Article(id=1153433634947191479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241118002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731859200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752929608332, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752929608332, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752929608332, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752929608332, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153433633999282214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='322', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752929608105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758086445549, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1175062977960096081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153433633999282214, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=17, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153433637203727080, articleId=1153433634947191479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Process optimization of fermented Capsicum annuum L. inoculated with lactic acid bacteria and its quality analysis, columnId=1152687436237812322, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Application of Fermentation Technology in Food, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To optimize the fermentation process with fresh Capsicum annuum L. as raw materials using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L. and analyze the quality of fermented Capsicum annuum L. under the optimized conditions. Methods Using single factor and orthogonal experiments, the fermentation parameter of fermented Capsicum annuum L. inoculated with lactic acid bacteria were optimized and verified for the optimized fermentation condition. The changes of total acid, reducing sugar, nitrite content, and volatile substances were studied during the fermentation process of Capsicum annuum L. under the condition of the optimal parameters. By comparative analysis, the quality characteristics of strongly fermented Capsicum annuum L. were obtained. Results Under the condition of optimized fermentation parameters (fermentation temperature 35 ℃; fermentation time 10 d; lactic acid bacteria addition 4%; salt addition 4%), fermented Capsicum annuum L. showed sensory scores of 83.00±0.16, pH 3.38±0.02, total acid content of (15.55±0.24) g/kg, L* of 36.76±0.82, a* of 22.45±0.65, b* of 4.04±0.43, and soluble solid substance of (13.07±0.03)%. Lactic acid and malic acid were the main organic acids of fermented Capsicum annuum L., and their contents were (1.9611±0.0800) mg/mL and (1.8600±0.1000) mg/mL, respectively. The flavor substances mainly included acids, esters, ketones, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. Among them, acids accounted for 65.45% of the relative content of total flavor substances. Conclusion Fermentation with lactic acid bacterium strain can enhance brightly fresh redness, crisp, rich aroma, suitable acidity, uniform texture and excellent taste, which are widely accepted by consumers.

, correspAuthors=Ping HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-Yi MA, Ping HU, Yu-Long ZHANG, Zong-Xia LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153433659982991900, articleId=1153433634947191479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=乳酸菌强化发酵糟辣椒工艺优化及其品质分析, columnId=1152687436393001573, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 采用植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L.)优化接种强化发酵糟辣椒的工艺, 并分析优化发酵工艺下糟辣椒的品质特性。方法 采用单因素和正交实验优化辣椒接种乳酸菌的发酵条件并验证, 最终研究辣椒在最佳发酵过程中总酸、还原糖、亚硝酸含量、挥发性物质含量等相关指标变化情况, 对比分析得到强化发酵糟辣椒的品质特点。结果 研究结果表明, 在发酵温度35 ℃、发酵时间10 d、乳酸菌添加量4%、食盐添加量4%的条件下, 糟辣椒产品感官评分为(83.00±0.16)分, pH为3.38±0.02, 总酸为(15.55±0.24) g/kg, L*为36.76±0.82, a*为22.45±0.65, b*为4.04±0.43; 可溶性固形物为(13.07±0.03)%。乳酸和苹果酸为糟辣椒的主要有机酸, 其含量依次为(1.9611±0.0800) mg/mL和(1.8600±0.1000) mg/mL; 风味物质主要有酸类、酯类、酮类、醇类、烃类物质, 其中酸类物质占总风味物质相对含量的65.45%。结论 采用乳酸菌强化发酵糟辣椒, 其产品色泽鲜红、品质鲜脆、香味浓郁、酸度适宜、质地均匀、口感极佳, 普遍接受度较高。

, correspAuthors=胡萍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 胡萍(1970—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品微生物与生物技术。E-mail:
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马文艺(1985—), 女, 主要研究方向为微生物发酵与检测。E-mail:

