Article(id=1152687441057067652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241128002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732723200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752751701844, onlineDateStr=2025-07-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752751701844, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752751701844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752751701844, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1152687434774000221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='324', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1747238400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752751700342, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1756708585928, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169283815848555431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1152687434774000221, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=106, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1152687441732350609, articleId=1152687441057067652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Residue and dietary risk assessment of tolfenpyrad, diafenthiuron and its metabolites on Brassica oleracea, columnId=1151923892655846010, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Food Safety Risk Assessment and Risk Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To evaluate the residual levels of tolfenpyrad and diafenthiuron in Brassica oleracea and assess the chronic dietary intake risk. Methods Brassica oleracea samples sprayed with 30% diafenthiuron·tolfenpyrad suspension concentrate were collected. The pesticide residues were detected using dispersive solid phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Based on the detection results, the chronic dietary intake risk was calculated using a risk probability formula, and a safety assessment was conducted. Results When 30% diafenthiuron·tolfenpyrad suspension concentrate was applied once at the maximum recommended dose of 180 g a.i./hm² with a 7-day pre-harvest interval, the residual concentrations of tolfenpyrad and diafenthiuron in Brassica oleracea were <0.01-0.39 mg/kg and 0.03-0.12 mg/kg, respectively. Both pesticide residues were below China’s maximum residue limits (MRLs) (0.5 mg/kg for tolfenpyrad and 2.0 mg/kg for diafenthiuron). Based on China’s pesticide registration and usage data, the national estimated daily intake of tolfenpyrad and diafenthiuron for the general population was 0.2215 mg and 0.0967 mg, respectively, with risk quotient of 58.6% and 51.2%, both below 100%. This indicated that the dietary intake risk was within an acceptable range. Conclusion When 30% diafenthiuron·tolfenpyrad suspension concentrate is applied at the recommended dose with a 7-day pre-harvest interval for controlling Plutella xylostella in Brassica oleracea, the pesticide residues in harvested Brassica oleracea comply with food safety standards. The long-term dietary intake risk for the general population is controllable, ensuring safe consumption.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-Tong QIN, Li CHEN, Er-Cheng ZHAO, Dong WANG, Xiao-Ying DU, Min HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Min HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1152687442114032281, articleId=1152687441057067652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲在甘蓝上的残留与膳食风险评估, columnId=1152687438456603210, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 评估甘蓝中唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲的残留水平及其慢性膳食摄入风险。方法 采集喷施30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂的甘蓝样品, 采用分散固相萃取结合超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法检测农药残留量。基于检测结果, 通过风险概率公式计算慢性膳食摄入风险, 并进行安全性评估。结果 当30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂按照推荐最高剂量180 g a.i./hm²施药1次, 且安全间隔期为7 d时, 甘蓝中唑虫酰胺的残留浓度为<0.01~0.39 mg/kg, 丁醚脲的残留浓度为0.03~0.12 mg/kg。两种农药的残留量均低于我国规定的最大允许残留限量(唑虫酰胺0.5 mg/kg, 丁醚脲2.0 mg/kg)。结合我国农药登记使用情况, 普通人群对唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲的国家估算每日摄入量分别为0.2215 mg和0.0967 mg, 其风险商分别为58.6%和51.2%, 均低于100%, 表明膳食摄入风险在可接受范围内。结论 按照推荐剂量和7 d安全间隔期使用30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂防治甘蓝小菜蛾时, 收获的甘蓝中农药残留量符合食品安全标准, 普通人群的长期膳食摄入风险可控, 食用安全性有保障。

