Article(id=1217779722084336489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241126002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732550400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768270910998, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768270910998, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768270910998, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768270910998, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217779717386715826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768270909877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768299620707, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217900139386163209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1217779717386715826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217779722482795394, articleId=1217779722084336489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on freshness detection of aquatic products based on freshness indicators, columnId=1217779718456263351, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Highlight: “The 14th Five-Year Plan” National Key Research and Development Program of China—Key Technology Research and Standardized Application for Panoramic Analysis of Food Authenticity, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As consumer awareness of food quality and its grading continues to increase, there is a growing focus on developing effective, reliable and non-destructive methods for assessing food freshness. Aquatic product freshness indicators are typically constructed from sensitive materials and fixed carriers. These materials react with specific substances generated during the degradation process of aquatic product freshness, converting the chemical reaction results into signals that are easily observable and interpretable by consumers, such as color changes, electrical signals, or fluorescence signals. This review summarized the common sensitive materials used in aquatic product freshness indicators and their application progress. It particularly explored various preparation methods for these indicators, along with their advantages and limitations, including solution casting, spin coating, impregnation-drying, electrospinning, 2D printing, and 3D printing technologies. Additionally, strategies to enhance the performance of freshness indicators were discussed from multiple perspectives. The use of functional additives, encapsulation techniques, and chemical modifications could improve the stability of the indicators, while methods like dye blending, metal ion complexation, and colorimetric arrays had proven effective in enhancing their sensitivity. Finally, the article outlined the opportunities and challenges for future research in food freshness, aiming to provide insights for the development of intelligent food packaging freshness indicators.

, correspAuthors=Jiu-Kai ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bing-Wu ZHOU, Qian HU, Guo-Ping LI, Xin-Jun DU, Jiu-Kai ZHANG, Ying CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217779723283907505, articleId=1217779722084336489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=基于新鲜度指示物的水产品新鲜度检测研究进展, columnId=1217779718691144379, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期重点:“十四五”国家重点研发计划——食品真实性全景分析关键技术研究与标准化应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着人们对食品质量及其品质等级的日益关注, 人们致力于开发有效、可靠、无损的食品新鲜度评价方法。水产品新鲜度指示物通常是由敏感材料和固定载体构建的, 通过敏感材料与水产品新鲜度劣变过程中产生的特定产物发生反应, 并将化学反应结果转换成易于消费者直接观察和判断的信号, 如颜色信号、电信号、荧光信号等。本文综述了水产品新鲜度指示物的常见敏感材料及其应用进展, 重点探讨了新鲜度指示物的制备方法及其优缺点, 包括溶液浇铸法、旋转涂布法、浸渍烘干法、静电纺丝技术、二维印刷法和三维打印技术等。同时从不同角度总结了提升新鲜度指示物性能的策略, 采用添加功能物质、封装技术和化学修饰法等策略能提高指示物的稳定性, 混合染料、金属离子络合和比色阵列等提高指示物灵敏度的有效方法, 最后提出了未来食品新鲜度研究的机遇和挑战, 旨在为食品智能包装新鲜度指示物的发展提供参考。

, correspAuthors=张九凯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张九凯(1986—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品真伪鉴别。E-mail:
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周炳武(1999—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为水产品品质鉴别。E-mail:

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周炳武(1999—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为水产品品质鉴别。E-mail:

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Preparation, properties of natural composite dye freshness indicator films and their application in cod[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang Normal University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217833939335566017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779722084336489, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=299, issue=null, pageStart=120133, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=77, authorNames=HUANG H, TSAI I L, LIN C, journalName=Carbohydrate Polymers, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG H, TSAI I L, LIN C, et al. Intelligent films of marine polysaccharides and purple cauliflower extract for food packaging and spoilage monitoring[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2023, 299: 120133., articleTitle=Intelligent films of marine polysaccharides and purple cauliflower extract for food packaging and spoilage monitoring, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217833940723880647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779722084336489, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=406, issue=6797, pageStart=710, pageEnd=713, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=78, authorNames=RAKOW NA, SUSLICK KS, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RAKOW NA, SUSLICK KS. A colorimetric sensor array for odour visualization[J]. 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Application of photochemical colorimetric array sensors in the detection of volatile odors in animal-derived foods[D]. Dalian: Dalian Polytechnic University, 2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217833941650821867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779722084336489, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=441, issue=null, pageStart=138344, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=83, authorNames=LIN Y, MA J, CHENG JH, journalName=Food Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIN Y, MA J, CHENG JH, et al. Visible detection of chilled beef freshness using a paper-based colourimetric sensor array combining with deep learning algorithms[J]. 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注: (a). 花青素; (b). 甜菜素; (c). 姜黄素; (d). 茜素。

, figureFileSmall=qmBP8HlypMyssMghYUq5Pw==, figureFileBig=vd0+1eMVcanTqp1GLtJtEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217833923598537572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779722084336489, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of literature on the application of different types of sensitive materials as freshness indicators for aquatic products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
