Article(id=1153429493864714466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241112005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731340800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752928621021, onlineDateStr=2025-07-19, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752928621021, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752928621021, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752928621021, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153429493357203682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752928620900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758690311058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177595773500932352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153429493357203682, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=246, endPage=254, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153429494233813219, articleId=1153429493864714466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Effects of different pH on the physicochemical properties of Solanum tuberosum L. protein, columnId=1151895321388347923, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Analysis and Detection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To elucidate the influence of pH treatment on the structural and functional properties of Solanum tuberosum L. protein. Methods Solanum tuberosum L. protein was selected as the research subject, and the effects of pH on its physical and chemical properties, structure, and conformation were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size and potential analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Results Significant differences were observed in the protein subunit composition, particle size distribution, and potential values following treatments at different pH levels. Compared to pH 7, pH 10 enhanced the electrostatic repulsion of Solanum tuberosum L. proteins, significantly increasing protein solubility and viscosity to 89.2% and 19625.0 mPa·s, respectively. Additionally, λmax in the endogenous fluorescence spectra of the proteins shifted to 343 nm, exposing more hydrophobic groups. The particle size of protein molecules decreased to 123.2 nm, while the absolute value of the Zeta potential increased to 41.3 mV. Protein molecules formed intramolecular disulfide bonds, leading to an increase in the denaturation temperature to 82.22 ℃. At pH 2, the protein aggregated and formed soluble aggregates while unfolding. However, viscosity decreased to 1860.6 mPa·s, λmax in the fluorescence spectrum shifted to 341 nm, particle size increased to 369.3 nm, the absolute value of the Zeta potential decreased to 8.97 mV, and the number of disulfide bonds did not change significantly. This resulted in insufficient stability of Solanum tuberosum L. protein under acidic conditions, with a tendency for aggregation. Conclusion Different pH treatments can enhance the physicochemical properties of Solanum tuberosum L. protein, and this study aims to offer scientific guidance for its application in food processing.

, correspAuthors=Zhen-Jia CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-Qi LI, Yi-Ming LEI, Sheng-Yun BI, Qiong-Ling CHEN, Zhen-Jia CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153429535451238730, articleId=1153429493864714466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=不同pH对马铃薯蛋白理化性质的影响, columnId=1151895321958773274, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品分析与检测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究pH处理对马铃薯蛋白结构和功能特性的影响。方法 以马铃薯蛋白为研究对象, 通过荧光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、粒径和电位、扫描电镜等方法分析pH对其物化性质、结构和构象的影响。结果 不同pH处理后的蛋白质亚基组成、粒径分布、电位值等所得结果有显著差异。与pH 7相比, pH 10条件下增强了马铃薯蛋白质的静电斥力, 蛋白溶解度和黏度显著提高, 分别为89.2%、19625.0 mPa·s; 蛋白内源荧光光谱中λmax红移至343 nm, 暴露了更多的疏水基团; 蛋白分子的粒径减小为123.2 nm, Zeta电位绝对值增大至41.3 mV, 蛋白质分子形成分子内二硫键从而使得变性温度增加至82.22 ℃。而pH 2条件下, 蛋白在去折叠的同时发生聚集并形成可溶性聚集体, 但黏度下降为1860.6 mPa·s, 蛋白荧光光谱中λmax蓝移至341 nm, 粒径增加至369.3 nm, Zeta电位绝对值减小到8.97 mV, 二硫键数量未有显著性改变, 这使得酸性条件下马铃薯蛋白的稳定性不足且有聚集趋势。结论 不同pH处理均会改善马铃薯蛋白的理化性质, 本研究以期为马铃薯蛋白在食品加工中的应用提供科学指导。

, correspAuthors=陈振家, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈振家(1981—), 男, 副教授, 主要研究方向为植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性、杂粮深加工与产品开发。E-mail:
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李佳琪(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性。E-mail:

