Article(id=1153433690165203311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241220001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734624000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929621497, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929621497, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929621497, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929621497, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=210, endPage=218, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433690538496370, articleId=1153433690165203311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Study on the effects of different varieties of Zea mays L. and ultra-high-pressure sterilization process on the nutrition and functional activity of Zea mays L. juice, columnId=1153433635433730748, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Comprehensive Utilization and Quality Safety of Agricultural Products, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the applicability of different Zea mays L. varieties in the processing of functional beverages and analyze the impact of their physical and chemical properties on processing efficiency and product functional indicators, meanwhile, study and compare the retention effects of traditional hydrothermal sterilization and ultra-high-pressure sterilization techniques on the functional components and sensory quality of Zea mays L. juice. Methods The 4 kinds of Zea mays L. varieties, including 3 kinds of sweet Zea mays L. varieties and 1 kind of waxy Zea mays L. variety, were selected for evaluation. Key parameters such as juice yield, sugar content, protein, vitamin C, total phenols and dietary fiber were measured. Zea mays L. juice samples were subjected to sterilization treatments using water-heat sterilization and ultra-high-pressure sterilization. The effects of these treatments on microbial safety, sensory evaluation, and nutritional indicators were compared. Results Significant differences in nutritional and functional indicators were observed among the Zea mays L. varieties. The “Xuetian 7401” sweet Zea mays L. variety demonstrated remarkable advantages in juice yield, sugar content, and dietary fiber content, making it the optimal raw material. Compared to water-heat sterilization, ultra-high-pressure sterilization more effectively preserved soluble dietary fiber while minimizing sedimentation and sensory quality deterioration. A 15-minute ultra-high-pressure sterilization treatment ensured microbial safety while maximizing the retention of functional and sensory properties of the beverage. Conclusion The “Xuetian 7401” sweet Zea mays L. is an ideal raw material for developing