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Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008(5): 1452-1458., articleTitle=Study on aroma components in fruit from 3 different satsuma mandarins varieties, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175086842786493402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, awardId=黔科合成果[2024]一般145, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2024]一般145), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1175086842882962395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, awardId=黔科合成果[2023]一般682, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2023]一般682), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1175086842971042780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, awardId=黔南科合[2023]04号, language=CN, fundingSource=黔南州科技计划项目(黔南科合[2023]04号), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1175086843046540253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, awardId=YTH-XM2024023, language=CN, fundingSource=凯里学院“十四五”学科专业平台团队一体化建设规划-科研项目(YTH-XM2024023), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175086838567023518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086838575412127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, companyId=1175086838567023518, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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School of Life and Health Science, Kaili University, Kaili 556011, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175086838793515943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, companyId=1175086838772544421, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.凯里学院大健康学院, 凯里 556011)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175086841008108486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different salt addition levels on sensory evaluation and total acidity of fermented Capsicum annuum L., figureFileSmall=VP//gDLpoTX2O4WR8PcQIg==, figureFileBig=XZWPoXf+KCKJ8OTDSWhNOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086841079411655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同食盐添加量对糟辣椒感官评分和总酸的影响, figureFileSmall=VP//gDLpoTX2O4WR8PcQIg==, figureFileBig=XZWPoXf+KCKJ8OTDSWhNOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086841180074952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different fermentation temperatures on sensory evaluation and total acidity of fermented Capsicum annuum L., figureFileSmall=etdz05tmVU2Pca7tlekpBA==, figureFileBig=pXWcCb0YcLxccgSGfQlsmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086841263961033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同发酵温度对糟辣椒感官评分和总酸的影响, figureFileSmall=etdz05tmVU2Pca7tlekpBA==, figureFileBig=pXWcCb0YcLxccgSGfQlsmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086841373012938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different fermentation times on sensory evaluation and total acidity of fermented Capsicum annuum L., figureFileSmall=mTaM6KlYuT0UScTvEC9r5w==, figureFileBig=oFRVOyr9lniI01BQ377iZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086841435927499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同发酵时间对糟辣椒感官评分和总酸的影响, figureFileSmall=mTaM6KlYuT0UScTvEC9r5w==, figureFileBig=oFRVOyr9lniI01BQ377iZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086841503036364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different inoculation amounts of lactic acid bacteria on sensory scores and total acidity of fermented Capsicum annuum L., figureFileSmall=VWX2fVx3qp1gv1c1bJGf4Q==, figureFileBig=KXUwSaWUmdpahtcv9Zr1CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086841607893965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同乳酸菌添加量对糟辣椒感官评分和总酸的影响, figureFileSmall=VWX2fVx3qp1gv1c1bJGf4Q==, figureFileBig=KXUwSaWUmdpahtcv9Zr1CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175086841716945870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation standards for fermented Capsicum annuum L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 评分参考标准 分值/分
颜色
(30分)
均匀鲜红色, 且明亮有光泽 21~30
表面有轻微褐变或褪色的红色 11~20
红褐色, 表层褐变或褪色较重 1~10
形态
(20分)
辣椒颗粒清晰均匀, 底部有少量清澈的汁液, 没有霉菌和白色花朵 14~20
辣椒颗粒浑浊不均, 底部有少量浑浊的汁液, 表面有少量霉菌或白花 7~13
外观发烂, 皮肉分离, 底部有大量浑浊的汁液, 表面有大面积霉菌或白花 1~6
气味
(20分)
香气浓郁, 发酵香味扑鼻, 气味协调, 无异味 14~20
香气较好, 发酵气味较淡, 协调性较差, 无异味 7~13
气味协调性差, 强酸性或柔和的味道, 有难闻的气味 1~6
口感
(30分)
质地脆嫩, 鲜辣爽口, 酸咸适宜, 味道鲜美 21~30
质地口感一般, 酸味或甜味过重, 稍有杂味 11~20
质地口感较差, 过酸或过咸, 酸甜咸味均失调, 且有杂味 1~10
), ArticleFig(id=1175086841784054735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

发酵糟辣椒的感官评定标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 评分参考标准 分值/分
颜色
(30分)
均匀鲜红色, 且明亮有光泽 21~30
表面有轻微褐变或褪色的红色 11~20
红褐色, 表层褐变或褪色较重 1~10
形态
(20分)
辣椒颗粒清晰均匀, 底部有少量清澈的汁液, 没有霉菌和白色花朵 14~20
辣椒颗粒浑浊不均, 底部有少量浑浊的汁液, 表面有少量霉菌或白花 7~13
外观发烂, 皮肉分离, 底部有大量浑浊的汁液, 表面有大面积霉菌或白花 1~6
气味
(20分)
香气浓郁, 发酵香味扑鼻, 气味协调, 无异味 14~20
香气较好, 发酵气味较淡, 协调性较差, 无异味 7~13
气味协调性差, 强酸性或柔和的味道, 有难闻的气味 1~6
口感
(30分)
质地脆嫩, 鲜辣爽口, 酸咸适宜, 味道鲜美 21~30
质地口感一般, 酸味或甜味过重, 稍有杂味 11~20
质地口感较差, 过酸或过咸, 酸甜咸味均失调, 且有杂味 1~10
), ArticleFig(id=1175086841888912336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factors and levels table of optimization experiment for fermentation of Capsicum annuum L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 A乳酸菌
添加量/%
B发酵
温度/℃
C发酵
时间/d
D食盐
添加量/%
1 3 25 6 4
2 4 30 8 3
3 5 35 10 2
), ArticleFig(id=1175086841943438289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

