Article(id=1153433737661506042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241223003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929632821, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929632821, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929632821, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929632821, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=19, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433738072547845, articleId=1153433737661506042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis and evaluation of nutrition, flavor and texture characteristics of Penaeus vannamei cultured in salt fields, columnId=1151923891565326960, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Processing and Quality Safety of Aquatic Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To systematically analyze the nutrition, taste and texture characteristics of salt field shrimp, an ecological shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) that grows in salt field evaporation ponds or muddy and sandy water surfaces with a salinity of over 30‰. Methods Taking freshwater cultured Penaeus vannamei (D0) as control, the conventional nutritional components, amino acids, fatty acids, major mineral elements, active substances, free amino acids, nucleotides, quaternary ammonium compounds, organic acids, texture, and color after cooking of two kinds of salt field shrimps cultured in different salinity fields (Penaeus vannamei, recorded as Y45 and Y30 separately) in Binzhou City were analyzed, and their nutritional quality was evaluated. Results Compared with freshwater shrimp, salt field shrimp had higher protein and ash content, and lower fat content. The 18 kinds of amino acids were detected in both salt field shrimp and freshwater shrimp, with glutamic acid being found the highest level, followed by aspartic acid, and tryptophan the lowest content. The proportion of essential amino acids to the total amino acid content in shrimp of all 3 groups were higher than 35.38%, and the essential amino acid index was much higher than 100, indicating balanced amino acids and high nutritional value. The unsaturation degree of fatty acids in all three groups of shrimp was high and the mineral elements such as calcium, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium in salt field shrimp were significantly higher than those in freshwater shrimp. The content of active substances such as taurine and astaxanthin was much higher than that in freshwater shrimp, but their body color tended to be lighter after cooking. The nutritional quality index of protein, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium in salt field shrimp was much higher than 1, indicating that salt field shrimp had greater ability to provide these nutrients than to provide thermal energy. In terms of flavor substances, the content of free amino acids in salt field shrimp was as high as 3119.88 mg/100 g (Y45), and the content of Na+, Cl-, betaine, and tartaric acid was significantly higher than that in freshwater shrimp. Free amino acids Arg, Gly, Ala, Glu, inorganic ions, betaine, tartaric acid, lactic acid, and succinic acid were the main contributors to its taste, while other organic acids, flavor nucleotides, reducing sugars, etc. also provided it with richer taste. From the texture results, it could be seen that the muscle hardness and shear force of salt field shrimp were low and the elasticity was high, which means the meat of salt field shrimp was more tender than that of freshwater shrimp. Conclusion In summary, salt field shrimp (Penaeus vannameii) is a food with high protein, low fat, balanced amino acid composition, fresh and sweet taste, and high dietary nutritional value.

, correspAuthors=Ying WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-Yan LI, Zhen-Lu LIU, Tian-Hong LIU, Ying WANG, Shuai-Zhong ZHANG, Xiao-Dong JIANG, Lei JI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433738533921301, articleId=1153433737661506042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=凡纳滨对虾营养、滋味及质构特性分析与评价, columnId=1153433738143851016, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:水产品加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析和评价生长在海水盐度30‰以上的盐田蒸发池或泥沙质大水面内的生态型盐田虾(凡纳滨对虾)的营养、滋味、质构特性等品质。方法 以淡水养殖的凡纳滨对虾(D0)为对照, 对滨州市两种不同盐度下生产的盐田虾(凡纳滨对虾, Y45和Y30)的常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、主要矿质元素、活性物质、游离氨基酸、核苷酸、季胺化合物、有机酸、质构和熟制后的色度进行分析, 并进行营养品质评价。结果 与淡水虾相比, 盐田虾的蛋白质和灰分含量更高, 脂肪含量更低。盐田虾和淡水虾中均检出18种氨基酸, 谷氨酸含量最高, 其次为天门冬氨酸, 色氨酸含量最低, 必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例均高于35.38%, 必需氨基酸指数远高于100, 氨基酸平衡效果好, 营养价值高; 3组对虾中脂肪酸的不饱和程度高; 盐田虾中钙、钠、氯、镁等矿质元素显著高于淡水虾, 牛磺酸和虾青素等活性物质含量远高于淡水虾, 但其熟制后的体色偏淡; 盐田虾蛋白质、磷、钠、氯、镁的营养质量指数远高于1, 提供这些营养素的能力远大于提供热能的能力。滋味物质中, 盐田虾中游离氨基酸含量高达3119.88 mg/100 g (Y45), 无机离子中的Na+、Cl-, 甜菜碱, 酒石酸含量显著高于淡水虾, 游离氨基酸中的精氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸, 无机离子、甜菜碱、酒石酸、乳酸和琥珀酸是其滋味的主要贡献者, 其他有机酸、呈味核苷酸、还原糖等也为其提供了更丰富的滋味。从质构结果看, 盐田虾的肌肉硬度和剪切力低, 弹性高, 肉质更细嫩。结论 盐田虾(凡纳滨对虾)是一种高蛋白、低脂肪、氨基酸组成均衡、滋味鲜甜、膳食营养价值较高的食品。

, correspAuthors=王颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王颖(1971—), 女, 硕士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为海洋资源利用。E-mail:
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李红艳(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品加工及贮藏。E-mail:

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李红艳(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品加工及贮藏。E-mail:

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Conventional nutrient analysis in 3 groups of Penaeus vannamei (g/100 g, wet weight, n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 水分 粗蛋白 粗脂肪 灰分
Y45 73.02±0.47a 23.21±0.44a 0.51±0.06a 2.30±0.15a
Y30 76.20±0.68b 21.06±0.38b 0.70±0.11b 1.71±0.12b
D0 76.91±0.72b 20.12±0.36b 0.90±0.08c 1.30±0.14c
凡纳滨对虾[13] 75.15±1.58 22.34±1.31 0.98±0.06 1.67±0.13
凡纳滨对虾[6] 71.50±0.09 25.60±0.20 1.00±0.09 1.80±0.05
凡纳滨对虾[14] 77.17±0.18 21.38±0.17 0.80±0.03 1.39±0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1173191214221374304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3组凡纳滨对虾的常规营养成分分析(g/100 g, 湿重, n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 水分 粗蛋白 粗脂肪 灰分
Y45 73.02±0.47a 23.21±0.44a 0.51±0.06a 2.30±0.15a
Y30 76.20±0.68b 21.06±0.38b 0.70±0.11b 1.71±0.12b
D0 76.91±0.72b 20.12±0.36b 0.90±0.08c 1.30±0.14c
凡纳滨对虾[13] 75.15±1.58 22.34±1.31 0.98±0.06 1.67±0.13
凡纳滨对虾[6] 71.50±0.09 25.60±0.20 1.00±0.09 1.80±0.05
凡纳滨对虾[14] 77.17±0.18 21.38±0.17 0.80±0.03 1.39±0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1173191214309454689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Amino acids composition in 3 groups of Penaeus vannamei (g/100 g, dry weight, n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 Y45 Y30 D0
天门冬氨酸* 7.93±0.32a 7.31±0.16b 7.58±0.22b
苏氨酸# 3.15±0.12a 2.82±0.11b 3.03±0.09a
丝氨酸 2.74±0.10a 2.52±0.13a 2.73±0.06a
谷氨酸* 13.07±0.25a 12.90±0.46b 13.90±0.48c
甘氨酸* 6.41±0.23a 5.84±0.21b 5.32±0.19c
丙氨酸* 5.30±0.16a 5.21±0.18a 5.80±0.18b
缬氨酸# 3.67±0.17a 3.82±0.06a 3.64±0.11a
异亮氨酸# 3.44±0.13a 3.57±0.14a 3.38±0.12a
亮氨酸# 6.15±0.18a 6.30±0.17a 6.19±0.24a
酪氨酸 3.11±0.06a 3.15±0.10a 3.20±0.12a
苯丙氨酸# 3.44±0.08a 3.61±0.10a 3.59±0.13a
赖氨酸# 6.48±0.26a 5.08±0.21b 6.54±0.26a
组氨酸△ 1.70±0.09a 1.76±0.08a 1.90±0.09a
精氨酸△ 7.37±0.18a 3.32±0.09b 4.50±0.15c
脯氨酸 4.30±0.14a 3.40±0.14b 4.72±0.20c
胱氨酸 1.00±0.06a 1.05±0.06a 0.95±0.04a
蛋氨酸# 2.00±0.08a 2.27±0.09b 2.21±0.07b
色氨酸# 0.70±0.07a 0.71±0.06a 0.74±0.05a
TAA 81.96±1.37a 74.66±0.87b 79.91±1.08c
EAA 29.04±0.56a 28.19±0.28b 29.31±0.48ab
SEAA 9.07±0.29a 5.08±0.31b 6.41±0.36c
NEAA 43.85±0.55a 41.39±0.57b 44.20±0.63ac
(EAA/NEAA)/% 66.22±0.27a 68.12±0.46b 66.31±0.23a
(EAA/TAA)/% 35.43±0.84a 37.76±0.35b 36.67±0.76c
DAA 32.70±0.49a 31.26±0.46b 32.60±0.58a
(DAA/TAA)/% 39.90±0.51a 41.87±0.55b 40.79±0.64a
), ArticleFig(id=1173191214384952162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