high-quality functional Zea mays L. beverages. Ultra-high-pressure sterilization, with its low-temperature and non-thermal characteristics, is superior to traditional water-heat sterilization in preserving functional components and optimizing sensory attributes. This study provides a scientific reference for the selection of raw materials and process optimization for functional Zea mays L. beverages, contributing to enhanced market competitiveness and consumer acceptance.

, correspAuthors=Shan-Qiao CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kai PENG, Hao ZHANG, Yan CUI, Shan-Qiao CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433702731338356, articleId=1153433690165203311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=不同玉米品种及超高压灭菌工艺对玉米汁营养与功能活性的影响研究, columnId=1153433635601502912, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探讨不同玉米品种在功能性饮料加工中的适用性, 分析其物理和化学特性对加工效率和产品功能性指标的影响。同时, 研究对比传统水热灭菌与超高压灭菌技术对玉米汁功能性成分和感官品质的保留效果。方法 选取4种玉米品种, 包括3种甜玉米和1种糯玉米, 测定其出汁率、糖度、蛋白质、维生素C、总酚、膳食纤维等关键指标。针对榨取的玉米汁样品, 采用水热灭菌和超高压灭菌技术进行灭菌处理, 并通过微生物检测、感官评定及营养指标分析比较灭菌工艺对玉米汁品质的影响。结果 不同玉米品种在营养和功能性指标上表现出显著差异, 其中“雪甜7401”在出汁率、糖度及膳食纤维含量上具备显著优势, 被选为最佳原料。相比水热灭菌, 超高压灭菌能够更好地保留玉米汁中的可溶性膳食纤维, 同时避免了沉淀物的增加和感官品质的降低。超高压灭菌15 min的处理条件在保证微生物安全性的同时, 最大限度地保留了饮料的功能性和感官特性。结论 “雪甜7401”甜玉米是开发高品质玉米功能性饮料的理想原料, 而超高压灭菌技术因其低温、非热力的特点, 在最大程度保留功能性成分的同时优化感官特性, 优于传统水热灭菌工艺。本研究为玉米功能性饮料的原料选择和加工工艺优化提供了科学参考, 有助于提升其市场竞争力和消费认可度。

, correspAuthors=陈山乔, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈山乔(1987—), 男, 博士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:
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彭恺(2006—), 男, 主要研究方向为食品加工。E-mail:

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注: 不同字母表示组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05), 图2同。

, figureFileSmall=2PGLyaZvCHlK7bcjbqXfrQ==, figureFileBig=cb5f2ujLQGwgc9hkFc71Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278488686637637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690165203311, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Functional indicators of sweet Zea mays L. juice (n=6), figureFileSmall=J/EduOiPSHDHWShk3vGxCw==, figureFileBig=FNrurxbWRo/RrsRv8ylYsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278488749552200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690165203311, language=CN, label=图2, caption=甜玉米汁的功能性指标(n=6), figureFileSmall=J/EduOiPSHDHWShk3vGxCw==, figureFileBig=FNrurxbWRo/RrsRv8ylYsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278488921518670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690165203311, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Sensory rating scores for different sterilization processes (n=10), figureFileSmall=1OmTvWg+0Tr139F7UqrzLw==, figureFileBig=oHDb8eOLdwYNxUn+Z4EyWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278488997016146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690165203311, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同灭菌工艺的感官评定得分(n=10)