, authors=

秦晓彤(2001—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为农药残留与环境毒理。E-mail:

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* 贺敏(1980—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农药残留与农产品安全。E-mail:
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Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1169272498504872599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441057067652, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=40, issue=21, pageStart=150, pageEnd=155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=53, authorNames=朱晓丹, 贾春虹, 王东, journalName=食品科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱晓丹, 贾春虹, 王东, 等. 氟啶胺在大葱和小葱上的残留与安全性评价[J]. 食品科学, 2019, 40(21): 150-155., articleTitle=氟啶胺在大葱和小葱上的残留与安全性评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1169272498592952984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441057067652, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=40, issue=21, pageStart=150, pageEnd=155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=54, authorNames=ZHU XD, JIA CH, WANG D, journalName=Food Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU XD, JIA CH, WANG D, et al. 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Food Science, 2019, 40(21): 150-155., articleTitle=Residues and safety evaluation of fluazinam in green chinese onion (Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum makion) and shallot (Allium ascalonicum), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1169272498647478937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441057067652, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=2, pageStart=404, pageEnd=412, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=55, authorNames=黄永凯, 董必章, 胡继业, journalName=食品安全质量检测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄永凯, 董必章, 胡继业. 露地条件下高效氟氯氰菊酯和噻虫胺在甘蓝中的残留行为与膳食风险评估[J]. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2022, 13(2): 404-412., articleTitle=露地条件下高效氟氯氰菊酯和噻虫胺在甘蓝中的残留行为与膳食风险评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1169272498710393498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441057067652, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=2, pageStart=404, pageEnd=412, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=56, authorNames=HUANG YK, DONG BZ, HU JY, journalName=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG YK, DONG BZ, HU JY. Residues behavior and dietary risk assessment of beta-cyfluthrin and clothianidin in cabbage under open-field conditions[J]. 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Mass spectrometry parameters for tolfenpyrad, diafenthiuron, diafenthiuron-urea and diafenthiuron-formimidamide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 保留时间/min 定性离子对 定量离子对 锥孔电压/V 碰撞电压/eV
唑虫酰胺 3.97 384/145
384/197
384/197 76
76
28
22
丁醚脲 4.31 385/278
385/329
385/329 8
8
30
22
丁醚脲-脲 4.00 369/229
369/271
369/229 18
18
30
22
丁醚脲-甲酰胺 2.84 353/297
353/280
353/297 8
8
22
26
), ArticleFig(id=1169272493383627353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441057067652, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲、丁醚脲-脲和丁醚脲-甲酰胺的质谱检测参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 保留时间/min 定性离子对 定量离子对 锥孔电压/V 碰撞电压/eV
唑虫酰胺 3.97 384/145
384/197
384/197 76
76
28
22
丁醚脲 4.31 385/278
385/329
385/329 8
8
30
22
丁醚脲-脲 4.00 369/229