敏感材料 固定载体 测定目标分子 制备方法 检测对象 参考文献
紫色百香果花青素 蛋黄果种子淀粉 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 [19]
红甘蓝花青素 羧甲基壳聚糖/氧化海藻酸钠 挥发性盐基氮 2D印刷法 鲤鱼 [20]
红火龙果甜菜红素 槐豆胶/聚乙烯醇基质 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 [21]
甜菜素和异硫氰酸荧光素 玉米直链淀粉 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 [22]
姜黄素 明胶和κ-卡拉胶 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 大西洋鲑鱼和牡蛎 [24]
姜黄素 大豆分离蛋白 挥发性盐基氮 3D打印法 草鱼 [25]
姜黄素和牛至精油 南瓜子蛋白、果胶络合物、马铃薯淀粉、聚乙烯醇 挥发性盐基氮 3D打印法 草鱼 [26]
茜素 丙烯酸-2-羧乙酯、2-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵、2-(羟甲基)丙烯酸乙酯和三甘醇二甲基丙烯酸酯 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 三文鱼 [28]
茜素 海藻多糖和纤维素纳米晶 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 三文鱼 [29]
溴甲酚绿 甲基丙烯酰化明胶和纤维素纸 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 鱼肉 [30]
13种合成色素 阳极氧化铝 挥发性盐基氮 浸渍烘干法 鲤鱼和美国红鱼 [31]
聚苯胺和四苯基乙烯 聚酰胺 腐败鱼产生的气体 浸渍烘干法 美国红鱼 [36]
ASQ 定性滤纸 氨气与生物胺 浸渍烘干法 [37]
碱式乙酸铅 左旋聚乳酸 H2S 静电纺丝 [38]
BODIPY染料和阳离子菁染料Cy7Cl 两亲性磷脂DSPE-PEG2000-OME H2S 浇铸法 鲢鱼和鸡胸肉 [39]
1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚合铜(II)络合物 壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇和石墨烯 H2S 流延法 [40]
), ArticleFig(id=1217833923736949621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779722084336489, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类型敏感材料应用于水产品新鲜度指示物的文献列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
敏感材料 固定载体 测定目标分子 制备方法 检测对象 参考文献
紫色百香果花青素 蛋黄果种子淀粉 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 [19]
红甘蓝花青素 羧甲基壳聚糖/氧化海藻酸钠 挥发性盐基氮 2D印刷法 鲤鱼 [20]
红火龙果甜菜红素 槐豆胶/聚乙烯醇基质 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 [21]
甜菜素和异硫氰酸荧光素 玉米直链淀粉 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 [22]
姜黄素 明胶和κ-卡拉胶 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 大西洋鲑鱼和牡蛎 [24]
姜黄素 大豆分离蛋白 挥发性盐基氮 3D打印法 草鱼 [25]
姜黄素和牛至精油 南瓜子蛋白、果胶络合物、马铃薯淀粉、聚乙烯醇 挥发性盐基氮 3D打印法 草鱼 [26]
茜素 丙烯酸-2-羧乙酯、2-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵、2-(羟甲基)丙烯酸乙酯和三甘醇二甲基丙烯酸酯 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 三文鱼 [28]
茜素 海藻多糖和纤维素纳米晶 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 三文鱼 [29]
溴甲酚绿 甲基丙烯酰化明胶和纤维素纸 挥发性盐基氮 浇铸法 鱼肉 [30]
13种合成色素 阳极氧化铝 挥发性盐基氮 浸渍烘干法 鲤鱼和美国红鱼 [31]
聚苯胺和四苯基乙烯 聚酰胺 腐败鱼产生的气体 浸渍烘干法 美国红鱼 [36]
ASQ 定性滤纸 氨气与生物胺 浸渍烘干法 [37]
碱式乙酸铅 左旋聚乳酸 H2S 静电纺丝 [38]
BODIPY染料和阳离子菁染料Cy7Cl 两亲性磷脂DSPE-PEG2000-OME H2S 浇铸法 鲢鱼和鸡胸肉 [39]
1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚合铜(II)络合物 壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇和石墨烯 H2S 流延法 [40]
), ArticleFig(id=1217833923825030018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779722084336489, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of preparation methods for freshness indicators

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方法 所需仪器 优势 劣势
溶液浇铸法 培养皿、烘干机 厚度可控、成分均匀、无需额外仪器、形状可控、
易操作、可制备多层膜
制备时间较长、能耗高、易引入杂质
浸渍烘干法 烘干机 制备速度快、易操作、可批量制备 容易溢出、稳定性差
静电纺丝技术 静电纺丝机 厚度可控、速度快、稳定性好、可制备多层膜 不易操作、设备价格昂贵
2D印刷法 丝网印版、刮板、油墨、印刷台 消耗少、制备速度快、易操作、可批量制备、
可定制图案
油墨配比难、稳定性差
3D打印技术 3D打印机 成品稳定、可定制图案 3D打印耗材选择不易
), ArticleFig(id=1217833923921499020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1217779722084336489, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

新鲜度指示物制备方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 所需仪器 优势 劣势
溶液浇铸法 培养皿、烘干机 厚度可控、成分均匀、无需额外仪器、形状可控、
易操作、可制备多层膜
制备时间较长、能耗高、易引入杂质
浸渍烘干法 烘干机 制备速度快、易操作、可批量制备 容易溢出、稳定性差
静电纺丝技术 静电纺丝机 厚度可控、速度快、稳定性好、可制备多层膜 不易操作、设备价格昂贵
2D印刷法 丝网印版、刮板、油墨、印刷台 消耗少、制备速度快、易操作、可批量制备、
可定制图案
油墨配比难、稳定性差
3D打印技术 3D打印机 成品稳定、可定制图案 3D打印耗材选择不易
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基于新鲜度指示物的水产品新鲜度检测研究进展
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周炳武 1, 2, 3 , 胡谦 1, 2 , 李国萍 1, 2 , 杜欣军 3 , 张九凯 1, 2, * , 陈颖 1, 2
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:“十四五”国家重点研发计划——食品真实性全景分析关键技术研究与标准化应用 2025,16(12): 3-14
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期重点:“十四五”国家重点研发计划——食品真实性全景分析关键技术研究与标准化应用 2025, 16(12): 3-14
基于新鲜度指示物的水产品新鲜度检测研究进展
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周炳武1, 2, 3 , 胡谦1, 2, 李国萍1, 2, 杜欣军3, 张九凯1, 2, * , 陈颖1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国质量检验检测科学研究院, 北京 100176
  • 2 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品真实性鉴别), 北京 100176
  • 3 天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 天津 300457
  • 周炳武(1999—), 男, 硕士, 主要研究方向为水产品品质鉴别。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张九凯(1986—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品真伪鉴别。E-mail:
Research progress on freshness detection of aquatic products based on freshness indicators
Bing-Wu ZHOU1, 2, 3 , Qian HU1, 2, Guo-Ping LI1, 2, Xin-Jun DU3, Jiu-Kai ZHANG1, 2, * , Ying CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing, Beijing 100176, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Food Authenticity Identification, State Administration for Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
  • 3 College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241126002
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随着人们对食品质量及其品质等级的日益关注, 人们致力于开发有效、可靠、无损的食品新鲜度评价方法。水产品新鲜度指示物通常是由敏感材料和固定载体构建的, 通过敏感材料与水产品新鲜度劣变过程中产生的特定产物发生反应, 并将化学反应结果转换成易于消费者直接观察和判断的信号, 如颜色信号、电信号、荧光信号等。本文综述了水产品新鲜度指示物的常见敏感材料及其应用进展, 重点探讨了新鲜度指示物的制备方法及其优缺点, 包括溶液浇铸法、旋转涂布法、浸渍烘干法、静电纺丝技术、二维印刷法和三维打印技术等。同时从不同角度总结了提升新鲜度指示物性能的策略, 采用添加功能物质、封装技术和化学修饰法等策略能提高指示物的稳定性, 混合染料、金属离子络合和比色阵列等提高指示物灵敏度的有效方法, 最后提出了未来食品新鲜度研究的机遇和挑战, 旨在为食品智能包装新鲜度指示物的发展提供参考。

水产品  /  新鲜度  /  指示物  /  制备方法

As consumer awareness of food quality and its grading continues to increase, there is a growing focus on developing effective, reliable and non-destructive methods for assessing food freshness. Aquatic product freshness indicators are typically constructed from sensitive materials and fixed carriers. These materials react with specific substances generated during the degradation process of aquatic product freshness, converting the chemical reaction results into signals that are easily observable and interpretable by consumers, such as color changes, electrical signals, or fluorescence signals. This review summarized the common sensitive materials used in aquatic product freshness indicators and their application progress. It particularly explored various preparation methods for these indicators, along with their advantages and limitations, including solution casting, spin coating, impregnation-drying, electrospinning, 2D printing, and 3D printing technologies. Additionally, strategies to enhance the performance of freshness indicators were discussed from multiple perspectives. The use of functional additives, encapsulation techniques, and chemical modifications could improve the stability of the indicators, while methods like dye blending, metal ion complexation, and colorimetric arrays had proven effective in enhancing their sensitivity. Finally, the article outlined the opportunities and challenges for future research in food freshness, aiming to provide insights for the development of intelligent food packaging freshness indicators.

