Article(id=1153433689737388817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241210002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733760000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929621395, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929621395, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929621395, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929621395, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433686872679135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929620712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757656380159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173259152974561742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173259152978756047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433686872679135, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=116, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433690551083809, articleId=1153433689737388817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research on the regulatory system of health claims for functional foods in Japan and its implications, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of the global health food market, the management of health claims for functional foods has become an essential part of food regulatory systems in various countries. The scientific basis, accuracy, and compliance of health claims not only affect consumer trust but also have a direct impact on the sustainable development of the functional food market. As a pioneer in the Asian functional food market, Japan has established a systematic and comprehensive framework for managing health claims. Through the implementation of systems such as the Foods for specified health uses, Foods with functional claims, and Nutrient function claims, Japan enforces a tiered management approach for health claims of functional foods. This tiered system not only includes clear legal frameworks but also emphasizes rigorous scientific evaluation to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the claims. This paper took Japan’s health claim management system for functional foods as the research object, systematically summarized its regulations in terms of legal frameworks, classification management and scientific evidence, provided insights into the regulatory experience and effectiveness of Japan’s system. It aims to offer valuable references for improving the health claim management system for functional foods in China.

, correspAuthors=Feng-Zhong WANG, Cong LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing-Wen CUI, Dan-Yang WANG, Bei FAN, Xin-Min LIU, Feng-Zhong WANG, Cong LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433698222465988, articleId=1153433689737388817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=日本保健功能食品健康声称监管体系研究及启示, columnId=1151895323909124661, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着全球健康食品市场的迅速发展, 保健功能食品健康声称的管理成为各国食品监管体系的重要组成部分。健康声称的科学性、准确性和合规性, 不仅关系到消费者的信任, 更直接影响着功能性食品市场的可持续发展。作为亚洲功能性食品市场的先行者, 日本在健康声称管理方面建立了系统而完善的制度框架, 通过制定《特定保健用食品》《功能性标示食品》及《营养功能食品》等制度对保健功能食品健康声称实施分级管理。这种分级管理模式不仅涵盖了法律框架的明确规定, 还通过严格的科学依据审查, 保障了声称内容的真实性和可信性。本文以日本保健功能食品健康声称管理体系为研究对象, 系统归纳其在法律框架、分类管理和科学依据等方面的规定, 总结其监管经验及成效, 以期为完善我国保健功能食品健康声称管理体系提供参考。

, correspAuthors=王凤忠, 卢聪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王凤忠(1972—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品时空多维品质评价及综合利用。E-mail:
卢聪(1989—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食药同源物质功效评价、机制研究及功能性产品研发。E-mail:
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崔竞雯(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食药同源物质功能挖掘及作用机制。E-mail:

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崔竞雯(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食药同源物质功能挖掘及作用机制。E-mail:

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崔竞雯(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食药同源物质功能挖掘及作用机制。E-mail:

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Research on the regulatory issues of health foods in China[D]. Ji’nan: Shandong Normal University, 2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278533867680739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=87, authorNames=孟薇, journalName=论我国食品广告的法律规制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孟薇. 论我国食品广告的法律规制[D]. 杭州: 中国计量学院, 2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278533922206693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=88, authorNames=MENG W, journalName=On the legal regulation of food advertising in China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MENG W. 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Investigation and analysis on the current situation of health food consumption and supervision[D]. Taiyuan: Shanxi Medical University, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278534287111144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=4, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=91, authorNames=赵黎明, 刘兵, 夏泉鸣, journalName=中国食物与营养, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵黎明, 刘兵, 夏泉鸣, 等. 中国保健食品现状和发展趋势[J]. 中国食物与营养, 2010(10): 4-7., articleTitle=中国保健食品现状和发展趋势, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1173278534358414313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=4, pageEnd=7, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=92, authorNames=ZHAO LM, LIU B, XIA QM, journalName=Food and Nutrition in China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO LM, LIU B, XIA QM, et al. Current situation and development trend of health food in China[J]. 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Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278520181666612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, companyId=1173278520164889394, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 晋中 030801)]), AuthorCompany(id=1173278520244581173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278520248775478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, companyId=1173278520244581173, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Institute of New Drug Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1173278520257164087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, companyId=1173278520244581173, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.宁波大学新药技术研究院, 宁波 315000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1173278523004433257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Labeling for condition-specific FOSHU (a) and other 4 kinds of types (b), figureFileSmall=AsWaTwEdSG1sVTGFnOYJXw==, figureFileBig=av6msDEv2sPZfJ3t6W/FyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278523067347818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=图1, caption=条件限制性的FOSHU标识(a)和其余4种类型标识(b), figureFileSmall=AsWaTwEdSG1sVTGFnOYJXw==, figureFileBig=av6msDEv2sPZfJ3t6W/FyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278523155428203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Flowchart for the registration and application process of FOSHU, figureFileSmall=nuKct82oNd+UxKZo3lCmwA==, figureFileBig=Vz4UWGRM+Bbr/kC1wUlfMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278523226731372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=图2, caption=FOSHU注册申报流程图, figureFileSmall=nuKct82oNd+UxKZo3lCmwA==, figureFileBig=Vz4UWGRM+Bbr/kC1wUlfMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1173278523306423149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Categories of health functional foods in Japan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 定义 时间/年 备注
FOSHU 指特定人群在饮食生活中通过摄入此类产品以期望达到该产品所标示的特定保健目的的食品 1991 可以声称被批准的功能, 声称的效果及产品的安全性由国家进行个别审查
FFC 针对未罹患疾病的消费者, 根据添加的功能性成分有可能达到维持和增进健康的特定保健目的科学依据, 可以在容器上标示相关功能性的食品 2015 基于科学依据备案后, 就可以声称一定的功能, 由企业承担责任, 不需要接受国家的个别审查
FNFC 指以补充维生素、矿物质等特定营养成分为目的, 含有并标示相关营养成分功能性的一种功能食品 2001 不需要接受国家的个别审查, 按照国家规定使用固定的功能声称
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523402892142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

日本保健功能食品分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 定义 时间/年 备注
FOSHU 指特定人群在饮食生活中通过摄入此类产品以期望达到该产品所标示的特定保健目的的食品 1991 可以声称被批准的功能, 声称的效果及产品的安全性由国家进行个别审查
FFC 针对未罹患疾病的消费者, 根据添加的功能性成分有可能达到维持和增进健康的特定保健目的科学依据, 可以在容器上标示相关功能性的食品 2015 基于科学依据备案后, 就可以声称一定的功能, 由企业承担责任, 不需要接受国家的个别审查
FNFC 指以补充维生素、矿物质等特定营养成分为目的, 含有并标示相关营养成分功能性的一种功能食品 2001 不需要接受国家的个别审查, 按照国家规定使用固定的功能声称
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523499361135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification standards for scientific evidence of condition-specific FOSHU