3组凡纳滨对虾的氨基酸组成(g/100 g, 干重, n=3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 Y45 Y30 D0
天门冬氨酸* 7.93±0.32a 7.31±0.16b 7.58±0.22b
苏氨酸# 3.15±0.12a 2.82±0.11b 3.03±0.09a
丝氨酸 2.74±0.10a 2.52±0.13a 2.73±0.06a
谷氨酸* 13.07±0.25a 12.90±0.46b 13.90±0.48c
甘氨酸* 6.41±0.23a 5.84±0.21b 5.32±0.19c
丙氨酸* 5.30±0.16a 5.21±0.18a 5.80±0.18b
缬氨酸# 3.67±0.17a 3.82±0.06a 3.64±0.11a
异亮氨酸# 3.44±0.13a 3.57±0.14a 3.38±0.12a
亮氨酸# 6.15±0.18a 6.30±0.17a 6.19±0.24a
酪氨酸 3.11±0.06a 3.15±0.10a 3.20±0.12a
苯丙氨酸# 3.44±0.08a 3.61±0.10a 3.59±0.13a
赖氨酸# 6.48±0.26a 5.08±0.21b 6.54±0.26a
组氨酸△ 1.70±0.09a 1.76±0.08a 1.90±0.09a
精氨酸△ 7.37±0.18a 3.32±0.09b 4.50±0.15c
脯氨酸 4.30±0.14a 3.40±0.14b 4.72±0.20c
胱氨酸 1.00±0.06a 1.05±0.06a 0.95±0.04a
蛋氨酸# 2.00±0.08a 2.27±0.09b 2.21±0.07b
色氨酸# 0.70±0.07a 0.71±0.06a 0.74±0.05a
TAA 81.96±1.37a 74.66±0.87b 79.91±1.08c
EAA 29.04±0.56a 28.19±0.28b 29.31±0.48ab
SEAA 9.07±0.29a 5.08±0.31b 6.41±0.36c
NEAA 43.85±0.55a 41.39±0.57b 44.20±0.63ac
(EAA/NEAA)/% 66.22±0.27a 68.12±0.46b 66.31±0.23a
(EAA/TAA)/% 35.43±0.84a 37.76±0.35b 36.67±0.76c
DAA 32.70±0.49a 31.26±0.46b 32.60±0.58a
(DAA/TAA)/% 39.90±0.51a 41.87±0.55b 40.79±0.64a
), ArticleFig(id=1173191214477226851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evaluation of EAAs composition in 3 groups of Penaeus vannamei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸 FAO/WHO模式 鸡蛋蛋白质 Y45 Y30 D0
AAS CS AAS CS AAS CS
异亮氨酸 250 331 101.08 76.34 102.38 77.32 103.23 77.96
亮氨酸 440 534 102.51 84.47 101.46 83.60 101.05 83.26
赖氨酸 340 441 139.87 107.84 105.92 81.66 138.09 106.46
半胱氨酸+蛋氨酸 220 386 100.05 57.02 106.87 60.91 103.18 58.81
苏氨酸 250 292 92.40 79.11 79.75 68.28 87.08 74.55
色氨酸 63 106 81.94 48.70 80.36 47.76 83.93 49.88
缬氨酸 310 441 86.77 61.00 87.36 61.41 84.25 59.23
酪氨酸+苯丙氨酸 380 565 126.57 85.13 126.10 84.81 128.47 86.40
氨基酸平均分 103.90 98.77 103.66
EAAI 144.41 136.92 143.86
), ArticleFig(id=1173191214548530020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3组凡纳滨对虾的EAAs组成的评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸 FAO/WHO模式 鸡蛋蛋白质 Y45 Y30 D0
AAS CS AAS CS AAS CS
异亮氨酸 250 331 101.08 76.34 102.38 77.32 103.23 77.96
亮氨酸 440 534 102.51 84.47 101.46 83.60 101.05 83.26
赖氨酸 340 441 139.87 107.84 105.92 81.66 138.09 106.46
半胱氨酸+蛋氨酸 220 386 100.05 57.02 106.87 60.91 103.18 58.81
苏氨酸 250 292 92.40 79.11 79.75 68.28 87.08 74.55
色氨酸 63 106 81.94 48.70 80.36 47.76 83.93 49.88
缬氨酸 310 441 86.77 61.00 87.36 61.41 84.25 59.23
酪氨酸+苯丙氨酸 380 565 126.57 85.13 126.10 84.81 128.47 86.40
氨基酸平均分 103.90 98.77 103.66
EAAI 144.41 136.92 143.86
), ArticleFig(id=1173191214628221797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fatty acid composition in 3 groups of Penaeus vannamei (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸 Y45 Y30 D0
棕榈酸C16:0 23.74±0.06a 23.71±0.05a 24.35±0.06a
硬脂酸C18:0 10.89±0.05a 12.17±0.08b 12.17±0.06b
棕榈油酸C16:1 11.37±0.01a 6.10±0.05b NDc
油酸C18:1 (n-9) 19.67±0.16a 16.61±0.05b 18.49±0.05c
亚油酸C18:2 (n-6) 7.19±0.04a 14.47±0.09b 18.84±0.13c
α-亚麻酸C18:3 (n-3) 4.44±0.01a NDb NDb
花生四烯酸C20:4 (n-6) 5.26±0.01a 4.15±0.01b 3.75±0.04b
EPA C20:5 (n-3) 17.30±0.13a 12.56±0.07b 10.79±0.03c
DHA C22:6 (n-3) NDa 10.22±0.04b 11.58±0.06c
∑SFA 34.63±0.08a 35.78±0.04b 36.54±0.04bc
∑MUFA 31.04±0.09a 22.72±0.06b 18.49±0.05c
∑PUFA 34.19±0.14a 41.53±0.10b 44.94±0.16c
ω-3脂肪酸 21.74±0.13a 22.78±0.08a 22.37±0.08a
ω-6脂肪酸 12.44±0.03a 18.63±0.10b 22.59±0.12c
ω-9脂肪酸 19.67±0.16a 16.61±0.05b 18.49±0.05c
∑UFA 65.19±0.18a 64.22±0.11ab 63.46±0.14b
EPA+DHA 17.30±0.13a 22.78±0.09b 22.37±0.05b
IA 0.36 0.37 0.38
IT 0.05 0.07 0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1173191214695330662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

3组凡纳滨对虾的脂肪酸组成(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸 Y45 Y30 D0
棕榈酸C16:0 23.74±0.06a 23.71±0.05a 24.35±0.06a
硬脂酸C18:0 10.89±0.05a 12.17±0.08b 12.17±0.06b
棕榈油酸C16:1 11.37±0.01a 6.10±0.05b NDc
油酸C18:1 (n-9) 19.67±0.16a 16.61±0.05b 18.49±0.05c
亚油酸C18:2 (n-6) 7.19±0.04a 14.47±0.09b 18.84±0.13c
α-亚麻酸C18:3 (n-3) 4.44±0.01a NDb NDb
花生四烯酸C20:4 (n-6) 5.26±0.01a 4.15±0.01b 3.75±0.04b
EPA C20:5 (n-3) 17.30±0.13a 12.56±0.07b 10.79±0.03c
DHA C22:6 (n-3) NDa 10.22±0.04b 11.58±0.06c
∑SFA 34.63±0.08a 35.78±0.04b 36.54±0.04bc
∑MUFA 31.04±0.09a 22.72±0.06b 18.49±0.05c
∑PUFA 34.19±0.14a 41.53±0.10b 44.94±0.16c
ω-3脂肪酸 21.74±0.13a 22.78±0.08a 22.37±0.08a
ω-6脂肪酸 12.44±0.03a 18.63±0.10b 22.59±0.12c
ω-9脂肪酸 19.67±0.16a 16.61±0.05b 18.49±0.05c
∑UFA 65.19±0.18a 64.22±0.11ab 63.46±0.14b
EPA+DHA 17.30±0.13a 22.78±0.09b 22.37±0.05b
IA 0.36 0.37 0.38
IT 0.05 0.07 0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1173191214770828135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Main mineral content in 3 groups of Penaeus vannamei (wet basis)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿质元素 Y45 Y30 D0
磷/(mg/kg) 2780.00±138.00a 2590.00±206.00b 2780.00±231.00a
铁/(mg/kg) 5.81±0.29a 6.45±0.18a 8.25±0.19b
镁/(mg/kg) 644.00±24.00a 508.00±27.00b 404.00±18.00c
钾/(mg/kg) 3760.00±225.00a 3650.00±184.00a 3610.00±164.00a
钠/(mg/kg) 4570.00±298.00a 2840.00±152.00b 1250.00±104.00c
钙/(mg/kg) 826.00±31.00a 709.00±25.00b 418.00±23.00c
锌/(mg/kg) 12.50±0.32a 12.30±0.33a 13.30±0.42b
碘/(μg/kg) 86.40±0.42a 113.00±1.90b 86.00±0. 67a
氯/(mg/kg) 6900.00±240.00a 3900.00±140.00b 1600.00±100.00c
), ArticleFig(id=1173191214837937000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

