Article(id=1153433745534214964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734710400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929634697, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929634697, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929634697, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929634697, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433737141412332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929632696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757293087150, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171735391666225234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433737141412332, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=170, endPage=179, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433746175943497, articleId=1153433745534214964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of low-temperature fermentation process and fermentation time on aromatic quality of summer-harvested Jingshan black tea, columnId=1152687436237812322, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Fermentation Technology in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of low-temperature fermentation processes and fermentation duration on the aroma composition and aromatic characteristics of summer-harvested Jingshan black tea. Methods First, headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) combined with sensory evaluation was used to analyze the aroma components of 12 samples fermented at 3 temperatures (25, 28 and 35 ℃) and four durations (2.5, 4.0, 5.5 and 7.0 h). Second, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to explore the differences among samples under varying fermentation conditions (temperature and duration). Finally, Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) with variable importance projection (VIP) scores and relative odorant activity value (OAV) was conducted to screen differential volatile compounds related to fermentation conditions. Results A total of 86 kinds of aroma components were analyzed and identified by the above-mentioned methods. Among them, 15 kinds of substances, such as dimethyl sulfide, linalool, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, indole and geraniol, were identified as the key differential volatile compounds under different fermentation conditions (temperature and time). Compared with other fermentation time samples, 4.0 h samples had higher concentration of volatile compounds and better quality. Among the samples with a 4.0 h fermentation duration, the samples fermented at 25 ℃ and 28 ℃ obtained higher sensory scores and presented distinct aroma profiles. At this duration, 25 ℃ and 4.0 h-fermented samples displayed floral aromas dominated by dimethyl sulfide, dehydro-linalool, linalool and neral, while 28 ℃ and 4.0 h-fermented samples exhibited fruity notes characterized by myrcene, citral and geraniol. Conclusion Low-temperature fermentation processes and fermentation duration critically influence the aromatic quality of Jingshan black tea.

, correspAuthors=Hui-Ling LIANG, De-Song TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rui WU, Nan HU, Chun-Fang LI, Jia-Jia LU, Dan WU, Ying-Hua PANG, Hui-Ling LIANG, De-Song TANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433772939797347, articleId=1153433745534214964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=低温发酵工艺与发酵时间对夏季径山红茶香气品质的影响, columnId=1152687436393001573, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究低温发酵工艺与发酵时间对径山夏季红茶香气成分与香气特征的影响。方法 首先, 采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术结合感官审评, 对在25、28、35 ℃ 3个发酵温度, 以及在4个发酵温度下发酵不同时间(2.5、4.0、5.5、7.0 h)的12个样品的香气成分进行分析。其次, 采用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)和层次聚类分析(hierarchical cluster analysis, HCA)方法探究夏季径山红茶在不同发酵条件(温度和时间)下样品间的差异性。最后, 通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)结合变量投影重要性(variable importance projection, VIP)指标, 并结合相对香气活度值(odorant activity value, OAV)筛选出夏季径山红茶样品中与发酵条件相关的差异性挥发性化合物。结果 通过上述方法共分析鉴定出86种香气成分, 其中二甲基硫、芳樟醇、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、吲哚、香叶醇等15种物质被鉴定为不同发酵条件(温度和时间)的关键差异挥发性化合物。发酵4.0 h的样品相较其他发酵时间的样品, 其挥发性化合物的浓度较高, 品质较好。在发酵时间为4.0 h的样品中, 发酵温度为25 ℃与28 °C的样品感官评分较高, 且表现出不同香气轮廓。25 ℃发酵4.0 h的样品主要呈现花香的品质特征, 主要由二甲基硫、脱氢芳樟醇、芳樟醇、橙花醛等物质共同组成了这一独特香气特征。而28 ℃发酵4.0 h的样品果香味更为突出, 由月桂烯、柠檬醛、香叶醇等物质构建了其独特的香气轮廓。结论 低温发酵工艺与发酵时间对径山红茶香气品质具有显著影响。

, correspAuthors=梁慧玲, 唐德松, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 梁慧玲(1979—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物技术与资源利用方面的研究开发。E-mail:
唐德松(1976—), 男, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为茶叶加工与精深加工与茶食品技术开发。E-mail:
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吴锐(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶加工与品质检测。E-mail:

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吴锐(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶加工与品质检测。E-mail:

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Food Science and Human Wellness, 2015, 4(1): 9-27., articleTitle=Tea aroma formation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1171733878566855434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, awardId=2022XTTGCY02-03, language=CN, fundingSource=2022—2023年浙江省茶叶重大技术协同推广计划试点项目(2022XTTGCY02-03), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1171733872581583556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171733872589972165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, companyId=1171733872581583556, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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注: *表示显著差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=cBxUr83pmSanfySI/jT6Qg==, figureFileBig=L6sO+wu4TxhRGFucBlb4Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733877031740156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Bar stacked chart for percentage of various aroma components under different fermentation temperatures and times, figureFileSmall=wZ0RmEhEO+JAPlE+zoaKcA==, figureFileBig=htdKAEsjpXomHWEUB277dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733877157569277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同发酵温度与时间径山夏季红茶各类香气组分百分比柱状堆积图, figureFileSmall=wZ0RmEhEO+JAPlE+zoaKcA==, figureFileBig=htdKAEsjpXomHWEUB277dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733877279204094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Content of different categories of volatile compounds in Jingshan summer black tea under various fermentation temperatures and times, figureFileSmall=LNOHjVEBZ91N2PeIeJMBlQ==, figureFileBig=wQ1HY6cZ0tBYE8tiK42EKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733877354701567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同发酵温度与时间的径山夏季红茶不同类别的挥发性化合物含量

注: 不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05), 图6同。

, figureFileSmall=LNOHjVEBZ91N2PeIeJMBlQ==, figureFileBig=wQ1HY6cZ0tBYE8tiK42EKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733877451170560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Analysis of aroma compounds in Jingshan summer black tea under different fermentation temperatures and times, figureFileSmall=sBh9E64PygJLmxre39Ji1A==, figureFileBig=KlE8LpU9SZuKPtG14EfT9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733877526668033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同发酵温度与时间径山夏季红茶香气物质分析, figureFileSmall=sBh9E64PygJLmxre39Ji1A==, figureFileBig=KlE8LpU9SZuKPtG14EfT9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733877614748418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Grouped heatmap of differential aroma compounds in Jingshan summer black tea under different fermentation temperatures and times, figureFileSmall=2bDvotWPORx1GZvn2VpImw==, figureFileBig=uEA5h20si7kE4PAFn8wI2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733877786714883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同发酵温度与时间径山夏季红茶差异香气化合物的分组热图, figureFileSmall=2bDvotWPORx1GZvn2VpImw==, figureFileBig=uEA5h20si7kE4PAFn8wI2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733877891572484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Relative concentrations of key differential markers for different fermentation treatments of Jingshan summer black tea, figureFileSmall=rpv/1mlG3q2HIjeAqKVMCg==, figureFileBig=mQtFaEtHXHwb/mKe810gsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733877971264261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同发酵处理下径山夏季红茶的关键差异标志物相对浓度, figureFileSmall=rpv/1mlG3q2HIjeAqKVMCg==, figureFileBig=mQtFaEtHXHwb/mKe810gsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171733878050956038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation form of Jingshan black tea with different fermentation temperatures and times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
茶样 发酵条件 外形 香气 汤色 滋味 叶底 评分
AL 25 ℃、2.5 h 紧结弯曲、靛红泛青、匀净 青草气显、有异味、无明显
香气
浅黄透亮 清淡、苦涩 靛红泛青、较软 68.13±0.32h
AM 28 ℃、2.5 h 紧结弯曲、靛红微青、匀净 青草气显, 无明显香气 淡黄、明亮 略清淡、苦涩 靛红微青、较软 72.47±0.91g
AH 35 ℃、2.5 h 紧结弯曲、靛红、匀净 青草气重, 果香、花香略显 黄绿清澈 苦涩较重 靛红、较软 75.13±1.27cd
BL 25 ℃、4.0 h 紧结弯曲、靛红、匀净 花香浓郁、果香明显、蜜香、薯香稍显 金黄、明亮带
金圈
滋味鲜爽、回甘悠长 靛红、较软 93.53±0.50a
BM 28 ℃、4.0 h 紧结弯曲、靛红、匀净 果香浓郁、花香明显、蜜香、薯香稍显 橙黄透亮 滋味鲜爽、回甘悠长 靛红、较软 94.13±0.78a
