Article(id=1153986582567703369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241218004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734451200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061441318, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061441318, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061441318, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061441318, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986579971429187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061440699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758783495950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=86, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986583133934412, articleId=1153986582567703369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Simultaneous determination of 24 kinds of veterinary drug residues in pork by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, columnId=1153429495274000613, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Research and Detection of Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residue, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To establish a rapid detection method for the simultaneous determination of 24 kinds of veterinary drug residues in pork by QuEChERS technique combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were extracted with acidified acetonitrile, salted out by 3 g magnesium sulfate anhydrous and 2 g C18 E, separated by Thermo-Fisher Hypersil GOLD aQ chromatographic column (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) via gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution. The gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in aqueous solution was performed in the mode of electrospray positive ion scanning. Results The linear relationship of 24 kinds of veterinary drugs was good, and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.9910, and the detection limit ranged from 0.2-10.0 μg/kg. The spiked recoveries varied between 70.2%-110.3%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.2%-13.8%. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid, accurate, practical, and suitable for detection of multiple veterinary drug residues in pork.

, correspAuthors=Hong-Li LI, Chao HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-Li LI, Chao HE, Min SU, Yan-Lei WU, Xiao-Qin CAI, Xiao-Qin WU, Da-Liang HUANG, Yu-Xiao WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986629204168875, articleId=1153986582567703369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法同时测定猪肉中24种兽药残留, columnId=1153429495479521513, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:农兽药残留研究与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 建立QuEChERS技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定猪肉中24种兽药残留快速检测方法。方法 样品经0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液提取, 3 g无水MgSO4和2 g C18 E净化, Thermo-Fisher Hypersil GOLD aQ色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm)分离, 乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液梯度洗脱, 在电喷雾正离子扫描的模式下进行定性和定量的检测。结果 24种兽药线性关系良好, 相关系数均达0.9910以上, 检出限范围为0.2~10.0 μg/kg, 方法回收率范围为70.2%~110.3%, 相对标准偏差为1.2%~13.8%。结论 该方法简便、快速、准确、实用性强, 适用于猪肉中兽药残留的检测。

, correspAuthors=李红丽, 贺超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李红丽(1987—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与检测。E-mail:
贺超(1987—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为预防医学。E-mail:
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Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2023, 41(5): 426-433., articleTitle=Determination of eight cannabinoids in foods with enhanced matrix removal-lipid adsorbent by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1177985690584363285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, awardId=CQSJKJDW2023035, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市市场监督管理局科研计划项目(CQSJKJDW2023035), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1177985690651472150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, awardId=CQSJKJDW2024037, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市市场监督管理局科研计划项目(CQSJKJDW2024037), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1177985686268424385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985686272618690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, companyId=1177985686268424385, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Chongqing Hawthorn Tree Technology Ltd., Chongqing 401121, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985686343921862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, companyId=1177985686327144644, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.重庆山楂树科技有限公司, 重庆 401121 )])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177985688705315065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Recovery of different kinds of veterinary drugs in 5 kinds of extraction solvents, figureFileSmall=RL3QHgwGYkhfl9ezYA48Fg==, figureFileBig=VUIA+rOnuRCDyXqS4Lp3tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985688759841018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同类别兽药在5种提取溶剂中的回收率

注: SAs: 磺胺类兽药(包括: SMR、SMZ、SDM、SDT、SMM、SDZ、SQX、SDX、SCP); QNs: 喹诺酮类兽药(包括: CIP、ENR、LOM、NOR、OFL、PEF、SAR); MALs: 大环内酯类兽药(包括: ERY、LIN、ROX、TIL); 其他(包括:AMA、RIM、LEV、MET); 同一类别兽药字母不同表示各组存在显著性差异(P<0.05), 图2~7同。

, figureFileSmall=RL3QHgwGYkhfl9ezYA48Fg==, figureFileBig=VUIA+rOnuRCDyXqS4Lp3tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985688822755579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of 3 kinds of dehydrating agents on the recovery of different types of veterinary drugs, figureFileSmall=TR0YMDxfbM37DjPKwZKGXg==, figureFileBig=mcGFWclYbPHR4UUYdaf6Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985688877281532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=图2, caption=3种除水剂对不同类别兽药的回收率影响, figureFileSmall=TR0YMDxfbM37DjPKwZKGXg==, figureFileBig=mcGFWclYbPHR4UUYdaf6Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985688944390397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of anhydrous Na2SO4 dosage on recovery of different kinds of veterinary drugs, figureFileSmall=RE3bZwSoioYTdu/JszXjMA==, figureFileBig=IXp6TENaAG/rQgVnd8dayA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689003110654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=图3, caption=无水Na2SO4用量对不同类别兽药的回收率影响, figureFileSmall=RE3bZwSoioYTdu/JszXjMA==, figureFileBig=IXp6TENaAG/rQgVnd8dayA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689061830911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of 4 kinds of purifying agents on the recovery of different types of veterinary drugs, figureFileSmall=JyVqhUtMGpWT1zeozdE3vw==, figureFileBig=83MXu8YlywLElqWW4/kQUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689120551168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=图4, caption=4种净化剂对不同类别兽药的回收率影响, figureFileSmall=JyVqhUtMGpWT1zeozdE3vw==, figureFileBig=83MXu8YlywLElqWW4/kQUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689187660033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of C18 E dosage on recovery of different classes of veterinary drugs, figureFileSmall=W+o8Du+cpNjk8fcewGbwlg==, figureFileBig=tAPe5h3skgbWqbhPpKHNyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689246380290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=图5, caption=C18 E用量对不同类别兽药的回收率影响, figureFileSmall=W+o8Du+cpNjk8fcewGbwlg==, figureFileBig=tAPe5h3skgbWqbhPpKHNyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689305100547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of 4 kinds of mixed purifying agents on recovery rates of different classes of veterinary drugs, figureFileSmall=Q2bFkLPEQvFAR9ON8oOzKw==, figureFileBig=hX6UTlAehrCmwkGs27kM8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689363820804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=图6, caption=4种混合净化剂对不同类别兽药的回收率影响, figureFileSmall=Q2bFkLPEQvFAR9ON8oOzKw==, figureFileBig=hX6UTlAehrCmwkGs27kM8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689418346757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of 3 kinds of QuEChERS purification columns on the recovery of different classes of veterinary drugs, figureFileSmall=lUaKUXWdATICtamAfpQSUQ==, figureFileBig=v0uhDhjrlcfgUJsH4159xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689477067014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=图7, caption=3种QuEChERS净化柱对不同类别兽药的回收率影响, figureFileSmall=lUaKUXWdATICtamAfpQSUQ==, figureFileBig=v0uhDhjrlcfgUJsH4159xA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689531592967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Matrix effect distribution of 24 kinds of veterinary drugs under 4 kinds of different purification methods, figureFileSmall=RV1mhdHTqU5GKMN81EjepA==, figureFileBig=1ZGlDr1YPmbUlszVRmUZZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689602896136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=图8, caption=4种不同净化方式下24种兽药的基质效应分布图, figureFileSmall=RV1mhdHTqU5GKMN81EjepA==, figureFileBig=1ZGlDr1YPmbUlszVRmUZZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689665810697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Total ion flow diagram of the standard solutions of 24 kinds of veterinary drugs, figureFileSmall=GRNqXo21Ioo0ZxwFZYVvqQ==, figureFileBig=aufKEeUg6Pd+NW0JfgSJng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689720336650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=图9, caption=24种兽药标准溶液总离子流图, figureFileSmall=GRNqXo21Ioo0ZxwFZYVvqQ==, figureFileBig=aufKEeUg6Pd+NW0JfgSJng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985689774862603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Retention time and mass spectrometry parameters for each veterinary drug

