Article(id=1153433747648139318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241224005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734969600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929635202, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929635202, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929635202, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929635202, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=296, endPage=301, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433748302450751, articleId=1153433747648139318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research and suggestions on the establishment of hygiene standards for coffee processing, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of the Chinese economy, coffee consumption in China has rapidly expanded, and the processing scale of coffee and related products in China has grown significantly in recent years. However, many food safety risks caused by non-standard processing in the industry have also been exposed as the industry grows. Among them, risks such as excessive use of food additives beyond the scope, excessive mold contamination caused by poor initial processing hygiene conditions, and extreme emphasis on flavor and neglect of acrylamide contamination in baking are more prominent. These risks will be amplified with the surge in consumption. Therefore, it is urgent to introduce normative documents to effectively guide the industry to control non-standard work. At present, China has not yet issued national standards or other authoritative documents on risk control measures for coffee processing exposure, which is significantly different from international standards. This article focused on the main food safety risks currently present in the coffee processing industry, and provided some perspectives and suggestions for future regulatory documents on coffee processing. The significance of this article is to standardize the processing of the coffee industry, ensure effective supervision, strictly control illegal additives, and suppress fraudulent behavior, providing standard support for improving the rate of high-quality coffee.

, correspAuthors=Yu ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan-Hua LU, Xue-Yuan ZHANG, Yu ZHAO, Yu FENG, Qing-Guo LI, Zhan-Wei RAO, Zi-Xin CHAI, Heng LI, Chun-Long PU, Zhi-Rui NIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433748528943171, articleId=1153433747648139318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=咖啡加工卫生规范标准制定的研究和建议, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着中国经济的高速发展, 咖啡在国内消费快速扩展, 我国咖啡及其相关制品的加工规模在近几年大幅度增长, 但行业中不少因为加工不规范造成的食品安全风险也随着行业的成长而暴露出来, 其中诸如超范围使用食品添加剂、初加工卫生条件较差带入过量霉菌进而引发生物毒素污染、烘焙极端重视风味而忽视丙烯酰胺污染等风险较为突出, 这些风险会伴随着消费量激增而放大, 因此出台规范性文件以有效引导行业控制不规范的工作迫在眉睫; 而目前, 我国还没有出台针对咖啡加工过程暴露风险控制措施的国家标准或其他权威性文件, 与国际相关标准存在明显差距。本文立足于当前咖啡加工行业目前存在的主要食品安全风险, 为今后可能出台的咖啡加工规范性文件提供一些观点和建议, 以期规范咖啡行业加工, 确保有效监管、严控违法添加、抑制造假行为, 为提升咖啡精品率提供标准支撑。