BH 35 ℃、4.0 h 紧结弯曲、红褐、匀净 果香、蜜香、薯香味显、带
花香
黄褐 口感较协调 棕红、较软 83.73±0.42d
CL 25 ℃、5.5 h 紧结弯曲、红褐、匀净 花香、果香显 橙黄明亮 稍鲜、较醇 棕红、较软 87.33±0.51b
CM 28 ℃、5.5 h 紧结弯曲、深褐、匀净 果香、花香显、带蜜香 橙红 稍鲜、略醇厚 深红、较软 85.47±1.11c
CH 35 ℃、5.5 h 紧结弯曲、黑褐、匀称 果香、花香略显、带薯香、
蜜香
橙红偏深 苦涩较重、无回甘 黑褐 78.53±1.58e
DL 25 ℃、7.0 h 紧结弯曲、黑褐、匀称 带花香、果香 橙黄偏深 苦涩较重 深褐 75.10±0.96f
DM 28 ℃、7.0 h 紧结弯曲、暗淡、匀称 有焦味、薯香显、花果香
较弱
橙褐偏黑 苦涩重 黑褐、略破碎 72.40±1.30g
DH 35 ℃、7.0 h 紧结弯曲、暗淡、匀称 焦味明显、薯香显、花果香
较弱
黑褐、不透亮 苦涩重 黑褐、略破碎 69.03±0.93h
), ArticleFig(id=1171733878134842119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同发酵温度与时间径山夏季红茶感官审评表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
茶样 发酵条件 外形 香气 汤色 滋味 叶底 评分
AL 25 ℃、2.5 h 紧结弯曲、靛红泛青、匀净 青草气显、有异味、无明显
香气
浅黄透亮 清淡、苦涩 靛红泛青、较软 68.13±0.32h
AM 28 ℃、2.5 h 紧结弯曲、靛红微青、匀净 青草气显, 无明显香气 淡黄、明亮 略清淡、苦涩 靛红微青、较软 72.47±0.91g
AH 35 ℃、2.5 h 紧结弯曲、靛红、匀净 青草气重, 果香、花香略显 黄绿清澈 苦涩较重 靛红、较软 75.13±1.27cd
BL 25 ℃、4.0 h 紧结弯曲、靛红、匀净 花香浓郁、果香明显、蜜香、薯香稍显 金黄、明亮带
金圈
滋味鲜爽、回甘悠长 靛红、较软 93.53±0.50a
BM 28 ℃、4.0 h 紧结弯曲、靛红、匀净 果香浓郁、花香明显、蜜香、薯香稍显 橙黄透亮 滋味鲜爽、回甘悠长 靛红、较软 94.13±0.78a
BH 35 ℃、4.0 h 紧结弯曲、红褐、匀净 果香、蜜香、薯香味显、带
花香
黄褐 口感较协调 棕红、较软 83.73±0.42d
CL 25 ℃、5.5 h 紧结弯曲、红褐、匀净 花香、果香显 橙黄明亮 稍鲜、较醇 棕红、较软 87.33±0.51b
CM 28 ℃、5.5 h 紧结弯曲、深褐、匀净 果香、花香显、带蜜香 橙红 稍鲜、略醇厚 深红、较软 85.47±1.11c
CH 35 ℃、5.5 h 紧结弯曲、黑褐、匀称 果香、花香略显、带薯香、
蜜香
橙红偏深 苦涩较重、无回甘 黑褐 78.53±1.58e
DL 25 ℃、7.0 h 紧结弯曲、黑褐、匀称 带花香、果香 橙黄偏深 苦涩较重 深褐 75.10±0.96f
DM 28 ℃、7.0 h 紧结弯曲、暗淡、匀称 有焦味、薯香显、花果香
较弱
橙褐偏黑 苦涩重 黑褐、略破碎 72.40±1.30g
DH 35 ℃、7.0 h 紧结弯曲、暗淡、匀称 焦味明显、薯香显、花果香
较弱
黑褐、不透亮 苦涩重 黑褐、略破碎 69.03±0.93h
), ArticleFig(id=1171733878231311112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Relative OAVs of key aroma compounds in Jingshan black tea under different fermentation temperatures and times

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 香气成分 阈值
/(μg/L)
OAVs 香气
描述
AL AM AH BL BM BH CL CM CH DL DM DH
1 二甲基硫 0.30[21] 5.33 14.59 45.21 130.13 14.17 8.99 16.69 90.02 5.55 21.64 30.95 15.59 玉米、谷物味
2 2-己烯醛 0.03[21] 5669.83 847.29 1219.81 1316.46 1581.17 2147.56 1447.51 516.65 319.45 ND ND ND 蔬菜味
3 己醛 2.40[21] 56.63 6.75 5.07 9.67 2.62 0.78 1.86 5.81 0.75 2.77 2.21 1.45 青草味
4 月桂烯 1.20[21] 7.26 17.13 27.36 36.00 92.63 59.53 7.64 7.54 3.20 8.27 6.77 4.61 甜橘味、香脂气
5 苯乙醛 4.00[22] 7.20 15.51 26.00 51.85 31.31 7.85 25.55 6.67 4.64 15.40 12.95 5.87 风信子香、水仙花
6 芳樟醇 0.58[23] 315.08 490.38 635.15 562.24 324.18 395.97 111.90 195.50 53.74 99.75 81.86 63.58 花香
7 脱氢芳樟醇 0.10[23] 365.44 1251.43 646.37 1130.34 998.21 879.54 180.59 452.65 126.34 245.14 372.51 177.56 似水果的特殊香味
8 (E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 0.06[24] 1797.91 1625.15 2197.64 1349.46 908.01 320.03 944.34 330.11 918.11 856.73 536.66 190.70 青草、脂肪香
9 水杨酸甲酯 40.00[23] 2.34 5.52 6.04 6.00 5.30 3.82 1.15 2.99 0.76 1.88 1.64 1.17 薄荷、冬青
叶味
10 柠檬醛 1.30[25] 12.92 25.44 0.90 60.15 77.17 4.22 12.42 16.95 4.96 4.16 1.66 ND 柑橘、似柠檬香气
11 吲哚 11.00[23] 2.85 4.98 3.51 1.85 2.11 2.40 0.51 1.19 0.13 0.52 0.24 0.07 茉莉花香、
樟脑
12 茉莉酸甲酯 3.00[21] ND 7.97 6.19 8.78 8.31 10.72 13.99 9.37 12.30 2.29 ND ND 清新玉兰
花香
13 香叶醇 1.10[23] 94.18 188.48 234.81 198.24 184.72 110.54 59.27 73.05 22.13 57.89 48.28 36.68 花香
14 茉莉酮 0.26[22] 406.23 726.11 831.34 832.93 696.48 502.90 163.98 387.81 103.23 222.35 194.39 153.07 木本、草本、茉莉味
15 橙花醛 0.15[22] 269.14 576.99 719.47 864.28 427.41 598.54 190.61 199.39 71.18 186.19 155.27 117.96 柠檬味
), ArticleFig(id=1171733878327780105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433745534214964, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同发酵温度与时间径山红茶中关键香气化合物的相对OAVs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 香气成分 阈值
/(μg/L)
OAVs 香气
描述
AL AM AH BL BM BH CL CM CH DL DM DH
1 二甲基硫 0.30[21] 5.33 14.59 45.21 130.13 14.17 8.99 16.69 90.02 5.55 21.64 30.95 15.59 玉米、谷物味
2 2-己烯醛 0.03[21] 5669.83 847.29 1219.81 1316.46 1581.17 2147.56 1447.51 516.65 319.45 ND ND ND 蔬菜味
3 己醛 2.40[21] 56.63 6.75 5.07 9.67 2.62 0.78 1.86 5.81 0.75 2.77 2.21 1.45 青草味
4 月桂烯 1.20[21] 7.26 17.13 27.36 36.00 92.63 59.53 7.64 7.54 3.20 8.27 6.77 4.61 甜橘味、香脂气
5 苯乙醛 4.00[22] 7.20 15.51 26.00 51.85 31.31 7.85 25.55 6.67 4.64 15.40 12.95 5.87 风信子香、水仙花
6 芳樟醇 0.58[23] 315.08 490.38 635.15 562.24 324.18 395.97 111.90 195.50 53.74 99.75 81.86 63.58 花香
7 脱氢芳樟醇 0.10[23] 365.44 1251.43 646.37 1130.34 998.21 879.54 180.59 452.65 126.34 245.14 372.51 177.56 似水果的特殊香味
8 (E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛 0.06[24] 1797.91 1625.15 2197.64 1349.46 908.01 320.03 944.34 330.11 918.11 856.73 536.66 190.70 青草、脂肪香
9 水杨酸甲酯 40.00[23] 2.34 5.52 6.04 6.00 5.30 3.82 1.15 2.99 0.76 1.88 1.64 1.17 薄荷、冬青
叶味
10 柠檬醛 1.30[25] 12.92 25.44 0.90 60.15 77.17 4.22 12.42 16.95 4.96 4.16 1.66 ND 柑橘、似柠檬香气