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 化合物名称 保留时间/min 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 碰撞能/V 射频电压/V
1 磺胺甲基嘧啶(sulfamerazine, SMR) 1.29 265.0 156.0*,172.0 17.1,17.1 108
2 磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole, SMZ) 2.35 254.0 156.0*,108.2 16.6,25.0 105
3 磺胺二甲嘧啶(sulfamethazine, SDM) 1.80 279.1 186.1*,124.2 17.6,25.6 116
4 SDT 2.61 311.1 156.1*,108.2 21.6,29.6 118
5 磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(sulfamonomethoxine, SMM) 2.20 281.1 156.1*,215.1 18.6,16.0 111
6 磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine, SDZ) 0.94 251.1 156.0*,108.2 15.6,24.6 93
7 磺胺喹恶啉(sulfachinoxalin, SQX) 2.62 301.1 156.1*,108.2 17.1,26.1 116
8 SDX 2.36 311.1 156.0*,108.1 18.6,26.6 119
9 磺胺氯哒嗪(sulfachlorpyridazine, SCP) 2.22 285.0 156.0*,108.3 15.6,25.1 96
10 CIP 2.01 332.1 288.1*,245.1 18.1,26.6 140
11 ENR 2.15 360.2 316.2*,245.1 19.6,29.6 146
12 洛美沙星(lomefloxacin, LOM) 2.11 352.2 265.1*,308.1 22.0,16.0 150
13 NOR 1.92 320.1 276.2*,233.1 17.6,15.0 139
14 氧氟沙星(ofloxacin, OFL) 1.94 362.2 318.3*,261.2 18.0,27.0 150
15 培氟沙星(pefloxacin, PEF) 1.97 334.3 290.1*,233.1 16.0,15.0 142
16 SAR 2.29 386.1 342.1*,299.1 19.1,27.6 153
17 ERY 2.70 734.4 576.3*,158.1 15.3,30.1 204
18 林可霉素(lincomycin, LIN) 1.20 407.1 126.1*,359.1 23.3,15.1 153
19 罗红霉素(roxithromycin, ROX) 2.92 837.4 679.5*,158.2 16.9,36.4 214
20 TIL 2.57 869.4 696.5*,174.0 37.9,41.4 298
21 AMA 1.78 152.2 135.1*,93.2 15.0,25.5 77
22 RIM 2.49 180.2 163.2*,81.2 12.6,19.9 87
23 左旋咪唑(levamisole, LEV) 1.10 205.1 178.1*,91.1 20.1,37.7 101
24 甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide, MET) 2.13 300.1 184.0*,212.0 31.3,30.4 121
25 SDT-D6 2.60 317.1 156.0 18.3 168
26 SDX-D3 2.35 314.1 156.0 15.7 146
27 CIP-D8 2.01 340.1 296.2 15.7 146
28 ENR-D5 2.15 365.1 321.1 18.4 157
29 NOR-D5 1.91 325.1 307.1 20.4 138
30 ERY-13C2 2.70 736.4 160.1 31.1 199
31 AMA-D15 1.71 167.3 150.2 15.7 78
), ArticleFig(id=1177985689850360076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各兽药保留时间及质谱参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 化合物名称 保留时间/min 母离子(m/z) 子离子(m/z) 碰撞能/V 射频电压/V
1 磺胺甲基嘧啶(sulfamerazine, SMR) 1.29 265.0 156.0*,172.0 17.1,17.1 108
2 磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole, SMZ) 2.35 254.0 156.0*,108.2 16.6,25.0 105
3 磺胺二甲嘧啶(sulfamethazine, SDM) 1.80 279.1 186.1*,124.2 17.6,25.6 116
4 SDT 2.61 311.1 156.1*,108.2 21.6,29.6 118
5 磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(sulfamonomethoxine, SMM) 2.20 281.1 156.1*,215.1 18.6,16.0 111
6 磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine, SDZ) 0.94 251.1 156.0*,108.2 15.6,24.6 93
7 磺胺喹恶啉(sulfachinoxalin, SQX) 2.62 301.1 156.1*,108.2 17.1,26.1 116
8 SDX 2.36 311.1 156.0*,108.1 18.6,26.6 119
9 磺胺氯哒嗪(sulfachlorpyridazine, SCP) 2.22 285.0 156.0*,108.3 15.6,25.1 96
10 CIP 2.01 332.1 288.1*,245.1 18.1,26.6 140
11 ENR 2.15 360.2 316.2*,245.1 19.6,29.6 146
12 洛美沙星(lomefloxacin, LOM) 2.11 352.2 265.1*,308.1 22.0,16.0 150
13 NOR 1.92 320.1 276.2*,233.1 17.6,15.0 139
14 氧氟沙星(ofloxacin, OFL) 1.94 362.2 318.3*,261.2 18.0,27.0 150
15 培氟沙星(pefloxacin, PEF) 1.97 334.3 290.1*,233.1 16.0,15.0 142
16 SAR 2.29 386.1 342.1*,299.1 19.1,27.6 153
17 ERY 2.70 734.4 576.3*,158.1 15.3,30.1 204
18 林可霉素(lincomycin, LIN) 1.20 407.1 126.1*,359.1 23.3,15.1 153
19 罗红霉素(roxithromycin, ROX) 2.92 837.4 679.5*,158.2 16.9,36.4 214
20 TIL 2.57 869.4 696.5*,174.0 37.9,41.4 298
21 AMA 1.78 152.2 135.1*,93.2 15.0,25.5 77
22 RIM 2.49 180.2 163.2*,81.2 12.6,19.9 87
23 左旋咪唑(levamisole, LEV) 1.10 205.1 178.1*,91.1 20.1,37.7 101
24 甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide, MET) 2.13 300.1 184.0*,212.0 31.3,30.4 121
25 SDT-D6 2.60 317.1 156.0 18.3 168
26 SDX-D3 2.35 314.1 156.0 15.7 146
27 CIP-D8 2.01 340.1 296.2 15.7 146
28 ENR-D5 2.15 365.1 321.1 18.4 157
29 NOR-D5 1.91 325.1 307.1 20.4 138
30 ERY-13C2 2.70 736.4 160.1 31.1 199
31 AMA-D15 1.71 167.3 150.2 15.7 78
), ArticleFig(id=1177985689930051853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Order of extraction efficiency of different kinds of veterinary drugs in 5 kinds of extraction solvents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
兽药类型 最佳提取剂 次佳提取剂 较佳提取剂
SAs 乙腈 0.1%甲酸乙腈 0.5%甲酸乙腈
1%甲酸乙腈
乙酸乙酯
QNs 1%甲酸乙腈 0.5%甲酸乙腈
0.1%甲酸乙腈
乙腈
MALs 0.1%甲酸乙腈 1%甲酸乙腈 0.5%甲酸乙腈
其他 0.1%甲酸乙腈
0.5%甲酸乙腈
1%甲酸乙腈
乙腈 乙酸乙酯
), ArticleFig(id=1177985689992966414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类别的兽药在5种提取溶剂的提取效率排序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
兽药类型 最佳提取剂 次佳提取剂 较佳提取剂
SAs 乙腈 0.1%甲酸乙腈 0.5%甲酸乙腈
1%甲酸乙腈
乙酸乙酯
QNs 1%甲酸乙腈 0.5%甲酸乙腈
0.1%甲酸乙腈
乙腈
MALs 0.1%甲酸乙腈 1%甲酸乙腈 0.5%甲酸乙腈
其他 0.1%甲酸乙腈
0.5%甲酸乙腈
1%甲酸乙腈
乙腈 乙酸乙酯
), ArticleFig(id=1177985690072658191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Linear equation, linear range, correlation coefficient, LODs and LOQs for 24 kinds of veterinary drugs in pork