注: ***代表P<0.01水平差异显著性; *代表P<0.1水平差异显著性; 无标记为不显著。

, figureFileSmall=1OmTvWg+0Tr139F7UqrzLw==, figureFileBig=oHDb8eOLdwYNxUn+Z4EyWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278489261257304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690165203311, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation criteria for Zea mays L. juice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官
指标
评价标准 评分
范围
滋味 纯正自然, 甜度适中, 无异味, 有玉米的特征性滋味 9~10
玉米味较好, 略有甜味, 无明显异味 7~8
玉米味较淡, 甜味不足或偏甜, 有轻微异味 5~6
玉米味不明显, 甜味或异味较重 3~4
无明显玉米味, 有强烈异味 1~2
气味 清香自然, 无异味 9~10
气味较好, 有轻微玉米香 7~8
气味较淡, 略有异味 5~6
无明显气味, 或有较强异味 3~4
异味浓重, 不宜食用 1~2
色泽 色泽均匀, 呈自然的淡黄色或金黄色 9~10
色泽正常, 略显暗淡或过于鲜艳 7~8
色泽不均匀, 有轻微异常, 如偏暗或偏亮 5~6
色泽较差, 呈现不自然的颜色 3~4
色泽异常, 不适合饮用 1~2
口感 口感顺滑, 质地细腻, 饮后无异感 9~10
口感较好, 略有粗糙感 7~8
口感一般, 较稀薄或黏稠, 有轻微不适 5~6
口感差, 过于黏稠或稀薄, 饮用体验不佳 3~4
口感极差, 饮用困难 1~2
均匀度 无渣, 均匀细腻 9~10
有少量极细小固形渣滓 7~8
有一定量小颗粒固形渣滓 5~6
固形渣滓较多, 影响口感 3~4
固形渣滓明显, 品质不佳 1~2
), ArticleFig(id=1173278489470972513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690165203311, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

玉米汁的感官评定准则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感官
指标
评价标准 评分
范围
滋味 纯正自然, 甜度适中, 无异味, 有玉米的特征性滋味 9~10
玉米味较好, 略有甜味, 无明显异味 7~8
玉米味较淡, 甜味不足或偏甜, 有轻微异味 5~6
玉米味不明显, 甜味或异味较重 3~4
无明显玉米味, 有强烈异味 1~2
气味 清香自然, 无异味 9~10
气味较好, 有轻微玉米香 7~8
气味较淡, 略有异味 5~6
无明显气味, 或有较强异味 3~4
异味浓重, 不宜食用 1~2
色泽 色泽均匀, 呈自然的淡黄色或金黄色 9~10
色泽正常, 略显暗淡或过于鲜艳 7~8
色泽不均匀, 有轻微异常, 如偏暗或偏亮 5~6
色泽较差, 呈现不自然的颜色 3~4
色泽异常, 不适合饮用 1~2
口感 口感顺滑, 质地细腻, 饮后无异感 9~10
口感较好, 略有粗糙感 7~8
口感一般, 较稀薄或黏稠, 有轻微不适 5~6
口感差, 过于黏稠或稀薄, 饮用体验不佳 3~4
口感极差, 饮用困难 1~2
均匀度 无渣, 均匀细腻 9~10
有少量极细小固形渣滓 7~8
有一定量小颗粒固形渣滓 5~6
固形渣滓较多, 影响口感 3~4
固形渣滓明显, 品质不佳 1~2
), ArticleFig(id=1173278489638744676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690165203311, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sterilization results and functional activity of Zea mays L. juice from different sterilization processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 大肠菌群
/(CFU/mL)
x/c 真菌菌落/(CFU/mL) 沉淀指数/% 可溶性膳食纤维/(g/100 g) 总膳食纤维/(g/100 g)
HPP5 (4.08±0.73)×102 5/2 (9.66±3.87)×102 14.4±2.2 1.27±0.26 1.86±0.26
HPP10 7.14±6.57 3/2 (1.51±0.39)×10 14.9±1.4 1.31±0.25 1.81±0.29
HPP15 ND 0/2 ND 14.3±2.1 1.30±0.16 1.95±0.12
WH ND 0/2 ND 18.4±2.0** 0.81±0.06*** 1.80±0.33
CK (1.58±0.90)×104 5/5 (8.50±2.44)×103 15.0±1.8 1.35±0.10 1.88±0.17
), ArticleFig(id=1173278489743602278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433690165203311, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同灭菌工艺玉米汁的灭菌结果和功能活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 大肠菌群