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作用
机制
随机比较试验 非随机比较
研究(显着性
水平小于或
等于5%)
无对照组的
干预试验(显
着性水平小于
或等于5%)
显著性水平
5%或以下
显著性水平
10%或以下
清楚 FOSHU 有条件的FOSHU 有条件的FOSHU -
不清楚 有条件的FOSHU 有条件的FOSHU - -
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523587441520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

条件限制型的FOSHU科学依据分类标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作用
机制
随机比较试验 非随机比较
研究(显着性
水平小于或
等于5%)
无对照组的
干预试验(显
着性水平小于
或等于5%)
显著性水平
5%或以下
显著性水平
10%或以下
清楚 FOSHU 有条件的FOSHU 有条件的FOSHU -
不清楚 有条件的FOSHU 有条件的FOSHU - -
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523650356081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Health claims and disease risk reduction labeling for FOSHU (calcium and folic acid)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参与成分 查看健康用途 服用注意事项

每日推荐摄入量中所含成分的量: 300~700 mg
这种食物富含钙, 日常锻炼和含有适量钙的健康饮食可以帮助年轻女性保持健康的骨骼健康, 降低年老后患骨质疏松症的风险 一般来说, 疾病是由多种因素引起的, 摄入过多的钙并不能消除患骨质疏松症的风险
叶酸
每日推荐摄入量中所含成分的量: 400~1000 μg
这种食物富含叶酸, 含有适量叶酸的健康饮食可以帮助女性预防神经管阻塞, 有可能降低孩子出生的风险
作为注释, 显示以下内容: 神经管闭合障碍是一种神经障碍, 是由于怀孕初期大脑和脊髓的神经管部分发育不良而引起的; 除了叶酸缺乏外, 还有包括遗传在内的多种因素是复合发病的
一般来说, 疾病是由多种因素引起的, 过量摄入叶酸并不能消除孩子患神经管闭合障碍的风险
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523730047858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

FOSHU(钙与叶酸)的健康用途及疾病风险低减标示

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参与成分 查看健康用途 服用注意事项

每日推荐摄入量中所含成分的量: 300~700 mg
这种食物富含钙, 日常锻炼和含有适量钙的健康饮食可以帮助年轻女性保持健康的骨骼健康, 降低年老后患骨质疏松症的风险 一般来说, 疾病是由多种因素引起的, 摄入过多的钙并不能消除患骨质疏松症的风险
叶酸
每日推荐摄入量中所含成分的量: 400~1000 μg
这种食物富含叶酸, 含有适量叶酸的健康饮食可以帮助女性预防神经管阻塞, 有可能降低孩子出生的风险
作为注释, 显示以下内容: 神经管闭合障碍是一种神经障碍, 是由于怀孕初期大脑和脊髓的神经管部分发育不良而引起的; 除了叶酸缺乏外, 还有包括遗传在内的多种因素是复合发病的
一般来说, 疾病是由多种因素引起的, 过量摄入叶酸并不能消除孩子患神经管闭合障碍的风险
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523839099763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Labels related to the risk of diseases such as dental caries

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
查看健康用途 服用注意事项
如果经常作为零食食用含有大量糖分和淀粉的食物, 容易导致龋齿; 此外, 乳牙患龋齿后, 恒牙也更容易出现龋齿问题
注: 1. 该食品不含引发龋齿的发酵性糖类, 且其中的○○成分, 有助于抑制□□, 降低龋齿的风险; 2. 该食品有助于降低龋齿风险的可能性; 3. 显示在以未成年人为对象的食品上
过量服用本产品并不能消除患蛀牙的风险, 也不能代替刷牙; 为了预防蛀牙并保持健康的牙齿, 养成规律的饮食和饭后刷牙等习惯, 定期进行牙科检查很重要
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523922985844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

与龋齿等疾病风险相关的标签

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
查看健康用途 服用注意事项
如果经常作为零食食用含有大量糖分和淀粉的食物, 容易导致龋齿; 此外, 乳牙患龋齿后, 恒牙也更容易出现龋齿问题
注: 1. 该食品不含引发龋齿的发酵性糖类, 且其中的○○成分, 有助于抑制□□, 降低龋齿的风险; 2. 该食品有助于降低龋齿风险的可能性; 3. 显示在以未成年人为对象的食品上
过量服用本产品并不能消除患蛀牙的风险, 也不能代替刷牙; 为了预防蛀牙并保持健康的牙齿, 养成规律的饮食和饭后刷牙等习惯, 定期进行牙科检查很重要
), ArticleFig(id=1173278523981706101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Functional claims and standards for FNFC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养成分 每日摄入量 功能声明 警告指示
烟酸 3.3~60 mg 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量
泛酸 1.65~30 mg 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康
生物素 14~500 μg 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康
维生素A 135~600 μg 有助于在黑暗中保持视力, 并有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量; 怀孕3个月内的妇女或考虑怀孕的妇女应小心过量食用
维生素B1 0.3~25 μg 有助于从碳水化合物中产生能量, 保持皮肤和黏膜的健康 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量
维生素B2 0.33~12 μg 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康
维生素B6 0.3~25 mg 有助于从蛋白质中产生能量, 保持皮肤和黏膜的健康
维生素B12 0.6~60 mg 有助于红细胞的形成
维生素C 24~1000 mg 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜健康, 具有抗氧化作用
维生素D 1.5~5 μg 促进肠道对钙的吸收, 促进骨骼生长
维生素E 2.4~150mg 有助于保护体内脂肪不被氧化, 维持细胞健康
维生素K 45~150 μg 维持正常血液凝固 -
叶酸 60~200 μg 帮助红细胞的形成, 并有助于胎儿的正常生长 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量; 本品有助于胎儿的正常发育, 但增加本品的摄入量不会导致胎儿的更好发育
2.1~25 mg 是维持正常味觉所必需的营养素, 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康; 参与蛋白质和核酸的代谢, 有助于维持健康 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 摄入过多的锌可能会抑制铜的吸收; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量; 婴幼儿应避免使用本品
210~600 mg 骨骼和牙齿发育所必需的 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量
2.25~10 mg 红细胞形成所必需的
0.18~6 mg 帮助形成红细胞, 并帮助许多身体酶和骨形成的正常功能 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量; 婴幼儿应避免使用本品
75~300 mg 骨骼和牙齿发育所必需, 维持正常的血液循环, 并帮助身体许多酶的正常功能和能量的产生 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 摄入量增加可能会导致腹泻; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量; 婴幼儿应避免使用本品
840~2800 mg 保持血压正常 -
), ArticleFig(id=1173278524132701046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