糟辣椒发酵优化实验因素水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素 A乳酸菌
添加量/%
B发酵
温度/℃
C发酵
时间/d
D食盐
添加量/%
1 3 25 6 4
2 4 30 8 3
3 5 35 10 2
), ArticleFig(id=1175086842035712978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of orthogonal experiment results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 A乳酸菌添加量/% B发酵温度/℃ C发酵时间/d D食盐添加量/% 综合感官评分 总酸/(g/kg)
1 1 1 1 1 64 1.50
2 1 2 2 2 59 3.51
3 1 3 3 3 42 3.49
4 2 1 2 3 57 3.78
5 2 2 3 1 72 13.03
6 2 3 1 2 71 5.33
7 3 1 3 2 59 3.85
8 3 2 1 3 64 1.87
9 3 3 2 1 68 10.15
感官评分 K1 55.00 60.00 66.33 68.00
K2 66.67 65.00 61.33 63.00
K3 63.67 60.33 57.67 54.33
极差R 11.67 5.00 8.66 13.67
总酸 K1 2.83 3.04 2.90 8.23
K2 7.38 6.14 5.81 4.23
K3 5.29 6.32 6.79 3.05
极差R 4.55 3.28 3.89 5.18
最优水平 基于感官评分的最优组合为A2B2C1D1; 基于总酸的最优组合为A2B3C3D1
), ArticleFig(id=1175086842136376275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正交实验结果分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 A乳酸菌添加量/% B发酵温度/℃ C发酵时间/d D食盐添加量/% 综合感官评分 总酸/(g/kg)
1 1 1 1 1 64 1.50
2 1 2 2 2 59 3.51
3 1 3 3 3 42 3.49
4 2 1 2 3 57 3.78
5 2 2 3 1 72 13.03
6 2 3 1 2 71 5.33
7 3 1 3 2 59 3.85
8 3 2 1 3 64 1.87
9 3 3 2 1 68 10.15
感官评分 K1 55.00 60.00 66.33 68.00
K2 66.67 65.00 61.33 63.00
K3 63.67 60.33 57.67 54.33
极差R 11.67 5.00 8.66 13.67
总酸 K1 2.83 3.04 2.90 8.23
K2 7.38 6.14 5.81 4.23
K3 5.29 6.32 6.79 3.05
极差R 4.55 3.28 3.89 5.18
最优水平 基于感官评分的最优组合为A2B2C1D1; 基于总酸的最优组合为A2B3C3D1
), ArticleFig(id=1175086842228650964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of inoculation fermentation verification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 自然发酵 接种发酵
发酵天数/d 20 10
pH 3.52±0.02 3.38±0.02
总酸/(g/kg) 8.44±0.13 15.55±0.24
L* 38.90±0.37 36.76±0.82
a* 17.13±0.62 22.45±0.65
b* 0.71±0.23 4.04±0.43
可溶性固形物/% 11.47±0.03 13.07±0.03
感官评分/分 74.00±1.44 83.00±0.16
), ArticleFig(id=1175086842287371221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

接种发酵验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 自然发酵 接种发酵
发酵天数/d 20 10
pH 3.52±0.02 3.38±0.02
总酸/(g/kg) 8.44±0.13 15.55±0.24
L* 38.90±0.37 36.76±0.82
a* 17.13±0.62 22.45±0.65
b* 0.71±0.23 4.04±0.43
可溶性固形物/% 11.47±0.03 13.07±0.03
感官评分/分 74.00±1.44 83.00±0.16
), ArticleFig(id=1175086842362868694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Organic acid content of 2 types of fermented Capsicum annuum L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸种类 回归方程 保留时间/s 自然发酵含量/(mg/mL) 接种发酵含量/(mg/mL)
乳酸 Y=0.5157X-0.6289 4.6348 1.4580±0.0400 1.9611±0.0800
酒石酸 Y=1.0903X+2.3468 3.7722 0.0214±0.0000 0.0562±0.0000
柠檬酸 Y=0.702X-0.1541 5.9008 0.0471±0.0000 0.2224±0.0100
琥珀酸 Y=0.435X-3.0177 6.5234 0.7757±0.0500 0.5568±0.0200
苹果酸 Y=0.5705X-0.3839 4.3883 1.3179±0.0900 1.8600±0.1000
乙酸 Y=0.4017X-2.2217 5.0212 0.3029±0.0100 0.2670±0.0300
草酸 Y=2.6224X+27.78 3.4195 0.2359±0.0100 0.3000±0.0500
有机酸总含量 4.1589 5.2235
), ArticleFig(id=1175086842446754775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

两种发酵糟辣椒的有机酸含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机酸种类 回归方程 保留时间/s 自然发酵含量/(mg/mL) 接种发酵含量/(mg/mL)
乳酸 Y=0.5157X-0.6289 4.6348 1.4580±0.0400 1.9611±0.0800
酒石酸 Y=1.0903X+2.3468 3.7722 0.0214±0.0000 0.0562±0.0000
柠檬酸 Y=0.702X-0.1541 5.9008 0.0471±0.0000 0.2224±0.0100
琥珀酸 Y=0.435X-3.0177 6.5234 0.7757±0.0500 0.5568±0.0200
苹果酸 Y=0.5705X-0.3839 4.3883 1.3179±0.0900 1.8600±0.1000
乙酸 Y=0.4017X-2.2217 5.0212 0.3029±0.0100 0.2670±0.0300
草酸 Y=2.6224X+27.78 3.4195 0.2359±0.0100 0.3000±0.0500
有机酸总含量 4.1589 5.2235
), ArticleFig(id=1175086842551612376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Content of volatile flavor compounds in 2 types of fermented Capsicum annuum L.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 物质名称 分子式 相对含量/%
自然
发酵
接种
发酵
酸类 甲氧基乙酸 C8H16O3 1.03
L-乳酸 C3H6O3 49.36 43.77
己酸 C6H12O2 0.65 0.51
戊酸 C6H10O3 7.24 7.27
α-氨基氧基丙酸 C5H11NO3 1.60
氟乙酸 C2H3FO2 6.96
α-亚麻酸 C18H32O2 7.36 3.38
γ-亚麻酸 C18H32O2 0.48
油酸 C18H34O2 0.45 0.42
棕榈酸 C19H38O4 0.91
亚油酸 C18H32O4 0.30 4.23
花生四烯酸 C20H32O2 0.50
十八烷酸 C21H42O4 0.33 0.53
辛酸 C28H42O6 0.82 0.82
酯类 己酸乙酯 C8H16O2 0.42 1.18
L-脯氨酸乙酯 C7H13NO2 0.73
乙酸乙酯 C4H8O2 0.22 1.33
棕榈酸乙烯酯 C18H34O2 1.02
棕榈酸乙酯 C18H36O2 1.76 1.18
含硫化合物 烯丙基二硫化物 C6H10S2 0.82 1.27
二-2-丙烯基三硫化物 C6H10S3 0.70 1.06
醚类 辛基十四烷基醚 C16H32O 0.33
醛类 3-羟基丁醛 C4H8O2 1.17
烃类 1,3-环己二烯 C15H24 0.47 0.71
24-norursa-3,12-二烯 C29H46 1.30 0.70
1,3-二甲基苯 C8H10 0.25
正二十八烷 C28H58 0.40
2,5-二甲基-3-乙烯基-1,4-己二烯 C10H16 0.42
酮类 1-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)癸-4-烯-3-酮 C17H24O3 0.59
β-戊酮 C30H48O 0.63
Z,Z-6,28-庚三酮-2-酮 C37H70O 1.12 1.79
羟甲基丙酮 C4H8O2 0.72
酚类 维生素E C29H50O2 4.79 5.85
γ-生育酚 C28H48O2 1.23 1.04
醇类 γ-谷甾醇 C29H50O 1.34 1.32
E,E,Z-1,3,12-十九碳三烯-5,14-二醇 C19H34O2 1.08 2.30
羽扇豆醇 C30H50O 1.63
马鞭草烯醇 C10H16O 0.45
其他 辣椒素 C18H27NO3 0.43
邻二甲苯 C8H10 0.40
苯并呋喃 C8H6O 0.76 0.80
2,3-二氢苯并呋喃 C8H8O 0.74 0.79
N,N-二甲基十二烷酰胺 C14H29NO 0.23
十四烷基环氧乙烷 C16H32O 0.53