11 吲哚 11.00[23] 2.85 4.98 3.51 1.85 2.11 2.40 0.51 1.19 0.13 0.52 0.24 0.07 茉莉花香、
樟脑
12 茉莉酸甲酯 3.00[21] ND 7.97 6.19 8.78 8.31 10.72 13.99 9.37 12.30 2.29 ND ND 清新玉兰
花香
13 香叶醇 1.10[23] 94.18 188.48 234.81 198.24 184.72 110.54 59.27 73.05 22.13 57.89 48.28 36.68 花香
14 茉莉酮 0.26[22] 406.23 726.11 831.34 832.93 696.48 502.90 163.98 387.81 103.23 222.35 194.39 153.07 木本、草本、茉莉味
15 橙花醛 0.15[22] 269.14 576.99 719.47 864.28 427.41 598.54 190.61 199.39 71.18 186.19 155.27 117.96 柠檬味
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低温发酵工艺与发酵时间对夏季径山红茶香气品质的影响
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吴锐 1 , 胡南 1 , 李春芳 1 , 卢佳佳 1 , 吴丹 1 , 庞英华 2 , 梁慧玲 1, * , 唐德松 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025,16(8): 170-179
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025, 16(8): 170-179
低温发酵工艺与发酵时间对夏季径山红茶香气品质的影响
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吴锐1 , 胡南1, 李春芳1, 卢佳佳1, 吴丹1, 庞英华2, 梁慧玲1, * , 唐德松1, *
作者信息
  • 1.浙江农林大学茶学与茶文化学院, 杭州 311300
  • 2.余杭市农业农村局, 杭州 311118
  • 吴锐(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶加工与品质检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 梁慧玲(1979—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物技术与资源利用方面的研究开发。E-mail:
唐德松(1976—), 男, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为茶叶加工与精深加工与茶食品技术开发。E-mail:
Effects of low-temperature fermentation process and fermentation time on aromatic quality of summer-harvested Jingshan black tea
Rui WU1 , Nan HU1, Chun-Fang LI1, Jia-Jia LU1, Dan WU1, Ying-Hua PANG2, Hui-Ling LIANG1, * , De-Song TANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
  • 2. Yuhang District Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, Hangzhou 311118, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221003
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目的 探究低温发酵工艺与发酵时间对径山夏季红茶香气成分与香气特征的影响。方法 首先, 采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术结合感官审评, 对在25、28、35 ℃ 3个发酵温度, 以及在4个发酵温度下发酵不同时间(2.5、4.0、5.5、7.0 h)的12个样品的香气成分进行分析。其次, 采用主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)和层次聚类分析(hierarchical cluster analysis, HCA)方法探究夏季径山红茶在不同发酵条件(温度和时间)下样品间的差异性。最后, 通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)结合变量投影重要性(variable importance projection, VIP)指标, 并结合相对香气活度值(odorant activity value, OAV)筛选出夏季径山红茶样品中与发酵条件相关的差异性挥发性化合物。结果 通过上述方法共分析鉴定出86种香气成分, 其中二甲基硫、芳樟醇、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、吲哚、香叶醇等15种物质被鉴定为不同发酵条件(温度和时间)的关键差异挥发性化合物。发酵4.0 h的样品相较其他发酵时间的样品, 其挥发性化合物的浓度较高, 品质较好。在发酵时间为4.0 h的样品中, 发酵温度为25 ℃与28 °C的样品感官评分较高, 且表现出不同香气轮廓。25 ℃发酵4.0 h的样品主要呈现花香的品质特征, 主要由二甲基硫、脱氢芳樟醇、芳樟醇、橙花醛等物质共同组成了这一独特香气特征。而28 ℃发酵4.0 h的样品果香味更为突出, 由月桂烯、柠檬醛、香叶醇等物质构建了其独特的香气轮廓。结论 低温发酵工艺与发酵时间对径山红茶香气品质具有显著影响。

夏季红茶  /  径山茶  /  低温发酵  /  气相色谱-质谱法

Objective To investigate the effects of low-temperature fermentation processes and fermentation duration on the aroma composition and aromatic characteristics of summer-harvested Jingshan black tea. Methods First, headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) combined with sensory evaluation was used to analyze the aroma components of 12 samples fermented at 3 temperatures (25, 28 and 35 ℃) and four durations (2.5, 4.0, 5.5 and 7.0 h). Second, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to explore the differences among samples under varying fermentation conditions (temperature and duration). Finally, Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) with variable importance projection (VIP) scores and relative odorant activity value (OAV) was conducted to screen differential volatile compounds related to fermentation conditions. Results A total of 86 kinds of aroma components were analyzed and identified by the above-mentioned methods. Among them, 15 kinds of substances, such as dimethyl sulfide, linalool, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, indole and geraniol, were identified as the key differential volatile compounds under different fermentation conditions (temperature and time). Compared with other fermentation time samples, 4.0 h samples had higher concentration of volatile compounds and better quality. Among the samples with a 4.0 h fermentation duration, the samples fermented at 25 ℃ and 28 ℃ obtained higher sensory scores and presented distinct aroma profiles. At this duration, 25 ℃ and 4.0 h-fermented samples displayed floral aromas dominated by dimethyl sulfide, dehydro-linalool, linalool and neral, while 28 ℃ and 4.0 h-fermented samples exhibited fruity notes characterized by myrcene, citral and geraniol. Conclusion Low-temperature fermentation processes and fermentation duration critically influence the aromatic quality of Jingshan black tea.