FNFC功能声称及标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养成分 每日摄入量 功能声明 警告指示
烟酸 3.3~60 mg 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量
泛酸 1.65~30 mg 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康
生物素 14~500 μg 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康
维生素A 135~600 μg 有助于在黑暗中保持视力, 并有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量; 怀孕3个月内的妇女或考虑怀孕的妇女应小心过量食用
维生素B1 0.3~25 μg 有助于从碳水化合物中产生能量, 保持皮肤和黏膜的健康 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量
维生素B2 0.33~12 μg 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康
维生素B6 0.3~25 mg 有助于从蛋白质中产生能量, 保持皮肤和黏膜的健康
维生素B12 0.6~60 mg 有助于红细胞的形成
维生素C 24~1000 mg 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜健康, 具有抗氧化作用
维生素D 1.5~5 μg 促进肠道对钙的吸收, 促进骨骼生长
维生素E 2.4~150mg 有助于保护体内脂肪不被氧化, 维持细胞健康
维生素K 45~150 μg 维持正常血液凝固 -
叶酸 60~200 μg 帮助红细胞的形成, 并有助于胎儿的正常生长 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量; 本品有助于胎儿的正常发育, 但增加本品的摄入量不会导致胎儿的更好发育
2.1~25 mg 是维持正常味觉所必需的营养素, 有助于保持皮肤和黏膜的健康; 参与蛋白质和核酸的代谢, 有助于维持健康 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 摄入过多的锌可能会抑制铜的吸收; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量; 婴幼儿应避免使用本品
210~600 mg 骨骼和牙齿发育所必需的 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量
2.25~10 mg 红细胞形成所必需的
0.18~6 mg 帮助形成红细胞, 并帮助许多身体酶和骨形成的正常功能 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量; 婴幼儿应避免使用本品
75~300 mg 骨骼和牙齿发育所必需, 维持正常的血液循环, 并帮助身体许多酶的正常功能和能量的产生 增加这种产品的摄入量不会导致治愈疾病或促进健康; 摄入量增加可能会导致腹泻; 请遵守建议的每日摄入量; 婴幼儿应避免使用本品
840~2800 mg 保持血压正常 -
), ArticleFig(id=1173278524220781431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Numerical standards for health functional food claims of “high content” nutrients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类 对于“较高”语句,
金额必须等于或
大于以下值
对于“包含”与“增强”语句,
金额必须等于或
大于以下值
每100 g食物 每100 mL食物通常以
液体形式食用
蛋白质 15 g 7.5 g
膳食纤维 6 g 3 g
2.10 mg 1.05 mg
210 mg 105 mg
2.25 mg 1.13 mg
0.18 mg 0.09 mg
75 mg 38 mg
烟酸 3.3 mg 1.7 mg
泛酸 1.65 mg 0.83 mg
生物素 14 μg 6.8 μg
维生素A 135 μg 68 μg
维生素B1 0.30 mg 0.15 mg
维生素B2 0.33 mg 0.17 mg
维生素B6 0.30 mg 0.15 mg
维生素B12 2.60 μg 1.30 μg
维生素C 24 mg 12 mg
维生素D 1.50 μg 0.75 μg
维生素E 2.4 mg 1.2 mg
叶酸 60 μg 30 μg
), ArticleFig(id=1173278524287890296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

保健功能食品声称“高含量”营养素的数值标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类 对于“较高”语句,
金额必须等于或
大于以下值
对于“包含”与“增强”语句,
金额必须等于或
大于以下值
每100 g食物 每100 mL食物通常以
液体形式食用
蛋白质 15 g 7.5 g
膳食纤维 6 g 3 g
2.10 mg 1.05 mg
210 mg 105 mg
2.25 mg 1.13 mg
0.18 mg 0.09 mg
75 mg 38 mg
烟酸 3.3 mg 1.7 mg
泛酸 1.65 mg 0.83 mg
生物素 14 μg 6.8 μg
维生素A 135 μg 68 μg
维生素B1 0.30 mg 0.15 mg
维生素B2 0.33 mg 0.17 mg
维生素B6 0.30 mg 0.15 mg
维生素B12 2.60 μg 1.30 μg
维生素C 24 mg 12 mg
维生素D 1.50 μg 0.75 μg
维生素E 2.4 mg 1.2 mg
叶酸 60 μg 30 μg
), ArticleFig(id=1173278524384359289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Numerical standards for health functional food claims of “low content” nutrients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类 对于“not contained”语句,
含量必须等于或
小于下列值
对于“low”语句,
含量必须等于或
小于下列值
每100 g食物 每100 mL食物通常以液体形式食用
卡路里 5大卡 5大卡
脂肪 0.5 g 0.5 g
饱和脂肪 0.1 g 0.1 g
胆固醇 5 mg 5 mg
0.5 g 0.5 g
5 mg 5 mg
), ArticleFig(id=1173278524459856762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

保健功能食品声称“低含量”营养素的数值标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类 对于“not contained”语句,
含量必须等于或
小于下列值
对于“low”语句,
含量必须等于或
小于下列值
每100 g食物 每100 mL食物通常以液体形式食用
卡路里 5大卡 5大卡
脂肪 0.5 g 0.5 g
饱和脂肪 0.1 g 0.1 g
胆固醇 5 mg 5 mg
0.5 g 0.5 g
5 mg 5 mg
), ArticleFig(id=1173278524585685883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Application checklist and requirements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
清单 要求
标示许可申请书 (1)申请人姓名、住址及出生日期; (2)企业名称及地址; (3)商品名称; (4)保质期限; (5)净含量; (6)产品申报的理由以及其对改善国民饮食生活和增进健康的作用; (7)标示申报的具体内容; (8)产品配方; (9)生产工艺流程; (10)营养成分及热量含量; (11)每日建议摄入量; (12)注意事项; (13)服用和储存方法及其注意事项;
(14)其他信息(如保质期的标注方法、生产企业所在地及其标识方法、联系人姓名和联系方式等)
审查申请书 (1)概述; (2)产品对提升国民饮食生活质量和增进健康的作用; (3)特定保健用途的营养成分的物理、化学及生物特性, 以及其试验方法的相关资料; (4)每日推荐服用量及服用注意事项; (5)保健功效和每日摄取量在医学及营养学上的研究依据; (6)特定保健用途营养成分的安全性研究资料; (7)营养成分及热量的检测报告; (8)有效成分的定性、定量检测报告及检测方法; (9)生产过程中的质量控制资料; (10)特定保健用途营养成分的稳定性资料。如无法提供所需资料, 需说明原因
安全性审查要点主要包括: (1)产品及其有效成分是安全的; (2)有较长的食用历史(食用历史不够长的, 必须提供充足的安全性评价资料)
有效性审查要点主要包括: (1)证明具有维持促进健康的作用; (2)保健作用的科学依据十分明确(包括有效成分的作用机理, 体内代谢情况以及产品确定的每日摄入量等); (3)能够确定合适的摄入量; (4)是日常可以食用的食品
), ArticleFig(id=1173278524656989052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