/(CFU/mL)
x/c 真菌菌落/(CFU/mL) 沉淀指数/% 可溶性膳食纤维/(g/100 g) 总膳食纤维/(g/100 g)
HPP5 (4.08±0.73)×102 5/2 (9.66±3.87)×102 14.4±2.2 1.27±0.26 1.86±0.26
HPP10 7.14±6.57 3/2 (1.51±0.39)×10 14.9±1.4 1.31±0.25 1.81±0.29
HPP15 ND 0/2 ND 14.3±2.1 1.30±0.16 1.95±0.12
WH ND 0/2 ND 18.4±2.0** 0.81±0.06*** 1.80±0.33
CK (1.58±0.90)×104 5/5 (8.50±2.44)×103 15.0±1.8 1.35±0.10 1.88±0.17
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不同玉米品种及超高压灭菌工艺对玉米汁营养与功能活性的影响研究
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彭恺 1, 2 , 章豪 1, 2 , 催燕 1 , 陈山乔 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025,16(7): 210-218
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农产品综合利用及质量安全 2025, 16(7): 210-218
不同玉米品种及超高压灭菌工艺对玉米汁营养与功能活性的影响研究
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彭恺1, 2 , 章豪1, 2, 催燕1, 陈山乔1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.宁波市农业科学研究院, 宁波 315040
  • 2.宁波市特色农产品质量安全检测与控制重点实验室, 宁波 315040
  • 彭恺(2006—), 男, 主要研究方向为食品加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈山乔(1987—), 男, 博士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:
Study on the effects of different varieties of Zea mays L. and ultra-high-pressure sterilization process on the nutrition and functional activity of Zea mays L. juice
Kai PENG1, 2 , Hao ZHANG1, 2, Yan CUI1, Shan-Qiao CHEN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, China
  • 2. Ningbo Key Laboratory of Testing and Control for Characteristic Agro-product Quality and Safety, Ningbo 315040, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241220001
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目的 探讨不同玉米品种在功能性饮料加工中的适用性, 分析其物理和化学特性对加工效率和产品功能性指标的影响。同时, 研究对比传统水热灭菌与超高压灭菌技术对玉米汁功能性成分和感官品质的保留效果。方法 选取4种玉米品种, 包括3种甜玉米和1种糯玉米, 测定其出汁率、糖度、蛋白质、维生素C、总酚、膳食纤维等关键指标。针对榨取的玉米汁样品, 采用水热灭菌和超高压灭菌技术进行灭菌处理, 并通过微生物检测、感官评定及营养指标分析比较灭菌工艺对玉米汁品质的影响。结果 不同玉米品种在营养和功能性指标上表现出显著差异, 其中“雪甜7401”在出汁率、糖度及膳食纤维含量上具备显著优势, 被选为最佳原料。相比水热灭菌, 超高压灭菌能够更好地保留玉米汁中的可溶性膳食纤维, 同时避免了沉淀物的增加和感官品质的降低。超高压灭菌15 min的处理条件在保证微生物安全性的同时, 最大限度地保留了饮料的功能性和感官特性。结论 “雪甜7401”甜玉米是开发高品质玉米功能性饮料的理想原料, 而超高压灭菌技术因其低温、非热力的特点, 在最大程度保留功能性成分的同时优化感官特性, 优于传统水热灭菌工艺。本研究为玉米功能性饮料的原料选择和加工工艺优化提供了科学参考, 有助于提升其市场竞争力和消费认可度。

玉米  /  超高压灭菌  /  玉米汁  /  功能活性

Objective To explore the applicability of different Zea mays L. varieties in the processing of functional beverages and analyze the impact of their physical and chemical properties on processing efficiency and product functional indicators, meanwhile, study and compare the retention effects of traditional hydrothermal sterilization and ultra-high-pressure sterilization techniques on the functional components and sensory quality of Zea