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* 赵昱(1987—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品、农产品检测。E-mail:
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鲁燕骅(1978—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品、农产品检测。E-mail:

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咖啡加工卫生规范标准制定的研究和建议
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鲁燕骅 1 , 张雪媛 1 , 赵昱 1, * , 冯羽 2 , 李庆国 3 , 饶展维 3 , 柴梓鑫 1 , 李恒 1 , 普春龙 1 , 牛之瑞 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(8): 296-301
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(8): 296-301
咖啡加工卫生规范标准制定的研究和建议
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鲁燕骅1 , 张雪媛1, 赵昱1, * , 冯羽2, 李庆国3, 饶展维3, 柴梓鑫1, 李恒1, 普春龙1, 牛之瑞1
作者信息
  • 1.云南省产品质量监督检验研究院, 昆明 650223
  • 2.云南冷萃科技有限公司, 昆明 650217
  • 3.云培食安(云南)科技有限公司, 昆明 650110
  • 鲁燕骅(1978—), 男, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品、农产品检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 赵昱(1987—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品、农产品检测。E-mail:
Research and suggestions on the establishment of hygiene standards for coffee processing
Yan-Hua LU1 , Xue-Yuan ZHANG1, Yu ZHAO1, * , Yu FENG2, Qing-Guo LI3, Zhan-Wei RAO3, Zi-Xin CHAI1, Heng LI1, Chun-Long PU1, Zhi-Rui NIU1
Affiliations
  • 1. Yunnan Product Quality Supervision and Test Academy, Kunming 650223, China
  • 2. Yunnan Lengcui Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming 650217, China
  • 3. Yunpei Shian (Yunnan) Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming 650110, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241224005
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随着中国经济的高速发展, 咖啡在国内消费快速扩展, 我国咖啡及其相关制品的加工规模在近几年大幅度增长, 但行业中不少因为加工不规范造成的食品安全风险也随着行业的成长而暴露出来, 其中诸如超范围使用食品添加剂、初加工卫生条件较差带入过量霉菌进而引发生物毒素污染、烘焙极端重视风味而忽视丙烯酰胺污染等风险较为突出, 这些风险会伴随着消费量激增而放大, 因此出台规范性文件以有效引导行业控制不规范的工作迫在眉睫; 而目前, 我国还没有出台针对咖啡加工过程暴露风险控制措施的国家标准或其他权威性文件, 与国际相关标准存在明显差距。本文立足于当前咖啡加工行业目前存在的主要食品安全风险, 为今后可能出台的咖啡加工规范性文件提供一些观点和建议, 以期规范咖啡行业加工, 确保有效监管、严控违法添加、抑制造假行为, 为提升咖啡精品率提供标准支撑。

咖啡  /  风险  /  卫生规范