summer black tea  /  Jingshan tea  /  low-temperature fermentation  /  gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
吴锐, 胡南, 李春芳, 卢佳佳, 吴丹, 庞英华, 梁慧玲, 唐德松. 低温发酵工艺与发酵时间对夏季径山红茶香气品质的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (8) : 170 -179 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221003
Rui WU, Nan HU, Chun-Fang LI, Jia-Jia LU, Dan WU, Ying-Hua PANG, Hui-Ling LIANG, De-Song TANG. Effects of low-temperature fermentation process and fermentation time on aromatic quality of summer-harvested Jingshan black tea[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (8) : 170 -179 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221003
径山茶主要产自余杭区, 是全区农产品的一张金名片[1]。径山红茶是以径山当地鸠坑群体种作为原料, 经萎凋、揉捻、发酵、干燥的工艺制成, 具有纯正花果香[2]。近年来, 径山茶以其独特的品质特征, 受到广大消费者的喜爱。然而, 径山红茶的采摘和加工时间主要集中在春季。在夏季, 由于光照时间长、强度大, 加之夏季气温较高, 导致了夏季红茶品质相对较差, 茶区弃采严重, 造成了茶叶资源的极大浪费[3]。因此, 如何通过改善工艺条件, 提高夏茶资源利用率, 提高径山红茶的产量, 从而提升经济效益成为近年来倍受关注的研究内容。
香气是评价红茶品质的重要因子, 也是消费者判断红茶品质的标准之一。加工工艺对红茶香气的形成具有重要影响。例如, 在加工过程中, 酶促氧化与热力学协同作用, 引发了糖苷的水解, 脂肪酸及类胡萝卜素的氧化, 美拉德反应以及氨基酸的脱羧与脱氨等一系列转化反应[4]。这些反应的前体物质以及转化产物是构成红茶特征香气的物质基础。
在研究发酵对夏季红茶品质的影响方面, 潘科等[5]通过比较在不同发酵时间进行通氧处理后的红茶香气品质, 得出通氧发酵的加工工艺有利于增加红茶香气化合物的种类。WEN等[6]通过缓慢发酵改变了红茶香型, 从而提升了风味。在优化发酵温度以改变红茶品质方面, 夏涛[7]指出, 在发酵温度低于15 ℃时, 由于多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)的活性降低, 多酚的氧化会受到抑制; 而当发酵温度超过35 ℃时, 多酚会被过度氧化而转化为一些不溶性产物, 从而降低红茶的品质。优质红茶的发酵温度通常在25~35 ℃的范围内[8]。权启爱[9]认为24~25 ℃为发酵最佳温度。倪世俊[10]的研究表明, 在24~28 ℃发酵温度下, 祁门红茶的品质较高。在优化发酵时间改善红茶品质方面, WANG等[11]研究表明, 发酵时间3 h的云南工夫红茶的品质最为优异。然而, 目前对于如何通过控制发酵温度和发酵时间以提升夏秋径山红茶的品质还未有充分的研究。因此, 本研究在夏季红茶自然发酵温度(近室温35 ℃)的基础上, 加入两组低温发酵组(25 ℃与28 ℃), 并采用不同的发酵时间, 结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术结合多元统计分析法对不同发酵温度、时间的夏季径山红茶的挥发性化合物进行分析, 并采用香气活度值(odorant activity value, OAV)评估各香气成分对各样品香气体系的贡献, 探索不同发酵温度与发酵时间对径山夏季红茶的香气品质的影响, 为径山地区夏季红茶发酵工艺的改进提供依据。
茶鲜叶于2024年7月采自杭州市余杭区, 品种为鸠坑群体种。
正构烷烃(C6~C40)混合物(纯度99.9%, 上海Sigma公司); 氯化钠(分析纯, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 纯净水(杭州娃哈哈集团有限公司); 癸酸乙酯(纯度99%, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 无水乙醇(分析纯, 天津市大茂化学试剂厂)。
Agilent 7890A-5975C气相色谱-质谱联用仪、HP-5 MS气相色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)(美国Agilent公司); SPME手动进样器、DVB/CAR/PDMS (50/30 μm)固相微萃取头(美国Supelco公司); DF-101S恒温磁力搅拌器(上海析牛莱伯仪器有限公司); CR-40型茶叶揉捻机(浙江上洋机械有限公司); LHS-80HC-1恒温恒湿发酵箱(常州金坛精达仪器制造有限公司); BSA124SCW型电子天平(精度0.0001 g, 赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司)。
茶样制备: 以径山群体种鲜叶为原料进行制作, 室内静置萎凋约16 h至含水率为60%后, 使用揉捻机以轻→重→轻的方式对茶样进行揉捻, 时长为1.5 h。结束后, 将揉捻叶等量分为3组(每组4 kg), 同时放入温度为25 (L)、28 (M)、35 ℃ (H)的发酵箱, 湿度统一设置为95%, 在发酵时间为2.5 (A)、4.0 (B)、5.5 (C)、7.0 h (D)时各取出1 kg样品。随后将样品至于120 ℃的干燥机烘干20 min, 冷却至室温后用80 ℃烘至足干。所有样品置于-40 ℃冰箱保存, 待检测。