申报清单及要求

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
清单 要求
标示许可申请书 (1)申请人姓名、住址及出生日期; (2)企业名称及地址; (3)商品名称; (4)保质期限; (5)净含量; (6)产品申报的理由以及其对改善国民饮食生活和增进健康的作用; (7)标示申报的具体内容; (8)产品配方; (9)生产工艺流程; (10)营养成分及热量含量; (11)每日建议摄入量; (12)注意事项; (13)服用和储存方法及其注意事项;
(14)其他信息(如保质期的标注方法、生产企业所在地及其标识方法、联系人姓名和联系方式等)
审查申请书 (1)概述; (2)产品对提升国民饮食生活质量和增进健康的作用; (3)特定保健用途的营养成分的物理、化学及生物特性, 以及其试验方法的相关资料; (4)每日推荐服用量及服用注意事项; (5)保健功效和每日摄取量在医学及营养学上的研究依据; (6)特定保健用途营养成分的安全性研究资料; (7)营养成分及热量的检测报告; (8)有效成分的定性、定量检测报告及检测方法; (9)生产过程中的质量控制资料; (10)特定保健用途营养成分的稳定性资料。如无法提供所需资料, 需说明原因
安全性审查要点主要包括: (1)产品及其有效成分是安全的; (2)有较长的食用历史(食用历史不够长的, 必须提供充足的安全性评价资料)
有效性审查要点主要包括: (1)证明具有维持促进健康的作用; (2)保健作用的科学依据十分明确(包括有效成分的作用机理, 体内代谢情况以及产品确定的每日摄入量等); (3)能够确定合适的摄入量; (4)是日常可以食用的食品
), ArticleFig(id=1173278524745069437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Components and submission requirements for the application of FFC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组成要素 提交内容
该食品的标注内容 包括商品名、具有科学依据的功能性相关成分名称、该食品的功能性、每天摄取量、每天摄取的功能性成分的含量、保存方法、服用方法、服用时注意事项等
申报企业相关信息 申报者的基本信息, 包括法人名、地址、法人代表电话号码等; 申报者不是制造商时, 制造商的名称和地址; 应对消费者部门的联系方式; 该食品申报信息公开的网址; 负责申报事项的部门信息等
安全性依据 (1)毒理实验: 3项遗传毒性实验、90 d以上经口毒理试验; (2)最终产品的人体临床试验; (3)确认功能成分与药物之间是否存在相互作用, 如果包含多种功能成分, 若存在, 则需要进行科学阐述, 确认产品的安全性
功能性依据 最终产品的人体临床试验或产品功能性成分的调查研究报告
有关生产、制造以及品质管理的信息 (1)申报者需通过日本或美国良好生产规范认证(good manufacturing practice, GMP)和日本国际食品安全管理体系认证(hazard analysis critical control point‌, HACCP) (ISO22000或FSSC22000可替代HACCP); (2)产品标准(需设定设定功能性相关成分含量的下限值); (3)用于防止不合格产品出厂的体制、用于防止运输保管中的事故等体制、用于向消费者提供符合标准的食品的体制; (4)研发过程中的崩解性试验、溶出试验和制剂均匀性试验(只针对以提取物为功能成分的产品); (5)产品中功能性成分和潜在有害成分定性和定量测试报告(至少两个批次); (6)功能性成分原材料的定性和定量测试报告(至少两个批次); (7)产品申报后, 为保证产品功能性和安全性, 申报者所实施的常规成分分析试验方法、检测机构和频率
健康危害信息收集系统 申报者为了与消费者和医疗从业者建立联络, 需建立健康受害情报收集体制, 以应对申报的食品可能产生的健康危害。申报者需提交受理健康危害信息的相关部门名称、联系方式、受理时间等
其他信息 (1)食品的分类和名称; (2)选择该剂型的理由; (3)目标食用群体; (4)能保证营养素不会过量摄取的理由(健康增进法第11条第2项规定的营养素); (5)预定的销售日期; (6)功能成分的作用机制
), ArticleFig(id=1173278524799595390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

FFC申报组成要素和提交内容

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组成要素 提交内容
该食品的标注内容 包括商品名、具有科学依据的功能性相关成分名称、该食品的功能性、每天摄取量、每天摄取的功能性成分的含量、保存方法、服用方法、服用时注意事项等
申报企业相关信息 申报者的基本信息, 包括法人名、地址、法人代表电话号码等; 申报者不是制造商时, 制造商的名称和地址; 应对消费者部门的联系方式; 该食品申报信息公开的网址; 负责申报事项的部门信息等
安全性依据 (1)毒理实验: 3项遗传毒性实验、90 d以上经口毒理试验; (2)最终产品的人体临床试验; (3)确认功能成分与药物之间是否存在相互作用, 如果包含多种功能成分, 若存在, 则需要进行科学阐述, 确认产品的安全性
功能性依据 最终产品的人体临床试验或产品功能性成分的调查研究报告
有关生产、制造以及品质管理的信息 (1)申报者需通过日本或美国良好生产规范认证(good manufacturing practice, GMP)和日本国际食品安全管理体系认证(hazard analysis critical control point‌, HACCP) (ISO22000或FSSC22000可替代HACCP); (2)产品标准(需设定设定功能性相关成分含量的下限值); (3)用于防止不合格产品出厂的体制、用于防止运输保管中的事故等体制、用于向消费者提供符合标准的食品的体制; (4)研发过程中的崩解性试验、溶出试验和制剂均匀性试验(只针对以提取物为功能成分的产品); (5)产品中功能性成分和潜在有害成分定性和定量测试报告(至少两个批次); (6)功能性成分原材料的定性和定量测试报告(至少两个批次); (7)产品申报后, 为保证产品功能性和安全性, 申报者所实施的常规成分分析试验方法、检测机构和频率
健康危害信息收集系统 申报者为了与消费者和医疗从业者建立联络, 需建立健康受害情报收集体制, 以应对申报的食品可能产生的健康危害。申报者需提交受理健康危害信息的相关部门名称、联系方式、受理时间等
其他信息 (1)食品的分类和名称; (2)选择该剂型的理由; (3)目标食用群体; (4)能保证营养素不会过量摄取的理由(健康增进法第11条第2项规定的营养素); (5)预定的销售日期; (6)功能成分的作用机制
), ArticleFig(id=1173278524912841599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Review principles for FOSHU