), ArticleFig(id=1175086842639692761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153433634947191479, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

两种糟辣椒的挥发性风味物质含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 物质名称 分子式 相对含量/%
自然
发酵
接种
发酵
酸类 甲氧基乙酸 C8H16O3 1.03
L-乳酸 C3H6O3 49.36 43.77
己酸 C6H12O2 0.65 0.51
戊酸 C6H10O3 7.24 7.27
α-氨基氧基丙酸 C5H11NO3 1.60
氟乙酸 C2H3FO2 6.96
α-亚麻酸 C18H32O2 7.36 3.38
γ-亚麻酸 C18H32O2 0.48
油酸 C18H34O2 0.45 0.42
棕榈酸 C19H38O4 0.91
亚油酸 C18H32O4 0.30 4.23
花生四烯酸 C20H32O2 0.50
十八烷酸 C21H42O4 0.33 0.53
辛酸 C28H42O6 0.82 0.82
酯类 己酸乙酯 C8H16O2 0.42 1.18
L-脯氨酸乙酯 C7H13NO2 0.73
乙酸乙酯 C4H8O2 0.22 1.33
棕榈酸乙烯酯 C18H34O2 1.02
棕榈酸乙酯 C18H36O2 1.76 1.18
含硫化合物 烯丙基二硫化物 C6H10S2 0.82 1.27
二-2-丙烯基三硫化物 C6H10S3 0.70 1.06
醚类 辛基十四烷基醚 C16H32O 0.33
醛类 3-羟基丁醛 C4H8O2 1.17
烃类 1,3-环己二烯 C15H24 0.47 0.71
24-norursa-3,12-二烯 C29H46 1.30 0.70
1,3-二甲基苯 C8H10 0.25
正二十八烷 C28H58 0.40
2,5-二甲基-3-乙烯基-1,4-己二烯 C10H16 0.42
酮类 1-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)癸-4-烯-3-酮 C17H24O3 0.59
β-戊酮 C30H48O 0.63
Z,Z-6,28-庚三酮-2-酮 C37H70O 1.12 1.79
羟甲基丙酮 C4H8O2 0.72
酚类 维生素E C29H50O2 4.79 5.85
γ-生育酚 C28H48O2 1.23 1.04
醇类 γ-谷甾醇 C29H50O 1.34 1.32
E,E,Z-1,3,12-十九碳三烯-5,14-二醇 C19H34O2 1.08 2.30
羽扇豆醇 C30H50O 1.63
马鞭草烯醇 C10H16O 0.45
其他 辣椒素 C18H27NO3 0.43
邻二甲苯 C8H10 0.40
苯并呋喃 C8H6O 0.76 0.80
2,3-二氢苯并呋喃 C8H8O 0.74 0.79
N,N-二甲基十二烷酰胺 C14H29NO 0.23
十四烷基环氧乙烷 C16H32O 0.53
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乳酸菌强化发酵糟辣椒工艺优化及其品质分析
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马文艺 1, 2 , 胡萍 1, * , 张玉龙 2, 3 , 陆宗霞 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025,16(6): 17-25
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:发酵技术在食品中的应用 2025, 16(6): 17-25
乳酸菌强化发酵糟辣椒工艺优化及其品质分析
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马文艺1, 2 , 胡萍1, * , 张玉龙2, 3, 陆宗霞1
作者信息
  • 1.贵州大学酿酒与食品工程学院, 贵阳 550025
  • 2.贵州逢源生物技术有限公司, 惠水 550601
  • 3.凯里学院大健康学院, 凯里 556011
  • 马文艺(1985—), 女, 主要研究方向为微生物发酵与检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 胡萍(1970—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品微生物与生物技术。E-mail:
Process optimization of fermented Capsicum annuum L. inoculated with lactic acid bacteria and its quality analysis
Wen-Yi MA1, 2 , Ping HU1, * , Yu-Long ZHANG2, 3, Zong-Xia LU1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2. Guizhou Fengyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Huishui 550601, China
  • 3. School of Life and Health Science, Kaili University, Kaili 556011, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241118002
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目的 采用植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L.)优化接种强化发酵糟辣椒的工艺, 并分析优化发酵工艺下糟辣椒的品质特性。方法 采用单因素和正交实验优化辣椒接种乳酸菌的发酵条件并验证, 最终研究辣椒在最佳发酵过程中总酸、还原糖、亚硝酸含量、挥发性物质含量等相关指标变化情况, 对比分析得到强化发酵糟辣椒的品质特点。结果 研究结果表明, 在发酵温度35 ℃、发酵时间10 d、乳酸菌添加量4%、食盐添加量4%的条件下, 糟辣椒产品感官评分为(83.00±0.16)分, pH为3.38±0.02, 总酸为(15.55±0.24) g/kg, L*为36.76±0.82, a*为22.45±0.65, b*为4.04±0.43; 可溶性固形物为(13.07±0.03)%。乳酸和苹果酸为糟辣椒的主要有机酸, 其含量依次为(1.9611±0.0800) mg/mL和(1.8600±0.1000) mg/mL; 风味物质主要有酸类、酯类、酮类、醇类、烃类物质, 其中酸类物质占总风味物质相对含量的65.45%。结论 采用乳酸菌强化发酵糟辣椒, 其产品色泽鲜红、品质鲜脆、香味浓郁、酸度适宜、质地均匀、口感极佳, 普遍接受度较高。

乳酸菌  /  发酵糟辣椒  /  优化  /  品质

Objective To optimize the fermentation process with fresh Capsicum annuum L. as raw materials using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L. and analyze the quality of fermented Capsicum annuum L. under the optimized conditions. Methods Using single factor and orthogonal experiments, the fermentation parameter of fermented Capsicum annuum L. inoculated with lactic acid bacteria were optimized and verified for the optimized fermentation condition. The changes of total acid, reducing sugar, nitrite content, and volatile substances were studied during the fermentation process of Capsicum annuum L. under the condition of the optimal parameters. By comparative analysis, the quality characteristics of strongly fermented Capsicum annuum L. were obtained. Results Under the condition of optimized fermentation parameters (fermentation temperature 35 ℃; fermentation time 10 d; lactic acid bacteria addition 4%; salt addition 4%), fermented Capsicum annuum L. showed sensory scores of 83.00±0.16, pH 3.38±0.02, total acid content of (15.55±0.24) g/kg, L* of 36.76±0.82, a* of 22.45±0.65, b* of 4.04±0.43, and soluble solid substance of (13.07±0.03)%. Lactic acid and malic acid were the main organic acids of fermented Capsicum annuum L., and their contents were (1.9611±0.0800) mg/mL and (1.8600±0.1000) mg/mL, respectively. The flavor substances mainly included acids, esters, ketones, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. Among them, acids accounted for 65.45% of the relative content of total flavor substances. Conclusion Fermentation with lactic acid bacterium strain can enhance brightly fresh redness, crisp, rich aroma, suitable acidity, uniform texture and excellent taste, which are widely accepted by consumers.