根据GB/T 23776—2018《茶叶感官审评方法》和GB/T 14487—2017《茶叶感官审评术语》, 由3名茶叶审评专家构成审评小组, 对供试样茶开展感官审评。称取3 g茶样, 冲入150 mL沸水, 冲泡5 min后开展审评, 以评语和百分制打分相结合的方式评定茶叶品质, 其中外形、香气、汤色、滋味、叶底权重为: 感官总分=外形得分×25%+汤色得分×10%+香气得分×25%+滋味得分×30%+叶底得分×10%。
通过定量描述性分析(quantitative descriptive analysis, QDA)[12]确定茶叶样品的香气特征。审评小组人数共5人。对茶样香气的5个品质属性(清香、花香、果香、蜜香、薯香)进行描述。每位评估员采用十分制进行评分(0≤分数<2: 很弱; 2≤分数<4: 弱; 4≤分数<6: 中等; 6≤分数<8: 较强; 8≤分数≤10: 极强)。
茶样香气成分的提取和分析采用ZHANG等[13]的方法并略作修改。称取2 g氯化钠与0.6 g样品, 转移至20 mL顶空瓶中, 加入5 mL与10 μL质量浓度为10 mg/L的癸酸乙酯溶液作为内标, 加入磁力转子, 置于40 ℃恒温磁力搅拌水浴锅中平衡5 min后插入SPME萃取头, 吸附45 min后取出萃取头, 插入GC-MS进样口, 于250 ℃条件下解吸附5 min。
GC-MS分析条件: HP-5 MS气相色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm); 升温程序为40 ℃保持5 min, 以2 ℃/min的速率升至70 ℃, 随后以3 ℃/min的速率升至120 ℃, 之后以10 ℃/min的速率升至260 ℃保持2 min; 载气为氦气(99.99%); MS采用正离子模式; 质量扫描范围为m/z 30~400; 电子能量为70 eV; 进样方式为不分流进样。
定性分析: 基于GC-MS分析所获取的数据, 利用正构烷烃(C6~C40)的保留时间(retention time, RT)来计算所有检测到的挥发性成分的保留指数(retention index, RI)。随后, 结合美国国家标准与技术研究院标准参考物质谱库20版(National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 20, NIST 20)进行检索, 并与相关数据库[14]中的RI值进行对比, 对化合物进行鉴定, 并以癸酸乙酯作为内标物进行相对含量分析。
OAV的确定: OAVi=Ci /OTi, 其中, Ci代表挥发性化合物的相对质量浓度, μg/L; OTi为该挥发性化合物的嗅觉阈值。
使用SIMCA 14.1进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)分析, 使用TBtools (v2.154)和Origin 2024绘图, 使用SPSS Statistics 26.0进行方差分析。
12组不同处理条件下径山夏季红茶样品的感官审评结果如表1所示, 样品差异明显并存在一定规律。25~35 ℃ 3个发酵温度下, 发酵4.0 h样品组均获得最高评分, 说明该发酵时段利于优异径山夏季红茶品质的形成。其中, 除发酵时间2.5 h的样品外, 发酵温度为25 ℃与28 ℃的样品感官评分显著高于发酵时间35 ℃样品, 表明在4.0~7.0 h发酵时间下, 发酵温度25 ℃与28 ℃更利于优异径山夏季红茶的生产。对不同发酵温度与发酵时间径山夏季红茶香气评分雷达图(图1)得知, 总体以花香、果香为主, 并同时带有清香、蜜香、薯香等特性, 这一结果与肖春燕等[15]的研究结果一致。随着发酵时间增加, 香气强度分值总体呈现先增长后减弱的趋势, 4.0 h样品总体香气强度分值最高。在发酵4.0 h的样品中, 25 ℃发酵样品相比28 ℃和35 ℃发酵的样品花香更为显著, 28 ℃发酵组果香更浓郁, 而35 ℃发酵样品的薯香略高于其他样品。
采用GC-MS对12个样品进行检测, 共检测出86种挥发性化合物, 包括醇类18种, 酸酯类19种, 醛类17种, 酮类4种, 烯类14种, 碳氢化合物11种, 其他3种。如图2所示, 所有样品含量中除AL醛类占比最大之外, 均以醇类占比最大, 占挥发性化合物总量的30.39%~48.05%, 其次是醛类, 占挥发性化合物总量的15.69%~39.68%, 其他的依次为酸酯类(12.73%~24.43%)、酮类(4.18%~15.34%)、碳氢化合物(4.03%~12.95%)、其他类(1.10%~4.14%)。
图3可知, 不同发酵温度与时间的挥发性化合物的含量具有明显差异。发酵前4.0 h中, 25 ℃发酵样品中, 醇类与醛类化合物的含量呈现上升趋势, 这两类化合物主要具有清香、花果香、蜜香等气味属性[16-17]; 而28 ℃发酵样品中的醇类与醛类化合物的含量则分别呈现降低和上升趋势, 35 ℃发酵样品呈现减少趋势。4.0~7.0 h的样品的香气含量均呈现下降趋势。在总体含量较高的醇类、醛类、酸酯类和酮类化合物中, BL挥发性物质的含量显著高于其余发酵条件样品, 说明25 ℃ 4.0 h发酵更有利于挥发性化合物的形成和积累。