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
审查原则 内容
目的 产品旨在改善饮食生活及维持和增进健康
功效证明 医学或营养学证明产品及其有效成分具有明确的保健功能
摄入量确定 在医学或营养学上能够准确确定产品及其有效成分的摄入量
安全性 产品及其有效成分均为安全无毒的
特性和试验方法 提供有效成分的物理、化学和生物特性及其试验方法, 具备明确的定性定量分析方法
营养成分稳定性 同种食品普遍含有的营养成分和组成不被明显破坏
食用性 产品为日常饮食中可食用的食品, 且不含不能食用的物质
不含药品成分 产品及其有效成分不含医药品专用物质
), ArticleFig(id=1173278524975756160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433689737388817, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

FOSHU审查原则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
审查原则 内容
目的 产品旨在改善饮食生活及维持和增进健康
功效证明 医学或营养学证明产品及其有效成分具有明确的保健功能
摄入量确定 在医学或营养学上能够准确确定产品及其有效成分的摄入量
安全性 产品及其有效成分均为安全无毒的
特性和试验方法 提供有效成分的物理、化学和生物特性及其试验方法, 具备明确的定性定量分析方法
营养成分稳定性 同种食品普遍含有的营养成分和组成不被明显破坏
食用性 产品为日常饮食中可食用的食品, 且不含不能食用的物质
不含药品成分 产品及其有效成分不含医药品专用物质
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日本保健功能食品健康声称监管体系研究及启示
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崔竞雯 1, 2 , 王丹阳 1, 2 , 范蓓 1 , 刘新民 3 , 王凤忠 1, 2, * , 卢聪 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(7): 116-125
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(7): 116-125
日本保健功能食品健康声称监管体系研究及启示
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崔竞雯1, 2 , 王丹阳1, 2, 范蓓1, 刘新民3, 王凤忠1, 2, * , 卢聪1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所, 北京 100193
  • 2.山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 晋中 030801
  • 3.宁波大学新药技术研究院, 宁波 315000
  • 崔竞雯(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食药同源物质功能挖掘及作用机制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王凤忠(1972—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品时空多维品质评价及综合利用。E-mail:
卢聪(1989—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食药同源物质功效评价、机制研究及功能性产品研发。E-mail:
Research on the regulatory system of health claims for functional foods in Japan and its implications
Jing-Wen CUI1, 2 , Dan-Yang WANG1, 2, Bei FAN1, Xin-Min LIU3, Feng-Zhong WANG1, 2, * , Cong LU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2. Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
  • 3. Institute of New Drug Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241210002
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随着全球健康食品市场的迅速发展, 保健功能食品健康声称的管理成为各国食品监管体系的重要组成部分。健康声称的科学性、准确性和合规性, 不仅关系到消费者的信任, 更直接影响着功能性食品市场的可持续发展。作为亚洲功能性食品市场的先行者, 日本在健康声称管理方面建立了系统而完善的制度框架, 通过制定《特定保健用食品》《功能性标示食品》及《营养功能食品》等制度对保健功能食品健康声称实施分级管理。这种分级管理模式不仅涵盖了法律框架的明确规定, 还通过严格的科学依据审查, 保障了声称内容的真实性和可信性。本文以日本保健功能食品健康声称管理体系为研究对象, 系统归纳其在法律框架、分类管理和科学依据等方面的规定, 总结其监管经验及成效, 以期为完善我国保健功能食品健康声称管理体系提供参考。

日本  /  保健功能食品  /  健康声称  /  管理制度

With the rapid development of the global health food market, the management of health claims for functional foods has become an essential part of food regulatory systems in various countries. The scientific basis, accuracy, and compliance of health claims not only affect consumer trust but also have a direct impact on the sustainable development of the functional food market. As a pioneer in the Asian functional food market, Japan has established a systematic and comprehensive framework for managing health claims. Through the implementation of systems such as the Foods for specified health uses, Foods with functional claims, and Nutrient function claims, Japan enforces a tiered management approach for health claims of functional foods. This tiered system not only includes clear legal frameworks but also emphasizes rigorous scientific evaluation to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the claims. This paper took Japan’s health claim management system for functional foods as the research object, systematically summarized its regulations in terms of legal frameworks, classification management and scientific evidence, provided insights into the regulatory experience and effectiveness of Japan’s system. It aims to offer valuable references for improving the health claim management system for functional foods in China.