369/271
369/229 18
18
30
22
丁醚脲-甲酰胺 2.84 353/297
353/280
353/297 8
8
22
26
), ArticleFig(id=1169272493488484954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441057067652, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Terminal residues of tolfenpyrad and total diafenthiuron in Brassica oleracea samples from 12 test sites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 采收间隔期/d 最终残留量
/(mg/kg)
中值/(mg/kg) 最大值/(mg/kg)
唑虫酰胺 7 <0.01 (6个),
0.01 (3个),
0.02 (4个),
0.03, 0.04,
0.05 (3个),
0.06 (3个),
0.12, 0.38, 0.39
0.02 0.39
10 <0.01 (14个),
0.01 (4个),
0.02 (2个),
0.03 (3个),
0.04
<0.01 0.04
丁醚脲(总量) 7 0.03 (16个),
0.04, 0.05,
0.06 (2个),
0.08, 0.09, 0.11, 0.12
0.03 0.12
10 0.03 (22个),
0.05, 0.07
0.03 0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1169272493580759643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441057067652, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲在12个试验点甘蓝样品中的最终残留量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 采收间隔期/d 最终残留量
/(mg/kg)
中值/(mg/kg) 最大值/(mg/kg)
唑虫酰胺 7 <0.01 (6个),
0.01 (3个),
0.02 (4个),
0.03, 0.04,
0.05 (3个),
0.06 (3个),
0.12, 0.38, 0.39
0.02 0.39
10 <0.01 (14个),
0.01 (4个),
0.02 (2个),
0.03 (3个),
0.04
<0.01 0.04
丁醚脲(总量) 7 0.03 (16个),
0.04, 0.05,
0.06 (2个),
0.08, 0.09, 0.11, 0.12
0.03 0.12
10 0.03 (22个),
0.05, 0.07
0.03 0.07
), ArticleFig(id=1169272493643674204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441057067652, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Development situation of maximum residue limit standards for tolfenpyrad and total diafenthiuron

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 作物名称 中国 CAC 美国 澳大利亚 韩国 欧盟 日本
唑虫酰胺 甘蓝 0.50 / 5.0 / / / 0.30
豇豆 / / 5.0 / / / 2.00
茄子 0.50 / 1.5 / / / 2.00
茶叶 50.00 20.0 30.0 / 30.00 / 30.00
柑橘 / / 1.5 / 0.80 / 3.00
丁醚脲(总量) 甘蓝 2.00 / / / / / 0.30
小白菜 1.00 / / / / / 0.30
黄瓜 / / / 0.50 2.00 / 0.50
番茄 / / / 0.50 / / 0.05
十字花科蔬菜 / / / / / / 0.02
棉花 0.20 / / 0.20 / / 0.20
苹果 0.20 / / / / / 0.02
茶叶 5.00 / / / / / 20.00
柑橘 0.20 / / / / / 0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1169272493765309021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441057067652, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲的最大残留限量标准制定情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 作物名称 中国 CAC 美国 澳大利亚 韩国 欧盟 日本
唑虫酰胺 甘蓝 0.50 / 5.0 / / / 0.30
豇豆 / / 5.0 / / / 2.00
茄子 0.50 / 1.5 / / / 2.00
茶叶 50.00 20.0 30.0 / 30.00 / 30.00
柑橘 / / 1.5 / 0.80 / 3.00
丁醚脲(总量) 甘蓝 2.00 / / / / / 0.30
小白菜 1.00 / / / / / 0.30
黄瓜 / / / 0.50 2.00 / 0.50
番茄 / / / 0.50 / / 0.05
十字花科蔬菜 / / / / / / 0.02
棉花 0.20 / / 0.20 / / 0.20
苹果 0.20 / / / / / 0.02
茶叶 5.00 / / / / / 20.00
柑橘 0.20 / / / / / 0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1169272493836612190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441057067652, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Long-term dietary intake risk assessment of of tolfenpyrad and total diafenthiuron

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 食物种类 膳食量/kg 参考限量或
残留中值/(mg/kg)
限量来源 NEDI
/mg
日允许摄入量/mg 风险商/%
唑虫酰胺 深色蔬菜 0.0915 0.50 GB 2763—2021 0.0458
水果 0.0457 3.00 日本MRL值 0.1371
食盐 0.0120 3.22 残留中值 0.0386
合计 0.2215 0.3780 58.6
丁醚脲(总量) 深色蔬菜 0.0915 0.03 残留中值 0.0110
浅色蔬菜 0.1837 0.10 残留中值 0.0184
水果 0.0457 0.20 GB 2763—2021 0.0091
植物油 0.0327 0.20 GB 2763—2021 0.0065
食盐 0.0120 5.00 GB 2763—2021 0.0600
合计 0.0967 0.1890 51.2
), ArticleFig(id=1169272493924692575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1152687441057067652, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲的长期膳食摄入风险评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物 食物种类 膳食量/kg 参考限量或
残留中值/(mg/kg)
限量来源 NEDI
/mg
日允许摄入量/mg 风险商/%
唑虫酰胺 深色蔬菜 0.0915 0.50 GB 2763—2021 0.0458
水果 0.0457 3.00 日本MRL值 0.1371
食盐 0.0120 3.22 残留中值 0.0386
合计 0.2215 0.3780 58.6
丁醚脲(总量) 深色蔬菜 0.0915 0.03 残留中值 0.0110
