Article(id=1153986644534354450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241207001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733500800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061456092, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061456092, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061456092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061456092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=74, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986645167694359, articleId=1153986644534354450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on the inhibitory effects and mechanism of tea pigments on cancer cells, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cancer is one of the major diseases with the highest mortality rate in the world, and its prevention and treatment have been the focus of academic research. Tea pigments are a class of polyphenol oxidative polymers from tea leaves, which are mainly classified into theaflavins, thearubigins and theabrownins. They are rich in active phenolic hydroxyl groups and other active groups, and also have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer and other bioactive functions. In recent years, tea pigments have received more and more attention in the field of anticancer research due to their naturalness, safety and high efficiency. This paper reviewed the formation of different tea pigments and their biological activities, systematically elaborated the potential mechanisms of action on cancer cells, mainly including inhibition of cellular value-addition, induction of apoptosis, regulation of cell cycle, control of cellular signal pathways, and regulation of intestinal flora. This provides a theoretical basis for expanding the application of tea pigments in ameliorating diseases, developing functional foods and expanding industrial fields.

, correspAuthors=Jing WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue-Jun HUANG, Ze-Ao WANG, Xiao-Qiang CHEN, Jing WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986672338395397, articleId=1153986644534354450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=茶色素对癌细胞的抑制作用及机制研究进展, columnId=1151895323909124661, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