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
兽药 线性方程 线性范围/(ng/mL) 相关系数(r) LODs/(μg/kg) LOQs/(μg/kg)
SMR Y=9426X+3552 2.0~200.0 0.9974 1.50 4.50
SMZ Y=3459X-2880 2.0~200.0 0.9952 1.50 4.50
SDM Y=28050X+26130 1.0~100.0 0.9977 0.50 1.50
SDT Y=0.05514X-0.03152 5.0~500.0 0.9959 3.75 11.25
SMM Y=4368X+1465 2.0~200.0 0.9962 1.00 3.00
SDZ Y=7080X-1290 2.0~200.0 0.9966 1.00 3.00
SQX Y=5209X+7109 2.0~200.0 0.9950 1.50 4.50
SDX Y=0.01824X+0.006095 1.0~100.0 0.9974 0.35 1.05
SCP Y=4943X+2716 2.0~200.0 0.9961 1.25 3.75
CIP Y=0.01907X-0.001773 2.0~200.0 0.9949 1.50 4.50
ENR Y=0.0167X+0.01084 1.0~100.0 0.9968 0.40 1.20
LOM Y=15670X-10420 1.0~100.0 0.9940 0.50 1.50
NOR Y=0.02841+0.01053 5.0~500.0 0.9938 3.00 9.00
OFL Y=17300X-18420 2.0~200.0 0.9922 1.00 3.00
PEF Y=14980X-15360 2.0~200.0 0.9914 1.00 3.00
SAR Y=7766X-10900 2.0~200.0 0.9941 1.50 4.50
ERY Y=0.06472X+0.129 10.0~500.0 0.9910 5.00 15.00
LIN Y=44850X+1301 1.0~100.0 0.9975 0.50 1.50
ROX Y=28960X+27330 2.0~200.0 0.9954 1.25 3.75
TIL Y=5831X+2852 10.0~500.0 0.9974 10.00 30.00
AMA Y=0.01712X+0.009924 2.0~200.0 0.9974 1.50 4.50
RIM Y=45670X+8737 2.0~200.0 0.9983 1.50 4.50
LEV Y=36910X-7324 1.0~100.0 0.9979 0.50 1.50
MET Y=36080X+19560 0.5~50.0 0.9987 0.20 0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1177985690148155664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