在发酵2.5 h的条件下, 发酵温度25 ℃的样品的醇类物质含量最低, 而醛类物质却含量较高; 35 ℃的发酵样品中醇类、酸酯类、碳氢化合物类的含量最高。在4.0 h的发酵条件下, 25 ℃样品的醇类和醛类物质含量最高, 28 ℃的样品其次, 35 ℃的样品最低。大部分醛类物质具有花果香等另人愉悦的气味, 但过高的醛类物质可能代表发酵不完全, 导致(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、2-己烯醛、己醛等香气物质含量过高, 产生不舒适的青气味。25 ℃、4.0 h发酵条件下醇类含量较高, 可能是由于低温发酵条件有利于保持β-葡萄糖苷酶活性, 这种酶能促进茶叶中糖苷类香气前体物质的水解, 形成萜烯醇类和芳香醇类化合物, 释放大量的香叶醇、芳樟醇等游离态挥发性物质[18]。5.5 h与7.0 h的发酵条件下, 发酵温度35 ℃样品的各物质种类含量均低于25~28 ℃样品。
总体来看, 不同的发酵温度与时间对于径山夏季红茶内含的挥发性化合物具有显著影响, 发酵时间直接影响到香气物质的含量, 其随着发酵时间的延长呈现先增高再降低的趋势, 在4.0 h达到最高值。
接下来对不同发酵条件下夏季径山红茶的挥发性化合物进行PCA(图4A)。不同茶样之间形成良好分离, 按照发酵时间形成分组, 在发酵末期7.0 h组的3个不同发酵温度的样品紧靠, 且与发酵5.5 h组的样品相近, 这表明这两组的样品的主要挥发性物具有高度相似性, 这种高度一致性可能说明在发酵5.5 h后, 物质转化达到了平衡状态, 温度对于其内涵化合物的影响较小, 导致不同发酵温度下的样品在挥发性成分在组成上趋于一致。
层次聚类分析(hierarchical cluster analysis, HCA)结果显示(图4B), 发酵时间2.5 h、4.0 h的样品与5.5 h、7.0 h的样品有明显差异, 表明在发酵4.0 h后, 样品中的挥发性化合物有显著变化。在发酵时间2.5 h的样品中, AM与AH聚为一组, 而AL单独聚为一类, 表明2.5 h组中, 25 ℃发酵的样品与28 ℃和35 ℃的样品具有显著差异。这可能是因为在25 ℃的发酵条件下, 酶的活性较低[19]。发酵4.0 h样品中, BM与BH聚为一组, BL单独一类, 说明相比而言, BM与BH样品具有更相似的香气化合物, 与BL样品的香气化合物具有较大差异。
为进一步衡量每个挥发性化合物对于茶样香气的贡献, 找出关键差异代谢物, 研究采用OPLS-DA模型对茶样进行进一步分析, 该模型可识别影响组别分类的关键变量。结果表明(图4C), X轴方向累积解释率R2X=0.999, Y轴方向累积解释率R2Y=0.998, 模型累积预测率Q2=0.996。为验证模型有效性, 对其进行200次置换检验(图4D), 结果未出现过拟合现象, 这表示将样品中检测出的挥发性化合物作为自变量, 可对于不同发酵温度和时间的径山茶挥发性物质进行良好的分离和预测。为进一步了解导致不同发酵温度与时间的径山茶香气差异的挥发性化合物, 计算了所有变量的投影重要性(variable importance projection, VIP)指标, 运用单因素方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)的邓肯检验, 筛选了25个VIP>1, P<0.05的差异化合物, 并绘制热图(图5)以表现在不同发酵温度与时间中这些重要挥发性物的含量变化。如图5所示, 不同发酵温度与时间的主要挥发性物质存在显著差异, 蓝色表示高于平均浓度, 白色表示低于平均浓度。发酵2.5 h的组别中, 挥发性物质的含量总体呈现随温度增高而升高的规律, AL中的2-己烯醛、反式-2-己烯醛、正己醛的含量高于其他两组; 吲哚、脱氢芳樟醇在AM中含量高于其他样品; AH的差异挥发性化合物含量显著高于AL、AM, 其芳樟醇、香叶醇、己酸叶醇酯在所有样品中含量最高; 发酵4.0 h组的3个样品差异挥发性化合物含量均高于其他时间组, BL与BM尤为明显, BL样品中二甲基硫、顺-2-戊烯醇、苯甲醛、己酸己酯、柠檬醛、脱氢芳樟醇、苯乙醛、2-庚酮的含量最高; 反式-2-己烯醛、月桂烯、顺-菖蒲烯、柠檬醛在BM样品中更为突出, 含量显著高于其余所有样品; 在发酵5.5 h的样品中, 茉莉酸甲酯含量高于其他时间组样品; 发酵7.0 h的样品在差异挥发性化合物含量上均低于其余样品。
香气成分对整体挥发性物质贡献度一般取决于香气阈值与含量, 香气阈值是表示香气强度的一个单位, 指人们开始闻到香气时香料物质所需的最小浓度, 可通过计算其相对OAV来评价不同香气物质在整体的贡献度[20]。为更深入探究不同温度与时间发酵下径山夏季红茶关键性挥发性香气物质的强度与气味特征组成, 本研究通过查阅相关文献中挥发性化合物的阈值和香型描述, 并计算OAV值, 分析不同发酵温度与时间下径山红茶各个关键性挥发物质的重要性。
表2所示, 在VIP>1的基础上, 共筛选出15种OAV≥1的挥发性香气物质。其中, 茉莉酮、橙花醛、柠檬醛、脱氢芳樟醇被认为是红茶中果香的主要来源; 芳樟醇、苯乙醛、香叶醇、茉莉酮、茉莉酸甲酯被认为是红茶中花香的主要来源。二甲基硫有天然谷物香, 是优质红茶的重要组成成分[26], 在红茶中表现为甜味带花香[27]。除此之外, (E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、2-己烯醛、己醛具有青气、蔬菜气味。(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛被鉴定为红茶青味主要贡献者[28]。己醛在浓度高时被认为是茶叶青味的来源之一, 然而在较低浓度时, 其被认为是茶叶中表现清新气味的香气物质[17]