mays L. juice. Methods The 4 kinds of Zea mays L. varieties, including 3 kinds of sweet Zea mays L. varieties and 1 kind of waxy Zea mays L. variety, were selected for evaluation. Key parameters such as juice yield, sugar content, protein, vitamin C, total phenols and dietary fiber were measured. Zea mays L. juice samples were subjected to sterilization treatments using water-heat sterilization and ultra-high-pressure sterilization. The effects of these treatments on microbial safety, sensory evaluation, and nutritional indicators were compared. Results Significant differences in nutritional and functional indicators were observed among the Zea mays L. varieties. The “Xuetian 7401” sweet Zea mays L. variety demonstrated remarkable advantages in juice yield, sugar content, and dietary fiber content, making it the optimal raw material. Compared to water-heat sterilization, ultra-high-pressure sterilization more effectively preserved soluble dietary fiber while minimizing sedimentation and sensory quality deterioration. A 15-minute ultra-high-pressure sterilization treatment ensured microbial safety while maximizing the retention of functional and sensory properties of the beverage. Conclusion The “Xuetian 7401” sweet Zea mays L. is an ideal raw material for developing high-quality functional Zea mays L. beverages. Ultra-high-pressure sterilization, with its low-temperature and non-thermal characteristics, is superior to traditional water-heat sterilization in preserving functional components and optimizing sensory attributes. This study provides a scientific reference for the selection of raw materials and process optimization for functional Zea mays L. beverages, contributing to enhanced market competitiveness and consumer acceptance.

Zea mays L.  /  ultra-high-pressure sterilization  /  Zea mays L. juice  /  functional activity
彭恺, 章豪, 催燕, 陈山乔. 不同玉米品种及超高压灭菌工艺对玉米汁营养与功能活性的影响研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 210 -218 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241220001
Kai PENG, Hao ZHANG, Yan CUI, Shan-Qiao CHEN. Study on the effects of different varieties of Zea mays L. and ultra-high-pressure sterilization process on the nutrition and functional activity of Zea mays L. juice[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 210 -218 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241220001