猪肉中24种兽药的线性方程、线性范围、相关系数、LODs及LOQs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
兽药 线性方程 线性范围/(ng/mL) 相关系数(r) LODs/(μg/kg) LOQs/(μg/kg)
SMR Y=9426X+3552 2.0~200.0 0.9974 1.50 4.50
SMZ Y=3459X-2880 2.0~200.0 0.9952 1.50 4.50
SDM Y=28050X+26130 1.0~100.0 0.9977 0.50 1.50
SDT Y=0.05514X-0.03152 5.0~500.0 0.9959 3.75 11.25
SMM Y=4368X+1465 2.0~200.0 0.9962 1.00 3.00
SDZ Y=7080X-1290 2.0~200.0 0.9966 1.00 3.00
SQX Y=5209X+7109 2.0~200.0 0.9950 1.50 4.50
SDX Y=0.01824X+0.006095 1.0~100.0 0.9974 0.35 1.05
SCP Y=4943X+2716 2.0~200.0 0.9961 1.25 3.75
CIP Y=0.01907X-0.001773 2.0~200.0 0.9949 1.50 4.50
ENR Y=0.0167X+0.01084 1.0~100.0 0.9968 0.40 1.20
LOM Y=15670X-10420 1.0~100.0 0.9940 0.50 1.50
NOR Y=0.02841+0.01053 5.0~500.0 0.9938 3.00 9.00
OFL Y=17300X-18420 2.0~200.0 0.9922 1.00 3.00
PEF Y=14980X-15360 2.0~200.0 0.9914 1.00 3.00
SAR Y=7766X-10900 2.0~200.0 0.9941 1.50 4.50
ERY Y=0.06472X+0.129 10.0~500.0 0.9910 5.00 15.00
LIN Y=44850X+1301 1.0~100.0 0.9975 0.50 1.50
ROX Y=28960X+27330 2.0~200.0 0.9954 1.25 3.75
TIL Y=5831X+2852 10.0~500.0 0.9974 10.00 30.00
AMA Y=0.01712X+0.009924 2.0~200.0 0.9974 1.50 4.50
RIM Y=45670X+8737 2.0~200.0 0.9983 1.50 4.50
LEV Y=36910X-7324 1.0~100.0 0.9979 0.50 1.50
MET Y=36080X+19560 0.5~50.0 0.9987 0.20 0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1177985690219458833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Recovery and precision of 24 kinds of veterinary drugs in pork (n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
兽药 加标水平/(μg/kg) 平均回收率/% RSDs/% 兽药 加标水平/(μg/kg) 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
SMR 5 81.4 2.4 NOR 9 109.9 4.1
10 78.0 5.0 18 92.2 5.8
50 84.8 3.0 90 108.7 5.0
SMZ 5 87.0 8.6 OFL 3 76.2 8.0
10 75.2 7.4 6 76.7 8.7
50 78.0 4.2 30 73.9 5.3
SDM 2 71.0 5.5 PEF 3 76.7 7.7
4 74.8 6.2 6 77.8 7.8
20 82.7 6.3 30 77.8 6.5
SDT 11 97.4 3.4 SAR 5 70.4 3.5
22 100.5 3.4 10 70.2 8.0
110 105.8 1.6 50 76.4 1.2
SMM 3 74.6 5.6 ERY 15 90.3 6.2
6 73.6 5.5 30 98.7 8.4
30 77.2 10.8 150 90.4 10.9
SDZ 3 87.5 12.2 LIN 2 75.9 2.9
6 80.7 5.9 4 76.7 1.6
30 87.1 3.5 20 72.3 3.9
SQX 5 78.5 1.5 ROX 4 74.3 4.4
10 73.6 7.7 8 71.6 5.3
50 82.1 2.2 40 71.6 1.4
SDX 1 102.6 7.4 TIL 30 71.1 7.7
2 98.5 13.8 60 70.6 3.8
10 108.9 4.5 300 80.5 7.8
SCP 4 72.6 3.7 AMA 5 108.6 8.7
8 78.2 7.3 10 102.6 11.0
40 74.1 9.8 50 107.3 4.8
CIP 5 91.7 4.8 RIM 5 72.4 7.0
10 109.1 2.6 10 72.8 4.5
50 110.3 4.2 50 75.5 7.3
ENR 1 104.0 5.1 LEV 2 77.5 7.6
2 108.3 8.8 4 78.3 6.5
10 106.9 3.3 20 74.3 5.6
LOM 2 78.1 4.9 MET 1 70.9 6.5
4 72.7 10.6 2 74.0 9.5
20 79.3 4.2 10 72.8 7.2
), ArticleFig(id=1177985690303344914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

猪肉中24种兽药回收率和精密度(n=6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
兽药 加标水平/(μg/kg) 平均回收率/% RSDs/% 兽药 加标水平/(μg/kg) 平均回收率/% RSDs/%
SMR 5 81.4 2.4 NOR 9 109.9 4.1
10 78.0 5.0 18 92.2 5.8
50 84.8 3.0 90 108.7 5.0
SMZ 5 87.0 8.6 OFL 3 76.2 8.0
10 75.2 7.4 6 76.7 8.7
50 78.0 4.2 30 73.9 5.3
SDM 2 71.0 5.5 PEF 3 76.7 7.7
4 74.8 6.2 6 77.8 7.8
20 82.7 6.3 30 77.8 6.5
SDT 11 97.4 3.4 SAR 5 70.4 3.5
22 100.5 3.4 10 70.2 8.0
110 105.8 1.6 50 76.4 1.2
SMM 3 74.6 5.6 ERY 15 90.3 6.2
6 73.6 5.5 30 98.7 8.4
30 77.2 10.8 150 90.4 10.9
SDZ 3 87.5 12.2 LIN 2 75.9 2.9
6 80.7 5.9 4 76.7 1.6
30 87.1 3.5 20 72.3 3.9
SQX 5 78.5 1.5 ROX 4 74.3 4.4
10 73.6 7.7 8 71.6 5.3
50 82.1 2.2 40 71.6 1.4
SDX 1 102.6 7.4 TIL 30 71.1 7.7
2 98.5 13.8 60 70.6 3.8
10 108.9 4.5 300 80.5 7.8
SCP 4 72.6 3.7 AMA 5 108.6 8.7
8 78.2 7.3 10 102.6 11.0
40 74.1 9.8 50 107.3 4.8
CIP 5 91.7 4.8 RIM 5 72.4 7.0
10 109.1 2.6 10 72.8 4.5
50 110.3 4.2 50 75.5 7.3
ENR 1 104.0 5.1 LEV 2 77.5 7.6
2 108.3 8.8 4 78.3 6.5
10 106.9 3.3 20 74.3 5.6
LOM 2 78.1 4.9 MET 1 70.9 6.5
4 72.7 10.6 2 74.0 9.5
20 79.3 4.2 10 72.8 7.2
), ArticleFig(id=1177985690387230995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Test results of veterinary drug residues in commercially available pork samples (μg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 CIP ENR SMM 样品编号 CIP ENR SMM
2024001 / 96.10 / 2024093 / 45.60 /
2024006 / 23.50 / 2024097 / 12.50 /
2024010 / 8.31 / 2024099 8.46 63.10 /
2024015 27.30 267.00 / 2024101 / 77.10 /
2024019 / 12.50 18.2 2024103 9.12 68.20 /
2024023 / 76.30 / 2024106 / 23.10 /
2024027 / 21.40 / 2024110 / 9.25 87.30
2024034 / 6.21 / 2024113 / 5.56 /
2024040 / 54.10 / 2024117 / 41.00 /
2024041 / 61.00 / 2024121 5.12 21.50 /
2024049 35.80 38.8×103 / 2024124 / 42.60 /
2024053 / 12.00 / 2024125 / 8.11 /
2024060 / 9.32 / 2024131 / 33.20 /
2024067 / 5.08 / 2024135 / 18.50 /
2024069 / 12.40 / 2024140 12.00 491.00 24.10
2024072 / 13.50 / 2024144 / 6.12 /
2024075 10.10 34.60 56.3 2024147 / 6.50 /
2024078 / 95.10 / 2024152 / 14.20 /
2024080 / 10.60 / 2024155 / 12.00 /
2024081 / 21.30 / 2024157 / 9.91 /
2024086 / 16.10 / 2024161 6.03 35.60 /
2024089 / 20.10 / 2024162 / 24.80 /
2024091 6.11 74.60 / 2024164 10.12 55.90 /
), ArticleFig(id=1177985690462728468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986582567703369, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