3组凡纳滨对虾的主要矿质元素含量(湿基)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿质元素 Y45 Y30 D0
磷/(mg/kg) 2780.00±138.00a 2590.00±206.00b 2780.00±231.00a
铁/(mg/kg) 5.81±0.29a 6.45±0.18a 8.25±0.19b
镁/(mg/kg) 644.00±24.00a 508.00±27.00b 404.00±18.00c
钾/(mg/kg) 3760.00±225.00a 3650.00±184.00a 3610.00±164.00a
钠/(mg/kg) 4570.00±298.00a 2840.00±152.00b 1250.00±104.00c
钙/(mg/kg) 826.00±31.00a 709.00±25.00b 418.00±23.00c
锌/(mg/kg) 12.50±0.32a 12.30±0.33a 13.30±0.42b
碘/(μg/kg) 86.40±0.42a 113.00±1.90b 86.00±0. 67a
氯/(mg/kg) 6900.00±240.00a 3900.00±140.00b 1600.00±100.00c
), ArticleFig(id=1173191214905045865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Active ingredients in 3 groups of Penaeus vannamei (mg/kg, wet basis)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性物质 Y45 Y30 D0
虾青素 1.65±0.08a 0.41±0.04b NDc
牛磺酸 1280.00±11.00b 1390.00±27.00a 236±15.00c
羟脯氨酸 1100.00±48.00a 1200.00±56.00a 1100.00±55.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1173191214976349034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

3组凡纳滨对虾的活性物质含量(mg/kg, 湿基)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性物质 Y45 Y30 D0
虾青素 1.65±0.08a 0.41±0.04b NDc
牛磺酸 1280.00±11.00b 1390.00±27.00a 236±15.00c
羟脯氨酸 1100.00±48.00a 1200.00±56.00a 1100.00±55.00a
), ArticleFig(id=1173191215035069291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Color parameters of 3 groups of Penaeus vannamei after cooking

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 图像 L* a* b* 色彩度强度(C)
Y45 61.97±1.03a 14.80±1.29b 20.70±1.49a 45.11
Y30 60.82±2.20a 17.13±1.98a 21.33±2.78a 48.50
D0 57.63±1.86a 24.83±2.50c 28.66±2.34b 67.21
), ArticleFig(id=1173191215135732588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

3组凡纳滨对虾加热熟制后色度值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 图像 L* a* b* 色彩度强度(C)
Y45 61.97±1.03a 14.80±1.29b 20.70±1.49a 45.11
Y30 60.82±2.20a 17.13±1.98a 21.33±2.78a 48.50
D0 57.63±1.86a 24.83±2.50c 28.66±2.34b 67.21
), ArticleFig(id=1173191215211230061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Nutritional quality index of several main nutrients in 100 g muscle of 3 groups of Penaeus vannamei (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 营养素推荐供给量 营养素密度 INQ
Y45 Y30 D0 Y45 Y30 D0
热量/(kcal/d) 2250 4.53 4.15 4.14 - - -
蛋白质/g 65 35.38 32.31 30.92 7.81 7.78 7.47
脂肪/% 20~30 1.70~2.55 2.33~3.50 3.00~4.50 0.38~0.56 0.56~0.84 0.72~1.09
钙/(mg/d) 800 10.33 8.86 5.23 2.28 2.47 1.46
磷/(mg/d) 720 38.61 35.97 38.61 8.52 10.02 10.76
钾/(mg/d) 2000 18.80 9.44 10.17 4.15 2.63 2.83
钠/(mg/d) 1500 30.47 18.93 8.33 6.73 5.27 2.32
镁/(mg/d) 330 19.52 15.39 12.24 4.31 4.29 3.41
氯/(mg/d) 2300 30.00 16.96 6.96 6.62 4.72 1.94
铁/(mg/d) 12 4.84 5.38 6.88 1.07 1.50 1.92
碘/(μg/d) 120 7.20 9.42 7.17 1.59 2.62 2.00
锌/(mg/d) 12.5 10.00 9.84 10.64 2.21 2.74 2.96
), ArticleFig(id=1173191215282533230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

100 g 3组凡纳滨对虾肌肉中几种主要营养素的营养质量指数(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 营养素推荐供给量 营养素密度 INQ
Y45 Y30 D0 Y45 Y30 D0
热量/(kcal/d) 2250 4.53 4.15 4.14 - - -
蛋白质/g 65 35.38 32.31 30.92 7.81 7.78 7.47
脂肪/% 20~30 1.70~2.55 2.33~3.50 3.00~4.50 0.38~0.56 0.56~0.84 0.72~1.09
钙/(mg/d) 800 10.33 8.86 5.23 2.28 2.47 1.46
磷/(mg/d) 720 38.61 35.97 38.61 8.52 10.02 10.76
钾/(mg/d) 2000 18.80 9.44 10.17 4.15 2.63 2.83
钠/(mg/d) 1500 30.47 18.93 8.33 6.73 5.27 2.32
镁/(mg/d) 330 19.52 15.39 12.24 4.31 4.29 3.41
氯/(mg/d) 2300 30.00 16.96 6.96 6.62 4.72 1.94
铁/(mg/d) 12 4.84 5.38 6.88 1.07 1.50 1.92
碘/(μg/d) 120 7.20 9.42 7.17 1.59 2.62 2.00
锌/(mg/d) 12.5 10.00 9.84 10.64 2.21 2.74 2.96
), ArticleFig(id=1173191215362225007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Content, taste attributes, taste thresholds and TAVs of free amino acids in 3 groups of Penaeus vannamei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸成分 呈味特征[40] 滋味阈值/(mg/100 g)[41] Y45/(mg/100 g) Y30/(mg/100 g) D0/(mg/100 g) TAVs
Y45 Y30 D0
天门冬氨酸* 鲜/甜(+) 100 9.01±0.21a 33.03±0.05b 20.05±0.04c 0.09 0.33 0.20
苏氨酸# 甜(+) 260 80.03±0.35a 56.32±0.14b 60.11±0.11b 0.31 0.22 0.23
丝氨酸 甜(+) 150 - - - - - -
谷氨酸* 鲜(+) 30 112.10±0.42a 336.70±0.35b 207.46±0.35c 3.73 11.20 6.90
甘氨酸* 甜(+) 130 788.96±0.36a 614.15±0.27b 460.69±0.33c 6.07 4.72 3.55
丙氨酸* 甜(+) 60 359.04±0.29a 388.81±0.45b 440.15±0.32c 5.98 6.47 7.33
胱氨酸 - - 17.95±0.17a 43.97±0.11b 73.02±0.11c - - -
缬氨酸# 苦/甜(+) 40 99.06±0.31a 174.83±0.28b 141.17±0.17c 2.48 4.38 3.53
蛋氨酸# 苦/甜(-) 300 54.05±0.27a 123.06±0.15b 90.03±0.16c 0.18 0.41 0.30
异亮氨酸# 苦(-) 90 57.98±0.15a 118.24±0.17b 83.13±0.05c 0.64 1.31 0.92
亮氨酸# 苦(-) 190 123.89±0.42a 285.82±0.13b 187.09±0.24c 0.65 1.51 0.99
酪氨酸 苦(-) 90 62.97±0.14a 67.26±0.18a 64.04±0.12a 0.70 0.74 0.71
苯丙氨酸# 苦(-) 90 50.10±0.22a 100.14±0.22b 84.06±0.11c 0.56 1.11 0.93
赖氨酸# 苦/甜(-) 50 42.92±0.18a 86.07±0.07b 128.10±0.08c 0.86 1.72 2.56
组氨酸 苦(-) 20 59.00±0.23a 84.15±0.04b 100.17±0.07c 2.95 4.20 5.00
精氨酸 苦/甜(+) 50 703.88±0.27 - - 14.08 - -
脯氨酸 甜/苦(+) 300 487.87±0.38a 332.42±0.25b 565.55±0.13c 1.63 1.11 1.89
色氨酸# - 90 11.07±0.09a 24.02±0.06b 23.01±0.04b - - -
游离氨基酸总量 3119.88±0.76a 2868.99±0.82b 2727.83±1.02c
), ArticleFig(id=1173191215458694000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