近年来, 随着人们生活水平的提高和健康意识的增强, 功能性饮料市场迎来了快速发展的机遇。消费者越来越重视饮品的天然性、健康性及其潜在的功能性价值, 这推动了以天然原料开发高品质功能性饮料的研究。玉米以其丰富的营养成分、广泛的种植基础以及独特的加工潜力, 逐渐成为饮料开发中的热门选择。玉米富含蛋白质、膳食纤维、维生素C以及多酚类物质, 具有显著的营养价值和潜在的健康益处[1]。将玉米加工成玉米汁可以有效地提高其营养成分的利用率, 同时提供一种便捷、易于消化的饮品形式, 满足现代消费者对健康和便捷的需求, 其研究主要集中在其营养功能成分、加工工艺优化等方面。例如有研究表明短时间煮沸处理玉米汁, 能有效减少后续冷藏过程中花青素的降解, 且煮沸对氨基酸组成无明显影响, 但会导致汁液中脂肪酸含量减少45.8%[2]; 还有研究表明玉米汁饮料的加工技术不断优化, 通过热处理、酶解等工艺, 可以提高其营养价值和稳定性。玉米汁不仅口感良好, 还具有降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化等药用价值[3]; 以及有研究表明加热处理会引起甜玉米汁中类胡萝卜素的异构化和降解, 影响其营养成分和色泽[4]。然而, 不同玉米品种的物理和化学特性在加工过程中表现出显著差异, 例如出汁率、糖度以及功能性成分含量, 这些特性直接影响饮料的加工效率、感官品质和功能特性[5]。因此, 选择适宜的玉米品种成为开发高品质玉米功能性饮料的关键。玉米品种的选择不仅决定了产品的基础特性, 还影响其在市场中的竞争力和消费者的接受程度。然而, 目前针对玉米品种在功能性饮料加工中的系统性研究相对较少, 需要进一步探索不同品种玉米在加工中的适用性以及对最终产品功能性指标的影响。
除品种选择外, 玉米饮料的加工工艺对于功能性成分的保留和品质优化也至关重要。尤其是在灭菌工艺方面, 传统的热力灭菌往往会对饮料的感官品质和功能性成分造成不良影响[6]。而近年来兴起的超高压灭菌(ultra-high-pressure sterilization, HPP)技术, 以其较低的加工温度和非热力加工特性, 能够最大程度地保留饮料的天然成分和营养价值, 展现出良好的应用前景[7]。HPP技术通过施加流体静力学压力, 破坏微生物细胞膜和关键酶的活性, 从而杀灭病原菌和腐败微生物[7]。同时, 由于HPP灭菌在常温或低温条件下进行, 避免了高温处理对食品品质的不良影响。该技术不仅能够显著保留食品中的热敏成分, 还可以保持食品的原有风味、色泽和质地。尤其在饮料领域, HPP技术被广泛应用于果汁[8]、乳制品[9]等的加工中, 展现了显著的优势。
基于以上背景, 本研究以不同玉米品种为研究对象, 旨在系统评估其在功能性饮料加工中的适用性, 并对比传统水热灭菌和HPP技术对玉米汁品质的影响。研究内容包括品种间在出汁率、功能性成分含量和感官品质方面的差异, 同时结合灭菌处理对饮料的功能性指标如抗氧化能力、自由基清除率和膳食纤维含量的影响, 综合分析最优玉米品种和灭菌工艺的匹配策略, 以期能够为玉米功能性饮料的原料选择和加工工艺优化提供科学依据。
甜玉米(Zea mays var. saccharata)品种分别为“京白甜456”“雪甜232”“雪甜7401”, 糯玉米(Zea mays var. ceratina)品种为科糯986, 来自浙江宁波。
甲醇、乙醇、石油醚、无水硫酸钠、丙酮、氢氧化钠、磷酸(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、甲醇(色谱纯, 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司); 维生素C标准品(纯度99.9%, 德国Dr.Ehrenstorfer公司); 没食子酸标准品(99.9%纯度)、福林酚试剂(浓度2 mol/L)上海安谱璀世标准技术服务有限公司); 2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH)自由基清除能力试剂盒、2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸[ABTS]自由基清除能力检测试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 大肠埃希氏菌O157 (Escherichia coli O157)标准菌株、黄曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavus)标准菌株(中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心); Petrifilm大肠菌群/大肠杆菌测试片、Petrifilm霉菌/酵母菌检测片(美国3M公司); 所用水均为实验室自制去离子水。
CQC2-600超高压灭菌设备(北京速原中天科技股份公司); KT2400凯氏定氮仪(丹麦FOSS公司); ATAGO N1手持糖度计(日本ATAGO公司); BAO-80A鼓风干燥箱[施都凯仪器设备(上海)有限公司]; BlueStar B型紫外可见分光光度计(北京莱伯泰科仪器有限公司); Quintix124电子天平(精度0.1 mg, 德国Sartorius公司); Avanti J-E高速冷冻离心机(美国Beckman Coulter公司); MJ-JS2018A挤压式榨汁机(广东美的生活电器制造有限公司); Milli-Q去离子水发生器(美国Millipore公司)。
选用玉米要求新鲜度高, 玉米苞叶色泽深绿且无破损。玉米大小、成熟度尽量保持一致。人工剥开玉米苞叶, 去除玉米须并洗净。手工脱粒, 在脱粒过程中尽量避免玉米粒的破损, 防止汁水流失。脱粒完成后, 用纯净水冲洗2~3次后控水晾干后备用。将上述经过预处理的水果玉米加入到挤压式榨汁机(滤网孔径0.8 mm, 电机转速50 r/min)中, 自动去除皮渣, 收集玉米汁于容器中。
分别以大肠埃希氏菌O157和黄曲霉菌的标准菌株人工接种至玉米汁中, 分别作为大肠菌群和真菌菌落数变化的评价指标。根据标准菌株说明书的要求对菌株进行液体摇瓶培养后, 用麦氏比浊管测定菌体浓度, 最终接种至玉米汁中的浓度约为104 CFU/mL。
以水为传压介质, 对玉米汁进行超高压处理。玉米汁装入耐高压尼龙袋, 密封后置于处理腔体内。在常温条件下, 以550 MPa压力水平处理5、10和15 min, 分别标记为HPP5、HPP10、HPP15。玉米汁密封后在95 ℃水浴中进行30 min水热灭菌, 标记为WH组。不进行灭菌处理的作为对照组标记为CK组。
水分含量以玉米粒根据GB 5009.3—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中水分的测定》第一法直接干燥法进行。
记录上述榨汁过程中玉米粒投料质量, 并称量收集到的玉米汁质量, 计算出汁率, 以质量百分比表示。
白利糖度(Brix)以手持糖度计直接上样玉米汁测定。