市售有检出猪肉中兽药残留检测结果(μg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 CIP ENR SMM 样品编号 CIP ENR SMM
2024001 / 96.10 / 2024093 / 45.60 /
2024006 / 23.50 / 2024097 / 12.50 /
2024010 / 8.31 / 2024099 8.46 63.10 /
2024015 27.30 267.00 / 2024101 / 77.10 /
2024019 / 12.50 18.2 2024103 9.12 68.20 /
2024023 / 76.30 / 2024106 / 23.10 /
2024027 / 21.40 / 2024110 / 9.25 87.30
2024034 / 6.21 / 2024113 / 5.56 /
2024040 / 54.10 / 2024117 / 41.00 /
2024041 / 61.00 / 2024121 5.12 21.50 /
2024049 35.80 38.8×103 / 2024124 / 42.60 /
2024053 / 12.00 / 2024125 / 8.11 /
2024060 / 9.32 / 2024131 / 33.20 /
2024067 / 5.08 / 2024135 / 18.50 /
2024069 / 12.40 / 2024140 12.00 491.00 24.10
2024072 / 13.50 / 2024144 / 6.12 /
2024075 10.10 34.60 56.3 2024147 / 6.50 /
2024078 / 95.10 / 2024152 / 14.20 /
2024080 / 10.60 / 2024155 / 12.00 /
2024081 / 21.30 / 2024157 / 9.91 /
2024086 / 16.10 / 2024161 6.03 35.60 /
2024089 / 20.10 / 2024162 / 24.80 /
2024091 6.11 74.60 / 2024164 10.12 55.90 /
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QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法同时测定猪肉中24种兽药残留
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李红丽 1, * , 贺超 2, * , 苏敏 1 , 吴彦蕾 1 , 蔡小钦 1 , 吴晓琴 1 , 黄大亮 1 , 吴雨消 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农兽药残留研究与检测 2025,16(4): 86-96
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:农兽药残留研究与检测 2025, 16(4): 86-96
QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法同时测定猪肉中24种兽药残留
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李红丽1, * , 贺超2, * , 苏敏1, 吴彦蕾1, 蔡小钦1, 吴晓琴1, 黄大亮1, 吴雨消1
作者信息
  • 1.重庆市食品药品检验检测研究院, 国家市场监管重点实验室(调味品监管技术), 重庆 401121
  • 2.重庆山楂树科技有限公司, 重庆 401121

通讯作者:

* 李红丽(1987—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与检测。E-mail:
贺超(1987—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为预防医学。E-mail:
Simultaneous determination of 24 kinds of veterinary drug residues in pork by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
Hong-Li LI1, * , Chao HE2, * , Min SU1, Yan-Lei WU1, Xiao-Qin CAI1, Xiao-Qin WU1, Da-Liang HUANG1, Yu-Xiao WU1
Affiliations
  • 1. Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology, State Administration for Market Regulation, Chongqing 401121, China
  • 2. Chongqing Hawthorn Tree Technology Ltd., Chongqing 401121, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241218004
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目的 建立QuEChERS技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定猪肉中24种兽药残留快速检测方法。方法 样品经0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液提取, 3 g无水MgSO4和2 g C18 E净化, Thermo-Fisher Hypersil GOLD aQ色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm)分离, 乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液梯度洗脱, 在电喷雾正离子扫描的模式下进行定性和定量的检测。结果 24种兽药线性关系良好, 相关系数均达0.9910以上, 检出限范围为0.2~10.0 μg/kg, 方法回收率范围为70.2%~110.3%, 相对标准偏差为1.2%~13.8%。结论 该方法简便、快速、准确、实用性强, 适用于猪肉中兽药残留的检测。

QuEChERS  /  前处理技术  /  超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法  /  基质效应  /  多兽药残留

Objective To establish a rapid detection method for the simultaneous determination of 24 kinds of veterinary drug residues in pork by QuEChERS technique combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were extracted with acidified acetonitrile, salted out by 3 g magnesium sulfate anhydrous and 2 g C18 E, separated by Thermo-Fisher Hypersil GOLD aQ chromatographic column (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) via gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution. The gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in aqueous solution was performed in the mode of electrospray positive ion scanning. Results The linear relationship of 24 kinds of veterinary drugs was good, and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.9910, and the detection limit ranged from 0.2-10.0 μg/kg. The spiked recoveries varied between 70.2%-110.3%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.2%-13.8%. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid, accurate, practical, and suitable for detection of multiple veterinary drug residues in pork.