浅色蔬菜 0.1837 0.10 残留中值 0.0184
水果 0.0457 0.20 GB 2763—2021 0.0091
植物油 0.0327 0.20 GB 2763—2021 0.0065
食盐 0.0120 5.00 GB 2763—2021 0.0600
合计 0.0967 0.1890 51.2
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唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲在甘蓝上的残留与膳食风险评估
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秦晓彤 1, 2 , 陈莉 1 , 赵尔成 1 , 王东 1 , 杜晓颖 1 , 贺敏 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025,16(9): 106-112
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食品安全质量检测学报 |本期专题:食品安全风险评估与风险监测 2025 , 16 (9) : 106 -112
唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲在甘蓝上的残留与膳食风险评估
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秦晓彤1, 2 , 陈莉1, 赵尔成1, 王东1, 杜晓颖1, 贺敏1, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京市农林科学院植物保护研究所, 北京 100097
  • 2.青岛农业大学植物医学学院, 青岛 266109
通讯作者:
* 贺敏(1980—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农药残留与农产品安全。E-mail:
Residue and dietary risk assessment of tolfenpyrad, diafenthiuron and its metabolites on Brassica oleracea
Xiao-Tong QIN1, 2 , Li CHEN1, Er-Cheng ZHAO1, Dong WANG1, Xiao-Ying DU1, Min HE1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
  • 2. College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241128002
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目的 评估甘蓝中唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲的残留水平及其慢性膳食摄入风险。方法 采集喷施30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂的甘蓝样品, 采用分散固相萃取结合超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法检测农药残留量。基于检测结果, 通过风险概率公式计算慢性膳食摄入风险, 并进行安全性评估。结果 当30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂按照推荐最高剂量180 g a.i./hm²施药1次, 且安全间隔期为7 d时, 甘蓝中唑虫酰胺的残留浓度为<0.01~0.39 mg/kg, 丁醚脲的残留浓度为0.03~0.12 mg/kg。两种农药的残留量均低于我国规定的最大允许残留限量(唑虫酰胺0.5 mg/kg, 丁醚脲2.0 mg/kg)。结合我国农药登记使用情况, 普通人群对唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲的国家估算每日摄入量分别为0.2215 mg和0.0967 mg, 其风险商分别为58.6%和51.2%, 均低于100%, 表明膳食摄入风险在可接受范围内。结论 按照推荐剂量和7 d安全间隔期使用30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂防治甘蓝小菜蛾时, 收获的甘蓝中农药残留量符合食品安全标准, 普通人群的长期膳食摄入风险可控, 食用安全性有保障。

甘蓝  /  唑虫酰按  /  丁醚脲  /  超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法  /  膳食风险

Objective To evaluate the residual levels of tolfenpyrad and diafenthiuron in Brassica oleracea and assess the chronic dietary intake risk. Methods Brassica oleracea samples sprayed with 30% diafenthiuron·tolfenpyrad suspension concentrate were collected. The pesticide residues were detected using dispersive solid phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Based on the detection results, the chronic dietary intake risk was calculated using a risk probability formula, and a safety assessment was conducted. Results When 30% diafenthiuron·tolfenpyrad suspension concentrate was applied once at the maximum recommended dose of 180 g a.i./hm² with a 7-day pre-harvest interval, the residual concentrations of tolfenpyrad and diafenthiuron in Brassica oleracea were <0.01-0.39 mg/kg and 0.03-0.12 mg/kg, respectively. Both pesticide residues were below China’s maximum residue limits (MRLs) (0.5 mg/kg for tolfenpyrad and 2.0 mg/kg for diafenthiuron). Based on China’s pesticide registration and usage data, the national estimated daily intake of tolfenpyrad and diafenthiuron for the general population was 0.2215 mg and 0.0967 mg, respectively, with risk quotient of 58.6% and 51.2%, both below 100%. This indicated that the dietary intake risk was within an acceptable range. Conclusion When 30% diafenthiuron·tolfenpyrad suspension concentrate is applied at the recommended dose with a 7-day pre-harvest interval for controlling Plutella xylostella in Brassica oleracea, the pesticide residues in harvested Brassica oleracea comply with food safety standards. The long-term dietary intake risk for the general population is controllable, ensuring safe consumption.