lactic acid bacteria  /  fermented Capsicum annuum L.  /  optimization  /  quality
马文艺, 胡萍, 张玉龙, 陆宗霞. 乳酸菌强化发酵糟辣椒工艺优化及其品质分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (6) : 17 -25 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241118002
Wen-Yi MA, Ping HU, Yu-Long ZHANG, Zong-Xia LU. Process optimization of fermented Capsicum annuum L. inoculated with lactic acid bacteria and its quality analysis[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (6) : 17 -25 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241118002
糟辣椒是云贵川等地特色发酵辣椒制品[1], 具有酸、辣、鲜、香等特点[2]。糟辣椒中存在乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌、霉菌等微生物[3-5], 丰富的微生物是辣椒发酵产生滋味物质和风味物质的关键[6], 部分菌的生长、繁殖是导致糟辣椒“生花”、腐败变质等的重要因素[7]。近年来, 糟辣椒“生花”、肉质软化、过酸、胀盖/袋、褐变、异味等质量问题频发[8-9]。据报道, 引起糟辣椒“生花”的酵母菌主要为库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)、膜璞毕赤酵母(Pichia membranifaciens)、汉逊德巴利酵母(Debaryomyces hansenii)和异常威克汉姆酵(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)[10-11]。已有研究报道接种筛选自本土发酵食品中的乳酸菌能够改善糟辣椒的品质与安全[12]。蔡亚妃[13]从糟辣椒中筛选植物乳杆菌, 并用于发酵糟辣椒, 其中植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum) LP 5-1自动聚集能力高, 生长速度与产酸速度较快, 亚硝酸盐还原酶活力达4.73 μmol/(mL·h), 对多种抗生素敏感, 具有万古霉素抗性基因, 对沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌生长具有不同程度的抑制作用, 该菌还能够提高糟辣椒的总酸含量, 降低亚硝酸盐含量、色差值中的L*b*。张郁松[14]利用植物乳杆菌研究强化发酵辣椒酱工艺, 当白糖添加量4%、食盐添加量4%、发酵7 d时, 辣椒酱口感细腻度和发酵香味浓郁度增加, 甜酸咸味适中。植物乳杆菌良好的发酵性能和对发酵辣椒品质和安全性的提升, 是发酵辣椒的关键微生物之一。本研究选用筛选自黔东南州民族传统发酵品中的植物乳杆菌发酵糟辣椒。前期实验研究已证实, 该菌株具有良好的抗氧化性、产酸、产胞外多糖能力和降胆固醇能力等, 300 kg糟辣椒发酵中试测试证实该菌株可用于糟辣椒发酵。
基于植物乳杆菌的功能性和发酵性能, 应用该菌株发酵辣椒, 拟提高糟辣椒的品质。本研究通过研究乳酸菌添加量、食盐添加量、发酵温度、发酵时间对糟辣椒品质的影响, 优化乳酸菌发酵糟辣椒工艺, 以期得到糟辣椒发酵最佳工艺, 一方面促进科研成果的推广应用, 促进生产企业实现高质量发展, 另一方面拟通过强化发酵工艺优化来改善糟辣椒的品质, 增加消费者可接受性, 提升企业的市场竞争力。
乳酸菌, 来源于实验室筛选的植物乳杆菌株。新鲜红辣椒、生姜、大蒜、食盐、糯米粉、白酒均在贵阳市花溪区的超市采购。
FA2204B电子天平(精度0.0001 g)、DJL-50B立式高速离心机(山东欧莱博仪有限公司); DGL-50B立式高压灭菌锅(江苏登冠医疗器械有限公司); PHS-3C型pH计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司); SW-CJ-1FD超净工作台、JJ-CJ-IF超净工作台(苏州市金净净化设备科技有限公司); HPX-9082 MBE数显电热培养箱、SPX-150B-Z生化培养箱(上海博讯实业有限公司); NH350色差仪(深圳市三恩时科技有限公司); 722N可见分光光度计(上海菁华科技仪器有限公司); 101-2A电热鼓风干燥箱(天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司); RHB-90手持折射仪(上海光学仪器厂); Trace 1300-TSQ8000气相色谱质谱联用仪、DB-5MS毛细管柱(30 m× 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)(美国赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); Agilent 1260高效液相色谱仪、ZORBAXSB-Aq色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)(美国Agilent公司)。