QuEChERS  /  pretreatment technology  /  ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry  /  matrix effect  /  multiple veterinary drug residue
李红丽, 贺超, 苏敏, 吴彦蕾, 蔡小钦, 吴晓琴, 黄大亮, 吴雨消. QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法同时测定猪肉中24种兽药残留. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (4) : 86 -96 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241218004
Hong-Li LI, Chao HE, Min SU, Yan-Lei WU, Xiao-Qin CAI, Xiao-Qin WU, Da-Liang HUANG, Yu-Xiao WU. Simultaneous determination of 24 kinds of veterinary drug residues in pork by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (4) : 86 -96 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241218004
我国是猪肉的消费大国[1-3], 随着经济的发展, 猪肉的产值及规模不断扩大, 为了防治动物疾病、改善畜产品质量, 兽药的使用越来越普遍[4-6], 随之而来的安全问题也不容忽视。目前, 各国对动物性食品中兽药残留检测的方法大部分以分类别的检测为主, 一个样本要进行多次重复性检验, 耗费大量的人力、物力。因此, 建立一种检测时间短、通量大、准确性高、操作简单而且有效实用的动物性食品中多兽药残留同时分析方法, 对食品安全具有重要的现实意义。
受兽药种类、前处理方法、基质干扰等因素影响, 兽药残留检测面临诸多技术瓶颈[7-9], QuEChERS前处理技术作为一种经典的前处理技术, 起初运用于果蔬农药残留检测[10-12], 因其快速、简单、环保、价廉等优点被快速地运用于应用于畜肉、水产品中多种兽药检测中[13-17], 并取得较好的回收率, 目前大多数报道都是同一类别化合物同时检测, 但不同种类的兽药(磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、抗病毒类、抗寄生虫类及拮抗剂)同时检测的工作较为少见。
鉴于此, 本研究基于QuEChERS前处理技术, 结合超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS), 以猪肉为例, 优化提取溶剂, 确定除水剂及其用量, 探究不同净化剂的净化效果及基质效应, 以期为多兽药残留快速检测工作提供一定的参考。
猪肉样品采集自超市及农贸市场。
乙腈、甲醇、正己烷(色谱纯, 德国Merck公司); 甲酸(色谱纯, 德国CNW公司); 无水硫酸钠、氯化钠、无水硫酸镁[分析纯, 重庆川东化工(集团)有限公司]; C18 E粉(美国Welch公司); ODS C18粉、乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(primary secondary amine, PSA)(美国Agela公司), QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid除脂分散净化包(美国安捷伦科技有限公司)。
替米考星(tilmicosin, TIL)(纯度80.71%)、诺氟沙星-D5 (norfloxacin-D5, NOR-D5)(纯度80.40%)、沙拉沙星(sarafloxacin, SAR)、金刚烷胺(amantadine, AMA)、金刚乙胺(rimantadine, RIM)、环丙沙星-D8 (ciprofloxacin, CIP-D8)、恩诺沙星-D5 (enrofloxacin-D5, ENR-D5)、诺氟沙星-D5[曼哈格(BePure)-南京泰谱瑞仪器设备有限公司]; 磺胺间二甲氧嘧啶-D6 (sulfadimethoxine-D6, SDT-D6)、磺胺邻二甲氧嘧啶-D3 (sulfadoxine, SDX-D3)(德国WITEGA公司); 金刚烷胺-D15 (amantadine-D15, AMA-D15)(上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); 红霉素-13C2 (erythromycin-13C2, ERY-13C2)(默克SIGMA-ALDRICH公司), 其余21种标准品均来自德国DR. Ehrenstorfer公司, 纯度≥92%。
TSQ Endura三重四极杆串联质谱仪、Ultimate 3000超高效液相色谱仪、Thermo-Fisher Hypersil GOLD aQ色谱柱(50 mm× 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm)(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); VORTEX GENIUS3涡旋仪(德国IKA公司); Milli-Q全自动超纯水机(美国Millipore公司); SQP (PRACTUM612-ICN)电子天平(精度0.01 g)、MSE225P-ICE-DU型电子天平(精度0.01 mg)(德国Sartorius公司); Sin-QuEChERS Nano兽药残留分析净化柱、m-PFC高脂类超滤净化柱(北京绿绵科技有限公司); QuEChERS-HF净化柱(河南华仁健康科技有限公司)。
分别称取适量标准品, 用甲醇配制成1 mg/mL的标准储备液; 准确移取一定量的各标准储备液, 用甲醇稀释成1 μg/mL的混合标准工作液, 现用现配; 同法配制内标工作液。
称取猪前腿肉5 g(精确至0.01 g)于50 mL离心管中, 加入2 mL乙腈饱和正己烷; 加入10 mL 0.1%甲酸乙腈, 3 g无水硫酸钠, 加盖涡旋1 min, 超声5 min, 8000 r/min离心5 min; 取中间层提取液于含有2 g C18 E的净化管中, 超声5 min, 4000 r/min离心3 min; 准确移取5 mL上清液于氮吹管中, 40 ℃氮吹至干, 用20%甲醇-水(V/V)定容至1 mL, 涡旋, 过0.22 μm有机滤膜, 供UPLC-MS/MS测定。
色谱柱: Thermo-Fisher Hypersil GOLD aQ色谱柱(50 mm× 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm); 柱温: 40 ℃; 流速: 0.4 mL/min; 进样体积5 μL; 流动相A: 0.1%甲酸水溶液, 流动相B: 乙腈, 梯度洗脱程序: 0~0.5 min, 90% A, 10% B; 0.5~3.0 min, 90% A~10% A, 10% B~90% B; 3.0~4.0 min, 10% A, 90% B; 4.1~5.0 min, 90% A, 10% B。