Brassica oleracea  /  tolfenpyrad  /  diafenthiuron  /  ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry  /  dietary risk
秦晓彤, 陈莉, 赵尔成, 王东, 杜晓颖, 贺敏. 唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲在甘蓝上的残留与膳食风险评估. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (9) : 106 -112 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241128002
Xiao-Tong QIN, Li CHEN, Er-Cheng ZHAO, Dong WANG, Xiao-Ying DU, Min HE. Residue and dietary risk assessment of tolfenpyrad, diafenthiuron and its metabolites on Brassica oleracea[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (9) : 106 -112 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241128002
在甘蓝的种植过程中, 小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)是主要危害害虫[1], 它取食甘蓝叶片表皮和叶肉, 导致叶片出现多个虫孔, 从而降低甘蓝的商品属性, 给种植户造成巨大的经济损失[2]。目前关于小菜蛾的防治技术较多[37], 但是农民接受度高的高效价廉的技术仍以化学农药为主[812], 常用农药为阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、高效氯氰菊酯等, 目前已有研究表明这些药剂长期使用导致小菜蛾抗性增强[1314]。30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂是孟州云大高科生物科技有限公司新登记的防治甘蓝小菜蛾的混配制剂, 它对甘蓝小菜蛾的防治效果比单剂好[15], 同时还能弱化小菜蛾抗性的产生。唑虫酰胺是新型吡唑杂环类杀虫杀螨剂, 对甘蓝小菜蛾幼虫有特效, 但过量摄入唑虫酰胺会使人产生呕吐、流泪、代谢性酸中毒和低血压症状[16]。丁醚脲具有触杀、胃毒、内吸和熏蒸作用, 对甘蓝小菜蛾防效好, 但对鱼、蜜蜂高毒[17]。30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂在甘蓝上使用后, 如果残留浓度太高可能会对人的健康和非靶标生物产生不良影响[1819], 因此, 对甘蓝中唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲、丁醚脲-脲和丁醚脲-甲酰胺的残留行为和膳食风险进行研究是十分必要的风险管控措施[20]。关于唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲、丁醚脲-脲和丁醚脲-甲酰胺的单一化合物检测分析, 已有气相色谱-串联质谱法[2122]、液相色谱法[23]、超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)[2429], 但是鲜少见唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲及其代谢物的多残留分析方法和膳食摄入风险评估报道。
本研究评估甘蓝中唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲的残留安全性及慢性膳食摄入风险, 在全国12个甘蓝主产地采集施用了30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂的甘蓝样品, 利用分散固相萃取结合UPLC-MS/MS对甘蓝样品中唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲、丁醚脲-脲和丁醚脲-甲酰胺的残留量进行检测, 并对唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲在甘蓝上的残留安全性和慢性膳食摄入风险进行评估。
Waters ACQUITY超高效液相色谱仪、Waters XEVO TQ-XS三重四极杆质谱系统、Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm)(美国Waters公司); FOSS Homogenizer 2094型粉碎机(丹麦福斯集团公司); JY2002百分之一电子分析天平(上海舜宇恒平科学仪器有限公司); ME155DU十万分之一梅特勒电子分析天平(瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司); UMV-2多管漩涡混合器(北京优晟联合科技有限公司); TDZ5-WS台式低速离心机、H1650-W台式高速离心机(湖南湘仪仪器实验开发有限公司); Master-S30UV纯水机(上海和泰仪器有限公司)。