癌症是全球致死率最高的主要疾病之一, 其预防和治疗一直是学术研究的重点。茶色素是来自茶叶的一类多酚氧化聚合物, 主要分为茶黄素、茶红素和茶褐素, 其富含大量活性酚羟基等活性基团, 同时具有抗氧化、抗炎、抑菌、抗癌等生物活性功能。近年来, 茶色素凭借其天然、安全和高效的优势, 在抗癌研究领域受到越来越多的关注。本文综述了不同茶色素的形成及其生物活性, 同时对癌细胞的潜在作用机制, 主要对抑制细胞增值、诱导细胞凋亡、调节细胞周期、控制细胞信号通路、调节肠道菌群等方面进行了系统的阐述。这为扩展茶色素在改善疾病、开发功能性食品和扩展工业领域应用提供理论基础。

, correspAuthors=王静, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王静(1989—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为茶叶质量与标准。E-mail:
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黄雪君(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶精深加工。E-mail:

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黄雪君(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶精深加工。E-mail:

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注: 基团R1和基团R2为4种TFs中具有结构差异的基团。

, figureFileSmall=chn5PuYVg6uSry62J7YE/w==, figureFileBig=4xBzxNGAXYz0ZZ0FhoVHpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428200802693421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644534354450, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Molecular structure of TRs[28], figureFileSmall=3N+YtAR6NAFpZ4vHuzqcsg==, figureFileBig=VRVifuzVT2Wg+EIWdGnPdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428200907551023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644534354450, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TRs的分子结构[28]

注: 基团R为没食子酸基团或其他基团。

, figureFileSmall=3N+YtAR6NAFpZ4vHuzqcsg==, figureFileBig=VRVifuzVT2Wg+EIWdGnPdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428201024991539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644534354450, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Inhibition of cancer cells by tea pigments, figureFileSmall=WUWjXnXACB6YIC6S4EzJqQ==, figureFileBig=D0OVnYx2oxuFY7dSNab3Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428201134043445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986644534354450, language=CN, label=图4, caption=茶色素对癌细胞的抑制作用

注: 活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS); DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferases, DNMT); 含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase, Caspases); Toll样受体(toll-like receptors, TLR); 上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT); 细胞分裂周期蛋白25同源蛋白C (cell division cyclin 25 homolog C, cdc25C); 核因子NF-κB的抑制蛋白(inhibitor of NF-κB, IKB); 