离子化模式: 电喷雾离子源, 正离子模式; 喷雾电压: 3500 V; 鞘气: 45; 辅助气: 13; 吹扫气: 2; 离子传输管温度: 350 ℃; 蒸发温度: 300 ℃; 碰撞气压力: 氩气2 mTorr; Q1半峰宽: 0.7 Da; Q3半峰宽: 0.7 Da; 扫描模式: 多反应监测。24种兽药质谱参数见表1
溶剂标准曲线: 准确移取适量混合标准工作液, 用20%甲醇-水(V/V)稀释成5、10、20、50、100、200 ng/mL的混合标准系列溶液。基质匹配标准曲线: 称取阴性猪肉5 g(精确至0.01 g)按1.3处理, 获得空白基质溶液, 加入适量混合标准工作液, 配制成5、10、20、50、100、200 ng/mL的基质匹配混合标准溶液。本研究在之前研究[18]表明基质匹配标准曲线和内标法一样均能有效地补偿基质效应。在1.4的仪器条件下测定, 以浓度为横坐标(X, ng/mL), 色谱峰面积为纵坐标(Y)绘制标准曲线。离子抑制率公式(1)如下。
$\text { Is } / \%=\left(\frac{K_{2}}{K_{1}}-1\right) \times 100 \%$
式中: Is为离子抑制率, %; K1为溶剂标曲斜率; K2为基质匹配标曲斜率。
Is>0, 为基质增强[19]; 当Is<0, 为基质抑制[20-21]; Is绝对值越大, 基质效应越强。
每项实验至少重复3次, 实验结果表示为(平均值±标准偏差); 采用SPSS 20软件进行显著性分析, 显著性差异水平为P<0.05; 用Microsoft Office Excel 2016进行图表绘制。
由于待测物的性质不同, 不同的溶剂有不同的提取效果。为了准确地测定猪肉组织中残留兽药的含量, 需通过合适的提取溶剂将残留兽药有效地提取。苏敏等[22]用0.5%乙腈作为提取溶剂, 发现能有效提取鱼肉中54中兽药残留。李宏等[23]用1%甲酸乙腈提取鸡肉中的兽药残留, 获得了较好的回收率。本研究考查了乙腈、0.1%甲酸乙腈、0.5%甲酸乙腈、1%甲酸乙腈、乙酸乙酯5种溶剂对在猪肉中的24种兽药的提取效果, 结果以一类兽药的平均回收率统计, 如图1
图1可知, SAs类兽药随着甲酸浓度的增加, 其提取效率逐步降低。以乙腈作为提取溶剂时, SAs类兽药的加标回收率最高, 0.1%甲酸乙腈次之。可能是SAs类兽药含有对氨基苯磺酰胺结构, 使其具有酸碱两性, 在甲酸做为介质时, 更易与蛋白质形成氢键, 不利提取; 也可能是加入甲酸后SAs在乙腈的溶解性变差。以乙酸乙酯作为提取溶剂时, 与0.5%甲酸乙腈、1%甲酸乙腈无显著差异(P>0.05), 但显著低于乙腈和0.1%甲酸乙腈(P<0.05)。
QNs类兽药则是随着甲酸浓度的增加其提取效率增加。1.0%甲酸乙腈作为提取溶剂时提取率最高, 可能的原因是QNs类兽药3号位的羧基使其更易溶于酸性环境中。从图中可以看出, QNs回收率均偏高, 除LOM、SAR外, 剩余5种均大于100%, PEF甚至达到153.36%±2.07%, 主要原因是QNs受猪肉基质增强影响; 当乙酸乙酯作为提取溶剂时, QNs类兽药的提取效率显著低于其他4种提取溶剂(P<0.05)。
MALs类兽药以0.1%甲酸乙腈作为提取溶剂时, 回收率显著高于(P<0.05)其他4种提取溶剂。MLAs类兽药提取效率依次为: 0.1%甲酸乙腈>1.0%甲酸乙腈>0.5%甲酸乙腈>乙腈>乙酸乙酯。其他4种兽药在0.1%甲酸乙腈、0.5%甲酸乙腈、1.0%甲酸乙腈作为提取溶剂时, 无显著差异(P>0.05), 但显著高于(P<0.05)乙腈和乙酸乙酯。
在用不同提取溶剂提取时, 随着甲酸含量的增加, 肌肉组织中的蛋白质更易抱团。加入1.0%甲酸乙腈溶剂分散肌肉组织, 抱团明显, 不易分散提取。甲酸含量越少, 肌肉组织越分散, 提取溶剂越能全面渗入肌肉组织, 提取效率就越高。这也从实验现象的角度说明, 加入0.1%甲酸乙腈溶剂的提取效率高于1.0%甲酸乙腈; 但如若要沉淀蛋白质, 则可不同程度地提高甲酸的含量。不同类别的兽药在5种提取溶剂的提取效率排序归纳见表2。综上所述, 本研究初步选定0.1%的甲酸乙腈为24种兽药的提取溶剂。
为除去提取环境中的水分, 促使有机相与水相的分离, 本研究考察了NaCl、无水Na2SO4、无水MgSO4的除水效果, 如图2。由图2可知: SAs类兽药以NaCl和无水Na2SO4作为除水剂时, 回收率无显著差异(P>0.05), 但显著高于无水MgSO4 (P<0.05)QNs类兽药以无水Na2SO4作为除水剂时, 显著高于其他2种除水剂(P<0.05), 研究发现QNs类兽药使用无水MgSO4做除水剂时, CIP的回收率低至16.40%±2.22%, 可能的原因是QNs易于Mg2+形成螯合物, 不利萃取。MALs类兽药以无水Na2SO4作为除水剂时显著高于(P<0.05)其他2种除水剂, 研究发现MALs类兽药以无水NaCl做除水剂时, ERY和LIN回收率分别低至4.56%±0.06%、12.00%±0.24%, 可能的原因是与Cl-发生了沉淀反应; 其他4种兽药以这3种无机盐做除水剂回收率无显著差异(P>0.05); 故选择无水Na2SO4作为除水剂。
除水剂的用量会影响除水效果和提取回收率, 用量少, 除水不完全, 用量大可能会残留成为杂质, 影响检测的灵敏度; 朱丽萍等[24]在测定猪肉中喹诺酮类兽药时发现2 g无水Na2SO4可获得良好除水效果, 李蓉等[25]在检测水产品中64种兽药残留中发现4 g无水Na2SO4可获得良好除水效果; 本研究分别考察1、2、3、4 g无水Na2SO4的除水效果。从图3可知, SAs类兽药、MALs类兽药、其他4种兽药以3 g无水Na2SO4为用量时, 回收率显著高于(P<0.05)其他3种用量。QNs类兽药在无水Na2SO4用量为1 g和3 g时回收率无显著差异(P>0.05), 但显著高于2 g和4 g (P<0.05); 故选择3 g无水Na2SO4作为本次研究的除水剂。
猪肉样品经乙腈饱和正己烷、酸化乙腈、无水Na2SO4处理后, 已经除去部分的脂肪、蛋白质以及水分等干扰物, 提取溶剂除了能提取目标化合物和肌肉组织中的水分外, 同时也能提取肌肉组织及内脏中蛋白质、碳水化合物、色素、脂肪和甾醇等[26], 故有效除去杂质的同时不吸附目标化合物, 净化条件的选择尤为关键。
(1)净化剂的选择
本研究考察了PSA、ODS C18、C18 E、硅藻土的净化效果, 如图4。结果表明: SAs类兽药、MALs类兽药、其他4种兽药以C18 E作为净化剂时, 回收率显著高于其他3种(P<0.05)。QNs类兽药以C18 E和硅藻土作为净化时, 无显著差异(P>0.05), 但显著高于(P<0.05) PSA和ODS C18。故单种净化剂推荐C18 E, 与GRESSLER等[27]的研究结果类似, 其以C18 E净化猪内脏中的莱克多巴胺, 回收率在92.0%到127%之间。
(2) C18 E的用量考察
净化剂的用量也会影响净化效果和回效率, 用量少, 会影响净化效果, 也会影响基质效应, 用量多, 可能会吸附一部分待测物而降低回收率。本研究考察了0.5、1.0、2.0 g C18 E的净化效果, 结果如图5。结果表明SAs类兽药、MALs类兽药、其他4种兽药以2 g C18 E作为净化剂时, 回收率显著高于0.5 g和1.0 g (P<0.05)。QNs类兽药随C18 E用量的增加无显著差异(P>0.05)。故单种净化剂推荐2.0 g C18 E。