Japan  /  functional foods  /  health claims  /  management system
崔竞雯, 王丹阳, 范蓓, 刘新民, 王凤忠, 卢聪. 日本保健功能食品健康声称监管体系研究及启示. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (7) : 116 -125 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241210002
Jing-Wen CUI, Dan-Yang WANG, Bei FAN, Xin-Min LIU, Feng-Zhong WANG, Cong LU. Research on the regulatory system of health claims for functional foods in Japan and its implications[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (7) : 116 -125 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241210002
随着“健康中国2030”的提出, 我国居民的健康意识不断增强, 对营养健康食品的需求也日益增长。按照我国现行食品法规定, 即便是以国家法定的食药同源物质为原料生产的产品, 也不允许有功能声称(除非是保健食品和药品), 导致该类营养健康食品无法合理合规地标注自身优势特色, 消费者难以了解其功效特点与普通食品的差异, 无法有针对性的选择和使用。同时, 限制了企业研发和生产食药同源类营养健康食品的积极性, 极大地制约了该产业在国民健康维护和健康促进方面的价值发挥。构建适合我国国情的营养健康类食品的功能声称管理制度, 对于促进我国营养健康产业的高质量发展, 满足民众不断增长的健康维护和健康促进需求, 具有重大的科学价值、社会效益和产业发展意义。
自1962年日本首次提出“功能性”食品概念以来, 该国在食品健康声称领域取得了长足进展。1991年, 日本通过修改《营养改善法》, 将功能性食品纳入“特定保健用食品(foods for specified health uses, FOSHU)”的范畴, 从而为功能性食品的监管奠定了基础。2001年, 日本厚生劳动省进一步制定了《保健机能食品制度》, 将保健功能食品分为“FOSHU”和“营养机能食品(foods with nutrient function claims, FNFC)”, 以促进营养补充和保健效果的科学管理[1-2]。2015年, 日本确立了“功能性标示食品(foods with function claims, FFC)制度”, 通过《日本食品标示法》的实施, 正式确立了保健功能食品的标示制度。这一制度为全球类似产品的管理提供了借鉴, 并推动了功能性食品行业的全球化发展[3]。因此, 本文通过系列归纳总结日本在保健功能食品方面相关政策和法规, 分析中国和日本在管理上的不同点, 分析完善相关法律条款的可能性和可行性, 为破冰功能声称寻找突破口。
根据现行日本保健功能食品分类, 保健功能食品包括FOSHU)、FFC以及FNFC 3个类别[4-5], 见表1
FOSHU分为条件限制型、规格标准型、降低疾病风险型、FOSHU(再许可)型以及FOSHU(除上述4种以外)5种。5种FOSHU分别用两种标识予以区分, 其中条件限制性的FOSHU使用图1(a)的标识, 其余4种类型则使用图1(b)的标识[6]
提供的有效性科学证据虽未完全达到FOSHU审查的严格标准, 但已确认具备一定的有效性, 这类食品可标示为“条件限制型的FOSHU”, 并以限定的科学依据为基础。同时, 条件限制型FOSHU也遵循科学的分类标准, 根据其功能声称的有效性和研究证据的充分性, 对其使用条件进行明确说明[7-9], 见表2
规格标准型FOSHU是指经过日本厚生劳动省认证、旨在满足特定健康需求的食品。此类食品无需消费者委员会的个别审查, 只需通过事务局对规格标准的适宜性进行审查, 即可获得许可。其主要特点包括: 基于已有科学证据的功能性成分、简化的申请流程以及明确的健康功能标识[10]
降低疾病风险型FOSHU是指其成分经过医学和营养学验证, 已被证实具备降低疾病风险的效果, 这类保健食品可以使用与“降低风险”相关的标识。目前, 这类食品的健康功效已在医学和营养学领域得到广泛认可, 并建立了稳固的科学依据, 包括钙(骨质疏松)和叶酸(神经管缺陷)两种成分[7], 见表3。此外, 对于其他相关成分, 特别是与龋齿等疾病风险相关的标签, 也可以进行单独申请[7-8], 见表4
再许可型FOSHU主要适用以下3类情况: (1)已经获得了标示许可, 但是改变产品名称; (2)并未获得标示许可, 但与已获得标示许可的产品为相同的产品, 或是只改变了产品风味(香料或着色剂等添加剂), 拟标示与获得标示许可产品相同的内容; (3)已获得标示许可的产品改变产品风味(香料或着色剂等添加剂)。
除上述4种以外的保健用食品, 其健康声明的安全性和有效性已通过一系列安全或稳定性测试和临床实验, 并获得消费者厅批准, 可进行特定健康声明。
FFC是基于科学根据生产, 不以病人为对象, 在商品包装上有“调整肠胃状况、抑制脂肪吸收”等标识特定功能的食品。通过摄取该类食品中的“功能性相关成分”, 有助于保持或促进身体健康。FFC针对的对象是全部食品, 主要分为膳食补充剂型的加工食品(片剂、胶囊、粉剂口服液等)、其他加工食品以及生鲜食品3类。此类食品未设立明确的功能原料清单及功能范围, 但原料的有效成分明确不能属于《膳食摄入基准》规定的营养素[11]
FNFC是指以补充特定的营养成分为目的保健功能食品。其中营养成分的种类及含量必须符合厚生劳动省制定的标准, 涉及13种维生素、6种矿物质和1种脂肪酸(烟酸、泛酸、叶酸、维生素A、B1、B2、B6、B12、C、D、E、K、生物素; 锌、钙、铁、铜、镁、钾以及n-3系脂肪酸), 该类食品的生产只要符合厚生劳动省制定的规格和标准即可[12]
日本的保健功能食品是一类独特且受到严格监管的食品, 旨在满足公众对健康管理的需求。这些食品的健康功能经过科学研究验证, 并获得日本厚生劳动省的批准, 以确保其效果和安全性。目前, 保健功能食品的功能声称涵盖多个领域, 丰富了消费者的选择, 为健康管理提供了坚实的科学依据, 同时也促进了公众对健康饮食的关注。在日本, FNFC具有各自明确的功效声称, 其中标有厚生劳动省规定的营养功能声明的食品, 迄今为止, 已为17种成分(13种维生素和6种矿物质)制定了营养功能指示的标准和规格[13]。产品的推荐每日摄入量中的营养成分量必须在规定的范围内, 不仅要显示营养功能声明, 还要显示警告指示[14], 见表5。另一类FFC声称是根据其实际标签分为改善胆固醇水平、减少体脂、减少血液中的中性脂肪、抑制血糖峰值、减轻压力和紧张、管理血压、减轻疲劳、改善睡眠质量、改善记忆能力、保湿皮肤、润滑关节、加速骨代谢的改善、构建新肌肉、调节肠道、维持健康的肝功能、缓解鼻子或眼睛不适、改善眼部功能、维持周围温度、维持步行能力、维护健康的牙齿、改善基础代谢, 以及减少腿部肿胀22种常用的健康声明类别[15]。而FOSHU属于食品类别, 可以标注健康功能, 但不得声称具有治疗作用, 包装上需明确标注推荐摄入量, 并提供关于过量服用的警告信息, 同时确保所有内容真实可靠, 避免任何可能误导消费者的信息[16-17]