aquatic product  /  freshness  /  indicator  /  preparation method
周炳武, 胡谦, 李国萍, 杜欣军, 张九凯, 陈颖. 基于新鲜度指示物的水产品新鲜度检测研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (12) : 3 -14 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241126002
Bing-Wu ZHOU, Qian HU, Guo-Ping LI, Xin-Jun DU, Jiu-Kai ZHANG, Ying CHEN. Research progress on freshness detection of aquatic products based on freshness indicators[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (12) : 3 -14 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241126002
新鲜度是水产品重要品质指标之一, 是影响水产品品质及消费者选择的关键因素[1], 水产品肌肉组织柔软、蛋白质含量高, 极易在死后发生腐败变质, 如脂肪酸氧化、蛋白质分解、肌肉组织分解等[2], 其外观、质地、气味和口感会发生较大改变, 同时营养价值也会大量的流失, 严重的甚至会影响消费者身体健康[3]。因此, 找到准确、有效、快速的水产品新鲜度检测方法, 对于保证水产品消费安全至关重要。目前常用的新鲜度检测方法有微生物评价、传统理化分析和传统感官评价[4], 以及在后者基础上发展起来的仿生器官识别技术等[5]。基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学、脂质组学和代谢组学等技术同样也被应用于新鲜度检测当中[6-10], 光谱技术如红外光谱、荧光光谱、核磁共振、拉曼光谱等因其无损快速的技术特点也逐渐受到人们关注[2]。新鲜度指示物是基于食品在腐败过程中产生的挥发性气体(二氧化碳、胺、氨、吲哚、H2S、有机酸等)在包装微环境中积累, 通过敏感材料将化学反应转化为能被消费者观测到的可视化信号, 进而向消费者传达食品新鲜度信息[11]。由于其具有成本低廉、可实时监测、制作过程简单、分析检测通用性强等优点, 受到了越来越多研究者的关注[12]。本文对新鲜度指示物常见的制备方法的优缺点进行总结, 介绍了常见的敏感材料, 包括多种天然敏感材料、合成敏感材料、荧光材料和纳米材料的研究进展以及提升新鲜度指示物稳定性和敏感度的策略进行了总结, 并对未来的发展方向进行展望, 以期为新鲜度指示物的研究提供参考。
水产品死亡后, 其中的蛋白质在微生物和酶的作用下逐渐分解, 会产生有机酸、挥发性含氮化合物、H2S、生物胺、二氧化碳、挥发性有机混合物等系列成分, 这些化合物与水产品发生变质和产生异味存在着必要的关联[13]。这些挥发性的化合物可以溶解于新鲜度指示物中, 导致其结构发生改变, 因此可以采用这些化合物产生颜色变化的敏感材料来监测水产品的新鲜度。目前, 用于监测的敏感材料主要分为天然色素提取物和化学合成材料两大类。天然色素提取物主要包括花青素、甜菜素、姜黄素等植物源性色素, 它们通常具有较好的环境相容性和安全性。化学合成材料则包括溴甲酚绿、百里酚蓝、甲基红、甲酚红和二甲酚等, 这些合成材料的变色范围和效果相对稳定[14]。此外, 还有一些特殊的敏感材料, 如能在紫外照射下产生荧光的聚苯胺和四苯基乙烯, 以及能与H2S反应形成深棕色化合物的碱式乙酸铅等, 根据特定的应用场景选择合适的敏感材料是确保指示物性能的关键。
天然色素材料具有无毒无害、绿色环保和对pH敏感等特点, 成为了新鲜度指示物的研究热点[14]。天然色素可通过化学结构的不同分为类胡萝卜素、类黄酮、醌和甜菜碱等, 或者根据来源分为植物、动物、微生物和矿物。然而, 从植物中提取天然色素仍存在一些缺点, 如提取工艺相对复杂、成本高以及在光照和热条件下稳定性差等问题[15]
花青素是一种多黄酮类化合物, 在不同的pH溶液中, 花青素呈现出不同的颜色变化[16], 化学结构和颜色变化如图1所示。作为一种水溶性天然色素, 花青素广泛存在于植物中, 是植物次生代谢产物中的重要成分之一。它赋予植物的叶、花、果实等器官丰富多彩的色彩, 并且具备抗氧化作用。此外, 花青素还在植物的生长发育和胁迫反应中起着重要的调控作用[17]。近年来, 花青素作为一种天然无毒无害的提取物成为新鲜度指示物研究的重点[18]。JIANG等[19]从紫色百香果果皮中提取花青素, 并从蛋黄果种子中提取淀粉作为成膜物质, 以挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen, TVB-N)值作为新鲜度参考, 成功地利用这两种水果废料制备了一种可降解的活性生物薄膜, 用于监测虾的新鲜度。随着虾的新鲜度降低, 薄膜的颜色由浅粉色逐渐转变为棕色, 最终变为绿色。这种复合薄膜的制备原料容易获取, 并且具有良好的生物降解性, 经过掩埋处理后的14 d后几乎完全分解, 这种完全由生物降解材料开发成的新鲜度指示物, 兼顾了安全性和检测性能的同时, 还减少了环境污染的风险, 为新鲜度指示物的改进提供了有价值的参考。FANG等[20]在4 ℃储存条件下, 将鲤鱼分为3个类别: 新鲜、不新鲜和变质。采用红甘蓝花青素作为敏感材料, 羧甲基壳聚糖/氧化海藻酸钠作为固体基质。在鲤鱼变质过程中, 新鲜度指示物的颜色从紫色逐渐转变为蓝色, 最终变为绿色。此外, 其通过使用反向传播(back propagation, BP)神经网络进行标签识别, 并将其集成到智能手机应用程序中, 通过拍照即可识别食品的新鲜度信息, 整体预测准确率达到了92.6%, 结果表明, 与传统的肉眼识别色卡相比, 计算机能够识别出颜色微小变化, 从而极大地提高了识别的准确度, 且基于深度学习的识别系统为开发智能食品检测系统以及实时监测食品新鲜度提供了有益的参考, 是一种快速、方便和准确的识别水产品新鲜度的方法, 具有良好的发展前景。然而, 目前从植物中提取天然花青素存在一些缺点, 例如提取工艺复杂、成本高、稳定性差以及指示物颜色可逆性等问题。