磷脂酰肌醇激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, PI3K); 蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, AKT); 乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl CoA carboxylase, ACC); 雷帕霉素的机制靶点(mechanistic target of rapamycin, mTOR); 抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response elements, ARE); 血红素加氧酶1 (heme oxygenase, HO-1); 核因子-E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2, Nrf2)。

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茶色素对癌细胞的抑制作用及机制研究进展
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黄雪君 1 , 汪泽奥 1 , 陈小强 1 , 王静 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(3): 74-82
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(3): 74-82
茶色素对癌细胞的抑制作用及机制研究进展
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黄雪君1 , 汪泽奥1, 陈小强1, 王静2, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430068
  • 2.中华全国供销合作总社杭州茶叶研究所, 杭州 310016
  • 黄雪君(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶精深加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王静(1989—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为茶叶质量与标准。E-mail:
Research progress on the inhibitory effects and mechanism of tea pigments on cancer cells
Xue-Jun HUANG1 , Ze-Ao WANG1, Xiao-Qiang CHEN1, Jing WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
  • 2. Hangzhou Tea Research Institute, CHINA COOP, Hangzhou 310016, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241207001
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癌症是全球致死率最高的主要疾病之一, 其预防和治疗一直是学术研究的重点。茶色素是来自茶叶的一类多酚氧化聚合物, 主要分为茶黄素、茶红素和茶褐素, 其富含大量活性酚羟基等活性基团, 同时具有抗氧化、抗炎、抑菌、抗癌等生物活性功能。近年来, 茶色素凭借其天然、安全和高效的优势, 在抗癌研究领域受到越来越多的关注。本文综述了不同茶色素的形成及其生物活性, 同时对癌细胞的潜在作用机制, 主要对抑制细胞增值、诱导细胞凋亡、调节细胞周期、控制细胞信号通路、调节肠道菌群等方面进行了系统的阐述。这为扩展茶色素在改善疾病、开发功能性食品和扩展工业领域应用提供理论基础。

茶色素  /  癌细胞  /  机制  /  肠道菌群

Cancer is one of the major diseases with the highest mortality rate in the world, and its prevention and treatment have been the focus of academic research. Tea pigments are a class of polyphenol oxidative polymers from tea leaves, which are mainly classified into theaflavins, thearubigins and theabrownins. They are rich in active phenolic hydroxyl groups and other active groups, and also have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer and other bioactive functions. In recent years, tea pigments have received more and more