30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂(其中丁醚脲20%, 唑虫酰胺10%, 孟州云大高科生物科技有限公司); 唑虫酰胺(纯度99.3%)、丁醚脲(纯度98.7%)、丁醚脲-脲(纯度98.5%)、丁醚脲-甲酰胺(纯度98.5%)标准品(北京勤诚亦信科技开发有限公司); 乙腈(色谱纯, 美国Fisher Chemical公司); 甲酸(纯度≥99%, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 无水硫酸镁、氯化钠、无水硫酸镁、氯化钠(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 高纯氩气(纯度≥99.999%, 北京泓捌气体科技有限公司); 分散固相净化管(含50 mg N-丙基乙二胺, 10 mg 石墨化碳黑, 150 mg无水MgSO4)、Filter Unit 0.22 µm滤膜(博纳艾杰尔科技有限公司)。
按照NY/T 788—2018《农药登记残留田间试验标准操作规程》和《农作物中农药残留试验准则》[30]的要求, 在北京、山西、湖南、贵州、辽宁、安徽、山东、上海、河南、广东、云南、重庆开展了30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂在甘蓝上的田间试验。试验分为药剂处理小区和对照小区, 每个小区面积至少50 m2。在甘蓝小菜蛾卵孵盛期至低龄幼虫发生始盛期开始施药, 施药剂量为180 g a.i./hm2, 施药1次, 最终残留试验点于施药后7、10 d采集最终残留样品; 第一次和最后一次采样时采集对照区样品。采集的甘蓝样品纵向切分成4块, 对角线各取一块, 切分成1~2 cm大小后, 加干冰在均质机中粉碎, 四分法留样200 g装入样品袋, 置于‒18 ℃冷库中保存, 待分析。
称取粉碎的甘蓝样品10.0 g于50 mL离心管中, 加入20 mL乙腈, 2500 r/min涡旋振荡提取10 min, 加入5 g氯化钠涡旋1 min, 4000 r/min转速离心5 min后, 取1.5 mL上清液转移至净化管中, 涡旋1 min, 12000 r/min离心3 min, 上清液过0.22 µm滤膜后, 移入2 mL预切口进样小瓶待检测分析。
液相条件: 色谱柱为Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 mm× 100 mm, 1.7 µm), 柱温35 ℃, 进样体积1.0 µL, 流速0.3 mL/min。流动相A为乙腈, 流动相B为0.1%的甲酸水溶液。流动相梯度洗脱程序: 0~3.0 min, 流动相A由10%线性增至90%; 3.0~4.0 min, 流动相A保持90%; 4.0~4.2 min, 流动相A由90%线性降至10%, 4.2~6.0 min, 流动相A保持10%。
质谱条件: 电喷雾离子源(electron spray ionization, ESI), 正离子模式, 毛细管电压3.0 kV, 离子源温度150 ℃, 去溶剂温度400 ℃, 去溶剂气和锥孔气均为高纯液氮, 去溶剂气流速为700 L/h, 锥孔反吹气流速为150 L/h; 碰撞气为高纯氩气, 采用多反应离子对监测模式, 具体质谱参数见表1
分别准确称取0.01259 g丁醚脲、0.01266 g丁醚脲-脲、0.01269 g丁醚脲-甲酰胺和0.01269 g唑虫酰胺的标准品于烧杯中溶解, 转移到25 mL容量瓶中, 用乙腈溶解定容配制成500 µg/mL标准母液。用移液枪移取一定量的唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲、丁醚脲-脲和丁醚脲-甲酰胺标准母液, 配制成质量浓度为10 µg/mL的混合标准溶液, 再用系列稀释法配制成质量浓度为1、2、5、10、20、50、100、200 ng/mL的标准溶液。取空白甘蓝样品, 按照1.2.2的方法制备甘蓝基质溶液, 用甘蓝基质稀释混合标准溶液, 将其配制成质量浓度为1、2、5、10、20、50、100、200 ng/mL的甘蓝基质标准溶液。称取空白甘蓝样品, 设定0.01、0.50、2.00 mg/kg 3个添加浓度, 每个添加浓度设置5个重复, 另设空白对照, 按照1.2.2和1.2.3的方法检测唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲、丁醚脲-脲和丁醚脲-甲酰胺的浓度。
采用基质标准曲线-外标法定量, 农药的基质效应参考文献[31]方法进行计算和评价。植物源性食品膳食风险评估时, 对丁醚脲残留总量的定义为丁醚脲、丁醚脲-甲酰胺和丁醚脲-脲之和, 其计算见式(1):
C=C1+$\frac{{{M}_{1}}}{{{M}_{2}}}$C2+$\frac{{{M}_{1}}}{{{M}_{3}}}$C3=C1+1.091×C2+1.044×C3