氢氧化钠(分析纯, 成都金山化学试剂有限公司); MRS肉汤培养基(生物纯, 上海博微生物科技有限公司); 酚酞(分析纯, 天津市富宇精细化工有限公司); 亚硝酸钠(分析纯, 天津市永大化学试剂有限公司); 葡萄糖(分析纯, 广东光华科技股份有限公司); 结晶紫中性红胆盐琼脂(生物纯, 北京奥博星生物技术有限公司); 磷酸二氢钾、甲醇、氢氧化钠、氯化钠、环己酮、乙酸、乳酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、草酸(国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
预选原料: 选择新鲜的当地红辣椒(肉质饱满且水分充足), 去掉辣椒茎, 彻底清洗, 用排水篮沥干多余的水, 切碎备用。
配料: 将切碎的辣椒放入易于混合的容器中, 加入姜、大蒜、白酒、糯米粉及食用盐搅拌均匀, 接种乳酸菌。
装坛: 将混合均匀的辣椒倒入清洗过的发酵坛中, 盖上盖子并用水密封。
发酵: 将密封的发酵坛存放在阴凉处进行自然发酵, 避免阳光直射。
发酵成熟后, 糟辣椒经防腐或者不防腐处理后灌装、封口、贴标, 最终形成糟辣椒成品。
参考发酵泡菜感官质量评分标准[15], 设计糟辣椒的感官评分标准, 由对糟辣椒感官评价标准熟悉的9位实验室人员进行评分, 从颜色、形态、气味、口感4项指标进行评价, 满分100分, 感官评价标准见表1
参考方玉梅等[16]的方法并调整, 以辣椒100 g为原料, 相对固定乳酸菌添加量4%、食盐添加量4%、发酵温度30 ℃和发酵时间6 d条件下, 以感官评分和总酸为指标, 对乳酸菌添加量(1%、2%、3%、4%、5%)、食盐添加量(2%、3%、4%、5%、6%)、发酵温度(15、20、25、30、35 ℃)、发酵时间(6、8、10、12、14 d)进行实验, 研究4个因素对糟辣椒感官评分和总酸的影响。
基于乳酸菌添加量、加盐量、发酵温度和发酵时间4个条件下的单因素实验结果, 设计了4因素3水平正交实验, 如表2所示。以发酵辣椒的感官评分和总酸为指标, 对糟辣椒的发酵工艺参数进行优化。
pH的测定: 使用酸度计对糟辣椒的汁液进行测定, 待酸度计的读数稳定后记录数据, 测定时作3组平行, 最后取平均值。
总酸的测定: 参照GB/T 12456—2008《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》方法中直接滴定法进行总酸测定。
色差的测定: 利用手持色差仪进行测定, 结果用平均值表示。
可溶性固形物的测定: 利用可溶性固形物测定折光仪进行测定, 结果用平均值表示。
参考张群等[17]的方法并改进测定糟辣椒的挥发性成分, 称取2.5 g样品至20 mL顶空瓶中, 加入7.5 mL饱和食盐水和30 μL环己酮(30 μg/kg)混合, 气相色谱仪操作条件[18]: 毛细管柱为DB-5MS (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm), 氦气(99.999%)为载气, 流速为1 mL/min, 无分流模式; 升温程序: 初始温度40 ℃保持5 min, 以5 ℃/min升至150 ℃, 保持3 min, 然后以5 ℃/min上升至240 ℃(保持5 min); 质谱条件: 电子轰击离子源, 电子能量70 eV, 离子源温度230 ℃, 传输线温度240 ℃, 数据采集范围在50~450 amu; 将实验结果与美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST)数据库对比, 只保留匹配度大于800的化合物, 采用内标法进行定量。
张群等[17]对有机酸的检测方法并进行适当调整, 使用配备有ZORBAXSB-Aq (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)色谱柱的高效液相色谱仪结合外标法对有机酸(乙酸、乳酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸和草酸)进行检测。准确称取5.00 g搅碎样品至50 mL离心管中, 加入45 mL超纯水后超声提取30 min, 在超声提取过程中平均振摇3次使提取完全, 随后5000 r/min离心10 min, 离心后的上清液通过0.22 μm的聚四氟乙烯膜过滤至2 mL安倍瓶中, 分别编号后上机测定。流动相: 100%甲醇-0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾(体积比为3:97, pH为2.2); 进样量10 μL; 流速: 0.800 mL/min; 紫外检测波长: 210 nm; 柱温: 30 ℃; 运行时间: 14 min。
采用Excel 2022软件分析统计数据和作图, 正交实验设计软件(V3.1)进行正交实验设计与统计分析。
食盐添加量影响微生物的区系及其生长、代谢, 进而影响发酵辣椒的品质和风味[19-20]。在乳酸菌添加量4%、发酵温度30 ℃的条件下发酵6 d后, 不同食盐量对糟辣椒感官和总酸的影响较大(图1)。在食盐添加量为3%时发酵产品感官评分达到最高值82分, 而食盐添加量为4%和5%的感官评分依次为76分和66分; 在食盐添加量为4%时, 发酵产品总酸达到最高值8.712 g/kg, 3%和2%盐量组的发酵辣椒的总酸分别为7.620 g/kg和2.122 g/kg, 仅次于4%食盐添加量组发酵辣椒。对比分析感官评分与总酸含量, 3%食盐添加量更有利于糟辣椒感官品质的提升和酸类物质的产生。因此选择食盐添加量2%、3%、4%进行后续实验。
在乳酸菌添加量4%、食盐添加量4%条件下发酵6 d后, 不同发酵温度明显影响糟辣椒的感官得分和总酸含量(图2)。在发酵温度为35 ℃时, 发酵辣椒产品的感官评分达到最高值78分, 在25℃和30℃发酵的辣椒的感官评分分别为74分和68分; 在温度为25 ℃时发酵产品的总酸最高达到6.192 g/kg, 35 ℃和30 ℃发酵的辣椒的总酸依次为5.472 g/kg和4.400 g/kg, 仅次于25 ℃发酵的产品。发酵温度为25 ℃更有利于糟辣椒酸类物质的形成, 35 ℃发酵可提高糟辣椒的感官品质。因此选择发酵温度25、30、35 ℃进行后续实验。