甜菜素是一类水溶性含氮色素, 因其首次在甜菜根中被发现而得名, 属于吡啶衍生物。可在不同的pH条件下表现为甜菜红素和甜菜黄素2种形式[15], 甜菜素在碱性条件下非常不稳定, 容易降解为氨基甲酸酯。这种氨基甲酸酯随后可与氨基酸或胺进行缩合反应, 进而进一步转化为甜菜黄素。当水产品变质时, 其周围环境会由酸性环境向碱性环境转变, 这将导致甜菜素从红色转变为黄色, 化学结构和颜色变化如图1所示。因此, 通过分析甜菜素的颜色变化, 可以分析判断水产品是否新鲜。姚汐雨[21]利用从红火龙果、红甜菜根、苋菜、仙人掌果和千日红等植物中提取的甜菜红素为敏感材料, 淀粉/聚乙烯醇为固定载体, 制备了新鲜度指示物, 其中红火龙果来源的甜菜红素颜色变化最为显著, 推测其可能与含有丙二酰甜菜苷有关。同时还探究了不同带电特性的多糖(壳聚糖、κ-卡拉胶和槐豆胶)对指示物显示性能的影响, 结果表明壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇基质会与甜菜红素形成氢键和静电相互作用诱导甜菜红素发生降解, 而κ-卡拉胶/聚乙烯醇和槐豆胶/聚乙烯醇基质主要形成氢键相互作用, 能提高甜菜红素的稳定性, 并对这些膜的透光率、水蒸气透过率、拉伸强度、断裂率和氨敏感性等进行了测量, 研究结果表明槐豆胶/聚乙烯醇-红火龙果甜菜红素膜的颜色最为稳定, 能够有效地检测虾的新鲜度, 颜色由红紫色变成粉红色。YANG等[22]开发了一种基于甜菜素和荧光素的双通道智能指示物, 利用玉米直链淀粉作为载体, 实现了对虾新鲜度的实时、可视化监测。该指示物在土壤中40 d后的降解率达到52%, 显示出良好的生物降解性。该指示物对pH (8~13)和挥发性氨(25~25000 mg/L)的变化表现出明显的颜色变化, 易于视觉识别。在自然光下, 随着氨浓度的升高, 指示物颜色依次从砖红色过渡至红色、淡红色、橙红色、棕黄, 最终变为黄色。该指示物已成功应用于不同温度(4、25和‒20 ℃)下虾的新鲜度监测, 其研究的指示物展现出了优良的生态友好性, 兼具日光和紫外双识别模式, 为开发新鲜度指示物提供了新的思路。
姜黄素是一种从姜黄的根茎部分提取的活性物质, 属于多酚类化合物, 在酸性呈现淡黄色, 在碱性呈现黄褐色, 化学结构和颜色变化如图1所示。其生物相容性和安全性优良, 同时研究表明姜黄素具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性[23], 这些特性使姜黄素成为制备新鲜度指示物的良好材料。CHEN等[24]以姜黄素为敏感材料, 明胶和κ-卡拉胶为固定载体, 采用溶液浇铸法成功制备了姜黄色薄膜新鲜度指示物, 用于4 ℃条件下大西洋鲑鱼和牡蛎的新鲜度监测。随着水产品腐败, 指示物颜色由淡黄色逐渐变为黄褐色。其以K值和TVB-N值作为腐败的量化指标。通过建立预测模型分析颜色变化(ΔE值)与腐败指标之间的关系, 发现ΔE值与K值(r2=0.9450)和TVB-N值(r2=0.998)均具有强相关性, 表明模型具有高预测精度。基于这些发现, 开发了一款基于微信小程序的姜黄素薄膜颜色识别系统, 在多个品牌手机上进行了验证, 检测过程仅需5 s, 无需额外仪器, 显示出良好的应用潜力。LI等[25]为了解决天然姜黄素稳定性差、易氧化等问题, 通过大豆分离蛋白包裹姜黄素形成具有抗氧化的复合物, 然后与明胶共混制成可打印的墨水, 最后通过3D打印技术制备新鲜度指示物, 结果表明大豆分离蛋白并不会影响指示物的pH敏感性, 随着贮藏时间的增加, 标签会由黄色变为红色, 与TVB-N含量呈正相关, 能够有效地反映猪肉糜的新鲜度。TANG等[26]以姜黄素为敏感材料, 马铃薯淀粉和聚乙烯醇为固定载体, 同时添加了牛至精油以提高抗氧化能力, 通过3D打印技术制备了pH敏感的新鲜度指示物。姜黄素的酚羟基和牛至精油中的酚类化合物显著提升了指示物的抗氧化活性, 展现出81.93%至94.07%的2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, ABTS]阳离子自由基清除率, 同时所制备的指示物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌显示出优异的抗菌性能, 其抗菌机制涉及抑制细胞分裂、破坏细胞壁和抑制群体感应系统等。在4 ℃贮藏条件下, 指示物的颜色变化与食品腐败相对应, 验证了其监测草鱼腐败情况的潜力, 为开发功能化新鲜度指示物提供了一种新的解决方案。
茜素是一种从茜草根部提取的天然色素, 相比于其他天然色素材料, 茜素的颜色变色范围更大, 在酸性条件下呈黄色, 强碱性条件下呈蓝紫色, 且在弱碱性条件下提供了额外的颜色变化区间[27], 能有效改善当前指示物变色能力不足的缺点, 其化学结构和颜色变化如图1所示。LIU等[28]使用茜素作为敏感材料, 以丙烯酸-2-羧乙酯、2-甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基三甲基氯化铵和2-(羟甲基)丙烯酸乙酯单体为原料, 三甘醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂制备了抗冻的水凝胶, 成功地制备了一种可以在‒20 ℃下指示三文鱼腐败程度的新鲜度指示物, 随着存储时间的增加, 颜色由黄色变为红色, 该指示物的的颜色变化与三文鱼TVB-N值相对应, 其相关系数为0.9596, 为低温下鱼类新鲜度的无损实时监测提供了一种灵敏的方法。蒋凡[29]研究了一种新型防雾新鲜度指示物, 旨在解决低温环境下传统指示物因起雾而难以读取的问题。该指示物采用海藻多糖作为基材, 嵌入纤维素纳米晶以增强其机械强度, 并使用茜素作为敏感染料。通过反射光谱和水接触角的测定, 证实了所制备的纳米复合薄膜展现出优异的亲水性能, 能够吸收水分子形成均匀水膜, 保持透明度, 有效防止雾气形成。该研究成功应用于冷鲜三文鱼等低温保存肉类的新鲜度监测, 腐败产生的碱性气体使其颜色变化从橙色到紫色, 为低温食品的新鲜度指示提供了一种有效的解决方案。
化学合成材料是指一些常见的pH指示剂, 其特点是随着环境pH的变化而产生稳定的颜色变化, 变色范围和变色效果相对固定, 常见的有溴甲酚绿、百里酚蓝、甲基红、甲酚红和二甲酚等, 与天然材料相比, 化学合成材料具有更稳定的颜色变化, 并且由于其成熟的工业体系, 便于获得成本较低, 这些材料暴露在空气中时, 通常能保持至少7 d不发生颜色变化, 适用于需要较长时间监测的场景。GONG等[30]使用0.8 mg/mL的溴甲酚绿作为指示剂, 纤维素作为载体, 通过紫外光诱导甲基丙烯酰化明胶交联对其进行包封制备新鲜度指示物, 包封处理显著的增强了指示物的稳定性, 该指示物的初始颜色为黄色, 随着腐败程度的增加其颜色转变为蓝色, 将该指示物用于鱼肉新鲜度的实时监测, 此外其利用卷积神经网络的深度学习模型对结果进行判别, 其将水产品分为新鲜、不新鲜和变质3个类别, 使用1735张图像作为训练集进行训练, 184张作为测试集, 结果显示指示物的颜色响应与样品的TVB-N值呈现出良好的相关性, 深度学习模型的总体准确率为96.2%, 最后其深度学习模型集成到智能手机APP中, 通过拍照该应用程序可以快速呈现出水产品的新鲜度, 建造了一种灵敏、自动化、无损的检测方法, 可用于食品行业和消费者对食品新鲜度的实时监测。刘秀英等[31]以阳极氧化铝为固定载体, 13种合成色素作为敏感材料, 构建了一种应用在鱼肉新鲜度测定中的比色阵列指示物, 提取阵列点在响应前后的红、绿、蓝值并进行阵列差值图分析, 结果表明, 随着贮藏时间的延长, 阵列上各个阵列点逐渐产生响应, 颜色变化用肉眼即可识别, 层次聚类分析(hierarchical cluster analysis, HCA)和主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)结果也证明了该阵列可以对不同贮藏时间鱼肉样品的新鲜度区间划分, 同时通过传感阵列预测的TVB-N值与实际测量值之间相关性较高(P<0.05)。
化学合成材料价格低廉、性质稳定以及指示效果好等优点, 同时可实现工业化生产, 但其实际应用时存在一定风险。特别是在与食品接触时, 这些材料可能会渗入食品并对人体健康构成毒性威胁, 在使用这些指示剂时必须高度警惕并严格控制使用方法与剂量。同时为了避免潜在的危害, 应该积极寻求更为安全可靠的新型指示剂的研发。