3组凡纳滨对虾中游离氨基酸的含量、呈味特征、滋味阈值及TAVs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸成分 呈味特征[40] 滋味阈值/(mg/100 g)[41] Y45/(mg/100 g) Y30/(mg/100 g) D0/(mg/100 g) TAVs
Y45 Y30 D0
天门冬氨酸* 鲜/甜(+) 100 9.01±0.21a 33.03±0.05b 20.05±0.04c 0.09 0.33 0.20
苏氨酸# 甜(+) 260 80.03±0.35a 56.32±0.14b 60.11±0.11b 0.31 0.22 0.23
丝氨酸 甜(+) 150 - - - - - -
谷氨酸* 鲜(+) 30 112.10±0.42a 336.70±0.35b 207.46±0.35c 3.73 11.20 6.90
甘氨酸* 甜(+) 130 788.96±0.36a 614.15±0.27b 460.69±0.33c 6.07 4.72 3.55
丙氨酸* 甜(+) 60 359.04±0.29a 388.81±0.45b 440.15±0.32c 5.98 6.47 7.33
胱氨酸 - - 17.95±0.17a 43.97±0.11b 73.02±0.11c - - -
缬氨酸# 苦/甜(+) 40 99.06±0.31a 174.83±0.28b 141.17±0.17c 2.48 4.38 3.53
蛋氨酸# 苦/甜(-) 300 54.05±0.27a 123.06±0.15b 90.03±0.16c 0.18 0.41 0.30
异亮氨酸# 苦(-) 90 57.98±0.15a 118.24±0.17b 83.13±0.05c 0.64 1.31 0.92
亮氨酸# 苦(-) 190 123.89±0.42a 285.82±0.13b 187.09±0.24c 0.65 1.51 0.99
酪氨酸 苦(-) 90 62.97±0.14a 67.26±0.18a 64.04±0.12a 0.70 0.74 0.71
苯丙氨酸# 苦(-) 90 50.10±0.22a 100.14±0.22b 84.06±0.11c 0.56 1.11 0.93
赖氨酸# 苦/甜(-) 50 42.92±0.18a 86.07±0.07b 128.10±0.08c 0.86 1.72 2.56
组氨酸 苦(-) 20 59.00±0.23a 84.15±0.04b 100.17±0.07c 2.95 4.20 5.00
精氨酸 苦/甜(+) 50 703.88±0.27 - - 14.08 - -
脯氨酸 甜/苦(+) 300 487.87±0.38a 332.42±0.25b 565.55±0.13c 1.63 1.11 1.89
色氨酸# - 90 11.07±0.09a 24.02±0.06b 23.01±0.04b - - -
游离氨基酸总量 3119.88±0.76a 2868.99±0.82b 2727.83±1.02c
), ArticleFig(id=1173191215542580081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Content, taste attributes, taste thresholds and TAVs of inorganic salts, quaternary amine compounds, reducing sugars, organic acids and nucleotides in 3 groups of Penaeus vannamei

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 滋味成分 呈味特征 含量/(mg/kg) 滋味阈值/(mg/kg) TAVs
Y45 Y30 D0 Y45 Y30 D0
无机离子 Na+ 咸/苦(-) 4570.00±298.00a 2840.00±152.00b 1250.00±104.00c 89.7 50.95 31.66 13.94
K+ 咸(+) 3760.00±225.00a 3650.00±184.00a 3610.00±164.00a 507 7.42 7.00 7.12
PO43- 改善风味 8519.36±422.90a 7937.10±631.29b 8519.36±707.90a 1425.85 5.97 5.57 5.97
Cl- 改善风味 6900.00±240.00a 3900.00±140.00b 1600.00±100.00c 138.26 49.91 28.21 11.57
季胺化合物 甜菜碱 鲜/甜(+) 7840.80±32.80a 6840.60±47.30b ND 2343 3.35 2.92 ND
胆碱 707.45±15.52a 421.32±16.29b 883.26±22.37c >5000 <0.14 <0.08 <0.18
还原糖 葡萄糖 8600.00±400.00a 4100.00±500.00b 12000.00±500.00c 16214.4 0.53 0.25 0.74
有机酸 苹果酸 酸/苦(-) 32.60±1.80a 54.40±2.40b 97.10±2.90c 49.6 0.66 1.10 1.96
酒石酸 5.60±0.40a 3.9±0.20b ND 1.5 3.73 2.60 ND
乳酸 酸/苦(-) 799.00±32.00a 863.00±19.00b 1080.00±21.00c 126 6.34 6.85 8.57
柠檬酸 酸/收敛 2.40±0.10a 4.90±0.20b 11.40±0.20c 45 0.05 0.11 0.25
琥珀酸 酸/鲜(+) 18.60±0.80a 14.10±0.60b 37.7±1.10c 10.6 1.75 1.33 3.56
核苷酸 鸟嘌呤
核苷酸
鲜(+) 0.90±0.10a 0.80±0.00a 1.20±0.10b 72.64 0.01 0.46 0.02
次黄嘌呤
核苷酸
鲜(+) 2.50±0.20a 4.50±0.50b 5.30±0.30c 208.92 0.01 0.02 0.03
腺嘌呤
核苷酸
鲜/甜(+) 0.40±0.00a 0.50±0.00a 1.70±0.10b 868.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1173191215618077554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433737661506042, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

3组凡纳滨对虾中无机离子、季胺化合物、还原糖、有机酸、核苷酸的含量、呈味特征、滋味阈值及TAVs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 滋味成分 呈味特征 含量/(mg/kg) 滋味阈值/(mg/kg) TAVs
Y45 Y30 D0 Y45 Y30 D0
无机离子 Na+ 咸/苦(-) 4570.00±298.00a 2840.00±152.00b 1250.00±104.00c 89.7 50.95 31.66 13.94
K+ 咸(+) 3760.00±225.00a 3650.00±184.00a 3610.00±164.00a 507 7.42 7.00 7.12
PO43- 改善风味 8519.36±422.90a 7937.10±631.29b 8519.36±707.90a 1425.85 5.97 5.57 5.97
Cl- 改善风味 6900.00±240.00a 3900.00±140.00b 1600.00±100.00c 138.26 49.91 28.21 11.57
季胺化合物 甜菜碱 鲜/甜(+) 7840.80±32.80a 6840.60±47.30b ND 2343 3.35 2.92 ND
胆碱 707.45±15.52a 421.32±16.29b 883.26±22.37c >5000 <0.14 <0.08 <0.18
还原糖 葡萄糖 8600.00±400.00a 4100.00±500.00b 12000.00±500.00c 16214.4 0.53 0.25 0.74
有机酸 苹果酸 酸/苦(-) 32.60±1.80a 54.40±2.40b 97.10±2.90c 49.6 0.66 1.10 1.96
酒石酸 5.60±0.40a 3.9±0.20b ND 1.5 3.73 2.60 ND
乳酸 酸/苦(-) 799.00±32.00a 863.00±19.00b 1080.00±21.00c 126 6.34 6.85 8.57
柠檬酸 酸/收敛 2.40±0.10a 4.90±0.20b 11.40±0.20c 45 0.05 0.11 0.25
琥珀酸 酸/鲜(+) 18.60±0.80a 14.10±0.60b 37.7±1.10c 10.6 1.75 1.33 3.56
核苷酸 鸟嘌呤
核苷酸
鲜(+) 0.90±0.10a 0.80±0.00a 1.20±0.10b 72.64 0.01 0.46 0.02
次黄嘌呤
核苷酸
鲜(+) 2.50±0.20a 4.50±0.50b 5.30±0.30c 208.92 0.01 0.02 0.03
腺嘌呤
核苷酸
鲜/甜(+) 0.40±0.00a 0.50±0.00a 1.70±0.10b 868.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
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凡纳滨对虾营养、滋味及质构特性分析与评价
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李红艳 1, 2 , 刘振鲁 3, 4 , 刘天红 1, 2 , 王颖 1, 2, * , 张帅中 1, 2 , 姜晓东 1, 2 , 纪蕾 1, 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:水产品加工与质量安全 2025,16(8): 19-30
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:水产品加工与质量安全 2025, 16(8): 19-30
凡纳滨对虾营养、滋味及质构特性分析与评价
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李红艳1, 2 , 刘振鲁3, 4, 刘天红1, 2, 王颖1, 2, * , 张帅中1, 2, 姜晓东1, 2, 纪蕾1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.山东省海洋科学研究院, 青岛 266104
  • 2.青岛市水产生物品质评价与利用工程研究中心, 青岛 266104
  • 3.滨州市海洋发展研究院, 滨州 256699
  • 4.滨州市水产苗种繁育与健康养殖重点实验室, 滨州 256699
  • 李红艳(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为水产品加工及贮藏。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王颖(1971—), 女, 硕士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为海洋资源利用。E-mail:
Analysis and evaluation of nutrition, flavor and texture characteristics of Penaeus vannamei cultured in salt fields
Hong-Yan LI1, 2 , Zhen-Lu LIU3, 4, Tian-Hong LIU1, 2, Ying WANG1, 2, * , Shuai-Zhong ZHANG1, 2, Xiao-Dong JIANG1, 2, Lei JI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, China
  • 2. Qingdao Aquatic Organisms Quality Evaluation and Utilization Engineering Research Center, Qingdao 266104, China
  • 3. Binzhou Marine Development Research Institute, Binzhou 256699, China
  • 4. Key Laboratory of Aquatic Seedling Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture in Binzhou City, Binzhou 256699, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241223003
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目的 分析和评价生长在海水盐度30‰以上的盐田蒸发池或泥沙质大水面内的生态型盐田虾(凡纳滨对虾)的营养、滋味、质构特性等品质。方法 以淡水养殖的凡纳滨对虾(D0)为对照, 对滨州市两种不同盐度下生产的盐田虾(凡纳滨对虾, Y45和Y30)的常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、主要矿质元素、活性物质、游离氨基酸、核苷酸、季胺化合物、有机酸、质构和熟制后的色度进行分析, 并进行营养品质评价。结果 与淡水虾相比, 盐田虾的蛋白质和灰分含量更高, 脂肪含量更低。盐田虾和淡水虾中均检出18种氨基酸, 谷氨酸含量最高, 其次为天门冬氨酸, 色氨酸含量最低, 必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例均高于35.38%, 必需氨基酸指数远高于100, 氨基酸平衡效果好, 营养价值高; 3组对虾中脂肪酸的不饱和程度高; 盐田虾中钙、钠、氯、镁等矿质元素显著高于淡水虾, 牛磺酸和虾青素等活性物质含量远高于淡水虾, 但其熟制后的体色偏淡; 盐田虾蛋白质、磷、钠、氯、镁的营养质量指数远高于1, 提供这些营养素的能力远大于提供热能的能力。滋味物质中, 盐田虾中游离氨基酸含量高达3119.88 mg/100 g (Y45), 无机离子中的Na+、Cl-, 甜菜碱, 酒石酸含量显著高于淡水虾, 游离氨基酸中的精氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸, 无机离子、甜菜碱、酒石酸、乳酸和琥珀酸是其滋味的主要贡献者, 其他有机酸、呈味核苷酸、还原糖等也为其提供了更丰富的滋味。从质构结果看, 盐田虾的肌肉硬度和剪切力低, 弹性高, 肉质更细嫩。结论 盐田虾(凡纳滨对虾)是一种高蛋白、低脂肪、氨基酸组成均衡、滋味鲜甜、膳食营养价值较高的食品。