图3显示了不同发酵时间对乳酸菌量4%、食盐添加量4%、发酵温度30 ℃发酵的糟辣椒的感官和总酸含量的影响。在发酵天数是6 d时发酵产品感官评分达到最高值79分, 发酵第8 d和10 d的感官评分分别为76分和64分; 在10 d时发酵产品总酸达到最高值12.62 g/kg, 发酵第8 d和6 d的总酸含量依次为10.12 g/kg和7.63 g/kg。发酵6 d利于糟辣椒的感官品质形成, 发酵10 d利于糟辣椒较高酸度的形成。因此选择发酵时间6、8、10 d进行后续实验。
发酵菌剂的接种量对发酵辣椒的微生物菌群、品质和风味均有明显影响, 确定最佳接种量是控制发酵辣椒品质和风味的关键因素之一[21-22]。不同乳酸菌量对食盐添加量4%、30 ℃发酵6 d后糟辣椒感官和总酸含量的影响较大(图4)。在添加量为4%时, 发酵产品感官评分达到最高值71分, 3%和5%乳酸菌添加量发酵糟辣椒的感官评分仅次于乳酸菌添加量4%, 依次为67分和65分; 在乳酸菌添加量5%时, 发酵产品的总酸高达7.45 g/kg, 3%和乳酸菌添加量4%发酵的糟辣椒的总酸依次为6.73 g/kg和6.37 g/kg, 仅次于5%的乳酸菌添加量发酵的糟辣椒。根据感官评分和总酸含量, 乳酸菌添加量为4%更利于糟辣椒的发酵。因此选择乳酸菌添加量3%、4%、5%进行后续实验。
表3所示, 4个因素影响感官评价和发酵辣椒总酸度的顺序为D>A>C>B, 即糟辣椒发酵过程中食盐添加量>乳酸菌添加量>发酵时间>发酵温度。根据扩展表中的数据分析, 以感官评分为参考, 最优水平组为A2B2C1D1, 即辣椒发酵的最佳工艺为: 乳酸杆菌接种量4%、发酵温度30 ℃、发酵时间6 d和食盐添加量4%; 以总酸为依据, 最优水平组为乳酸杆菌接种量4%、发酵温度35 ℃、发酵时间10 d和食盐添加量4%。然而, 感官评定具有主观性、喜好性, 受饮食习惯、喜好性等因素影响, 无法代表大众消费者的整体可接受性, 本研究根据地方消费者喜偏酸的糟辣椒, 故本研究选择最佳工艺参数为: 乳酸杆菌接种量4%、发酵温度35 ℃、发酵时间10 d和食盐添加量4%。
以自然发酵为对照, 采用正交优化实验获得的最佳工艺参数强化发酵糟辣椒, 并分析发酵辣椒制品中的pH、总酸、色差、可溶性固形物含量。
表4可知, 与自然发酵的糟辣椒相比, 接种乳酸菌使糟辣椒发酵周期显著缩短, 从自然发酵周期20 d缩短为10 d。酸性物质(特别是乳酸)是辣椒发酵过程中乳酸菌的代谢产物[23], 酸度高低, 直接影响杂菌的生长和发酵的安全性。乳酸发酵过程中, 乳酸菌迅速生长繁殖, 发酵产酸, 使pH快速下降。根据表4显示, 接种乳酸菌的糟辣椒pH为3.38±0.02, 低于自然发酵组的pH 3.52±0.02。接菌发酵组pH第8 d达到3.38±0.02, 自然发酵组第20 d的pH为3.52±0.02, 可得接种乳酸菌会加速辣椒的发酵进程, 并使糟辣椒发酵的pH降低。总酸反映了物质的酸性[24], 乳酸菌接种的糟辣椒发酵液的总酸值为(15.55±0.24) g/kg, 自然发酵组的发酵液的总酸值为(8.44±0.13) g/kg。这说明乳酸菌强化发酵过程中产酸速度明显提高。色差参数明度指标L*偏低则明亮度越小[25]。自然发酵组的L*为38.90±0.37, 接种发酵组的L*为36.76±0.82, 这说明接种乳酸菌发酵的辣椒明亮度低于自然发酵。判断色泽最重要的指标之一是a*[25], 如果a*更高并且倾向于红色, 则消费者对颜色的感官评估更高。接种发酵组的a*为22.45±0.65, 高于自然发酵组的17.13±0.62, 这表明接种乳酸菌后的糟辣椒的红度值更高, 颜色鲜红优于自然发酵; 接种组b*为4.04±0.43, 高于自然组b*为0.71±0.23, 这说明乳酸菌能有效提高发酵辣椒的黄度值。发酵系统中沉积的可溶性固体比例应是微生物生长、繁殖和代谢产物发展的相关基础, 可溶性固形物是衡量汤类食品的重要指标之一[26], 它们可以反映发酵液中蛋白质、脂肪酸、各种氨基酸、多肽、肌苷酸、各种芳香氨基酸和其他调味品等营养物质的总体情况。据表4可知, 接种发酵组可溶性固形物(13.07±0.03)%, 大于自然发酵组的(11.47±0.03)%, 因此表明接菌发酵组较自然组味道更浓郁, 所含营养物质较自然组丰富。对两组发酵辣椒的色、形、香、味进行感官评价, 可以直观地判断其感官品质。接种发酵组的综合感官评分分数为(83.00±0.16)分, 高于自然发酵组的综合感官评分分数(74.00±1.44)分, 即接种发酵组的感官品质优于自然发酵组。
糟辣椒中含有的有机酸主要有乳酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸、乙酸、草酸(表5)。自然发酵的有机酸总含量为4.1589 mg/mL, 其中有机酸的含量由高至低依次为乳酸>苹果酸>琥珀酸>乙酸>草酸>柠檬酸>酒石酸。接种乳酸菌发酵的有机酸总含量为5.2235 mg/mL, 其中有机酸的含量由高至低依次为乳酸>苹果酸>琥珀酸>草酸>乙酸>柠檬酸>酒石酸。乳酸和苹果酸为糟辣椒的主要有机酸, 其含量依次为(1.9611±0.0800) mg/mL和(1.8600±0.1000) mg/mL。乳酸是糟辣椒的特征酸味物质, 乳酸酸味柔和、酸感强[17]。乳酸对糟辣椒的风味影响最大, 其次是苹果酸。接种发酵有机酸总含量高于自然发酵, 有机酸的提高使得糟辣椒风味更佳, 酸味更突出。张东亚等[27]研究报道传统发酵糟辣椒和风味糟辣椒均含有草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸, 其中乳酸含量最高, 其次为柠檬酸, 其余有机酸的含量相对较低, 与本研究相似。接种发酵辣椒的乳酸和苹果酸含量分别高于自然发酵辣椒0.5031 mg/mL、0.5421 mg/mL。提高乳酸和苹果酸的含量对改善发酵辣椒的口感有积极作用[17], 降低乙酸和酒石酸的含量有利于减弱乙酸过酸而刺激引起的负面影响, 也可以提高发酵辣椒中酒石酸的收敛性。风味糟辣椒中草酸含量的降低符合现代饮食健康理念; 少量的琥珀酸对糟辣椒的鲜味有一定贡献。