由于酸碱度感知型鲜度指示剂的敏感性较高, 但受环境影响较大, 同时部分水产品的pH变化并非完全线性, 目前TVB-N值和三甲胺(trimethylamine, TMA)值已被广泛用作鱼类新鲜度指标, XUAN等[32]指出TVB-N值更适合作为优势腐败菌为希瓦氏菌的鱼类的腐败指标, 而不适合优势腐败菌为假单胞菌的水产品等, 同时有研究中报道[33]TMA只在鱼类严重腐败后才能检测到, 不能达到区分新鲜和次新鲜的目的。这些水产品pH与新鲜度的特异性较差, 易产生错误结果。因此, 寻求其他类型的鲜度指示剂也是目前重点的研究方向之一[34]。如对不同物质产生不同颜色反应的荧光材料。
目前荧光材料因其会对多种物质产生荧光反应而备受关注, 开发荧光响应探针可视化鱼的新鲜度已成为当前研究的热点[35]。LIU等[36]基于聚苯胺(polyaniline, PANI)的pH响应特性和四苯基乙烯(tetraphenylethylene, TPE)的聚集诱导发射特性, 研制了一种新型的高灵敏度鱼新鲜度比色荧光双模传感指示物, 其制备方法为先将PANI颗粒分散在TPE溶液中, 再通过浸涂法将PANI/TPE复合物浇铸到聚酰胺膜上, 再测定ΔE和TVB-N值, 建立预测模型, 结果显示在活红鱼变质试验中, 指示物在阳光下的颜色变化由祖母绿到孔雀蓝, 在紫外线下, 荧光信号从黑色变为亮蓝色, 在室温下25.2 mg/100 g内和在‒18 ℃下在29.63 mg/100 g内ΔE值与TVB-N浓度呈线性关系。使用双模传感信号可以更加快速、灵敏和无损地监测鱼类的新鲜度。CHEN等[37]通过将4-(4-二甲氨基苯乙烯基)喹啉(benzenamine,N, N-dimethyl-4-[2-(4-quinolinyl)etheny, ASQ)物理沉积在定性滤纸上, 然后用盐酸酸化, 成功制备了一种H+ASQ标记的pH敏感指示物, 该物质不仅本身能发生非单调的颜色变化, 且具有聚集诱导发射活性荧光效应, 暴露于氨蒸气后, 指示物发生去质子化, 其颜色从蓝色变为黄色, 荧光从蓝色变为由紫红色, 通过高效液相色谱定量测定生物胺指数, 构建了色差、比率荧光响应和食品新鲜度之间的关系, 实现了虾新鲜度的实时、无损、可视化监测, 检出限为21.34 mmol/L, 具有良好的应用潜力。
水产品中的含硫氨基酸, 在微生物和自身化学反应的作用下的分解产生H2S, 因此H2S的含量也被视为评估水产品质量的关键指标。DONG等[38]采用碱式乙酸铅作为敏感材料, 其能与H2S反应形成深棕色的硫化铅, 将左旋聚乳酸作为包埋载体, 通过静电纺丝技术成功制备了一种可监测虾新鲜度的指示物, 其选用菌落总数被选作腐败的指标, 水产品腐败时, 其颜色将由白色逐渐转变为深棕色。在对H2S的响应性测试中, 指示物对H2S表现出较高的响应性, 检出限为0.45 mg/L 其色差值变化与虾的新鲜度呈线性相关, 能通过肉眼直观地识别虾的质量。XIAO等[39]采用了两亲性磷脂DSPE-PEG2000-OME作为支架, 用于包埋H+响应型硼醌二吡咯类染料(borquinone dipyrrole dyes, BODIPY)染料和H2S响应型阳离子菁染料Cy7Cl, 成功设计了一种“双键锁”型H+驱动H2S响应比率荧光纳米探针, 用于精确、实时评估肉品的新鲜度。该探针的反应原理是通过质子化触发BODIPY转化为BODIPY-H+, 增强688 nm处的双色荧光发射信号, 而在818 nm处的荧光信号则通过巯基亲核取代将Cy7Cl转化为Cy7SH而发生猝灭。其使用了鲜鸡胸肉和银鱼作为研究对象, 菌落总数(total viable count, TVC)被用作腐败指标, 指出当F688 nm/F818 nm的值超过1.09和1.06时, 鸡胸肉和银鱼已经不宜食用。这种基于双发射比率策略的“双键锁”荧光探针表现出内置的自校准功能, 能够通过目标分析物的作用触发双发射强度的变化, 从而避免了无关因素引起的干扰, 进一步确保了复杂生物和环境基质中的高精度检测。同时该探针仅允许小分子H+和H2S(而非其他生物硫醇)作为“双键”进入纳米颗粒中, 具有较高的特异性。这种可同时检测pH和H2S水平的“双键锁”比率荧光纳米探针, 为智能包装的发展提供了新思路。郭亚平等[40]以1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚合铜(II)络合物为敏感材料检测虾肉中的H2S, 采用流延法将壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇和石墨烯制备成新鲜度指示物, 提出了一种可以工业化生产新鲜度指示物的方法。
值得注意的是, 部分新鲜度指示物可能在包装中直接接触食品, 存在敏感材料迁移的风险, 可能会对人体产生一定的危害, 因此应该充分评估敏感材料的安全性, 特别是当最终产品中使用合成色素、荧光材料或纳米材料参与制造过程时, 虽然这些的加入可以获得优异的性能, 但研究人员也该牢记绿色、安全、环保的原则。
表1是不同类型敏感材料应用于水产品新鲜度指示物的文献列表。
新鲜度指示物的制备技术是检测水产品新鲜度的关键研究内容。目前新鲜度指示物主要的制备方法, 包括溶液浇铸法、旋转涂布法、浸渍烘干法、静电纺丝技术、2D印刷法和3D打印技术等(表2)。这些方法通过物理或化学手段实现敏感材料的封装和响应性调控, 为食品包装和质量控制提供了多样化的解决方案。在制备过程中, 环境条件的控制和固定载体的选择对于指示物的稳定性和性能至关重要。未来的研究方向应聚焦于改进这些方法, 以提升新鲜度指示物的性能和适应性, 进而为食品安全提供更可靠的保障。
溶液浇铸法是目前制备新鲜度指示物最常用的方法。其制备过程简要描述为将敏感材料、固定载体和其他所需的成分溶解在同一个溶剂中, 通过搅拌或超声混匀溶液, 然后将溶液浇铸到玻璃平板、玻璃皿等模具中。最后, 通过烘干使溶剂完全蒸发后, 便可将指示物从玻璃平板上剥离。该方法具有多种优点, 如成本低、无需额外仪器、可控制产物的厚度、指示物的成分较为均匀和可制备多种形状的指示物[15]等。张俊俊等[18]采用溶液浇铸法将聚乙烯醇、β-环糊精、甘油和酰基化花青素制成新鲜度指示物, 结果显示, 花青素被良好地负载在固定材料中, 并展现出了优异的机械性能, 这一研究为新鲜度指示物的制备提供了有益的参考。此外, 溶液浇铸法不仅适用于单层指示物的制备, 还可以通过在玻璃平板上多次浇铸制备多层指示物, 但该方法在制备过程中也存在相对耗时、能耗较高、易引入杂质以及对于某些高分子敏感材料寻找合适溶剂可能会面临挑战等缺点。邹小波等[41]采用多次浇铸的方式, 制备了一种双层智能膜用于监测三文鱼的新鲜度, 以结冷胶和桑葚花青素作为内层膜, 壳聚糖-聚乙烯醇形成致密隔氧的外层保护膜, 外层膜聚乙烯醇和壳聚糖的体积比为1:1时, 水蒸气透过率最低, 膜机械性能、截面相容性以及膜的自身稳定性都表现良好, 膜的颜色从由暗红变为淡紫色, 最后变成蓝褐色, 双层膜的制备可以显著降低花青素氧化作用提高其稳定性, 同时在三文鱼的新鲜度指示中得到了良好的应用。此外还可以借助旋转涂布仪, 在低速或静止状态下, 将成膜材料与敏感材料的混合溶液滴加于旋涂仪上的基底材料中心。随后进行高速离心, 离心的加速度使得溶液均匀地散开, 多余的溶液会从基底上飞离, 最终在整个基底上形成一层均匀的薄膜指示物。李宁等[42]采用旋转涂布法制备新鲜度指示物, 选用麦氏酸活化的呋喃和聚氯乙烯作为成膜材料。通过扫描电镜观察, 他们制得的薄膜厚度均匀, 相容性和均匀性较好, 并且表面分布着许多孔径为2 μm的孔洞, 这些孔洞的存在确保了挥发性胺的透过。通过旋涂仪可以使溶液水分快速蒸发, 迅速的制备出成品, 同时高速离心使溶液均匀分布形成厚度均一的薄膜, 赋予其良好的稳定性和性能, 可以满足长期使用的要求, 然而其仪器成本和制备原理限制了其在在大规模生产中的可行性, 未来可以持续研究改进, 进一步推动其在大规模生产和工业应用中的应用前景。