凡纳滨对虾  /  营养成分  /  滋味物质  /  质构特性  /  营养评价

Objective To systematically analyze the nutrition, taste and texture characteristics of salt field shrimp, an ecological shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) that grows in salt field evaporation ponds or muddy and sandy water surfaces with a salinity of over 30‰. Methods Taking freshwater cultured Penaeus vannamei (D0) as control, the conventional nutritional components, amino acids, fatty acids, major mineral elements, active substances, free amino acids, nucleotides, quaternary ammonium compounds, organic acids, texture, and color after cooking of two kinds of salt field shrimps cultured in different salinity fields (Penaeus vannamei, recorded as Y45 and Y30 separately) in Binzhou City were analyzed, and their nutritional quality was evaluated. Results Compared with freshwater shrimp, salt field shrimp had higher protein and ash content, and lower fat content. The 18 kinds of amino acids were detected in both salt field shrimp and freshwater shrimp, with glutamic acid being found the highest level, followed by aspartic acid, and tryptophan the lowest content. The proportion of essential amino acids to the total amino acid content in shrimp of all 3 groups were higher than 35.38%, and the essential amino acid index was much higher than 100, indicating balanced amino acids and high nutritional value. The unsaturation degree of fatty acids in all three groups of shrimp was high and the mineral elements such as calcium, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium in salt field shrimp were significantly higher than those in freshwater shrimp. The content of active substances such as taurine and astaxanthin was much higher than that in freshwater shrimp, but their body color tended to be lighter after cooking. The nutritional quality index of protein, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium in salt field shrimp was much higher than 1, indicating that salt field shrimp had greater ability to provide these nutrients than to provide thermal energy. In terms of flavor substances, the content of free amino acids in salt field shrimp was as high as 3119.88 mg/100 g (Y45), and the content of Na+, Cl-, betaine, and tartaric acid was significantly higher than that in freshwater shrimp. Free amino acids Arg, Gly, Ala, Glu, inorganic ions, betaine, tartaric acid, lactic acid, and succinic acid were the main contributors to its taste, while other organic acids, flavor nucleotides, reducing sugars, etc. also provided it with richer taste. From the texture results, it could be seen that the muscle hardness and shear force of salt field shrimp were low and the elasticity was high, which means the meat of salt field shrimp was more tender than that of freshwater shrimp. Conclusion In summary, salt field shrimp (Penaeus vannameii) is a food with high protein, low fat, balanced amino acid composition, fresh and sweet taste, and high dietary nutritional value.