attention in the field of anticancer research due to their naturalness, safety and high efficiency. This paper reviewed the formation of different tea pigments and their biological activities, systematically elaborated the potential mechanisms of action on cancer cells, mainly including inhibition of cellular value-addition, induction of apoptosis, regulation of cell cycle, control of cellular signal pathways, and regulation of intestinal flora. This provides a theoretical basis for expanding the application of tea pigments in ameliorating diseases, developing functional foods and expanding industrial fields.

tea pigments  /  cancer cells  /  mechanism  /  intestinal flora
黄雪君, 汪泽奥, 陈小强, 王静. 茶色素对癌细胞的抑制作用及机制研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 74 -82 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241207001
Xue-Jun HUANG, Ze-Ao WANG, Xiao-Qiang CHEN, Jing WANG. Research progress on the inhibitory effects and mechanism of tea pigments on cancer cells[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 74 -82 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241207001
茶叶源自于茶树, 最初作为药用植物被使用, 随着时代的变迁, 茶饮已成为日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。根据发酵工艺的差异, 茶叶又被分为未发酵茶(绿茶、白茶和黄茶)、半发酵茶(乌龙茶)和全发酵茶(红茶、黑茶)[1]。茶叶中富含茶多酚、茶多糖、茶氨酸、生物碱、茶色素等多种生物活性成分[2-3]。其中, 茶色素是儿茶素与氧化酶氧化聚合而形成的多酚类聚合物。但由于未发酵茶和发酵茶中多酚氧化程度差异而形成不同的茶色素。未发酵茶保留了较多的茶多酚, 而在发酵茶中茶多酚大部分被氧化聚合形成不同茶色素[4]。因此, 它们在抗氧化、降血糖、调血脂、保护肝脏和改善肠道菌群紊乱等功能活性方面也存在显著差异。
癌症是一种由于细胞生长失控而引起的疾病。随着社会和科技的蓬勃发展, 人们的生活和饮食得到优质提高, 高脂、高热量饮食已成为常态, 随之而来的各种疾病, 如肥胖、胃肠道疾病、糖尿病、心血管等患病比例也在持续增加[5-6]。目前, 治疗癌症的主要手段包括药物干预、饮食疗法、手术治疗、放射治疗以及中药治疗等[7-8]。然而, 治疗癌症所需药品和化疗往往费用高昂, 且药物副作用易引起心脏、肝肾等功能障碍。因此, 开发低毒、高效的天然抗癌物质成为迫切需求。大量研究表明, 人体摄入天然植物活性物质有助于降低癌症的发生风险[9-11]。例如, 紫草提取物、葫芦素和石斛碱等天然成分已被证明在抗肝癌、抗肝炎及抗肿瘤方面具有积极作用[12-14]。近几年来, 茶色素在抗癌和抗肿瘤作用方面受到广泛关注, 国内外已有大量实验证实了茶色素对癌细胞的增殖、凋亡阶段都有明显的抑制作用[15]。本文综述了天然产物茶色素的形成及其生物活性作用, 总结了目前茶色素对癌细胞主要抑制作用机制, 以期为癌症治疗新药物的发现提供理论基础, 并为茶色素产品的深度开发与应用提供科学的参考依据。
茶色素的概念最初由英国生物学家ROBERTS提出, 是通过从茶叶中提取的茶多酚经过氧化聚合反应得到的一种水溶性、小分子、酚类氧化聚合物[16]。因其天然来源和无毒副作用的特性, 在极短时间内得到了学术界的认可[17]。在随后漫长的研究中, 研究者们不仅探索了茶色素的形成机制, 还广泛研究了其多样的生物活性, 如图1所示。这些发现, 为茶色素在医药和食品工业中的应用提供了科学依据, 但至今为止, 提高茶色素的得率、探索茶色素的结构和形成机制仍是茶叶化学研究领域的一大重要难题[18-19]
