备不能直接推断总生物胺含量, 但研究人员采用了金属氧化物传感器系统来监测新鲜鸡肉在储存过程中的质量变化与使用传统化学方法实现高相关系数(R2=0.89)[41]。因此, 电子鼻主要用于定性分析。且有使用的电子鼻设备可以通过气体检测确定牛肉中是否存在猪肉掺假[42]。根据前人研究电子鼻可以评估和区分3种肉类样品的新鲜度(猪肉、牛肉和羊肉的准确率分别为89.5%、84.2%和94.7%)[43]
电子鼻技术是一种检测新鲜肉制品质量的实用方法。然而, 其在肉制品供应链中的大规模应用目前受到实验限制、设备限制以及提高稳定性和准确性需求的限制。电子鼻设备的便携性和更高灵敏度的新型传感器的开发将是该领域未来研究的重点。
电子舌是一种模拟人类味觉系统的智能检测技术, 其工作原理基于低选择性、非特异性的多传感阵列, 通过感应液体样品的整体特征响应信号, 结合模式识别系统对样品进行定性和定量分析。具体而言, 电子舌由味觉传感器阵列、信号采集系统和模式识别系统组成。传感器阵列与样品接触后产生电信号, 信号采集系统将其转换为数字信号并进行初步处理, 最后通过模式识别算法(如主成分分析、人工神经网络等)对信号进行分析, 从而实现对样品味道特征的快速识别和分类[44]。TANG等[45]通过对鹅肉进行电子舌技术结合感官评价的研究, 对4种不同的蛋白酶水解液的风味进行了评价, 发现电子舌技术能够以99.77%的区分指数准确区分这些水解液的风味, 从而成功确定了最适合水解鹅肉蛋白的酶种。这一发现为鹅肉的进一步加工提供了重要的理论依据。
气体传感器可以被理解为一种化学传感器, 它具备将化学信息转化为可用于分析的信号的能力[46]。这种传感器的设计通常包含两个核心部分: (1)接收器, 这是气体传感器中的敏感元件, 它的功能是与气体中的挥发性分析物发生相互作用。当挥发性物质与接收器接触时, 会引起物理或化学变化。(2)传感器, 这一组件的作用是将接收器捕获的信息转换成可以量化的信号。这些信号随后可以被进一步处理和分析, 以提供关于气体成分和浓度的有用数据。
目前, 气体传感器技术在食品安全、医疗诊断和环境控制等各个领域的创新应用, 在众多领域中发挥着越来越重要的作用。半导体气体传感器已被证明是评估食品新鲜度的有用且高效的设备。气体传感器用于识别有毒气体浓度的变化, 包括氧气、二氧化碳、氮气、氨和甲烷。最近, 有人开发了一种灵敏的选择性气体传感器, 用于通过掺铌二氧化钛纳米管检测二甲胺, 用于实时监测海鲜产品质量[47]。此外, 有研究利用二氧化钛-聚苯胺/丝素蛋白纤维的纳米复合材料, 通过原位聚合开发了气体传感器, 用于检测氨和测定猪肉新鲜度[48]
(1)近红外光谱技术
近红外光谱技术(near-infrared spectroscopy, NIR)在检测物质时, 主要依赖于分子中含氢官能团的合频和倍频吸收特性。许多有机物和一些无机物, 如肉类中的蛋白质、脂肪(特别是脂肪酸)和水分, 在近红外区域都展现出明显的吸收特征。这些特征构成了NIR用于定性和定量分析的光谱学基础。NIR中吸收强度与物质浓度之间存在一定的数学关联, 为定量分析提供了数学依据。然而, 由于近红外区域中各种官能团的吸收带往往相互重叠, 使得通过单个吸收峰的高度或面积直接进行定量分析变得复杂。因此, 需要通过提取NIR数据中的有效信息, 并建立相应的校正模型来实现定量分析[49]
在实验操作中, 可以通过反射、漫反射、透射或漫透射等多种方式来获取样品的NIR数据, 这些方法都能够在不损伤样品的情况下快速采集光谱信息。随着技术的发展, NIR与图像分析技术的结合催生了近红外高光谱和可见-近红外高光谱分析技术, 这些技术在农产品和食品品质分析中的应用日益广泛。
BAI等[50]通过运用NIR, 成功地区分了解冻牛肉汉堡饼中是否掺杂了猪肉, 并利用偏最小二乘法对不同脂肪含量的解冻牛肉汉堡饼中的猪肉掺假比例进行了定量分析, 所建立的判别模型具有较高的准确性。ZHANG等[51]的研究中, 结合NIR与多种数学处理手段, 构建了鉴别牛肉和羊肉中掺杂其他肉类的模型, 这些模型的准确率均超过了90%, 能够有效地识别牛肉和羊肉中常见的掺假肉类。
有研究表明, NIR与传统分析技术相比具有优势, 例如无损检测、快速结果、最少的样品制备、每次测量同时确定多个组分的能力、远程采样功能和供应链中的实时信息。因此, NIR是一种快速有效的食品分析方法。
(2)高光谱成像技术
光谱成像仪能够使用高光谱成像(hyperspectral imaging system, HIS)技术来获取中红外到紫外区域每个像素的连续光谱信息和每个光谱带的连续图像信息。通过利用光谱和图像信息, 该技术可以识别肉类的内部质量特征和肉类的外部特征, 从而可以对肉类的外部和内部质量进行有效的定性和定量分析。HIS技术作为一种快速且无损地确定肉类质量的工具已经显示出巨大的潜力[52]。例如, HIS技术可以检测各种肉类质量指标, 如颜色、pH、滴水损失、嫩度、持水能力、微生物腐败、肉类的化学成分等。有研究讨论了HIS技术在多种肌肉食品质量检测中的应用, 并指出HIS技术具有快速、无损检测等优点[53]