浸渍烘干法是一种在实验室规模下制备智能食品新鲜度指示器的简单、方便、实用的方法, 其原理通常为, 将多孔聚合物基质浸入含有敏感材料的溶液中, 然后将其从溶液中取出并干燥以供进一步使用。其制备过程相对迅速、成本低且操作简单, 指示物的效果主要由载体基质、浸渍时间和液体浓度这3个因素共同决定。其中纤维素是一种广泛用于新鲜度指示物制备的基质, 其含有大量羟基的多孔结构, 利于敏感材料的吸附和包埋, 同时其具有较高的比表面积, 有利于挥发性化合物的吸收, 提高新鲜度指示物的敏感度[15]。EZATI等[43]报告了一种使用基于纤维素基滤纸和紫草素的猪肉和鱼类新鲜度测定方法, 随着pH从2到12的增加, 呈现出由红到蓝的变化。在近年来, 改性纤维素材料因其先进的物理和化学性能而展现出了良好的应用前景, 但目前相关的研究还较少。刘秀英等[31]将铝片通过阳极氧化法制备了纳米多孔阳极氧化铝片, 以阳极氧化铝为固定载体, 通过浸渍烘干法制备了新鲜度指示物, 结果表明对多种化学合成敏感材料均有良好的承载能力, 微观结构表明阳极氧化铝片具有较大的表面积, 有助于进一步对敏感材料进行附着与固定, 该指示物可以对不同贮藏时间鱼肉样品的新鲜度进行区分。尽管浸渍烘干法存在一些局限性, 但其制备速度较快、操作简单等优势使其仍具有一定的优势。未来的研究可以通过改进混合溶液配方以及选择更合适的载体基材, 进一步提高新鲜度指示物的稳定性和性能, 拓展其在新鲜度指示物制备中的应用潜力。
静电纺丝技术是一种利用高压静电场作用下, 喷射装置喷射出纺丝液, 通过液体的延伸和溶剂的挥发, 在收集装置上形成纳米纤维的技术。利用此技术制备的新鲜度指示物可以实现对敏感材料的纳米级封装, 所制得的指示物具有高孔隙率和高比表面积, 能够更有效地响应气体的变化, 同时其也可以对疏水性的敏感材料进行封装, 为不同类型的敏感材料提供了广泛应用的可能性。LIU等[44]采用静电纺丝技术制备了一种双层指示物, 其首先将蝶豆花青素封装到聚己内酯作为指示层, 在指示层之上, 还添加了聚己内酯纳米纤维作为保护层, 固定载体与敏感材料之间的相互作用能有效地改善指示物的疏水性能, 减少蝶豆花青素的溢出, 降低了外界环境对其的干扰, 延长活性时间, 且形成的多空隙结构能够快速响应腐败气体指标。DONG等[38]采用碱式乙酸铅作为敏感材料, 左旋聚乳酸作为固定载体。其将左旋聚乳酸溶解于二氯甲烷, 并将碱式乙酸铅溶解于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中, 然后将二者混合形成静电纺丝溶液, 利用静电纺丝技术成功制备了指示膜。通过电子扫描显微镜和傅里叶红外变换光谱对制备的指示膜进行分析, 得出结果表明制得的膜结构纤维均匀、表面光滑且具有较大的比表面积, 这有利于与H2S充分接触, 提高了指示膜的灵敏度, 同时指示膜的颜色受温度和湿度的影响较小, 具有良好的稳定性。所制得的指示物在虾的新鲜度监测得到了良好的应用, 其颜色变化与虾的新鲜度呈线性相关。通过静电纺丝技术制备的新鲜度指示物, 具备了优异的性能和应用潜力。未来可以进一步探索和优化静电纺丝技术, 以开发更多种类的新鲜度指示物, 推动其在新鲜度指示物中的广泛应用。
印刷技术是一种高效、经济的技术, 已在现代食品工业中得到商业化应用, 包括凸版印刷、平版印刷、柔版印刷、丝网印刷、喷墨印刷等。其原理为通过将预配制的敏感材料沉积在兼容的包装基质上, 可以应用于食品包装和各种标签或标签。与其他复杂的方法相比, 2D印刷具有成本低、效率高、流程简单及形状可控等综合优势, 可以实现新鲜度指示物的大批量生产。喷墨印刷是一种非接触式二维印刷方法, 不需要直接施加压力, 它是一种数字技术, 可以通过计算机控制在各种基材上实现有效的液体沉积, 由于喷墨打印具有高滴生产率、优异的再现性和低水平的沉积材料交叉污染等多重优势, 被认为是制造智能食品新鲜度指示物的一种具有应用前景的方法。WESTON等[45]报道了一种使用商用喷墨打印机将紫甘蓝花青素打印在硝化纤维素膜上制成新鲜度指示物的方法, 该指示物能够对牛奶储存过程中不同乳酸浓度引起的pH变化表现出比色响应, 实现了对牛奶样品新鲜、次鲜和变质的区分。丝网印刷法制备新鲜度指示物的原理为使用定制丝网作为版基, 通过橡皮刮板将混合了敏感材料的油墨均匀地刮涂在固定载体上, 然后通过干燥过程得到成品。FANG等[20]以红甘蓝花青素作为敏感材料, 羧甲基壳聚糖/氧化海藻酸钠作为载体油墨, 在滤纸和象牙板上采用丝网印刷法制备出了不同形状的新鲜度指示物, 结果表明花青素与羧甲基壳聚糖/氧化海藻酸钠油墨呈现出相对致密的均匀表面和不规则孔隙结构, 能良好的对TMA进行响应。另外其在象牙板上的响应速度明显低于滤纸上的响应速度, 这种差异是由于滤纸的比表面积和孔隙率大引起的, 因此使用丝网印刷法制备新鲜度指示物时, 载体基材的选择以及载体油墨的剪切黏度和触变性都将直接影响最终的反应性能。SUN等[46]研制了一种可用于草鱼气调包装的印刷比色新鲜度指示物, 用于监测草鱼的新鲜度。以天然紫甘蓝色素、羧甲基纤维素和甘油为原料制备了一种可印刷油墨, 通过丝网印刷将其印刷在纸上。将该指示剂标签在4 ℃和25 ℃条件下均表现优异, 颜色变化与草鱼样品中TVB-N和TMA含量变化一致。2D印刷法制备新鲜度指示物因其低成本和简便的制备过程使其成为大规模生产的有利选择, 同时通过调整打印的参数或者丝网的版基, 实现定制化的指示物设计, 满足不同领域和应用场景的需求, 但油墨的筛选与配比需要研究人员进行探索, 以防堵塞打印头喷嘴。未来可以进一步探索更多不同类型的固定载体与载体油墨的组合, 以优化指示物的性能和灵敏度, 此外还可以增加保护层以进一步提高指示物的稳定性和适应性。
目前, 3D打印也被应用于制造智能食品新鲜度指示物, 作为一项新兴技术, 具有高生产效率、低成本、设计灵活性和材料节约等优势, 同时其实现了指示物的个性化设计, 具有独特的优势。LI等[25]利用大豆分离蛋白包裹姜黄素, 形成具有抗氧化和pH敏感性的复合物, 然后与明胶共混制成可打印的墨水。通过3D打印技术, 挤出成所需的形状。结果显示, 随着贮藏时间的增加, 标签会由黄色变为红色, 与TVB-N含量呈正相关, 能够有效地反映食品的新鲜度。通过3D打印技术能有效避免传统的溶液浇筑法和切割方法所带来的能源浪费、材料浪费、厚度不均和成本增加等问题, 但目前可应用在食品新鲜度指示物制备中的3D打印材料也较少, 还需相关人员加强此方面的研究。TANG等[26]开发了一种基于南瓜子蛋白/果胶络合物稳定的姜黄素/牛至精油Pickering乳液, 并将其与马铃薯淀粉和聚乙烯醇结合制备成3D打印油墨, 该乳液在在不同温度(‒20、4、25 °C)下储存50 d, 均保持了良好的半固体质地, 且在高速离心后未出现油层分离, 证明了其出色的环境稳定性。其打印的薄膜指示物具有良好的机械性能和抗菌抗氧化效果, 对氨气具有优异的色彩敏感性, 可用于监测草鱼的腐败情况。未来的研究可以进一步在3D/4D打印结构中集成防腐剂或抑菌剂, 以增强指示包装的活性功能, 满足不同食品保鲜需求。