式中: C为丁醚脲残留总量, 是丁醚脲、丁醚脲-甲酰胺和丁醚脲-脲残留量之和, mg/kg; C1为丁醚脲的残留量, mg/kg; C2为丁醚脲-甲酰胺的残留量, mg/kg; C3为丁醚脲-脲的残留量, mg/kg; M1为丁醚脲的分子量, 384.58; M2为丁醚脲-甲酰胺的分子量, 352.51; M3为丁醚脲-脲的分子量, 368.51。
遵照食品中《农药残留风险评估指南》[32], 本研究采用慢性膳食风险评估-风险概率(risk quotient, RQ)方法对唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲的膳食风险进行评估, 其计算见式(2):
RQ=%ADI=∑(STMRi×Fi)/bw/ADI×100%
式中: STMRi为目标化合物在甘蓝和中国已登记其他作物中的规范残留试验中值, mg/kg; 对于没有残留试验中值的登记作物, 残留试验中值取相应的最大残留限量(maximum residues limits, MRL)值, 若中国没有相应的MRL值, 则取美国或欧盟等制定的MRL值; Fi为中国一般人群的人均食品消费量, kg。ADI为每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake), mg/kg·bw; bw为中国消费者的平均体重(63 kg)。当RQ<100%, 表明膳食风险处于可接受范围, 反之则表示风险不可接受, 且数值越大风险越高。
选择UPLC-MS/MS自带的MassLynx V 4.2软件系统对数据进行分析处理, 用Excel 2007软件对数据进行处理与作图。
唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲、丁醚脲-脲和丁醚脲-甲酰胺的标准溶液在1~200 ng/mL线性范围内呈现出良好的线性关系, 唑虫酰胺的标准曲线方程为Y=12401X+5393, 丁醚脲标准曲线方程为Y=116746X-40384, 丁醚脲-脲标准曲线方程为Y=129627X+195123, 丁醚脲-甲酰胺标准曲线方程为Y=136204X+126395, 线性相关系数均大于0.999。唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲、丁醚脲-甲酰胺和丁醚脲-脲的基质效应为-11.6%~7.5%, 本研究中选用基质标准曲线进行定量。唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲、丁醚脲-甲酰胺和丁醚脲-脲在空白甘蓝样品中的添加浓度分别为0.01、0.50、2.00 mg/kg时, 平均回收率为90.6%~107.9%, 相对标准偏差为0.8%~5.7%, 4个化合物的定量限为0.01 mg/kg, 符合农药残留分析的要求。
在北京、山西、湖南、贵州、辽宁、安徽、山东、上海、河南、广东、云南、重庆开展了30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂在甘蓝上的残留田间试验, 按照最高施药剂量180 g a.i./hm2喷雾施药1次, 在施药后的7、10 d采集甘蓝样品。唑虫酰胺在采收间隔期为7 d时在甘蓝上残留量为<0.01~0.39 mg/kg, 10 d时残留量为<0.01~0.04 mg/kg; 丁醚脲残留总量采收间隔期7 d时残留量为0.03~0.12 mg/kg, 10 d时残留量为0.03~0.07 mg/kg; 具体数据见表2。GB 2763—2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》规定丁醚脲在结球甘蓝上的最大残留限量为2.0 mg/kg, 唑虫酰胺在结球甘蓝上的最大残留限量为0.5 mg/kg。安全间隔期7 d时, 所有甘蓝样品中丁醚脲和唑虫酰胺的残留浓度均小于中国规定的最大残留限量。
在甘蓝的种植过程中, 甘蓝的品种、植株大小、种植地的气候条件、土壤质地、有机质含量、栽培条件等差异, 会导致不同试验地点农药残留量有一定差距。本研究中12个试验点的甘蓝样品中, 唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲总量的残留浓度差异符合农业生产的实际情况。
唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲在我国的登记作物和最大残留限量标准制定情况见表3。唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲登记作物可以分为不同的食物种类, 它们的膳食量、膳食风险评估的参考限量(或残留中值)见表4。唑虫酰胺登记的柑橘属于水果, GB 2763—2021中未规定唑虫酰胺在柑橘上的MRL值, 本次评估根据风险最大化的原则, 选择日本的MRL值3.0 mg/kg进行评估。登记的甘蓝、豇豆和茄子属于深色蔬菜, 本次评估选择我国制定的MRL值0.5 mg/kg进行评估。登记的茶叶属于饮料作物, 参考“食盐”摄入量进行评估, GB 2763—2021规定唑虫酰胺在茶叶上的MRL值为50.0 mg/kg。当以这个值计算唑虫酰胺的国家估算每日摄入量时, 风险不可接受, 因此茶叶的限量标准选择了它的规范残留试验中值3.22 mg/kg。GB 2763—2021规定唑虫酰胺的ADI为0.006 mg/kg·bw, 普通人群唑虫酰胺的国家估算每日摄入量为0.3780 mg, 唑虫酰胺慢性膳食摄入风险商为58.6%, 风险可接受。