Penaeus vannamei  /  nutritional composition  /  taste compounds  /  texture characteristics  /  nutrition evaluation
李红艳, 刘振鲁, 刘天红, 王颖, 张帅中, 姜晓东, 纪蕾. 凡纳滨对虾营养、滋味及质构特性分析与评价. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 19 -30 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241223003
Hong-Yan LI, Zhen-Lu LIU, Tian-Hong LIU, Ying WANG, Shuai-Zhong ZHANG, Xiao-Dong JIANG, Lei JI. Analysis and evaluation of nutrition, flavor and texture characteristics of Penaeus vannamei cultured in salt fields[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 19 -30 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241223003
盐田虾, 指生长在海水盐度30‰以上的盐田蒸发池或泥沙质大水面内的生态型对虾, 以南美白对虾为主。因生长水域的含盐量是普通海水的2~3倍, 以天然海藻、卤虫、微生物为食, 形成了“体色清亮、肉质紧糯、味美鲜甜、品质野生”的特性, 深受消费者的喜爱。
南美白对虾, 学名凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei), 是世界上养殖产量最高的三大优良虾种之一, 具有广盐性、生长快、肉质鲜美、抗病力强等优点, 深受市场青睐。目前, 在盐度对凡纳滨对虾影响的研究主要集中于对其生长、生理特性和免疫机能机制等方面[1-3], 也有学者对不同盐度凡纳滨对虾的营养成分和品质进行了评价和研究, 如陈琴等[4]对盐度6.6和淡水养殖的凡纳滨对虾进行了含肉率、基本营养成分、氨基酸和矿质元素的分析和评价; 黄凯等[5]对室内不同盐度(0、1‰、5‰、10‰、20‰、30‰)养殖凡纳滨对虾的生长、成活率和肌肉营养成分进行了分析和评价; 李晓等[6]研究了不同盐度(5‰、26‰、30‰、50‰)对养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉基本营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响。上述研究主要关注盐度对凡纳滨对虾营养成分的影响, 未对高盐条件下其活性成分和滋味物质等进行分析, 难以全面反映不同盐度养殖凡纳滨对虾的品质差异; 且目前鲜有对盐田虾营养和滋味成分的系统分析和评价。
本研究对滨州地区高盐度条件下生长的盐田虾(凡纳滨对虾)进行营养、滋味、活性成分和质构特点等方面的比较分析, 旨在了解盐田虾与淡水养殖虾在营养品质、滋味等方面的差异, 以期扩充盐碱地凡纳滨对虾营养学资料, 为推动盐田虾的健康养殖和产品加工提供基础资料和理论依据。
盐田虾, 取自山东省滨州市无棣县(盐度分别为45‰和30‰, 分别记为Y45和Y30), 自2024年5月下旬放苗, 苗种1 cm左右, 每亩放苗8000~12000尾, 采取大塘散养方式养殖, 不投喂饵料, 3个月后取样。Y45组凡纳滨对虾体质量为(6.68±1.72) g, 体长为(9.24±1.01) cm; Y30组凡纳滨对虾体质量为(8.01±2.18) g, 体长为(10.15±0.61) cm; 淡水虾取自山东省滨州市博兴县, 自2024年4月中旬左右放苗, 苗种1 cm左右, 每亩放苗3万~5万尾, 采取池塘高密度精养模式养殖3个月后取样。淡水凡纳滨对虾(记为D0)体质量为(22.69±3.29) g, 体长为(13.67±0.74) cm。将盐田虾和淡水虾样品各分成3份, 盐田虾每份60 ind, 淡水虾每份30 ind, 解剖取出腹部肌肉, 捣碎并混合均匀, 装入样品袋中-20 ℃冻存, 留待检测营养及活性成分。另将盐田虾和淡水虾各取10 ind剥壳后取第二虾节用于剪切力和质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis, TPA)检测。所有检测于15 d之内完成。
混合氨基酸标准品(纯度≥99%, wako日本和光纯药工业株式会社); 核苷酸标准品、苹果酸、L-乳酸、柠檬酸、L-酒石酸、琥珀酸标准品(纯度≥98%, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 甜菜碱(纯度97%, 上海安普实验科技股份有限公司); 胆碱酒石酸氢盐[纯度99.90%, BePure曼哈格(上海)生物科技有限公司]; 氯化胆碱-D4(纯度98.7%, 天津阿尔塔科技有限公司); 甲醇、乙醇、正己烷、乙腈(色谱纯, 美国天地公司); 石油醚、氯仿、无水乙醚、氢氧化铵、盐酸、甲酸、硫酸、硫酸钠、柠檬酸钠、氯化钠、碳酸钠、乙酸钠、盐酸甲胺、硫酸铜、硫酸氢钠、氢氧化钾、硫酸钾、硼酸、氢氧化钠、亚铁氰化钾、乙酸锌、N-氯-对甲苯磺酰胺钠盐、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚、对二甲氨基苯甲醛、乙酸胺、硝酸银、冰乙酸、丙酮(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
日立LA8080氨基酸自动分析仪(日立高新技术公司); Thermo U3000超高效液相色谱仪、ICS5000+高压离子色谱系统、Hypersil ODS-2 C18色谱柱(4.6 mm× 250 mm, 5 μm)(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); 赛多利斯CPA225D电子分析天平[d=0.01 mg, 赛多利斯科学仪器(北京)有限公司]; Kjeltec 8400全自动蛋白测定仪、Soxtec 8000全自动脂肪测定仪(丹麦FOSS公司); GC6890气相色谱仪、LC1290-6495C三重四极杆液质联用系统(美国安捷伦有限公司); TMS-PRO质构仪(美国FTC公司); CS-650A全自动多功能色差仪(杭州彩谱科技有限公司)。
常规营养成分测定: 水分采用GB 5009.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》105 ℃直接干燥法; 灰分采用GB 5009.4—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中灰分的测定》高温(550 ℃)灰化法; 粗蛋白质采用GB 5009.5—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》凯氏定氮法; 粗脂肪采用GB 5009.6—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪的测定》索式抽提法。
氨基酸测定: 参照GB 5009.124—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氨基酸的测定》和GB/T 18246—2019《饲料中氨基酸的测定》对样品进行前处理, 采用氨基酸自动分析仪检测其含量。
脂肪酸测定: 参照GB 5009.168—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脂肪酸的测定》, 样品经酸水解后, 加入甘油三酯和C11:0作为内标, 以乙醚萃取脂质, 然后于甲醇中以BF3转化为脂肪酸甲酯, 气相色谱仪(安捷伦GC6890)分析。
磷、铁、镁、钾、钠、钙、锌的测定: 参照GB 5009.268—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中多元素的测定》第二法进行测定。
碘的测定: 参照GB 5009.267—2020《食品安全国家标准 食品中碘的测定》第一法进行测定。
氯化物的测定: 参照GB 5009.44—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氯化物的测定》第一法进行测定。
虾青素的测定: 参照SN/T 2327—2009《进出口动物源性食品中角黄素、虾青素的检测方法》测定。
牛磺酸的测定: 参照GB 5009.169—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中牛磺酸的测定》第二法进行测定。
羟脯氨酸的测定: 参照GB/T 9695.23—2008《肉与肉制品 羟脯氨酸含量测定》测定。
游离氨基酸的测定: 参考CHEN等[7]的方法并略作调整, 采用氨基酸自动分析仪检测。
甜菜碱的测定: 参照GB/T 23710—2009《饲料中甜菜碱的测定 离子色谱法》测定。
胆碱的测定: 参照GB 5413.20—2022《食品安全国家标准 婴幼儿食品和乳品中胆碱的测定》第三法 液相色谱-串联质谱法测定。
有机酸的测定: 参照GB 5009.157—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中有机酸的测定》, 色谱条件为Hypersil ODS-2 C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), 流动相分别为0.1%的磷酸溶液和甲醇, 检测波长210 nm, 柱温40 ℃, 进样量20 μL。
游离核苷酸的测定: 参照GB 5413.40—2016《食品安全国家标准 婴幼儿食品和乳品中核苷酸的测定》测定。
还原糖的测定: 参照GB 5009.7—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中还原糖的测定》第一法直接滴定法测定
采用呈味强度值(taste activity value, TAV)评价呈味物质对整体的味觉贡献, 见公式(1):
TAV=$frac{C}{T}$
式中: C为滋味物质含量, mg/100 g; T为滋味物质的滋味阈值, mg/100 g。
将盐田虾和淡水虾分别煮熟后, 立即采用全自动色差计测量对虾第二腹节处的L*(亮度属性)、a*(红/绿色度)、b*(黄/蓝色度), 每组对虾测3个平行样, 每个样品重复测量5次, 取平均值作为最终结果。色差计经黑白校正后进行检测。对虾的色彩度强度(C)按式(2)计算[8]
C=$\sqrt{{{\text{a}}^{*2}}+{{b}^{*2}}}$