综上所述, 新鲜度指示物的制备是一个复杂而关键的过程, 在制备时应控制好温度、湿度和光照等条件, 避免高温、潮湿和强光等因素对敏感材料的影响, 在选择固定载体时, 一些可降解聚合物如淀粉、卡拉胶、海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠、果胶和壳聚糖被广泛应用[47], 具有良好的生物相容性和成膜特性是选择载体基材的关键, 这些可降解聚合物不仅可以作为指示物的载体和反应支撑物, 而且具有良好的屏障作用[48], 能增加指示物的稳定性, 通过选择适合的制备方法才能实现指示物的高效稳定运作, 为检测水产品的新鲜度提供有益的解决方案。
新鲜度指示物由于其敏感材料和固定载体的不同, 存在指示效果不佳和对环境的抵抗力低等问题, 部分敏感材料尤其是天然材料, 易受光照、氧气、温度和湿度的影响, 在使用、贮藏或者加工过程中, 易发生性能下降的现象, 如果不加以保护, 其在3 d左右便会发生显著的颜色变化。目前提升新鲜度指示物性能的策略, 已有大量研究可供参考, 如通过混合不同染料扩大其色域和灵敏度; 添加功能物质, 提升其灵敏度和环境抗干扰能力; 通过酰基化、糖基化等化学修饰方法提高染料自身的稳定性、灵敏度和恶劣环境的抵抗力等; 构建比色阵列, 减小单一物质带来的误差等; 此外对基质进行适当的选择和修饰, 不仅可以提高智能指标的灵敏度, 还可以增强智能指标的力学性能和生物降解性。虽然这些改进可能会增加一定的成本, 但它们能够显著提高指示物的性能, 是扩大其应用场景和保证其指示效果的关键[16]。因此, 尽管可能会有一定的成本增加, 但在提高性能方面的投入是推动技术进步和实际应用的必要步骤。
通过在指示层外添加一层含有特殊功能的保护层能有效的提升新鲜度指示物的性能, 减少环境对其的干扰。TiO2是金属钛的一种白色的金属氧化物, 同时也是具有优良抗紫外性能的纳米填料物, 对200~350 nm处的紫外线有着极强的反射和散射能力。同时其是美国食品药品监督管理局(Food And Drug Administration, FDA)公认安全的食品添加剂, 而常被添加至天然花青素基指示膜中, 从而提高指示膜的光稳定性。刘黎[16]采用制备了蝶豆花花青素双层指示膜, 其中花青素的保护层为琼脂/TiO2复合膜, 该指示膜具有良好的抗紫外光功能, 在紫外光照下的稳定期达18 h, 而没有添加TiO2的复合膜在3 h后就发生了降解。这对于保护需要暴露在光照环境下的新鲜度指示物具有较大的参考价值。包装内部环境相对湿度高而导致亲水色素的泄漏, 不仅会带来食品安全问题也可能会引起食品的感官变化, 是影响指示物稳定性的因素之一。曹佳丽等[49]以再生纤维素为基材, 融合了从紫甘蓝中萃取的花青素和纳米SiO2, 成功开发了一种兼具生物降解特性和超疏水性的智能比色新鲜度指示物。该指示物不仅具有优异的机械强度和超疏水表面特性, 还具备了一定的紫外线屏蔽功能, 对该指示物在虾新鲜度监测中的应用效果进行了验证, 随着虾腐败程度的增加, 该材料的颜色发生了显著变化: 从最初的品红色逐渐转变为水红色, 进而变为紫灰色, 最终转变为灰绿色。这一连续的颜色变化过程, 为虾类的腐败过程提供了直观的视觉指示。姚汐雨[21]将二氧化钛纳米颗粒加入槐豆胶/聚乙烯醇基质和琼脂/聚乙烯醇基质中, 结果显示新鲜度指示物的可见光阻隔能力和抗氧化能力得到了提升, 可以有效缓解甜菜红素的降解问题, 进一步提高了指示物的稳定性。该新鲜度指示物性能优越、稳定可靠, 在水产品质量检测中具有良好的应用前景。
花青素、甜菜素、姜黄素和茜素等天然色素易受光线、湿度和氧气等不利环境条件的影响, 采用封装技术减少敏感材料与环境的接触是提高其稳定性的有效方法, 目前有多种封装技术, 如乳液封装、脂质体包封和复合凝聚法等[15], 已被证明是提高天然色素稳定性的有效方法。刘黎[16]将利用静电纺丝技术, 将花青素封装于聚己内酯基纤维中, 可在虾腐败前做出颜色预警, 表现为蓝色向黄绿色转变, 结果表明, 封装技术不仅能够提高指示膜的颜色和光照稳定性, 同时高孔隙的复合指示物, 在不同pH的溶液浸渍过程中的花青素渗出率小于20%, 极大减缓了花青素的渗出, 为改善指示物中花青素的渗出问题提供了有价值的参考。
化学修饰常被应用在花青素中提升其稳定性和灵敏度, 常见的方法有糖基化修饰、甲基化修饰和酰基化修饰, 通过化学修饰其颜色、稳定性和指示性能会发生一定的改变[50]。张俊俊等[18]将酰基化后的玫瑰茄花青素用作新鲜度指示物的敏感材料, 研究结果显示, 经过酰基化后的薄膜在稳定性和拉伸强度方面提高了约3倍, 但其对pH的敏感性有所降低, 随着牛肉的新鲜度降低, 其颜色变化从粉色转变为蓝绿色。此外, 其还建立了TVB-N值和pH与ΔE值之间的预测模型, 结果表明, TVB-N含量和pH与ΔE值之间存在较高的相关性。其中, TVB-N值的决定系数(R2)为0.9461, pH的r2为0.9352, 这说明预测模型具有较高的精确性。酰基化处理后的花青素能有效的提升薄膜的稳定性和拉伸强度, 该研究为改良的新鲜度指示物的机械性能提供了思路。然而需要注意, 这是一种利用化学方法取代花青素结构上的羟基或糖基的方式, 不仅过程复杂, 且易破坏结构而影响花青素显色。
近年来有研究表明, 相较于单一指示剂, 混合天然色素材料在新鲜度指示方面表现出更为优越的稳定性和更广泛的颜色变化范围, 此外不同的敏感材料在不同的pH下的最佳呈色能力也不同, 可以通过调节指示物的pH值, 提高指示物的灵敏度。MOHSENI-SHAHRI等[51]在此背景下, 以姜黄素和藏红花花青素的混合物作为敏感材料, 选择了细菌纤维素作为载体, 成功地制备了一种可以指示鱼肉腐败程度的新鲜度指示物, 当姜黄素与藏红花花青素的质量比例为2:8时, 所制得的新鲜度指示物表现出最佳效果, 其颜色变化范围从浅棕色逐渐转变为绿色, 最终演变为橙色, 对比单一的姜黄素或者藏红花花青素, 这种色彩变化的转折点在新鲜度变化过程中具有更为显著的指示作用。同时由于材料本身无毒无害, 其可直接贴附于水产品表面, 实现实时的新鲜度监测, 同时在25、4和‒18 ℃下经过长达90 d的存储实验, 新鲜度指示物的颜色依然保持着良好的稳定性。韩林娜[52]将洛神花花青素与姜黄素进行复合, 以大豆分离蛋白和壳聚糖为固定载体, 通过溶液浇铸法制备新鲜度指示物, 指出当姜黄素和洛神花花青素比例为1:5时的指示物性能较优异, 对比单纯的姜黄素, 其赋予了指示物更宽的变化色域, 增强了其灵敏度, 同时姜黄素的加入可以改善指示物的阻湿性能且提高了其抗氧化能力, 在鳕鱼腐败过程中, 其颜色从红色转变为绿色, 颜色变化明显, 在95%置信区间下, 与pH、感官评分、TVB-N值和TVC值的相关系数绝对值均在0.9以上, 指示效果较好。