丁醚脲登记的5种蔬菜(甘蓝、小白菜, 黄瓜, 番茄, 十字花科蔬菜)中, GB 2763—2021未制定黄瓜, 番茄, 十字花科蔬菜上丁醚脲的MRL值, GB 2763—2021规定甘蓝、小白菜上丁醚脲的MRL值分别为2.0 mg/kg、1.0 mg/kg, 当以它们的MRL值计算丁醚脲的国家估算每日摄入量时, 风险不可接受。因此深色蔬菜(甘蓝)和浅色蔬菜(小白菜)的限量标准选择了它们的规范残留试验中值, 分别为0.03 mg/kg、0.10 mg/kg进行评估。登记的2种水果(苹果、柑橘)中, GB 2763—2021规定柑橘、苹果上丁醚脲的MRL值均为0.20 mg/kg, 本次评估根据风险最大化的原则, 水果选择0.20 mg/kg进行评估。登记的1种油料作物(棉花), 参考“植物油”摄入量进行评估, GB 2763—2021中规定丁醚脲在棉籽上的MRL值为0.2 mg/kg, 本次评估选择0.2 mg/kg进行评估。登记的1种饮料作物(茶叶), 参考“食盐”摄入量进行评估, GB 2763—2021制定丁醚脲在茶叶上的MRL值为5.0 mg/kg, 本次评估选择5.0 mg/kg进行评估。GB 2763—2021规定丁醚脲的ADI值为0.003 mg/kg·bw, 普通人群丁醚脲的国家估算每日摄入量为0.1890 mg, 风险商为51.2%, 其结果低于100%, 说明在推荐的良好农业操作条件下使用该制剂后对一般人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险。
本研究采用QuEChERS前处理方法, 利用UPLC-MS/MS技术在甘蓝基质中建立了唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲、丁醚脲-脲和丁醚脲-甲酰胺的多残留分析方法, 该方法的准确度、精密度和灵密度满足农药残留分析的要求。2022年在中国12个具有代表性的甘蓝种植区开展了残留田间试验, 检测了不同采收间隔期下甘蓝样品中唑虫酰胺、丁醚脲、丁醚脲-脲和丁醚脲-甲酰胺的残留水平, 根据获得的残留试验中值评估了唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲的慢性膳食风险。结果表明, 在甘蓝小菜蛾卵孵盛期至低龄幼虫发生始盛期, 喷雾施用30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂, 施药剂量为180 g a.i./hm2, 施药1次, 安全间隔期7 d时采集的甘蓝样品残留量均低于我国制定的残留标准(丁醚脲2.0 mg/kg, 唑虫酰胺0.5 mg/kg)。在中国居民的膳食结构中, 唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲的慢性膳食暴露风险分别为58.6%和51.2%, 属于风险可接受水平。综合以上试验结果表明, 农民使用30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂防治甘蓝小菜蛾, 在小菜蛾卵孵盛期至低龄幼虫发生始盛期喷雾施药1次, 最高施药剂量180 g a.i./hm2, 安全间隔期7 d后, 甘蓝上残留的唑虫酰胺和丁醚脲是安全的, 不会对消费者的健康造成潜在危害。本研究为30%丁醚脲·唑虫酰胺悬浮剂在甘蓝上的登记提供科学依据, 为甘蓝小菜蛾的高效安全防控提供了一种新的农药使用技术。
  • 国家重点研发项目(2022YFD1401200)
  • 国家重点研发项目(2023YFD1701300)
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2025年第16卷第9期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241128002
  • 接收时间:2024-11-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-28
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国家重点研发项目(2022YFD1401200)
国家重点研发项目(2023YFD1701300)
作者信息
    1.北京市农林科学院植物保护研究所, 北京 100097
    2.青岛农业大学植物医学学院, 青岛 266109

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* 贺敏(1980—), 女, 博士, 副研究员, 主要研究方向为农药残留与农产品安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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