TPA: 取虾剥壳后的第二虾节, 采用50 N力量感应元, 直径25.4 mm圆柱形探头, 触发力0.08 N, 测试速度60 mm/min, 形变量50%; 每组对虾各测定5组数据, 取平均值。
剪切力: 采用50 N力量感应元, 直径25.4 mm圆柱形探头, 精准切割刀刃探头, 触发力0.08 N, 测试速度60 mm/min, 保证样品完全切断; 每组各测定5组数据, 取平均值。
(1)氨基酸品质评价
根据联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)/世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)建议的氨基酸计分标准模式[9]和中国预防医学科学院营养与食品卫生研究所提出的鸡蛋蛋白质化学评分进行评价, 按式(3)~(5)计算凡纳滨对虾的氨基酸分(amino acid score, AAS)、化学分(chemical score, CS)和必需氨基酸指数(essential amino acid index, EAAI)[10]:
AAS=$\frac{{{M}_{1}}}{{{M}_{0}}}$×100
CS=$\frac{{{M}_{1}}}{{{M}_{\text{2}}}}$×100
EAAI=$\sqrt[n]{\frac{\text{1}00a}{A}\times \frac{\text{1}00b}{B}\times \frac{\text{1}00c}{C}\times......\times \frac{\text{1}00h}{H}}$
式中: M1为待评蛋白质中必需氨基酸的含量, mg/g N; M0为FAO/WHO模式中蛋白质相应必需氨基酸的含量, mg/g N; M2为鸡蛋蛋白质中相应必需氨基酸的含量, mg/g N; n为比较的氨基酸种数; abch分别为待评蛋白质的氨基酸含量, mg/g N; ABCH分别为鸡蛋蛋白质的氨基酸含量, mg/g N。
(2)脂肪酸品质评价
血栓形成指数(thrombosis index, IT)和动脉粥样硬化指数(atherosclerosis index, IA)是评估脂肪酸对人类心血管疾病发生影响的指标, 其计算公式[11]为(6)、(7):
IT=$\frac{{{C}_{14:0}}+{{C}_{16:0}}+{{C}_{18:0}}}{0.5\times \sum{MUFA+0.5\times \sum{PUFA(n-6)+3\times \sum{PUFA(n-3)+\frac{\sum{PUFA(n-3)}}{\sum{PUFA(n-6)}}}}}}$
IA=$\frac{{{C}_{12:0}}+{{C}_{14:0}}+{{C}_{16:0}}}{\sum{MUFA+\sum{PUFA}}}$
式中: MUFA为单不饱和脂肪酸(monounsaturated fatty acid); PUFA为多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid)。
(3)营养指数评价
营养质量指数(index of nutritional quality, INQ)是指食物中营养素能满足人体营养需要的程度(营养素密度)与该食物能满足人体能量需要的程度(热能密度)的比值, 其计算公式为(8)~(10)[12]
$\text { 营养素密度 } / \%=\frac{\text { 二定量某种食物中营养素含量(湿重) }}{\text { 人体中该营养素供给量标准 }} \times 100 \%$
$\text { 热能密度 } / \%=\frac{\text { 一定量某种食物产生的热量 }}{\text { 热能供给标准 }} \times 100 \%$
$\text { INQ } / \%=\frac{\text { 营养素密度 }}{\text { 热能密度 }} \times 100 \%$
采用EXCEL 2010和SPSS 20.0对数据进行统计和方差分析, 结果以平均值±标准偏差(±s)表示, 采用单因素方差进行数据显著性分析, P<0.05表示数据统计学差异显著。
本研究中的Y45和Y30对虾由于养殖过程中几乎不投喂饵料, 其个体大小和体重显著小于淡水虾。对3组对虾进行常规营养成分测定, 结果如表1所示。由表1可知, 随着养殖环境盐度降低, 虾的水分含量和粗脂肪含量逐渐升高, 其中各组间粗脂肪含量差异显著, Y45组对虾的水分含量与D0组和Y30组对虾间差异显著(P<0.05); 养殖环境盐度降低, 粗蛋白和灰分含量呈下降趋势, 且各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。此研究结果与李晓等[6]认为凡纳滨对虾中水分和蛋白含量与盐度相关联, 盐度升高, 含水量下降, 蛋白质含量升高的结论一致, 与文国樑等[15]认为淡水养殖对虾水分和脂肪含量高于海水养殖对虾, 蛋白质和灰分含量低于海水养殖对虾的结论一致。Y45组对虾的蛋白含量高达(23.21±0.44) g/100 g, 同时其灰分含量也高达(2.30±0.15) g/100 g, 富含矿质元素。
本研究中测得的盐田虾(Y45)粗蛋白含量高于黄艳青等[14]报道的上海奉贤地区海水池塘(盐度12.14‰)养殖4个月的凡纳滨对虾和黄薇等[15]报道的立体混养模式下(淡水)养殖的凡纳滨对虾, 但低于李晓等[6]报道的在盐度50‰条件下饲料投喂养殖3个月的凡纳滨对虾。这种差异可能是由养殖环境盐度、养殖周期及饲料投喂等的不同所导致的。
表2可知, 3组凡纳滨对虾均检出18种氨基酸, 包括8种必需氨基酸, 氨基酸种类齐全。从氨基酸组成上来看, 3组对虾的谷氨酸含量最高, 其次为天门冬氨酸, 色氨酸含量最低。其中, 有9种氨基酸在3组对虾间差异不显著, 有4种氨基酸(谷氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸)在3组间差异显著(P<0.05)。3组对虾的TAA呈Y45>D0>Y30趋势且差异显著(P<0.05), DAA呈Y45>D0>Y30趋势, 与彭永兴等[16]报道的海水凡纳滨对虾TAA、EAA、DAA显著高于淡水凡纳滨对虾不一致, 这可能是养殖环境、投喂饲料、样品个体大小等不同导致的。根据FAO/WHO的理想模式, 质量较好的蛋白质其EAA与NEAA比值EAA/NEAA为60%以上, EAA与TAA比值EAA/TAA为35.38%左右[17]。3组对虾的EAA/NEAA均在60%以上, EAA/TAA均高于35.38%, 氨基酸平衡效果好, 是优质的蛋白来源。
AAS和CS是反映食物蛋白质构成和利用率关系的重要指标。根据表3数据, 从AAS来看, Y45和D0组对虾的赖氨酸最高, 第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸, 第二限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸; Y30对虾的AAS以酪氨酸+苯丙氨酸最高, 第一限制性氨基酸为苏氨酸, 第二限制性氨基酸为色氨酸。从CS来看, Y45和D0组对虾赖氨酸得分最高, Y30对虾的CS以酪氨酸+苯丙氨酸得分最高, 3组对虾的第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸, 第二限制性氨基酸为半胱氨酸+蛋氨酸。为了保持饮食平衡, 在食用凡纳滨虾时, 建议搭配富含色氨酸和半胱氨酸+蛋氨酸的食物进行相应的补充, 如小米、花生、大豆、瘦肉、鸡蛋等。
EAAI是评价食物蛋白质质量的重要指标, 它可以反映食物蛋白与标准蛋白的必需氨基酸组成接近程度和蛋白质的消化利用率[18]。3组对虾的EAAI由高到低依次为Y45>D0>Y30。根据EAAI值适用评价标准[19-20], EAAI>95为优质蛋白源, 86<EAAI<95为良好蛋白源, 75<EAAI<86为可用蛋白源, EAAI<75为不适用蛋白源。由表3可见, 3组对虾的EAAI值均高于100, 高于斑节对虾(76.15)[21]、刀额新对虾(73.70)[22]、淡水石斑鱼(82.56)[23]、红罗非鱼(85.10)[23], 为优质蛋白源。综合来看, 3组凡纳滨对虾的氨基酸种类丰富, 组成合理, 营养价值较高。
脂肪的氧化是肉类产生香气的主要原因, 尤其是不饱和脂肪酸能显著增加香味[24]。由表4可知, Y45和Y30对虾肌肉中检出8种脂肪酸, D0对虾检出7种脂肪酸, 远少于李晓等[6]和黄薇等[15]报道的凡纳滨对虾肌肉脂肪酸种类(分别为17种和21种), 这可能是由于取样时间、检测方法、养殖模式和投喂饵料等不同导致的。3组对虾中脂肪酸含量较高的是棕榈酸(C16:0)、油酸(C18:1)。UFA中, EPA (C20:5)含量呈Y45>Y30>D0趋势, 且差异显著; 亚油酸(C18:2)含量呈Y45<Y30<D0趋势, 且差异显著; Y45对虾肌肉中DHA未检出, 而Y30中和D0对虾肌肉的α-亚麻酸(C18:3)未检出。3组对虾肌肉的PUFA占比呈Y45<Y30<D0, 与文国樑等[13]测定的淡水凡纳滨对虾肌肉PUFA高于海水对虾一致。3组对虾的IA和IT远低于牛肉和羊肉(IA分别为0.71和1.00; IT分别为1.06和1.58)[25], 说明3组凡纳滨对虾肌肉脂肪酸的不饱和程度高, 具有抑制动脉粥样硬化、抗血栓和软化血管的作用。
凡纳滨对虾的矿质元素种类和含量受生长环境的影响较大。由表5可知, 3组对虾的钙、镁、磷、铁、钾、锌等矿质元素含量较为丰富; 受高盐生活环境的影响, 盐田虾的钙、钠、氯、镁等矿质元素显著高于D0组, 其中, Y45的钙含量约是D0的2倍。钙是动物不可或缺的常量元素, 具有维持神经与肌肉活动、促进生长发育, 维持细胞正常功能等多种活性; 铁具有促进血红蛋白合成, 缓解贫血等功能; 镁具有促进骨骼代谢、调节激素和能量代谢等作用; 锌具有增强创伤组织再生、提高食欲和免疫力的作用; 碘具有促进蛋白质合成, 参与人体营养吸收和脂肪代谢等作用。盐田虾的矿质元素含量非常丰富, 是补钙和补充多种矿质元素的良好食物来源。
矿质元素不仅影响凡纳滨对虾的营养品质, 也影响对虾的货架期和风味[26], 如铜、铁等可引起不饱和脂肪酸的氧化, 钠、钾、镁、钙等离子呈咸味, 锌离子呈甜味, 氯本身无味, 但能起到修饰风味的作用[27]。盐田虾(Y45和Y30)中的铁含量显著低于D0淡水虾, 提示盐田虾的脂肪酸不易被氧化; 钠、钙、氯、镁含量显著高于淡水虾, 这可能是盐田虾风味与淡水虾存在较大差异的原因之一。