尽管HIS技术经常被用来检测肉类的新鲜度、嫩度和其他质量指标, 有研究指出, 它在确保整个肉类供应链完整性方面的用途在很大程度上仍未得到探索[54]。为了解决这一差距, 研究人员可以利用NIR和HIS的组合, 即近红外高光谱成像(NIR-HIS)技术来检测肉类质量。已有专利公开了一种基于多光谱成像在线测定鱼肉新鲜度指标K值的方法, 首先利用传统的HPLC测定冷藏不同天数的鱼肉样本的新鲜度指标K值, 然后利用可见近红外多光谱成像系统扫描相应的鱼肉样本, 得到相应的多光谱图像, 并对多光谱图像进行预处理, 提取中心波长为425、560、660、795和960 nm处的平均反射光谱值, 基于所获取的K值和平均光谱值, 利用最小二乘支持向量机建立预测模型, 并对待测鱼肉样品进行预测。本发明采用多光谱成像技术评价鱼肉新鲜度, 提高了预测精度, 降低了传统方法所需时间, 可以有效实现快速、无损、非接触在线检测的目的[55]。数据处理流程如图4
(3)荧光光谱技术
荧光是指样品(感兴趣的物质或分子)在吸收紫外线和可见光(通常为200~800 nm)后发射的光。该技术具有高灵敏度、选择性, 适用于多种基质和用途[57]。荧光光谱法取决于发出荧光的食物中称为荧光团(或发光团)的分子的存在。几种众所周知的荧光团, 如还原烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸、色氨酸、胶原蛋白、维生素(尤其是维生素A和维生素B2或核黄素, 含有共轭双键)和美拉德反应产物(由糖与蛋白质反应产生)已在鱼类和肉类的研究中得到广泛研究。这些荧光基团中都有自己的激发/发射波长。
此前已有研究应用激发-发射荧光光谱技术测定肉腐败变质过程中因色氨酸引发的荧光强度变化, 基于偏最小二乘回归法建立在15 ℃条件下猪肉表面3 d内ATP含量和菌落总数与荧光强度的预测模型, ATP含量和菌落总数校正系数分别为0.97和0.94, 预测系数分别为0.84和0.88[58]。利用色氨酸和ATP代谢产物K值的荧光特性, 基于表面荧光光谱技术和激发发射荧光光谱技术也可以实现对水产品新鲜度的准确预测[59]
(4)拉曼光谱技术
拉曼光谱 (Raman spectroscopy, RS)技术以拉曼散射效应为基础, 不仅能够检测完整细胞和组织内生化分子的浓度、结构和相互作用, 而且可以检测肌肉中的蛋白质和脂质并获得基团的强度和位置变化[60]。拉曼光谱于2003年首次用于分析猪肉的保水性, 结果令人满意。在此前研究中, 有人使用671 nm手持式拉曼光谱仪进行了拉曼光谱分析[61]。主成分分析和偏最小二乘回归推导的模型表明, RS装置可以预测牛肉的多汁性和嫩度。有研究选择了671 nm微系统半导体激光器作为激发光源, 以评估便携式拉曼系统在原位快速识别微生物腐败的能力, 从而有助于检测肉类质量[62]
拉曼光谱因其指纹识别、无损性、特异性、快速性和移动性而越来越受欢迎。
本文综合评述了目前应用于评估肉类新鲜度的一系列技术, 覆盖了从传统的微生物检测和感官评定到现代的电化学生物传感器、比色传感器、气体传感器、光学技术和光谱技术等多种方法。这些技术的进步对于保障肉类产品安全、维持其品质以及降低腐败引起的资源浪费至关重要。尽管现代技术在灵敏度、速度和成本效益上具有明显优势, 但在准确性、稳定性和用户友好性方面仍面临挑战。未来, 肉类新鲜度检测技术的发展有望整合纳米技术、生物传感器、人工智能和大数据等尖端科技, 实现更快、更精确、更经济的检测手段。预计这些技术将支持实时监控和即时反馈, 提升消费者对食品安全的信心, 并增加食品供应链的透明度。在全球对食品安全和质量标准的关注不断增强的背景下, 国际合作将促进全球性法规和标准的制定, 保护消费者健康并推动公平贸易。同时, 考虑到环境和经济效益, 新技术的发展将有助于减少食品浪费, 促进食品系统的可持续性。跨学科的深入研究将进一步激发肉类新鲜度检测技术的创新, 为食品产业提供更高效、更智能的解决方案。总体而言, 未来的肉类新鲜度检测技术将变得更加先进、智能化且易于使用, 这不仅将提升食品的安全性和品质, 也将为食品供应链的可持续性做出显著贡献。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104700)
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2025年第16卷第12期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241225003
  • 接收时间:2024-12-25
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-25
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104700)
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    1 华南农业大学食品学院, 广州 510642
    2 富平县检验检测中心, 渭南 714000

通讯作者:

*郭宗林(1991—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为畜产食品贮藏保鲜理论与技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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