With the rapid development of the Chinese economy, coffee consumption in China has rapidly expanded, and the processing scale of coffee and related products in China has grown significantly in recent years. However, many food safety risks caused by non-standard processing in the industry have also been exposed as the industry grows. Among them, risks such as excessive use of food additives beyond the scope, excessive mold contamination caused by poor initial processing hygiene conditions, and extreme emphasis on flavor and neglect of acrylamide contamination in baking are more prominent. These risks will be amplified with the surge in consumption. Therefore, it is urgent to introduce normative documents to effectively guide the industry to control non-standard work. At present, China has not yet issued national standards or other authoritative documents on risk control measures for coffee processing exposure, which is significantly different from international standards. This article focused on the main food safety risks currently present in the coffee processing industry, and provided some perspectives and suggestions for future regulatory documents on coffee processing. The significance of this article is to standardize the processing of the coffee industry, ensure effective supervision, strictly control illegal additives, and suppress fraudulent behavior, providing standard support for improving the rate of high-quality coffee.

coffee  /  risk  /  hygiene standards
鲁燕骅, 张雪媛, 赵昱, 冯羽, 李庆国, 饶展维, 柴梓鑫, 李恒, 普春龙, 牛之瑞. 咖啡加工卫生规范标准制定的研究和建议. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 296 -301 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241224005
Yan-Hua LU, Xue-Yuan ZHANG, Yu ZHAO, Yu FENG, Qing-Guo LI, Zhan-Wei RAO, Zi-Xin CHAI, Heng LI, Chun-Long PU, Zhi-Rui NIU. Research and suggestions on the establishment of hygiene standards for coffee processing[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 296 -301 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241224005
中国已成为全球重要的咖啡生产、贸易和消费大国之一, 咖啡在我国热带农业经济、国际贸易及人民生活中日益扮演着重要的角色[1-2]
中国咖啡产量逐年递增, 但占全球咖啡产量比例仍较小。中国咖啡种植集中在云南、海南、广东、广西等地, 其中云南咖啡产量约占全国98.7%。截至2022年初, 中国咖啡种植面积超过129.44万亩, 总产量11.51万t, 全球有70多个国家生产咖啡, 产量超过10万t以上的国家和地区有14个, 中国是其中之一。2022年咖啡产季数据, 中国咖啡产量占全球总产量的1.5%, 其占全球咖啡产量比例仍较小[3-4]
中国咖啡进口规模实现快速增长, 据中国海关统计, 2023年, 我国进口咖啡生豆进口量14万t, 总额达6.1亿美元, 且在2024年迎来快速增长, 仅2024年1—6月进口量11.6万t, 同比增长了157.8%, 进口额达到4.8亿美元, 同比增长138.0%。2023年中国咖啡生豆出口虽然出现下降趋势, 出口量仅1.6万t, 同比下降62.2%, 但在2024年前三季度也实现增长, 咖啡生豆出口3万t, 同比增长371%[5]
尽管我国咖啡产业规模持续扩大, 但我国咖啡产业仍处于以原料出口为主导的产业初级阶段, 主要以“公司+合作社+基地+农户”的产业模式, 加工粗放, 精深加工能力有待提升[2-3]。整体来看, 加工环节的规范化程度和加工过程的风险控制能力却明显滞后于国际水平。
食品安全标准体系是以系统科学和标准化原理为指导, 按照风险分析的原则和方法, 对食品生产、加工、流通和消费即“从农田到餐桌”全过程各个环节影响食品安全和质量的关键要素及其控制所涉及的全部标准, 按其内在联系形成的系统、科学、合理且可行的有机整体[6-7]。通过实施食品安全标准体系, 实现对食品安全的有效监控, 提升食品安全的整体水平。从咖啡标准体系的完整性来看, 咖啡初加工、储运、精深加工过程中食品关键风险控制相关国家标准仍紧缺, 亟需填补。
本文正是在此背景下, 从当前咖啡加工流程较为突出的食品安全风险出发, 分析今后标准在控制风险方向上的着力点, 为提升咖啡精品率提供标准支撑。
我国咖啡行业起步较晚但发展迅速, 消费涉及人群及人均日消费量也呈现快速提升态势, 但我国目前和咖啡相关的标准体系却不够完善[8-10]。我国的咖啡标准有国家标准、行业标准、地方标准、团体标准、企业标准5类, 主要涉及生物毒素、术语、种植、初加工、贮存、运输、包装材料、产品标准、检测方法、咖啡器具、咖啡从业人员认定、经营管理等。