为确保食品营养标签中“高含量”和“低含量”声明的准确性, 日本的营养标签制度对不同营养素的含量提出了详细的数值标准。这些标准根据营养成分的种类和食品的形式(固体或液体)进行设定, 适用于常见的矿物质、维生素和其他重要营养成分[18-19]。当食品中某一营养成分的含量“较高”时, 可以使用“high”“many”“rich in”和其他类似表达式等表述; 当表示“包含”时可以使用“source of”“provides” “contains”“in”“used”“added”和其他类似表达式; 表示“增强”时以下是各类成分在高含量声明中的具体数值标准, 见表6。当食品中某营养成分的含量“不包含”时, 可以使用“none”“zero”“non-”和其他类似表达式; 当表示“较低”时, 可以使用“低”“少”“一点”“轻”和其他类似表达式; 当表示“减少”时以下是低含量声明中的具体数值标准, 见表7
日本内阁府直辖的消费者厅, 作为保健功能食品管理的核心部门, 内设“食品标示企划科”与“食品安全委员会”。该消费者厅是一个不受外界干预的独立机构, 专注于维护食品消费者的权益, 负责解决纠纷并公开调查结果, 同时积极向食品安全监管部门提出见解与建议, 加强消费者与政府间的沟通桥梁, 推广政府食品安全法规。此外, 它还负责制定食品标识、保健功能食品及特殊用途食品的标准与指南, 并对这些产品实施监督与审核。食品安全委员会作为内阁府下的另一个关键监管实体, 拥有独立运作的权力, 其宗旨在于确保国民健康, 依据科学与客观原则进行公正的风险评估。该委员会自主开展对食品添加剂、农药、肥料、食品包装材料, 以及转基因食品、保健功能食品等多种食品的安全性分析检测工作, 并指导农林水产省及厚生劳动省的有关部门采取相应的安全保障措施[11]
日本膳食营养补充剂制度中保健功能食品涵盖FOSHU、FFC、FNFC 3个类别, 可按照法规的相关规定宣称特定的保健功能。日本膳食营养补充剂, 其相关的管理机构主要有厚生劳动省、农林水产省、消费者厅[20-21]。日本膳食营养补充剂产品涉及的主要法规有《药事法》《食品卫生法》《健康促进法》《食品标示法》《景品表示法》《特定商业交易法》和《JAS法》等; 厚生劳动省通过发布《医药品范围相关标准》, 对药品与食品之间的关系做了明确的规定, 例如制定了药品专用的成分(原材料); 原则上不允许在食品上标示的功能功效等。《食品卫生法》是日本的食品安全管理的法律依据[22], 《健康促进法》目的是为了全面增进国民健康, 规定了改善国民营养及增进国民健康的措施[23-24]
根据日本《健康增进法》《特定保健用食品的审查等操作及指导要领的修订》《营养标示基准》《日本食品标示法》等制度规定[25], FOSHU需要经过认可的试验机构的试验确认及日本消费者厅、消费者委员会、食品安全委员会的审评, 规定中并未对允许在FOSHU中使用的物质进行名单式管理, 根据日本厚生劳动省颁布的《未批准未许可药品指导监管》附录《药品范围评估标准》中对药品和食品进行了区分, 同时制定了药品原料列表和非药品原料列表, 要求用于食品中的原料不得使用药品原料列表中的物质成分[26-28]
非药品原料列表中物质成分需要通过安全性评估后方可作为食品原料使用, 对于尚未收录在上述中的原料, 需提供该物质(原料)的学名、使用部位、药理作用或生理作用、毒性和在国外有无批准作为药品的先例或有无食用习惯等资料, 向日本厚生劳动省提交申请后进一步判断属于药品原料还是非药品原料[11]
FOSHU和FFC, 必须向主管部门日本消费者厅申报[27], 所申报产品成分需要来自日本已知的或者审批通过的食品成分, 目前日本食品原料可食用依据包括《日本食品成分数据库》《特定保健用食品成分数据库》《功能性成分数据库》《只要不宣称医药品的功效可以判断为非医药品原材料目录》《日本指定添加物名单》《日本既存添加物名单》《日本天然香料名单》和《一般饮食添加剂名单》, 如果所用保健原料未列入上面这些名单中, 需要向日本厚生劳动省申请将原料纳入《只要不宣称医药品的功能功效就可以判断为非医药品原材料目录》, 再去申报FOSHU或者FFC[29-32], 见表8
依据日本国民的营养需求量, 并参考联合国粮食和农业组织及联合国世界卫生组织食品法典委员会的标准, 日本制定了FNFC的规格标准。营养成分的种类和含量必须符合日本厚生劳动省的相关规定。FNFC的每日服用量中的营养成分需在规定的上下限范围内。此外, 除了进行营养功能标示外, 产品还必须标示注意事项等信息。
符合标准和要求的产品只需向消费者厅备案, 而无需获得许可或进行事前申报, 监管方式主要依靠市场监督和检测。申请过程通常不需要复杂的临床试验, 但企业需提供科学依据以验证其声明的功能。提交申请时, 企业需详细说明产品成分及预期效果, 相关数据可来自文献、实验结果或已有研究。审核过程通常较快, 一旦获得批准, 企业便可在产品包装上标示相应的营养功能[32-34]
2015年4月, 日本正式推行《功能标示食品制度》, 该制度将食品划分为3类: 膳食补充剂类加工食品(如片剂、胶囊、粉末和口服液)、其他加工食品及新鲜食品。FFC主要面向非患者、未成年人、孕妇和哺乳期妇女, 产品包装不得使用任何与治疗疾病相关的表述。根据《功能标示食品制度》的规定, 企业需对产品的安全性和有效性负责, 且在产品上市前60 d向消费者厅提交相关文件, 包括证明其科学依据的材料, 获得申报号后即可在产品上进行标识[35]。可进行功能标示的食品涵盖加工食品和新鲜食品, 除了已标示功能的保健食品及含酒精饮料等少数类别, 几乎包括了所有食品种类。功能成分的有效性可通过体内外实验数据或已发表的研究论文、临床试验结果等资料来佐证; 安全性则可通过分析食用历史或成分关联性自行评估[36-37]。企业目前可以通过消费者厅的网络系统申报, 且功能标示食品数据库中提供了便捷的数据查询服务, 详情见表9。截至2021年10月19日, 日本已有4591种功能标示食品, 包括120种新鲜食品(如橘子、豆芽、大米等), 2386种以片剂、胶囊剂、粉剂等形式的膳食补充剂加工食品, 以及2085种饮料等一般加工食品[38]
在日本, 保健功能食品上市涉及分类管理方式, 包括注册审批、自我认证以及事前备案制度, 划分依据涉及所使用的声称和原料, 包括FOSHU中常规性和附带条件型的注册审批, 降低风险型和规格标准型的简化册, FNFC的自我认证, 机能标示食品的事前备案, 产品通过注册审批、自我认证和事前备案的同时, 也需要满足相关食品法规在生产、销售和标示等方面的要求。
在FOSHU上市前, 主管部门需要进行安全性、功效性和法规相符性等审查, 详见表10。其具体申报流程如图2所示, 申请人首先需准备详尽的申请资料, 包括产品成分、生产工艺和相关的临床试验数据, 然后向有关部门提交申请; 接下来, 有关部门会对材料进行审查, 重点评估产品的安全性、有无毒性、有效成分的科学证明及其摄入量的合理性。审查通过后, 申请方可在产品标签上标示FOSHU的标志与功效声称[39]