蛋白质含量按照GB 5009.5—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中蛋白质的测定》中第一法凯氏定氮法进行。
维生素C根据GB 5009.86—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中抗坏血酸的测定》中第一法高效液相色谱法进行。
参考福林酚法[10], 略作修改。其主要步骤为: 样品加入体积分数为80%的甲醇溶液, 振荡提取后, 6000 r/min离心15 min取上清。上清液加入稀释至1 mol/L的福林酚溶液、碳酸钠溶液和蒸馏水。避光反应1.5 h后在765 nm波长下测定吸光度值。没食子酸外标法定量。
根据试剂盒说明书进行操作, 主要步骤为: ABTS与过硫酸钾混合, 直至生成稳定的蓝绿色ABTS工作液, 现用现配。玉米汁离心取上清后, 加入ABTS工作液并反应6 min后, 测定其405 nm吸光度。以维生素C外标法定量。
根据试剂盒说明书进行操作, 主要步骤为: 用无水乙醇溶解DPPH粉末配制成DPPH工作液, 现用现配。玉米汁离心取上清后, 加入DPPH工作液并避光反应30 min后, 测定其515 nm吸光度。以维生素C外标法定量。
可溶性果胶含量参考文献报道[11]进行。其主要步骤为: 玉米汁离心取上清后, 用10倍体积乙醇沉淀。沉淀物分别用80%乙醇和丙酮各洗涤4次, 以水复溶后, 将pH调整至5.0, 并使用真菌果胶酶酶解30 min。之后, 收集过滤液并使用咔唑比色法进行测定, 以干重计算的半乳糖醛酸含量表示果胶含量。
总膳食纤维和可溶性膳食纤维依照GB 5009.88—2023《食品安全国家标准 食品中膳食纤维的测定》所述的方法测定。
沉淀指数测定参考文献报道[12]进行, 主要步骤: 将制备好的饮料样品在常温下以3000×g的速度离心20 min。离心后, 计算沉淀部分占总液体重量的百分比。具体计算如公式(1)。
$\text { 沉淀指数 } /\%=\frac{\text { 沉淀物质量 }}{\text { 玉米汁质量 }} \times 100 \%$
大肠菌群和真菌菌落总数根据测试片的说明书进行。
感官评定参考GB/T 31121—2014《果蔬汁类及其饮料》进行实验设计。感官评定小组人数为10人, 年龄20~30岁, 男女各5人, 均通过基本的感官敏感性测试。采用随机化单盲实验设计, 在(25±2) ℃的实验室环境中对不同灭菌工艺的玉米汁以标准玻璃杯呈现并进行评价, 评价标准见表1
实验中数据处理基于R[13-14]进行, 处理间的差异显著性分析由单因素方差分析-图奇事后检验进行计算。绘图基于ggplot2软件包[15]
4个品种的出汁率、水分含量和糖度如图1所示。备选品种玉米的水分含量并不表现出显著差异, 但“京白甜456”和科糯986相对其他两种的出汁率较低(P<0.05)。而这4个品种的糖度之间均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。从加工适用性结果来看, 作为糯玉米[16]的科糯986出汁率最低, 且所榨玉米汁的糖度也显著(P<0.05)低于其他候选品种。因此在后续的实验中排除此选项。其中雪甜系列, 特别是“雪甜7401”品种被论文报道在皮渣率和糖含量上, 存在着明显的优势[17]。在榨汁加工过程中, 原料有着更低的皮渣率意味着其拥有更薄的外皮, 更容易破损, 出汁率也会更高。这一特性和甜玉米中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶表达的降低, 导致的可溶性糖类更少向淀粉转变有关[18]
甜玉米的汁液蛋白质含量如图2A所示, 3种甜玉米汁中, “京白甜456”的蛋白质含量低于其他2种, 并表现出极显著差异(P<0.01), 其中“雪甜232”和“雪甜7401”汁液的蛋白质含量高于文献报道的12 g/100 g[19], 表明这两个品种的玉米汁存在更高的潜在功能性, 也意味着更高的营养价值。
甜玉米汁的维生素C含量如图2B所示, 3种甜玉米汁的维生素C含量之间没有显著性差异, 平约为4~5 mg/100 g, 与文献报道相一致[20]。维生素C是一种重要的水溶性维生素, 其具有抗氧化[21]、支持免疫[22]、提高铁吸收[23]等生理活性。由于甜玉米汁比其他谷物类原料拥有更高的维生素C含量[24-25], 因此其有潜力作为一种不逊于西瓜[26]、苹果[27]等果汁的膳食维生素C来源。
甜玉米汁的可溶性果胶含量如图2C所示, 3个甜玉米品种之间同样未表现出统计学差异显著性。可溶性果胶是一种天然的膳食纤维[28], 具有一定的健康益处, 能够帮助调节肠道功能, 促进消化健康[29], 并通过降低胆固醇水平来有助于心血管健康[30]。果胶在消化道中形成凝胶, 延缓葡萄糖吸收, 从而帮助控制血糖[31]。此外, 它还可充当益生元, 促进肠道中有益菌的生长, 从而增强免疫力, 提升整体健康水平[32]。甜玉米汁的可溶性果胶在经过半乳糖分子量折算后, 与文献报道的树莓汁中含量相当[33]。甜玉米中内源性的可溶性果胶含量已经与果汁相当, 因此不需要添加外源性果胶即可实现其功能性。
甜玉米汁的总膳食纤维和可溶性膳食纤维分别如图2D图2E所示, “雪甜232”和“雪甜7401”作为原料的玉米汁, 其总膳食纤维含量极显著(P<0.01)高于“京白甜456”, 而“雪甜7401”的可溶性膳食纤维极显著(P<0.01)高于“雪甜232”。相比于文献报道玉米和玉米制品中总膳食纤维为2.87~4.25 g/100 g, 可溶性膳食纤维为0.13~0.62 g/100 g[34], 玉米汁中总膳食纤维含量较低而可溶性膳食纤维则较高, 这可能是由于玉米汁是以水为基础的液态食品, 其中膳食纤维主要以溶解状态存在, 而不溶性膳食纤维可能与渣一起被去除所致, 在其他果蔬汁的加工中这种现象也经常被报道[35]。玉米种的膳食纤维有着促进肠道健康[36]、降低血糖水平[37]、增强矿物质吸收[36]、预防肥胖[38]等功能活性, “雪甜7401”作为原料的玉米汁有着更高的膳食纤维含量, 也代表着其拥有更佳的潜在功能活性。