茶黄素(theaflavin, TFs)是茶叶中的一种金黄色色素, 它在茶汤中形成“金黄色圈边”。TFs的组成主要包括TF、茶黄素-3-单没食子酸酯(theaflavin-3-gallate, TF-3-G)、茶黄素-3’-单没食子酸酯(theaflavin-3’-gallate, TF-3’-G)和茶黄素-3,3’-双没食子酸酯(theaflavin 3,3’-gallate, TF-3,3’-G)[20], 分子结构如图2所示。这些化合物是由前体物儿茶素经过苯骈环化反应形成的, 特别是涉及到一种黄酮醇醌与一种非醌类黄烷醇的反应[22]。单一的黄烷醇、黄烷醇与三羟基化或二羟基化B环酶促反应均不会生成TFs。只有在二羟基B环黄烷醇与三羟基B环黄烷醇存在下, 发生酶促氧化作用才能生成TFs[22]。在茶叶制造过程, TFs部分是一种中间产品, 并可能在氧化过程中转化为茶红素(thearubigins, TRs)[23]。相比于TRs, 研究者对TFs和茶褐素(theabrownins, TBs)的研究较多, 这可能是由于它们的化学结构更复杂, 使得它们在化学反应和生物活性很强的环境中具有多变的功能性。目前, 研究者对TFs的生物活性研究主要集中在抗氧化作用、抗炎、调节代谢和抗癌等方面[20]。TFs可以作为抗氧化补充剂应用于医药领域, 有助于运动员在高强度运动后的恢复[24]。此外, 它还可以通过维持蛋白质稳态、增加线粒体和毛细血管生物合成和增强糖脂代谢等来改善骨骼肌性能[25]
TRs是茶汤中的关键色素, 对红茶的汤色和滋味起着决定性作用。在红茶中TRs含量较高, 约占茶叶干重的6%~20%[26]。传统上, 从茶叶中萃取的TRs是一种粗提物, 含有许多杂质如咖啡因、类黄酮苷、蛋白质和茶多糖等[27]。理论上, TRs是茶多酚深度氧化产物, 它是由低分子量儿茶素如(−)-表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG)和(−)-表儿茶素(epicatechin, EC)等氧化聚合形成的多酚衍生物, 其分子结构如图3所示。在氧化过程中, 儿茶素B环之间的氧化缩合以及A环和B环之间的缩合反应是TRs形成重要机制[29]。此外, 虽然儿茶素的氧化使得B环的大部分羟基受损, 但TRs仍表现出与TFs相似的抑制脂质过氧化[30]、抗癌[31]、改善胃肠道[32]、预防肥胖[33]等多种功能。为了提高TRs的纯度, 袁海波等[34]研究者采用有机溶剂萃取、反相C18柱和逆流色谱纯化等技术, 成功得到了74.2%的TRs纯品, 与传统技术(乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取和大孔树脂纯化)相比纯度显著提升。但由于TRs的结构成分复杂, 其基本单元难以确定, 这对探究其生物活性造成了一定阻碍。
TBs是茶叶在渥堆发酵过程中, 由于微生物作用与其他化合物耦合深度氧化形成的一种水溶性褐色高聚物, 其组成包括多酚类、糖类以及氨基酸等物质[35]。TBs在黑茶中含量最高, 约12%~18%, 它参与形成黑茶茶汤品质的重要物质之一, 但在红茶中浓度仅有9%[36]。茶叶在渥堆发酵过程中, 微生物分泌的胞外酶在TBs的形成过程起到了至关重要的, 它们参与了TBs的形成, 促进了多酚氧化类物质的氧化聚合。CHEN等[37]研究发现, TBs的形成主要是由于儿茶素在胞外酶和自氧化的催化下产生相应的邻醌, 邻醌是多酚氧化聚合的关键中间体, 它可以通过聚合形成二聚体的TFs和聚酯型儿茶素再经过氧化聚合形成TBs, 还可以直接氧化聚合形成TBs。此外, TBs的生物活性已有大量文献报道。在动物模型中, TBs可以通过调节肠道菌群及其代谢来改善脂质代谢紊乱现象[38]。TBs还可以通过减轻肝脏氧化应激和纤维化[39], 以及通过改变脂肪酸代谢、胆汁代谢和三羧酸循环的代谢途径来降低炎症反应[40]
正常细胞发生突变、DNA受损或出现其他问题, 细胞的炎症反应和DNA修复机制无法有效应对损伤时, 有可能导致细胞失去正常生长和分裂的控制, 形成癌细胞从而无限增殖形成肿瘤。然而, 癌细胞的形成是一个复杂的多步骤过程, 涉及多种基因突变和细胞信号通路的改变。目前, 茶色素在抑制癌细胞增殖和凋亡、诱导细胞周期阻滞、细胞信号转导以及通过肠道菌群来调控糖脂代谢异常引起的疾病等方面的研究较为广泛, 这些天然产物通过多种机制对癌细胞产生影响[41], 如图4所示。
癌细胞的不受控制生长对肿瘤发展具有显著影响, 因此, 调控癌细胞增殖和凋亡是治疗癌症的关键因素。在癌症治疗中, 降低DNMT活性是表观遗传学靶点之一, 其作用机制在于抑制基因的表达来控制癌细胞的生长。据报道, 100 μmol/L TFs可以抑制结肠癌细胞中DNMT1、DNMT3b的酶活性, 抑制率分别达到65%和33%[42]。此外, BHATTACHARYA等[43]同样发现TFs能显著降低体外和体内的DNMT活性低剂量TFs (25 mg/mL)可抑制人结肠癌细胞增殖, 高剂量(100 mg/mL) TFs使癌细胞活力显著下降并呈浓度依赖性, 它具有强大的促癌细胞凋亡能力, 同时对体内正常人胚胎肾293细胞(human embryonic kidney 293 cells, HEK293)表现出安全性。在小鼠模型中, 茶色素可显著降低肿瘤重量和体积, 增强了其作为DNMT抑制剂的潜在作用。NISHIKAWA等[44]研究发现茶黄素-3,3’-戊二酸对DNA甲基化的抑制作用减少了骨质流失间接的抑制癌细胞增殖, 通过调节骨代谢相关基因表达从而降低骨癌发生风险。同时, 也有研究者发现TRs还可以通过改善抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶、核因子活化T细胞1、组织蛋白酶K和原癌基因c-Src酪氨酸激酶的mRNA表达水平, 从而抑制破骨细胞分化, 预防骨癌症[45]。TBs还可以作为DNA损伤诱导剂和拓扑异构酶抑制剂, 调节p53表达并调节下游基因的表达, 从而诱导A549肺癌细胞、U2OS骨肉瘤细胞的增殖和凋亡[46-47]。此外, TBs也可以通过激活Caspases级联反应, 和U2OS骨肉瘤细胞中H2AX的磷酸化从而引发DNA损伤(双链断裂)[48]