日本保健功能食品健康声称管理体系注重法规的科学性和透明性。其主要3个类别: FOSHU、FFC、FNFC[40-41]。这些类别为企业提供了明确的框架和标准, 同时, 日本的监管制度与执行力密切配合, 从法规制定到市场监督都保持一致性。这种系统化的分类和标准化管理使得食品企业可以依据产品的具体功能进行相应的申报, 从而有效减少申报中的模糊和不确定性。我国保健功能食品健康声称管理体系以《食品安全法》和相关法规为基础[42], 并通过《保健食品注册与备案管理办法》对产品进行严格管理。近年来, 随着《食品安全法》的完善以及《保健食品注册与备案管理办法》的实施, 我国的保健功能食品管理体系逐步趋向科学、规范化, 尤其在健康声称的监管上有了长足的进步。目前, 我国主要将功能声称分为营养成分功能和保健功能两类[43]。例如, 营养成分功能包括“蛋白质可以促进肌肉生长”或“钙有助于骨骼健康”等, 保健功能则涵盖24项, 如“增强免疫力”“缓解视疲劳”等。这种分类有一定的科学性, 但对更复杂的健康声称(如降低疾病风险)缺乏进一步的细化[44]。相比之下, 其概念略模糊、细化程度较低, 难以适应日益多样化的市场需求。借鉴日本的经验, 中国可以通过设定更多科学细化的分类来优化健康声称管理框架。这不仅能帮助企业更精准地申报产品功能, 还能增强监管的效率和规范性。
日本在申报上也采取了较为高效的流程, 例如在FOSHU申报的过程中, 申请者只需提供具有科学性的功能性证据, 而不必经过烦琐的政府审批流程。这大大提高了产品进入市场的速度, 同时鼓励企业进行自主创新。此外, 日本对证据的要求非常严格, 申请者必须提供临床试验或其他可靠的科学研究数据, 确保产品功效的真实性和安全性。我国在保健功能食品的申报流程方面已经取得了显著的进展, 尤其是在近年来的改革和创新中, 逐步优化了审批流程, 提升了审批效率[45]。例如, 保健食品备案制的引入, 使得符合条件的产品可以通过简化的程序迅速进入市场, 为企业提供了更高的灵活性和更多的发展机会。比如, 使用《保健食品原料目录》中原料生产的产品可以直接通过备案, 但涉及创新功能或新原料的保健食品则需注册审批, 这导致创新型产品的申报周期较长。此外, 我国保健食品的申报流程也相对复杂, 尽管近年来在备案制改革方面取得了一定进展, 但整体效率仍然不高。因此我国在申请流程上可以借鉴日本申报模式, 建立“快速通道”政策, 允许企业在满足一定条件后快速进入市场。在FFC的管理上, 在有足够的科学依据的基础上可以鼓励企业进行自我申报, 通过这种机制, 减轻政府的审核压力, 促进市场活力。
日本的健康声称管理十分重视声称的科学依据。例如, FOSHU必须经过临床试验验证, 确保其具有明确的健康功效; 而FFC则需要企业提供公开的科学依据, 允许消费者和监管机构监督[46-47]。这不仅提升了消费者对健康声称的信任度, 也为产品进入市场提供了清晰的科学依据。我国在保健功能食品的科学声称透明性方面相比较之前已经取得了显著进展, 并且在加强信息公开和提升消费者信任度方面做出了积极努力。近年来, 随着《食品安全法》[48]和相关法规的完善, 我国对健康功能声称的监管和透明度逐步提升, 特别是在要求企业提供更为详细的科学依据和试验数据方面, 监管部门已经开始加强对数据质量和透明度的审查[49-50]。我国在科学声称透明性方面已有所改进, 但仍存在公开力度不足的问题。例如, 企业提交的功能性试验数据多限于审批机构内部使用, 公众和消费者难以获取详细的科学依据。相比之下, 我国在健康声称透明性方面的公开力度较弱, 缺乏完整的科研数据库支持。因此我国在管理健康声称时, 借鉴日本FFC经验, 我国可以建立更加透明的公开数据库, 也应进一步加强对科学证据的重视程度, 并促进声称透明度。可以通过建立公开的数据库, 要求企业提交详细的科研数据供公众查阅, 提升市场的规范性, 也有助于企业的良性竞争。
通过日本与我国保健功能食品健康声称管理体系相比较, 可以看到日本在功能声称管理方面的有先进经验。日本通过明确的分类体系, 建立了清晰科学的管理框架, 这为企业提供了明确的指引, 也提高了监管的高效性与透明度。而我国在保健功能食品管理方面已有显著进步, 并且在近年来不断加强相关法规的完善, 在健康声称的分类、监管透明度以及申报流程的改进方面, 正逐步向国际先进水平靠拢。但我国的健康声称的分类、申报流程以及科学透明性方面也可以进一步完善, 使得功能食品行业发展更加高效和规范。而日本的经验为我国提供了宝贵的借鉴, 可以通过完善功能声称分类、优化审批流程和加强信息透明度等措施, 进一步提升我国在这一领域的管理水平。例如, 可以设立类似FOSHU、FFC、FNFC的功能性食品类别, 对低风险功能食品实行备案制, 减少不必要的审批环节; 同时加强公开数据库的建设, 增强消费者对产品功能的信任。通过这些措施, 提升市场的透明度和公正性, 进一步促进我国功能食品产业的创新与发展。
总之, 通过结合日本的管理经验, 完善我国的保健功能食品健康声称管理体系, 通过制定科学合理的法规政策, 推动市场准入机制的优化, 有望打造一个更加透明、公平和高效的食品功能声称管理体系, 满足日益增长的消费者健康需求, 推动整体社会健康水平的提升。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2201304)
  • 食品安全和营养健康高质量发展资政项目
  • 中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所创新工程项目(CAAS-ASTIP-2024-IFST)
  • 三亚中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院南繁专项(YBXM2417)
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2025年第16卷第7期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241210002
  • 接收时间:2024-12-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-10
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2201304)
食品安全和营养健康高质量发展资政项目
中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所创新工程项目(CAAS-ASTIP-2024-IFST)
三亚中国农业科学院国家南繁研究院南繁专项(YBXM2417)
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    1.中国农业科学院农产品加工研究所, 北京 100193
    2.山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 晋中 030801
    3.宁波大学新药技术研究院, 宁波 315000

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* 王凤忠(1972—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为农产品时空多维品质评价及综合利用。E-mail:
卢聪(1989—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为食药同源物质功效评价、机制研究及功能性产品研发。E-mail:
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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