金属离子络合的方法在提升指示物稳定性和灵敏度等方面具有很大的应用潜力, 通过金属离子络合的方法已被证实是一种促进敏感材料颜色表达的可行方法。HUANG等[53]以紫色花椰菜花青素为敏感材料, 阴离子多糖(海藻酸盐、羧甲基壳聚糖和褐藻聚糖)为固定载体, 利用金属离子(Ca2+或Zn2+)与这些海洋多糖和花青素的络合作用, 制备了可生物降解的新鲜度指示物, 结果表明金属离子络合后的减缓了花青素的渗出, 提高了花青素的储存稳定性和抗氧化能力, 以及提高了虾新鲜度监测指示物比色响应的灵敏度。
大部分新鲜度指示卡都是单一指示卡, 但单一的指示卡存在时间指示上会有提前或者滞后、反应过于迅速、肉眼识别困难、颜色变化范围不够大等问题。为了克服这些问题RAKOW等[54]提出了比色阵列指示的概念, 利用一个组合而不是单一的比色染料。即对同一参数的变化采用1种以上比色染料来测定其变化, 求平均值, 进而提高测试的精确度, 并能提供更准确的颜色指示。MORSY等[55]将16种化学敏感化合物设计成阵列, 用于典型腐败化合物(TMA、二甲胺、尸胺、腐胺)的比色检测, 评估了它们在室温下24 h以及在4 ℃下持续9 d的变质情况反应性能, 结果显示不同的化合物对腐败指标的响应不同, 其指出在鱼类腐败的过程复杂, 会产生多种腐败化合物物质, 单一或者少数化合物并不能完全反映出新鲜度的状况, 需要采用多个指示剂组合的方式才能使结果更精准。LEE等[56]研制了一种用于监测鸡胸肉腐败的比色阵列新鲜度指示物, 其由内层聚醚嵌段酰胺膜、由8种pH染料组成的变色层和外层PET膜组成, 聚醚嵌段酰胺膜能有效阻止pH染料迁移, 且不阻止腐败代谢物的通过, 用三甲基胺进行模拟实验, 得出了最佳染色浓度, 色差值与鸡肉样品中微生物数量、TVB-N和CO2有良好的相关性。孙文[57]选择了8种合成染料作为敏感材料, 进行pH调节和不调节两种形式对制备了一个包含16个敏感材料的新鲜度指示物, 用该阵列对不同贮藏时间的鲅鱼进行区分, 结果表明调节pH后的指示物灵敏度显著高于未调节的(P<0.05), 该项研究为开发高效、灵敏的新鲜度指示物提供了有益的参考。LIN等[58]研究一种基于纤维素滤纸的比色传感器阵列(colorimetric sensor array, CSA), 使用各种pH敏感染料作为气敏材料, 5种胺类气体(氨气、二甲胺、TMA、组胺和精胺)作为检测气体, 使用多变量分析用于定性胺类气体的检测。此外, 采用了典型的机器学习分类方法(支持向量机、随机森林、VGG16、GoogleNet、RetNet34)来评估制定的CSA的指示能力, 结果表明比色阵列对各种胺类气体检测和定量检测均表现出较好的性能, 其中ResNet34模型的准确率最高, 达到99.36%, 为新鲜度的识别提供了一种可靠和方便的方法。
新鲜度指示物具有成本低廉、可实时监测、制作过程简单、分析检测通用性强等优点备受关注, 本文对水产品新鲜度指示物的制备方法、常用敏感材料和提升新鲜度指示物性能策略的最新研究应用进行了总结, 阐明了制备方法的优缺点, 就目前的市场前景和国内外研究现状进行了探讨, 以期为未来的应用提供了有价值的参考。目前, 水产品的新鲜度检测主要依赖感官评价、理化指标和微生物指标。尽管这些方法在业内具有较高的认可度并得到广泛应用, 但它们也存在一些局限性, 例如对操作环境要求较高、检测周期长, 并且通常需要专业人员进行操作等。相比之下, 基于天然色素(如花青素、甜菜素、姜黄素等)和合成染料(如溴甲酚绿、百里酚蓝、甲基红等)制备的新鲜度指示物具有显著优势, 如实时监测、满足无损检测需求、简便易用、减少专业要求等。在提取新鲜度指示物的RGB值后, 将其与TVB-N值或TVC值进行回归拟合, 目前大多数文献中的回归模型相关系数均在0.9以上。这表明, 通过RGB值与这些传统新鲜度指标的相关性, 可以实现与传统检测方法相媲美的精度, 显示出新鲜度指示物在替代传统检测方法方面的巨大潜力。目前, 国内尚未出现针对水产品的新鲜度指示物的商业化应用产品。尽管近年来水产品新鲜度指示物的研究与开发取得了显著进展, 呈现出多样化的发展态势, 但在绿色安全、灵敏度、效率及普适性等方面仍存在一些挑战。这些问题使得新鲜度指示物距离广泛商业化应用仍有一定的距离, 需要进一步的技术突破和优化, 未来新鲜度指示物的研究可从以下几个方面进行发展。
(1)首先, 不同水产品腐败标准因种类而异, 不同国家对同一种水产品可能有不同的标准, 同时不同水产品腐败时的挥发性物质存在差异, 对新鲜度指示物的敏感材料和比色终点进行可控调节, 以适应不同水产品或不同标准, 做到精确化和定制化, 同时实现对待分析物的定量、高通量检测也是其发展趋势之一。
(2)其次, 植物来源的敏感材料, 目前大家认为其在安全性方面是具备一定保障的, 但对于化合合成的敏感材料, 在监测过程中可能会迁移到水产品中, 对人体健康造成危害。生物可降解智能指标的开发将是未来食品新鲜度监测材料的必然趋势, 对安全绿色无害敏感材料的开发也是未来的重要研究方向。同时对这些物质的迁移分析也是至关重要的, 开发新方法和新材料来减少敏感材料的总体迁移和特定迁移分析, 但目前尚缺乏规范的迁移分析标准, 未来也有待进一步探讨。
(3)最后, 随着新鲜度指示物制作技术的不断完善, 未来其会向着微型化、智能化、多功能化转变, 随着近年不断发展的远程服务器建立和大数据平台技术, 将指示物与人工智能结合起来, 通过智能设备对移动光学和电子设备实时监测食品的新鲜度, 建立颜色变化与新鲜度之间的定量关系, 使其后续应朝着方便、快捷、实时显示食品质量变化的方向发展, 如通过开发APP或小程序为普通公众验证日常使用的肉类和鱼类产品的质量提供便利。可以预见, 随着新鲜度指示物和其检测设备的不断改进和完善, 后续在其他领域, 如风味检测, 品质检测、环境监测等领域也将具有广阔的应用前景。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104700)
  • 北京市科技计划项目(Z221100007122005)
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2025年第16卷第12期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241126002
  • 接收时间:2024-11-26
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-26
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1104700)
北京市科技计划项目(Z221100007122005)
作者信息
    1 中国质量检验检测科学研究院, 北京 100176
    2 国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(食品真实性鉴别), 北京 100176
    3 天津科技大学食品科学与工程学院, 天津 300457

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*张九凯(1986—), 男, 博士, 研究员, 主要研究方向为食品真伪鉴别。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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