癌细胞的增殖和凋亡还依赖于线粒体内抗氧化酶和ROS的平衡。ROY等[49]研究发现TFs可以通过线粒体途径参与促凋亡和抗凋亡蛋白质诱导细胞凋亡。TFs的存在会诱导ROS的产生, 改变线粒体膜电位, 导致细胞色素C (cytochrome C, Cyt C)水平升高、Caspase-9、Caspase-3激活和DNA修复酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerase, PARP)裂解, 最终胃癌细胞凋亡。另外, IMRAN等[50]研究发现TFs和TRs可以在线粒体水平上通过启动集群和空泡形成控制癌细胞的凋亡。然而, TFs对HCT 116和HT 460细胞活力的影响比TRs大。CHEN等[51]通过TBs调节抗氧化酶(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶)的基因表达来发挥对癌细胞潜在的抑制作用, 他们使用500 μg/mL TBs对结肠癌HT-29细胞处理48 h后, HT-29细胞增殖明显受到抑制并表现出细胞形态变化细胞核收缩现象, 与对照组相比有78.23%的细胞处于晚期细胞凋亡。进一步研究发现, 酶法制备的TBs-C处理HT-29细胞后, 在24、48、72 h观察到细胞凋亡数量逐渐增加[52]。另外, XU等[53]也发现TBs可以通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导SK-Hep-1肝癌细胞凋亡。综上分析表明, 茶色素具有显著的剂量依赖性和时间依赖性的抗增殖效果。这一作用主要通过在分子层面抑制DNMT的活性及其蛋白表达, 以及在细胞层面调节线粒体途径, 从而调控癌细胞的增殖和凋亡过程。同时, 茶色素化合物还表现出选择性毒性, 对肿瘤细胞株具有毒性, 而对正常细胞显示出较好的安全性。
茶色素可以通过降低细胞周期蛋白和周期蛋白依赖性激酶的表达, 使细胞停滞在细胞间期, 阻止非正常细胞大量增殖。细胞周期是一个连续的动态过程, 其中包括G0期(静止期)、G1期(生长期)、S期(合成期)、G2期(准备期)、M期(分裂期)[54]。cdc25C和cyclin B细胞周期蛋白, 可以推动细胞进入有丝分裂状态并调控G2/M进程。有研究者通过流式细胞术实验发现TFs和TRs对肺癌、结肠癌细胞G1期和S期没有影响, 对肺癌细胞G2/M期阻滞分别为16.5%和9.12%, 结肠癌细胞G2/M期阻滞分别为20.8%和1.31%[50]。其中, TFs与TRs复配后对癌细胞的阻滞甚至提高了一倍多。这是由于TFs可以抑制cdc25C和cyclin B的表达, 使得细胞不能从G2期正常进入M期, 导致DNA阶梯断裂, 从而加剧细胞周期阻滞。此外, c-MYC是一种转录因子, 也是一种在细胞周期G1期表达的已知癌基因。TBs可以通过调控细胞周期相关mRNA和蛋白的表达, 如c-MYC、cyclin A、cyclin D、CDK2、CDK4和增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA)等表达下调, 以及p21、p27和抑癌基因(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten, PTEN)等表达上调, 诱导A549肺癌细胞在G0/G1细胞周期阻滞[55]。FU等[56]也研究发现TBs对HOG细胞中c-MYC及其下游基因在蛋白水平上的表达也会出现相同现象, 同时, TBs处理的U251细胞在细胞周期的G2/M期积累。这些趋势均表明茶色素可以诱导细胞的细胞周期停滞在间隙期, 并表现出细胞系特异性。
炎症分为可控性炎症和非可控性炎症, 非可控性炎症细胞因子是促进癌细胞生长和转移的重要因素, 控制炎症反应可以抑制早期癌细胞的生成[57]。植物源性茶色素是有潜力的先导化合物, 通过NF-κB、PI3K/AKT、Nrf2等胞信号通路是抑制肿瘤的发生和发展的重要治疗靶点。茶色素可以通过激活这些信号通路, 减少炎症反应、抑制癌细胞的增殖以及抑制癌细胞的迁移[58]