目前相关的安全指标分散在GB 2760《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》、GB 2761《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》、GB 2762《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》几个食品安全国家标准中; 行业标准则主要集中在原料及成品质量标准、生产种植及初加工、品评、检验等环节标准的制定[4], 如应用较普遍的NY/T 604《生咖啡》和NY/T 605《焙炒咖啡》两个行业推荐性标准, 但对于行业整体缺乏统一而强制的约束力, 尤其是对于进口豆; 而与咖啡初加工、焙炒等生产过程相关的标准要求也为数不多, 仅有通用的GB 14881《食品安全国家标准 食品生产通用卫生规范》和制定年代较早的《焙炒咖啡生产许可证审查细则(2006版)》[11]等国家层面要求以及诸如NY/T 606《小粒种咖啡初加工技术规范》之类的推荐性行业标准, 缺乏体现风险过程控制、细化具体、贴近行业实操、串联相关标准的纽带[12]
真菌毒素在咖啡豆的种植、收获、处理以及储存过程中容易形成, 为控制咖啡产品中赭曲霉毒素A显著风险, FAO/WHO早在2009年就制定了相应的操作规范标准CXC 69—2009《Code of Practice for the Prevention and Reduction of Ochratoxin A Contamination in Coffee》[13], 我国尚没有将该标准内容纳入咖啡相关的食品安全国家标准体系。另有研究报道, 咖啡在种植、采收加工和储运过程中, 也可能受到黄曲霉毒素的污染[14-15], 然而GB 31653—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中黄曲霉毒素污染控制规范》也未将咖啡豆纳入黄曲霉毒素污染控制的食品范围。限量要求方面, GB 2761仅对焙炒咖啡豆中的赭曲霉毒素A作出了限量要求, 并未对生咖啡豆或焙炒咖啡豆中的黄曲霉毒素有限量要求。
作为焙烤食品中常被提及的潜在风险, 丙烯酰胺(arylamide, AA)的风险不容忽视[16], FAO/WHO在2009年制定了相应的操作规范标准CXC 67—2009《Code of Practice for the Reduction of Acrylamide in Foods》, 国家食品安全风险评估中心于2021年发布的《食品中丙烯酰胺的危险性评估》[17]明确提及焙炒咖啡属于AA含量较高的食品之一。但目前针对焙炒咖啡及其制品中AA存在的食品安全风险, 缺乏细致的、有针对性的要求和规范来预防、控制和有效消除AA的风险。
尽管GB 2760明确规定咖啡不允许添加香精, 但“香精豆”是否合法合规, 在目前的行业中仍然存在较大争议, 缺乏统一、强制性的加工规范标准对咖啡定义及GB 2760的要求予以强化, 导致“云南香精咖啡豆”的报道引发舆情和较大的负面影响。
产品属性为咖啡的产品在加工过程中除了食品加工助剂、食品用酶制剂以外, 不得使用其他食品原料和食品添加剂, 但目前部分添加了其他食品原料或食品添加剂的咖啡产品均以咖啡为其品名, 不符合GB 7718《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品标签通则》关于产品名称的规定, 存在误导甚至欺诈消费者的乱象。
在不洁净地面以及其他污染环境中进行日晒工艺干燥处理或储存条件控制不到位, 均可能导致生咖啡豆含有较高含量赭曲霉毒素A、黄曲霉毒素的现象[18-20]
香港消费者委员会2022年曾对49种市售咖啡中赭曲霉毒素A含量进行检测, 结果表明其中有10种咖啡检出该毒素, 含量范围为0.5~1.5 μg/kg。根据国外研究报道, 咖啡生豆和烘焙咖啡豆中也可能受到黄曲霉毒素等生物毒素的污染。
针对以上问题, 我们在云南咖啡主产区开展了一些调研工作。在云南保山和普洱产区随机抽取40批次咖啡样品(生豆22批次, 熟豆18批次), 依据GB 5009.22—2016《食品中黄曲霉毒素B族和G族的测定》进行检测。共5批次检出黄曲霉毒素, 检出率为12.5%。按检出的黄曲霉毒素类型来看, 3批次检出黄曲霉毒素B1, 检出率为7.5%; 2批次检出黄曲霉毒素G1, 检出率为5.0%。
按照咖啡豆的类别来统计, 咖啡生豆黄曲霉毒素检出率为9.1%; 焙炒咖啡豆黄曲霉毒素检出率为16.7%。焙炒咖啡豆的检出率明显高于生豆。
上述数据揭示了咖啡在生豆初加工和咖啡焙炒加工过程[21]中可能存在不规范操作或运输贮存不规范导致收到生物毒素的污染。咖啡生豆发酵或晾晒等环节环境控制不到位; 咖啡豆贮存过程中温度、湿度未严格把关; 焙炒咖啡豆原料验收未检查生物毒素等都可能造成生物毒素的污染[22-23]
黄曲霉毒素B1因其热稳定性和弹性, 在咖啡豆加工过程中难以被消除, 对食品安全构成重大挑战。研究表明[23], 黄曲霉毒素B1是一类由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生的次级代谢产物, 具有耐热性, 其在268~269 ℃下才开始分解, 这表明在常规的咖啡加工温度下难以降解, 增加了咖啡产品中黄曲霉毒素的风险[24]。此外, 黄曲霉毒素B1已被国际癌症研究机构认定为一级致癌物, 长期接触可能导致中毒性肝炎、肝细胞坏死、免疫抑制和肝癌的发生[25]。因此, 规范咖啡加工过程对于降低黄曲霉毒素污染至关重要, 以确保咖啡的安全性和消费者的健康。
GB 2760明确规定咖啡不得使用香精香料, 但仍有部分从业者认为GB 2760分类系统所列的咖啡是指焙炒咖啡, 认为在生咖啡初加工环节可以使用香精香料对生咖啡发酵环节进行调味处理, 然而, 这种行为违反了GB 2760规定。亦有完全无视食品安全标准对于咖啡禁止使用香精香料的规定, 在烘焙环节使用香精香料调味以迎合市场的情况出现[26]。同时, 还存在通过在咖啡定义上模糊擦边, 在销售宣传上误导消费者的情况。例如, 中国食品工业协会发布的T/CNFIA 218—2024《调味咖啡豆(粉)》中规定调味咖啡豆(粉)可在生产过程添加食用香精香料。调味咖啡豆(粉)这类产品真实属性定位模糊, 如归类于焙炒咖啡则违反GB 2760规定, 如归类于固体饮料则该标准又没有按照GB 7101—2021《食品安全国家标准 饮料》的要求规定微生物指标, 也没有按照《市场监管总局关于加强固体饮料质量安全监管的公告》要求对产品命名原则做出规定。这类容易误导消费的产品一旦形成规模, 对于咖啡市场规范的冲击无疑是巨大的。