表6可知, Y45组的虾青素含量显著高于Y30组(P<0.05), 而D0组对虾肌肉中虾青素含量过低未检出。与沈敏等[28]报道的高盐虾肌肉的虾青素含量(5‰盐度凡纳滨对虾肌肉约4 μg/g, 22‰盐度凡纳滨对虾肌肉约2.3 μg/g, 分光光度法检测)、齐宇等[29]报道的南美白对虾肌肉虾青素含量(约40 μg/g, 分光光度法检测)、张旭飞[30]报道的凡纳滨对虾肌肉虾青素含量(12.69 μg/g, 液相色谱法)相比, 本研究检测的盐田虾中的虾青素含量偏低, 这可能是由于检测方法、取样季节、养殖地域等的不同导致的。虾青素是自然界最强的抗氧化剂之一, 能有效清除自由基和活性氧, 其抗氧化活性是α-生育酚的100倍[31]。杨梦煊等[32]报道对虾在遭受环境胁迫时, 会优先将用于着色部分的虾青素(虾壳中)转运到肝胰腺中参与抗氧化, 进而表现为体色的减弱和抗氧化能力的上升, 本研究结果也表明, 在高盐度胁迫下, 盐田虾(凡纳滨对虾)肌肉和内脏会大量富集虾青素以应对恶劣环境。
Y30组牛磺酸含量高于Y45组, 远高于D0组。牛磺酸作为一种含硫的非蛋白质氨基酸, 在水产动物代谢、渗透调节、免疫调节和抗氧化等面发挥着重要作用[33-34]。SHI等[35]研究发现, 在低鱼粉饲料(10%鱼粉)中添加0.4%牛磺酸, 可提高南美白对虾的抗氧化指标, 增强铁蛋白、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶等抗氧化基因的表达, 激活了Toll和IMD免疫通路, 提升了抗菌肽alfcrupen3的基因表达, 表明牛磺酸能从细胞层面增强对虾的抗氧化和免疫能力。两组盐田虾的牛磺酸含量远高于淡水虾, 推测可能是高盐环境促使凡纳滨对虾在肌肉中富集牛磺酸, 以应对不利的环境条件。3组对虾的羟脯氨酸含量无显著差异。
色泽是评价水产品品质最直接的感官指标, 在产品的外观和可接受程度中起着重要的作用, 色泽的变化会有意识或潜意识影响消费者的购买趋势[36]。加热处理后, 肉眼观察可见淡水虾色泽较红, 盐田虾的色泽偏淡。由表7色度检测结果来看, 盐田虾Y30和Y45与淡水虾D0的a*差异显著, D0组体色显著红于Y45和Y30; 虾体表面色彩强度(C)值呈D0>Y30>Y45, 推测除饵料不同外, 这也可能是由于高盐环境下盐田虾虾壳中的虾青素被转移到内脏和肌肉中辅助抗氧化所导致的。
根据中国营养协会推荐的每日膳食中营养素供给量, 以成年男子轻体力活动计算3组对虾的营养质量指数, 结果如表8所示。营养质量指数法是国际上膳食评价时, 判断食物中的各种营养素对人体需要的满足程度时普遍采用的方法[37], INQ=1时, 表示该食物营养素与能量的供给能力相当; INQ>1, 表示该食物营养素的供给能力高于能量, 特别适合体重超重和肥胖者; INQ<1, 表示该食物中该营养素的供给能力低于能量, 长期食用此类食物, 会发生营养素不足或热能过剩的危险, 为营养价值较低的食物[12]。由表8可知, 除脂肪外, 3组对虾各营养素的INQ均大于1, 即对脂肪而言, 凡纳滨对虾的营养价值并不高, 需要从其他食物中补充; Y45和Y30凡纳滨对虾肌肉的蛋白质、磷、钠、氯、镁的INQ指数均特别高, D0凡纳滨对虾肌肉的蛋白质、磷和镁的INQ指数较高, 即3组对虾分别提供相应营养素的能力较高。
游离氨基酸是水产品的主要呈味物质和风味前体物质[38]。不同的游离氨基酸具有不同的呈味特征, 某些游离氨基酸与游离核苷酸、无机盐等相互作用, 可进一步提高食物的味道强度[39]。如表9所示, Y45中检出17种游离氨基酸, Y30、D0中检出16种游离氨基酸; 游离氨基酸总量随着盐度的降低呈下降趋势, Y45的游离氨基酸含量最高, 这可能是盐田虾味道鲜美的原因之一。黄凯等[42]认为高盐度下对虾会通过升高体内的游离氨基酸浓度来保持渗透压平衡, 与本研究结果一致。Y45的精氨酸、甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丙氨酸含量较高; Y30与D0的甘氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、谷氨酸含量较高。甘氨酸和丙氨酸是甘甜味的主要贡献者; 精氨酸是一种苦味氨基酸, 带有微弱甜味, 高含量时与呈甜味的丙氨酸协同作用赋予虾肉特有的风味[43]; 脯氨酸不仅可以增加甜味, 还可以减少虾肉中的不愉快滋味[44]; 谷氨酸是鲜味的主要贡献者, 可以改善对虾的总体风味。
不同的呈味物质具有不同地滋味阈值, 可根据TAV判断其对整体滋味的贡献程度, 当TAV>1时, 认为该物质对样品的整体滋味有重要贡献[45]。由TAV结果来看(表9), Y45中精氨酸的TAV值高达14.08, 是其滋味的主要贡献者, 其他对滋味贡献较多的游离氨基酸为呈甘味的甘氨酸、丙氨酸, 呈鲜味的谷氨酸, 呈苦味的组氨酸、呈甜/苦味的缬氨酸和脯氨酸; Y30中TAV最高的是谷氨酸, 是滋味的主要贡献者, 其他对滋味贡献较多的是丙氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、缬氨酸等; D0中TAV最高的是呈甘味的丙氨酸, 对淡水虾的滋味起到重要作用, 其他对滋味贡献较多的是谷氨酸、组氨酸、甘氨酸和缬氨酸。
3组对虾中无机离子、季胺化合物、还原糖、有机酸、核苷酸等滋味物质的含量、呈味特征、滋味阈值及TAV如表10所示。Na+、K+、Cl-和PO43-是评价水产品滋味的重要指标[46], Na+和K+一般产生咸味, Cl-和PO43-本身无味, 往往起到修饰风味的作用。凡纳滨对虾中的Na+和Cl-含量与盐度呈显著正相关, Y45含量最高, D0组最低; K+各组间差异不显著。3组对虾中各离子的TAV均远高于1, 表明无机离子对凡纳滨对虾的滋味具有重要贡献。
甜菜碱和胆碱是存在于水产品中的重要季胺化合物。甜菜碱具有令人爽快的甜味和一定的鲜味, 能增强浓厚味[47]。3组对虾的胆碱含量差异显著, 但由于胆碱的滋味阈值较高, 其TAV均小于1, 对滋味的贡献相对较小; Y45和Y30的甜菜碱TAV大于1, 这可能是其浓厚味强的一个重要因素。
乳酸和琥珀酸等有机酸是水产品重要的呈味物质, 可以有效改善水产品的风味。D0组除酒石酸未检出之外, 其余有机酸含量均显著高于Y45和Y30组。Y45和Y30组的酒石酸、乳酸和琥珀酸TAV大于1, 是其滋味的重要贡献者; D0组的乳酸、琥珀酸和苹果酸TAV大于1, 是其滋味的重要贡献者。研究表明, 琥珀酸与乳酸是虾蟹类动物中的主要代谢产物, 对海产品的特征滋味有一定的贡献[48], 它们赋予了凡纳滨对虾更柔和的酸味, 丰富整体的滋味。
游离核苷酸是虾蟹类水产品的特征滋味物质, 能够赋予水产品强烈的鲜味。3组对虾的TAV均小于1, 说明3种呈味核苷酸不是对虾鲜味的直接贡献者。但是, 呈味核苷酸可以与谷氨酸钠、游离氨基酸以及无机离子等产生协同增鲜作用, 对凡纳滨对虾的呈味起到一定的作用。
3组对虾肌肉的TPA和剪切力分析结果可知, 硬度上D0>Y30>Y45; 咀嚼性上Y30与D0组接近, 二者均大于Y45; 剪切力上D0>Y30>Y45; 黏附性Y30较高, D0与Y45无显著差异; 胶黏性上Y30>D0>Y45; 弹性系数D0最小, Y45与Y30接近, 这个结果与沈敏等[28]报道的高盐虾硬度和内聚性高于低盐虾, 黏性和胶着性相近的结果较为一致。硬度是描述虾肉变形或穿透虾肉所需要的力, 是虾肉保持形状的内部结合力; 咀嚼性是指将虾肉咀嚼成吞咽状态所需的能量; 剪切力是评价肌肉嫩度的重要指标, 也是肌肉内部结构的反映, 一般来讲, 剪切力越小, 肉质越嫩[49]。胶黏性表示当食品表面与其他物体(舌、牙齿和口腔)附着时, 剥离它们所需的力, 它反映了虾肌肉细胞间结合力的大小, 结合力越小, 黏性值越大[50]; 弹性反映了虾体受外力作用时变形, 去除外力后的恢复程度, 一定条件下, 含水率越高, 弹性越大, 弹性还受蛋白质含量的影响, 蛋白含量尤其是胶原蛋白含量越高, 弹性越强; 内聚性反映了对虾体肌肉咀嚼时的抵抗性, 抵抗外界因素的损伤并紧密连接, 使自身保持完整的性质。比值在0到1之间时, 内聚性越大肌肉口感越好, 越细腻[51]。相对而言, Y45对虾肌肉的硬度和剪切力较低, 弹性较高, 其肉质较嫩, 口感细腻, 易咀嚼, 弹性好; Y30对虾肌肉咀嚼性、胶黏性和弹性均最高, 剪切力和硬度居中, 可能是其胶原蛋白含量较高(羟脯氨酸含量高), 肌肉细胞间结合力偏小导致的, 其肌肉耐咀嚼; D0组对虾肌肉硬度、剪切力和咀嚼性高, 弹性较低, 其肉质偏硬且不细嫩, 不易咀嚼。
总体说来, 盐田虾与淡水养殖的凡纳滨对虾一样, 均是高蛋白、低脂肪的优质虾类, 其肌肉中含有丰富的人体必需的氨基酸和矿物质, 呈味氨基酸含量高, 味道鲜美, 营养丰富。比较而言, 盐田虾的蛋白含量, 矿质元素钙、镁, 活性物质虾青素、牛磺酸等含量高于淡水凡纳滨对虾, 营养价值更高; 盐田虾的游离氨基酸含量, 无机离子中的Na+、Cl-, 甜菜碱, 酒石酸含量显著高于淡水虾, 游离氨基酸中的精氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸, 无机离子(Na+、K+、Cl-、PO43-)、甜菜碱、酒石酸、乳酸和琥珀酸是其滋味的主要贡献者, 其他有机酸、呈味核苷酸、还原糖等也为盐田虾提供了更丰富的滋味; 肌肉硬度和剪切力低, 弹性高, 肉质更为细嫩; 色泽上看, 盐田虾的体色相对较浅, 这可能是盐田虾在推广过程中的一个不利因素, 需要引起重视。
  • 青岛市海洋科技创新专项(2024年海洋产业关键技术攻关)(24-1-3-hygg-25-hy)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2401604)
  • 山东省现代农业虾蟹产业技术体系项目(SDAIT-13-01)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241223003
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
基金
青岛市海洋科技创新专项(2024年海洋产业关键技术攻关)(24-1-3-hygg-25-hy)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2401604)
山东省现代农业虾蟹产业技术体系项目(SDAIT-13-01)
作者信息
    1.山东省海洋科学研究院, 青岛 266104
    2.青岛市水产生物品质评价与利用工程研究中心, 青岛 266104
    3.滨州市海洋发展研究院, 滨州 256699
    4.滨州市水产苗种繁育与健康养殖重点实验室, 滨州 256699

通讯作者:

* 王颖(1971—), 女, 硕士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为海洋资源利用。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spaq/CN/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241223003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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