NF-κB转录因子是癌细胞的重要激活因子, 其信号通路是一个多功能信号传导途径, 在炎症反应、细胞存活等多种生理和病理过程中起着关键作用。当其被激活时, 就会导致炎症介质和细胞因子的产生, 从而引发一系列炎症反应, 目前, NF-κB及其信号通路已成为潜在的治疗靶点。研究表明, TFs能够以p53依赖性方式改变促氧化酶和抗氧化酶之间的平衡, 在MCF-7乳腺癌细胞中产生ROS, 通过抑制NF-κB信号通路向细胞核易位来阻滞人乳腺癌细胞迁移[59]。此外, TFs还可以通过抑制IKB磷酸化介导抑制NF-κB活化[60], 且在125 μg/mL的质量浓度下几乎可以完全阻止NF-κB信号通路的激活, 且抑制效果与TFs的组成和比例有直接关系[61]。进一步研究表明, TRs也能够抑制2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸诱导的结肠黏膜核提取物中NF-κB活性上调, 通过下调干扰素C激活的巨噬细胞的NO释放, 从而显著降低结肠炎小鼠结肠中的蛋白酶活性[31]。TBs通过下调NF-κB磷酸化p65的表达和上调PPAR-γ蛋白的水平, 抑制结肠组织中炎症因子白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α的蛋白表达来抑制结肠炎[62]。此外, TBs还可以通过p53/NF-κB信号串扰介导的机制触发DNA损伤, 从而抑制黑色素瘤细胞的增殖并诱导细胞衰老和凋亡[63]。NF-κB通路相关的EMT抑制可能介导TBs抗骨肉瘤的抗迁移和抗侵袭作用的机制[48]
PI3K/AKT信号通路通过抑制促凋亡蛋白的活性和促进抗凋亡蛋白的表达来发挥作用。CHAKRABARTY等[64]研究发现TFs (50 μg/mL)可以降低p85和磷酸化的AKT的表达, 诱导线粒体凋亡信号激活, 最后导致HeLa细胞的凋亡。此外, 50 µg/mL TFs和20 µg/mL EGCG低剂量联合使用可协同增加p53、Bax、裂解Caspase-3和PARP的表达, 同时降低Bcl-2的表达, 且对HeLa宫颈癌细胞间期微管的解聚作用比单独使用任何一种药物都要强。同样, IMRAN等[50]也得到一致结论, 茶色素复配对癌细胞的抑制具有协同作用。TBs可以通过PI3K/AKT途径调节糖脂代谢。LIU等[65]的研究表明, TBs可以通过IRS-1/PI3K/AKT信号通路来影响胆固醇代谢相关基因的表达。他们采用TBs1(发酵7 d)和TBs2(发酵14 d)处理HepG2肝癌细胞, 均能有效改善细胞的氧化应激现象, 特别是TBs-2相比TBs-1显示出更好的改善胰岛素抵抗的效果。这可能与TBs发酵时间更长、氧化聚合程度越更高有关, 从而对改善胰岛素抵抗效果更好。这一效应归因于TBs增加了PI3K活化, 促进了AKT和ACC磷酸化, 降低了3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶和甾醇调节元件结合蛋白(sterol regulatory element binding protein 2C, SREBP-2C)的水平减少了胆固醇合成, 又由于PCSK9核蛋白水平降低、LDLR蛋白水平增加从而促进了低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的消除。此外, WANG等[66]进行体外细胞实验同样也发现TBs可以通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路, 通过AKT/p21信号轴增加p21表达来促进非小细胞肺癌细胞自噬, 抑制肺癌细胞的增殖和死亡。同样, TBs可以通过降低PI3K、AKT的磷酸化, 以及雷帕霉素下游机制靶点mTOR和cyclin D1蛋白的表达, 有助于抑制细胞增殖和增强细胞凋亡[67]
Nrf2信号通路主要负责抗氧化防御, 通过与抗氧化反应元件结合, 促进抗氧化酶的表达并调节氧化还原动态平衡。从而帮助清除自由基、减轻氧化应激, 从而抑制癌细胞的生长和扩散[68]。茶黄酸(theaflavic acid, TFA)是TFs中的组分之一, 已被发现可以通过激活Nrf2/ARE信号通路阻断ROS生产, 从而减弱PC12细胞的氧化应激反应。此外, 通过TFA上调抗凋亡Bcl-2并下调促凋亡Bax诱导的PC12细胞凋亡, 提高PC12神经细胞的存活率[69]。在糖尿病大鼠模型中, TFs可以有效激活肝肾中的Nrf2信号通道, 并提升糖尿病大鼠肝脏和肾脏的circ-ITCH水平[70]。有研究表明, TFs还可显著增加血管内皮细胞中Nrf2及其核转位的水平, 上调下游蛋白HO-1, 促进Nrf2信号通路的激活, 抑制高脂饮食引起的动脉粥样硬化[71]。同样, TRs也可以减轻脂多糖暴露引起的氧化应激, 作为Nrf2的天然激活剂。WANG等[72]探讨了TRs对新生儿急性肺损伤的影响, 发现TRs可以激活抗氧化反应元件核因子Nrf2信号通路, 40 mg/mL TRs就可以显著降低炎症细胞因子的衰减、髓过氧化物酶的活性。这进一步证实了茶色素在激活Nrf2信号通路中的潜在作用。
茶色素对癌细胞的抑制作用可以涉及其他多种信号通路的协同作用, 共同调控细胞的生存、增殖、迁移、代谢等功能。TFs能够阻断骨髓源性巨噬细胞中的NF-κB和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)信号通路, 从而防止脂多糖诱导的IL-6、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1和细胞间粘附分子-1的表达, 抑制促炎介质表达[73]。此外, TFs可以通过抑制丝裂原活化的细胞外信号调节激酶/细胞外调节蛋白激酶和PI3K/AKT信号通路, 协同作用于TFs对黑色素瘤细胞的抗增殖作用[74]。TBs可激活TLR信号通路中TLR2&4介导的髓样分化因子88 (myeioid differentiation factor 88, MyD88)依赖性MAPK和NF-κB信号通路, 以及TLR2介导的PI3K/AKT信号通路中核心蛋白AKT磷酸化, 从而激活下游NF-κB信号通路, 增强RAW264.7巨噬细胞的免疫功能, 调节炎症反应[75]。此外, 结肠炎会导致DSS组TLR2&4表达水平较高。ZHAO等[76]也发现, TBs可有效降低TLR2&4介导MyD88依赖性NF-κB、MAPK和AKT信号通路的调节, 从而降低细胞因子水平, 减轻肠道炎症。