图6所示, 吲哚在2.5 h发酵组含量较高, 随发酵时间延长逐渐降低; 脱氢芳樟醇在AM中达到最高, BL次之, 随着加工过程中发酵时间的延长, 各发酵温度样品在5.5 h发酵时间下含量降至最低, 其中HL样品含量最低; 香叶醇在AH中含量达到最高, BL、BM次之; 水杨酸甲酯、茉莉酮、芳樟醇、橙花醛随着发酵温度上升和时间增长具有规律性变化, 发酵2.5 h样品中, 35 ℃发酵样品(AH)中香气含量高于其他发酵温度, 当发酵时间增加到4.0 h时, 25 ℃发酵样品(BL)含量达到最高, 随后总体呈现逐渐降低趋势; 月桂烯、柠檬醛在BM中含量最高; 在发酵5.5 h的样品组中, 不同发酵温度条件下的茉莉酸甲酯含量均高于其他发酵时间组。2-己烯醛、己醛在AL中显著高于其他样品, 且(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛较高, 这可能是共同组成AL浓郁青气的主要关键性物质。(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛在AH中含量高于AL、AM样品, BL开始含量显著减少, 柠檬醛等具有花果香型的物质的含量增加, 这表明随着发酵时间的增加, 具有青气特征的挥发性物质逐渐向花果香型物质转变[29]; BL、BM是所有样品中感官评分最高的两个样品, 且分别呈现花香与果香的品质特征。具有甜味带花香特征的二甲基硫, 具有水仙、茉莉花香的苯乙醛、水杨酸甲酯、茉莉酮, 具有水果、柑橘气息的橙花醛在BL中含量最高。与BM相比, 具有花香的香叶醇、芳樟醇在BL中含量较高, 主要呈花香型, 这些香气物质可能组成了BL花香型浓郁的品质特征。柠檬、柑橘果香的柠檬醛、月桂烯在BM中的含量显著高于其他样品, 脱氢芳樟醇、香叶醇、水杨酸甲酯、茉莉酮这些含量相对较高, 猜测一同组成BM果香偏花香的特征。而在发酵5.5 h与7.0 h的茶样中, 特征性挥发物的含量显著低于发酵2.5 h与4.0 h组。
15个OAV>1的物质大部分具有花香、果香、谷物香等令人愉悦的香气, 也有部分如(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、2-己烯醛、己醛具有青气、蔬菜味等令人不愉悦的气味。S-甲基蛋氨酸在红茶中是分解成二甲基硫的主要途径, 在摇青条件下或发酵过程中变化尤其明显[30]。由BL二甲基硫的含量推测, 径山夏季红茶在4.0 h、25 ℃是最适合S-甲基蛋氨酸分解的条件。红茶中2-己烯醛的形成是由己烯醛异构酶(CsHI)催化的, 该酶将(Z)-3-己烯醛转化为2-己烯醛[31]。茉莉酸甲酯、茉莉酮作为茶叶中由茉莉酸分解转化而成的关键性香气化合物, 从采摘开始, 茶叶中有关茉莉酸甲酯的内源酶被激活, 茉莉酸甲酯在茶叶加工过程中不断积累[32]。吲哚是色氨酸吲哚裂解酶催化色氨酸氧化的产物, 具有茉莉花香味, 水杨酸甲酯通过β-葡萄糖苷酶等物质的水解反应产生[33]。正己醛、(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛来源于茶叶中的脂质降解, 芳樟醇、香叶醇、橙花醛来源于加工过程中的糖苷破坏分解, 从而提高上述物质在茶叶中的含量[34]
香气是影响夏季红茶品质的关键性因素, 本研究以径山地区夏季红茶为对象, 从改变发酵温度与发酵时间的角度出发, 在自然发酵温度条件下, 增加两个低温发酵组进行对比, 在4个发酵时间取样, 采用HS-SPME-GC-MS从不同发酵温度与时间共12个样品中共分析鉴定出86种挥发性香气成分, 包括醇类18种, 酸酯类19种, 醛类17种, 酮类4种, 烯类14种, 碳氢化合物11种, 其他3种。醇类和醛类化合物在所有样品中均占据主导地位, 这两类化合物对红茶的香气特征具有决定性作用。结合OAV鉴定结果, 本研究确定了在25、28、35 ℃ 3个发酵温度下发酵时间4.0 h具有更高的香气浓度与较好的品质。25 ℃发酵4.0 h与28 ℃发酵4.0 h样品表现最为优异, 并表现出不同香气轮廓特征。25 ℃发酵4.0 h样品呈现花香为主的品质特征, 28 ℃发酵4.0 h样品果香味更为突出。然而, 本研究的香气含量采用基于内标法的相对定量分析体系, 还需探索绝对定量方法以增加准确性。此外, 径山夏季红茶香气品质还与萎凋、揉捻、干燥等加工过程有关, 这些工艺的改良还需探讨。该发现为改善夏茶香气品质提供了关键工艺参数参考, 对提升径山地区夏茶利用率、实现茶产业季节性产能均衡提供帮助。
  • 2022—2023年浙江省茶叶重大技术协同推广计划试点项目(2022XTTGCY02-03)
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2025年第16卷第8期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241221003
  • 接收时间:2024-12-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-21
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2022—2023年浙江省茶叶重大技术协同推广计划试点项目(2022XTTGCY02-03)
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    1.浙江农林大学茶学与茶文化学院, 杭州 311300
    2.余杭市农业农村局, 杭州 311118

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* 梁慧玲(1979—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物技术与资源利用方面的研究开发。E-mail:
唐德松(1976—), 男, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要研究方向为茶叶加工与精深加工与茶食品技术开发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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