根据各单种净化剂的效果, 考察混合净化剂POCD、POD、PCD及QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid除脂分散净化包的净化效果, 如图6。由图6可知, SAs类兽药、MALs类兽药、其他4种兽药以QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid除脂分散净化包作为净化剂时回收率显著高于(P<0.05) POCD、POD、PCD 3种混合净化剂。QNs类兽药在4种混合净化剂净化条件下回收率无显著差异(P>0.05)。故混合净化剂推荐QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid除脂分散净化包。
QuEChERS净化柱是近几年在净化剂的基础上兴起的一种操作简单、处理快捷的净化方式, 本研究考察了Sin-QuEChERS Nano兽药残留分析净化柱、QuEChERS-HF净化柱、m-PFC高脂类超滤净化柱的净化效果, 如图7。由图7可知, SAs类兽药、其他4种兽药以m-PFC高脂类超滤净化柱净化时, 回收率显著高于Sin-QuEChERS Nano兽药残留分析净化柱(P<0.05)、QuEChERS-HF净化柱。QNs类兽药及MALs类兽药以m-PFC高脂类超滤净化柱与QuEChERS-HF净化柱净化时, 回收率无显著差异(P>0.05), 但显著高于(P<0.05) Sin-QuEChERS Nano兽药残留分析净化柱。故QuEChERS净化柱推荐m-PFC高脂类超滤净化柱。
以回收率为指标, 净化效果较好的有: 2 g C18 E、QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid除脂分散净化包、m-PFC高脂类超滤净化柱,通过离子抑制率考察不同净化条件下的基质效应, 选择基质效应最小的净化方式作为本次研究的净化条件。
净化剂会吸附样品和前处理带来的大部分杂质, 不同的净化方式除了净化效果不一样, 其净化后的基质效应也有所不一样[28-30]。ME在±20%之间时, 为弱基质效应, 基本可以忽略不计; ME范围在±20%~±50%时, 为中等基质效应; ME<-50%或ME>50%时, 为强基质抑制或强基质增强; 基质效应越强, 对定量结果准确性的影响就越大。
本研究考察了24种兽药在净化前和不同净化剂净化后(2g C18 E、m-PFC高脂类超滤净化柱、QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid除脂分散净化包)的基质效应, 图8展示了24种兽药在4种不同净化方式下的基质效应分布情况。从图8可知, 净化处理可明显增加弱基质效应的兽药数目, 中等基质效应和强基质效应的兽药数目明显减少; 说明3种净化方式均能有效减少基质中干扰物对待测物的影响, 相对而言, 2 g C18 E的效果更优, 其弱基质效应的兽药数目最多(15种), 强基质效应的兽药数目最少(4种)。可能原因是:肌肉组织基质中含有碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪和维生素等物质, C18 E是疏水性较强的硅胶基体净化剂, 对非极性化合物具有出色的保留特性, 对大多数有机物都有保留, 所以对干扰物的整体保留容量要高于其他2种净化方式; 结合净化效果和基质效应的比较, 本次研究最终选择2 g C18 E作为净化剂。
24种兽药标准溶液的总离子流如下图9所示。
24种兽药在不同的浓度范围之间呈良好线性关系, 其相关系数在0.9910~0.9987之间, 检出限(limit of detection, LOD)在0.20~10.00 μg/kg之间。24种兽药在猪肉的标准曲线、线性范围、相关系数、LOD和定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)见表3
取阴性猪肉样品, 对24种兽药做3水平做加标实验, 见表4。24种兽药在猪肉中的平均回收率为70.2%~110.3% (n=6), 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为1.2%~13.8%, 均≤13.8%。该方法符合兽药残留检测要求。
采用本方法对市售的166组猪肉进行检测, 其中CIP有10组检出, ENR有46组检出, SMM有4组检出, 依据GB 31650—2019《食品安全国家标准 食品中兽药最大残留限量》判定有3组不合格, 其他为未检出。故本次166组样品中, CIP检出率为6.02%, ENR检出率为27.7%, SMM检出率为2.41%, 不合格率为1.81%, 详见表5, 其他兽药均未检出未全部列出。由本次标本可总结出, 在养殖过程中, QNs为常用的抗生素, 在监管过程中, 应对这类抗生素加强事前、事中、事后的控制, 以保证老百姓舌尖上的安全。
本研究建立了猪肉中24种兽药残留高通量QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS的检测方法。以猪肉为基质, UPLC-MS/MS为检测手段, 回收率和离子抑制率为衡量指标, 优化了QuEChERS前处理技术, 实验选用了0.1%甲酸乙腈作为提取溶剂、3 g无水Na2SO4除水剂、2 g C18 E为净化剂, 前处理过程操作简单、耗时短、有机溶剂用量少、成本低。24种兽药在线性范围内相关系数在0.9910~0.9987之间, LODs在0.2~10.0 μg/kg之间, 对24种兽药做3水平做加标实验, 平均回收率在70.2%~110.3%之间, RSDs在1.2%~13.8%之间。适用于猪肉中高通量兽药残留的检测分析。
  • 重庆市市场监督管理局科研计划项目(CQSJKJDW2023035)
  • 重庆市市场监督管理局科研计划项目(CQSJKJDW2024037)
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2025年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241218004
  • 接收时间:2024-12-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-18
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重庆市市场监督管理局科研计划项目(CQSJKJDW2023035)
重庆市市场监督管理局科研计划项目(CQSJKJDW2024037)
作者信息
    1.重庆市食品药品检验检测研究院, 国家市场监管重点实验室(调味品监管技术), 重庆 401121
    2.重庆山楂树科技有限公司, 重庆 401121

通讯作者:

* 李红丽(1987—), 女, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为食品安全与检测。E-mail:
贺超(1987—), 男, 工程师, 主要研究方向为预防医学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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