有研究表明, 部分烘焙咖啡中AA含量较高, 主要来源于还原糖与天冬酰胺(asparagine, ASN)发生的美拉德反应[27-28]。咖啡豆原料中蔗糖和ASN的含量、咖啡豆研磨工艺、烘焙温度、烘焙时间及萃取冲泡方式与咖啡中AA的形成密切相关[29], 尤其烘焙程度是影响AA含量的关键因素。有研究表明, 随着烘焙温度的升高, AA含量呈现先增加后下降的趋势, 浅度和中度烘焙的咖啡豆通常AA积累较多[29-30], 随着烘焙程度加深, AA含量逐渐降低, 深度烘焙的咖啡豆中AA含量水平相对较低。因此, 原料筛选、采后处理及加工条件、烘焙及研磨萃取等工艺是控制咖啡中AA产生的关键环节[31]
有研究表明, 咖啡在烘焙、储存和冲泡过程中会产生多种化合物, 包括致癌物质苯并[a]芘[32-33], 且在烘焙咖啡中含量较高[34]
通过关键控制环节和细节的规定(如离墙离地、环境温湿度、生咖啡水分监测和查验等), 在初加工、储存、运输环节有效控制真菌污染滋生的真菌毒素污染。
通过重点程序描述以及突出关键控制参数(如烘焙前生咖啡水分监测、烘焙前生咖啡品温调节、设定合理的烘焙曲线、烘焙后色选等), 有效控制AA、多环芳烃等污染物的产生。
通过明确生咖啡初加工过程中的规范性要求, 特别是关于禁止添加香精和香料的规定, 消除行业内关于“香精豆”的争议。
咖啡果、带壳生咖啡应铺在离地10 cm以上的清洁晒场、晾晒架上或干燥机内进行干燥, 干燥场地、器具必须整洁干净无异味; 自然干燥生咖啡应严格控制干燥时间, 切忌太阳曝晒、雨淋和发霉; 机械干燥温度不宜高于45 ℃; 咖啡果或生咖啡含水量达到10%~12%适宜入库存储。
原料、半成品、成品贮存, 应以控制赭曲霉毒素A、黄曲霉毒素B1污染为主要目标, 对其贮存场所温、湿度进行监控, 必要时应设置温湿度控制设施; 应确保贮存期间的生咖啡水分不大于12%。
应符合GB 14881中相关规定, 生咖啡进货查验应以水分、赭曲霉毒素A作为重点项目。
不得使用添加过其他食品原料或香精香料的咖啡豆、以及在焙炒咖啡中添加其他食品原料或香精香料制成的食品作为原料。
烘焙工序应充分考虑并有效控制AA、多环芳烃类污染物的产生(如烘焙前生咖啡水分监测、烘焙前生咖啡品温调节、设定合理的烘焙曲线、烘焙后色选剔除焦糊颗粒、设定合理的成品存储温度等)[35-36]
为引导咖啡豆产业规范化、标准化发展, 标准应明确“不得使用添加过其他食品原料或食品添加剂(GB 2760规定咖啡可用的食品加工助剂、食品用酶制剂以外)的咖啡豆、以及在焙炒咖啡中添加其他食品原料、食品添加剂制成的食品作为原料”。根据国家食品添加剂规定, 氮气作为加工助剂在食品加工中无需标签标示, 适用范围及定义中已明确要求不得使用除咖啡可用食品加工助剂、食品用酶制剂以外的食品添加剂。
在咖啡初加工、烘焙等环节加入香精、香料、除水以外其他辅料、除氮气以外其他食品添加剂的产品不属于焙炒咖啡, 将焙炒咖啡与其后续制品的边界划分清楚, 为相关企业发证、监管以及产品面向消费者的真实性宣传提供标准依据。
初加工中干燥流程卫生细节、生咖啡储运温湿度控制要求的内容指导企业有效控制生物毒素含量。
整理纳入控制咖啡中AA的关键环节, 提高产业控制AA的意识。
总体上为规范行业加工, 确保有效监管, 严控违法添加, 抑制造假行为, 保障消费者的合法权益, 增强消费者对咖啡产品的信任度, 维护市场秩序和社会稳定, 为提升咖啡精品率提供标准支撑。
任何一个行业都存在问题-规范-发展的三角循环, 咖啡加工行业也不例外; 在市场经济背景下, 行业内部自律力求规范的效果有限, 无法有效遏制当前较为突出的、因法规意识淡薄突破规则底线的问题; 同时, 咖啡加工行业共识是以风味为主, 风险意识普遍不足, 对于如何有效控制风险基本没有纳入已有的标准范畴; 因此, 当前需要国家食品标准管理部门针对咖啡加工突出风险制定专业性规范文件, 有效保护消费者食用安全。
我国咖啡产业在“一带一路”建设和推动高质量发展的指导意见下, 正面临新的发展机遇。通过制定和实施高标准的生产加工和质量控制规范, 将有效提升产品品质和竞争力, 增强品牌影响力, 为“一带一路”倡议下的国际贸易合作提供坚实的基础, 对于推动我国咖啡产业的高质量发展具有重要意义[37-38]
  • 云南省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(2024YSJK01)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241224005
  • 接收时间:2024-12-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-24
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云南省市场监督管理局科技计划项目(2024YSJK01)
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    1.云南省产品质量监督检验研究院, 昆明 650223
    2.云南冷萃科技有限公司, 昆明 650217
    3.云培食安(云南)科技有限公司, 昆明 650110

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* 赵昱(1987—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品、农产品检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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