经色谱质谱联用仪检测, 在两种发酵糟辣椒的风味物质共检测出44种风味成分(表6)。两种糟辣椒的挥发性物质种类有酸类、酯类、含硫化合物、醚类、醛类、烃类、酮类、酚类、醇类和其他类成分, 这些风味成分含有14种酸、5种酯、2种硫化物、1种醛、1种醚、5种烃、4种酮、4种醇、2种酚和6种其他香气成分。自然发酵糟辣椒中检出风味化合物31种, 接种乳酸菌发酵糟辣椒检出有风味化合物35种。自然发酵发酵糟辣椒和接种乳酸菌强化发酵糟辣椒中的关键风味物质为酸类、酚类、醇类、酯类、烃类、酮类和含硫化合物, 分别占各自总风味物质相对含量的89.71%和88.37%, 两种糟辣椒的其余风味物质之和占总风味物质含量分别为10.29%和11.64%。
检出的挥发性酸类物质中, 接种发酵糟辣椒中酸类物质占总挥发性物质相对含量的65.45%, 自然发酵糟辣椒中酸类物质占73.47%。这些酸类物质主要有乳酸、甲氧基乙酸、己酸等, 其中乳酸占总挥发性风味成分相对含量的40%以上, 自然发酵组糟辣椒乳酸含量相对较高。α-亚麻酸、γ-亚麻酸、油酸、亚油酸和花生四烯酸是多不饱和酸类物质, 具有一定的生物学活性, 其中亚麻酸具有增强免疫力、改善记忆力、调节肠道功能、改善失眠以及预防非传染性肌病等功能[28-30]; 油酸、亚油酸具有降低胆固醇、维护心脑血管健康、降低血压和糖尿病风险等作用; 花生四烯酸具有重要的提高智力和增强视敏度的作用。经人工接种乳酸菌发酵后, 糟辣椒中γ-亚麻酸、亚油酸、花生四烯酸的含量明显增加。
酯类化合物通常具有水果的香气, 其气味阈值通常较低, 它们赋予发酵糟辣椒不同的风味特性, 并对糟辣椒中复杂风味的生产做出了重要贡献, 它们是糟辣椒中形成典型风味的基本物质[31]。有助于发酵辣椒香气的重要酯类物质是乙酸乙酯以及己酸乙酯, 它们具有水果香气。其余还有棕榈酸乙酯具有奶油香气。上述酯类物质已在两种发酵辣椒中检测到, 可被认为是主要的挥发性风味成分。
两种糟辣椒烃类物质检出有5种, 其中自然发酵糟辣椒含有3种, 接种发酵糟辣椒含有4种。自然发酵糟辣椒中烃类物质占总挥发性成分的2.02%, 接种发酵糟辣椒中烃类物质占总挥发性成分的2.23%。1,3-环己二烯, 相对含量0.71%, 具有强烈的芳香气味。
含硫化合物、醚类、醛类、酚类以及酮类等在糟辣椒中的相对含量虽然很低, 但对糟辣椒的风味具有重要贡献。二-2-丙烯基三硫化物具有免疫调节、抗氧化和消炎作用, 对扩张性青霉和粪肠球菌等病原微生物具有很好的抑制效果。维生素E维常见脂溶性维生素, 具有保湿、保护血管、美容养颜、免疫调节等功能。辣椒素源于辣椒原料, 亦具有一定的生物学活性。这些化合物的存在, 既提供糟辣椒产品风味, 也改善了糟辣椒的功能, 对深入研究糟辣椒产品具有重要的价值。
本研究采用单因素实验和正交实验对糟辣椒发酵工艺进行了研究和优化, 得到最佳发酵工艺为发酵温度35 ℃, 发酵时间10 d, 乳酸菌添加量4%, 食盐添加量4%。此工艺发酵糟辣椒的感官评分、总酸、a*b*、可溶性固形物含量较自然发酵糟辣椒的明显增加, pH和L*降低。接种发酵糟辣椒中主要有机酸乳酸和苹果酸的含量明显增加, 风味物质种类增加4类, 糟辣椒发酵周期由20 d缩短至10 d, 且接种发酵糟辣椒较自然发酵产品色泽更鲜红、品质更鲜嫩、香味浓郁、酸度适宜、质地均匀、感观评分高。
接种乳酸菌发酵加速了辣椒的发酵, 明显改善了糟辣椒的品质, 缩短了发酵周期, 该技术能够促进糟辣椒生产的标准化、规模化生产, 促进糟辣椒生产企业实现高质量发展。但本研究中对乳酸菌在发酵过程中的代谢机制和抑制杂菌的作用尚不清楚, 还需要深入研究, 这也是下一步研究的重点内容。
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2024]一般145)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2023]一般682)
  • 黔南州科技计划项目(黔南科合[2023]04号)
  • 凯里学院“十四五”学科专业平台团队一体化建设规划-科研项目(YTH-XM2024023)
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2025年第16卷第6期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241118002
  • 接收时间:2024-11-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-18
基金
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2024]一般145)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合成果[2023]一般682)
黔南州科技计划项目(黔南科合[2023]04号)
凯里学院“十四五”学科专业平台团队一体化建设规划-科研项目(YTH-XM2024023)
作者信息
    1.贵州大学酿酒与食品工程学院, 贵阳 550025
    2.贵州逢源生物技术有限公司, 惠水 550601
    3.凯里学院大健康学院, 凯里 556011

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* 胡萍(1970—), 女, 教授, 主要研究方向为食品微生物与生物技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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