甜玉米汁的总酚含量如图2F所示, 3个甜玉米品种之间同样没有显著差异。饮料中的总酚含量是衡量其抗氧化能力的重要指标。多酚类化合物(如黄酮类、酚酸等)具有很强的抗氧化性, 能够清除自由基[39-40], 从而减少氧化应激对人体细胞的损害。因此, 总酚含量越高, 通常意味着饮料的抗氧化潜力越强[41-42]。得益于抗氧化潜力, 其可能对心血管健康、抗衰老、抗炎症等有潜在的益处[43]。本研究所涉及的3种甜玉米汁中的总酚含量, 大致为300 mg/L, 经过折算, 与先前文献报道中甜玉米籽粒中的游离酚类物质含量相当[44], 可见玉米榨汁过程中, 需要通过特定的方法将与大分子(如蛋白质、多糖等)结合的酚类化合物解离下来, 才能进一步增加其保留, 这也是未来玉米汁提取工艺优化的方向。与有色玉米相比, “雪甜7401”玉米汁的总酚含量仍略低一些, 例如, 富含花青素的紫/黑玉米品种经过适当处理后, 汁液或提取物中的总酚含量往往超过340~500  mg/L。“雪甜7401”虽不含花青素, 但其含量已高于普通白/黄玉米的水平[45]。与同样为谷物原料饮料的黑麦茶相比[46], 甜玉米汁的总酚含量更具优势, 但是因为多酚类物质往往带有苦味或涩味, 总酚含量也可能影响功能性饮料的口感和风味, 因此在饮料开发中, 也需要在功能性与口感之间取得平衡[47]
甜玉米汁的ABTS阳离子自由基和DPPH自由基清除率分别如图2G图2H所示, 其中“雪甜232”为原料的玉米汁ABTS阳离子自由基清除率极显著(P<0.01)低于其他两种, 而3种甜玉米汁的DPPH自由基清除率未表现出统计学显著性差异。不同玉米汁仅对ABTS阳离子自由基的清除率表现出差异, 可能是由于ABTS法适合测定水溶性抗氧化物质, 而DPPH法则更适合于测定脂溶性抗氧化物质[48]。自由基是指外层轨道上带有未配对电子的原子或分子, 具有高度活性, 能在体内引发氧化反应, 导致细胞损伤、衰老及多种疾病[49]。玉米汁的自由基清除率反映了其抗氧化性能, 较高的清除率表明玉米汁有助于抵抗自由基引发的氧化应激反应, 具有健康保护意义, 可作为评价其功能性的参考。综合上述功能活性差异研究, “雪甜7401”被选择为最佳原料进行后续的研究。
不同工艺灭菌后, 甜玉米汁的大肠菌群和真菌菌落总数如表2所示。根据GB 7101—2022《食品安全国家标准 饮料》要求, HPP15和WH组, 其大肠菌群的x/c (c为最大可允许超出值的样品数; x为同一批样品中菌落数超过标准要求的个数)达到合格的水平。HPP10、HPP15和水热灭菌组的真菌菌落总数达到了上述标准的合格要求。从保证食品安全的角度来看, HPP灭菌时间必须大于15 min。根据现有文献报道[50-51], 苹果、杏等果汁中, 相比本研究的玉米汁, 其中的大肠杆菌对HPP处理更加敏感, 这可能与果汁中更高的酸度和山梨酸等抑菌活性物质有关。
不同工艺灭菌后, 甜玉米汁的沉淀指数、可溶性膳食纤维、总膳食纤维如表2所示。HPP相比对照, 在这3个指标上没有统计学差异, 而水热灭菌工艺则会造成沉淀指数的显著增加, 和可溶性膳食纤维的降低(P<0.01)。这说明水热灭菌会导致甜玉米汁中大分子物质发生聚合、构象改变以及变性等化学反应, 带来了功能性物质的流失, 且这一现象已经得到了先前文献的报道[52]。而HPP作为一种非热加工的冷杀菌技术, 能够最大限度地保留饮料的功能活性物质。
不同灭菌工艺的感官评定得分如图3所示。相比于对照, HPP灭菌对于甜玉米汁的感官特性影响没有显著差异, 而水热灭菌则分别在均匀度指标上极显著(P<0.01)低于对照, 且口感指标在P<0.1水平下显著低于对照。水热灭菌处理导致沉淀增加, 从而降低了玉米汁的均匀性, 这一现象已在沉淀指数的测定结果中得到体现, 而口感的略微降低也可能与此有关。有文献报道了加热可能引发饮料中某些成分(如蛋白质和多酚类物质)的变性, 从而导致沉淀的形成, 影响饮料的外观和质地[53]。而使用HPP技术, 对热力灭菌进行替代, 能够有效缓解灭菌过程带来的饮料品质下降[53-54]
本研究针对不同玉米品种的功能性饮料加工适用性, 以及传统水热灭菌和HPP技术对饮料品质的影响, 提供了系统性的评估和优化建议。实验结果表明, 不同玉米品种在出汁率、营养和功能性成分含量等方面存在显著差异。其中, “雪甜7401”凭借较高的加工适用性和营养与功能活性, 最适合作为玉米饮料原料。同时, HPP技术相较于传统水热灭菌展现出对饮料营养成分的显著保护作用, 能够有效保留可溶性膳食纤维。此外, HPP在感官评价中未显著降低饮料的均匀度、口感等品质指标, 而水热灭菌则由于高温作用导致沉淀增加和功能性物质的流失, 对饮料整体品质产生不利影响。本研究通过比较不同品种玉米在饮料加工中的适用性, 并结合灭菌工艺对品质的优化分析, 确立了高品质功能性饮料开发的最佳原料和工艺组合, 为未来玉米功能性饮料的产业化开发提供了科学依据和技术支持。
  • 宁波市公益类项目(2024S011)
  • 宁波市公益类项目(202002N3089)
  • 宁波市乡村振兴团队科技特派员项目(2024S205)
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241220001
  • 接收时间:2024-12-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-20
基金
宁波市公益类项目(2024S011)
宁波市公益类项目(202002N3089)
宁波市乡村振兴团队科技特派员项目(2024S205)
作者信息
    1.宁波市农业科学研究院, 宁波 315040
    2.宁波市特色农产品质量安全检测与控制重点实验室, 宁波 315040

通讯作者:

* 陈山乔(1987—), 男, 博士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品科学与工程。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/spaq/CN/10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241220001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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