肠道菌群在癌症的发生和发展中的作用是不可忽略的, 它们可以通过增强肠道屏障、调节肠道菌群结构、抑制炎症反应、改善免疫功能等来间接抑制癌细胞的生成。目前, TBs在调节肠道菌群抑制肠道炎症方面的研究较多。ZHAO等[76]发现从黑茶中提取的TBs可通过调节肠道菌群的丰度, 增加厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门的比值, 降低拟杆菌门丰度, 增加疣杆菌丰度, 从而有效抑制辅助性T (helper, Th) 1和Th17细胞的比例, 使调节性T (regulatory T, Treg)细胞/Th17的平衡向Tregs倾斜, 更利于肠道免疫稳态的恢复、减轻肠道炎症。TBs可通过提高乙酸盐、丙酸盐、丁酸盐等肠道微生物及其代谢物水平, 来维持肠道稳态, 减少结肠炎症[31]。DENG等[77]采用TBs提高肠道内厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和疣微菌门的相对丰度, 来改善肠道菌群组成和结构, 从而调节血脂、血糖水平, 减少慢性炎症。LI等[78]通过动物实验发现阿克曼菌属、拟杆菌属和副拟杆菌属的数量和比例改变会导致肠道健康失衡。LU等[79]同样也发现TBs可以调节微生物群的组成和代谢, 从而改善高脂肪诱导的胰岛素抵抗、肝脏脂肪变性和炎症。进一步研究发现, TBs能够通过改变肠道微生物代谢物, 如L-鸟氨酸、α-酮戊二酸和谷氨酰胺, 这些代谢物在TBs干预后在肝脏中上调, 能显著减少脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞炎症。此外, CHEN等[80]发现TBs能增加肠道中产生短链脂肪酸细菌的丰度, 并上调小鼠肝脏中短链脂肪酸受体的mRNA表达, 显著降低高脂饮食小鼠的体重、肝脂和血脂的异常。
茶色素是茶中重要的活性成分之一, 由多酚类物质氧化聚合形成, 具有较强大的抗氧化活性。因此, 它主要通过调控细胞内活性氧的产量从而破坏癌细胞的氧化平衡, 导致细胞损伤和死亡。此外, 由于茶色素的氧化聚合程度不同, 聚合程度小于的TFs可能更有效的穿透细胞膜, 与细胞内抗氧化系统相互作用。然而, 聚合程度高的TRs、TBs的穿透细胞膜现象规律还需要进一步的探究, 未来可以从茶色素氧化聚合程度不同对抑癌机制方面进行对比研究。其次, 茶色素可以在癌细胞未进入分裂期前调控癌细胞周期相关蛋白来阻滞癌细胞周期进程, 同时, 通过调节癌细胞间的信号通路, 如NF-κB、PI3K/AKT、Ntf2、MAPK等, 抑制癌细胞的生长并诱导癌细胞的凋亡。
茶色素作为一种有前途的抗癌活性物质, 其抗癌效果不仅局限于单一作用, 还可以与其他化合物或抗癌疗法联合使用, 以增强抗癌效果。未来的研究可以探索茶色素与其他抗癌药物的协同效应, 以降低药物毒副作用, 增强疗效, 为癌症治疗和抗癌药物开发提供了新策略。此外, 随着消费者对健康意识的进一步觉醒, 对于天然、健康、具有多种功效的茶色素产品需求将持续增长。目前研究的局限性停留在, 如何获得高效的分离纯化方法提高茶色素得率, 这对于茶色素的深入研究和产品开发至关重要。其次, 茶色素的生物活性表现出剂量依赖性, 具体的剂量效应关系需要更详细的临床研究和实验数据来进一步明确。这些研究方向将为茶色素的应用提供更坚实的科学基础, 并推动其在抗癌领域的进一步发展。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2101105)
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2025年第16卷第3期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241207001
  • 接收时间:2024-12-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-07
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2101105)
作者信息
    1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430068
    2.中华全国供销合作总社杭州茶叶研究所, 杭州 310016

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* 王静(1989—), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为茶叶质量与标准。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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