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Food Hydrocolloids, 2024, 146: 109192., articleTitle=Use of oxidized potato starch as simultaneous fat and casein replacer in analogue mozzarella cheese-Ⅰ: Impact on rheological properties of cheese, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1177619718606304171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, awardId=2024-066, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2024-066), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1177619718690190252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, awardId=20210302123399, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省基础研究计划自然科学研究面上项目(20210302123399), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1177619718744716205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, awardId=202304010930003-30, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省后稷实验室自主立项课题项目(202304010930003-30), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1177619714974036847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177619714986619760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, companyId=1177619714974036847, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177619714995008369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, companyId=1177619714974036847, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 晋中 030801)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177619716983108501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of Solanum tuberosum L. protein solubility (a) and subunits (b) at different Ph, figureFileSmall=YIycHSP5PjZGhKyOC+H7Tw==, figureFileBig=pVwWgk0HZ0h9TbXSDte16w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717050217366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同pH的马铃薯蛋白溶解度(a)及亚基(b)分布图

注: A中不同字母表示显著差异(P<0.05), 图578同; B中M为低分子量蛋白质Marker; 泳道1~7分别为马铃薯蛋白粉、pH 2上清、pH 2沉淀、pH 7上清、pH 7沉淀、pH 10上清、pH 10沉淀。

, figureFileSmall=YIycHSP5PjZGhKyOC+H7Tw==, figureFileBig=pVwWgk0HZ0h9TbXSDte16w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717113131927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Viscosity of Solanum tuberosum L. proteins at different pH, figureFileSmall=tg6onHYq76Zixpy8tRo4Nw==, figureFileBig=K/BEjpohTPPCIakEHEYQVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717217989528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同pH的马铃薯蛋白黏度图, figureFileSmall=tg6onHYq76Zixpy8tRo4Nw==, figureFileBig=K/BEjpohTPPCIakEHEYQVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717285098393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Endogenous fluorescence spectra of Solanum tuberosum L. proteins at different pH, figureFileSmall=Ow3WW8QmRE7pEXjKcqZpHA==, figureFileBig=tE9syi8yvo/k75TiygPovw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717352207258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同pH的马铃薯蛋白内源性荧光光谱图

注: 箭头表示所在峰的位置。

, figureFileSmall=Ow3WW8QmRE7pEXjKcqZpHA==, figureFileBig=tE9syi8yvo/k75TiygPovw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717415121819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=FTIR of Solanum tuberosum L. proteins at different pH, figureFileSmall=t2ZVOyqGUFgUUXol8nQZIA==, figureFileBig=X15+4YZWMob8k+5cXq8z2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717482230684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同pH的马铃薯蛋白FTIR图, figureFileSmall=t2ZVOyqGUFgUUXol8nQZIA==, figureFileBig=X15+4YZWMob8k+5cXq8z2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717561922461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Proportion of each content of Solanum tuberosum L. protein secondary structure at different pH, figureFileSmall=CFu9jGJDBLxFnSInFKgrDw==, figureFileBig=yCpvuiziwf2Mxb0j7L0P0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717658391454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同pH的马铃薯蛋白二级结构各含量的比例图, figureFileSmall=CFu9jGJDBLxFnSInFKgrDw==, figureFileBig=yCpvuiziwf2Mxb0j7L0P0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717708723103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Distribution of Solanum tuberosum L. protein particle size at different pH, figureFileSmall=3Nmca2luwYlZB+Be7DClkA==, figureFileBig=epeRg3U9IJb4Jfcr6HqAuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717780026272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同pH的马铃薯蛋白粒径分布图, figureFileSmall=3Nmca2luwYlZB+Be7DClkA==, figureFileBig=epeRg3U9IJb4Jfcr6HqAuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717834552225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Zeta potential of Solanum tuberosum L. proteins at different pH, figureFileSmall=Relh3n4OgV4iJjdiBE4eJg==, figureFileBig=EjWvD76x8Wkzt4CMbhf+2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717897466786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同pH的马铃薯蛋白Zeta电位图, figureFileSmall=Relh3n4OgV4iJjdiBE4eJg==, figureFileBig=EjWvD76x8Wkzt4CMbhf+2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619717964575651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Plot of total sulfhydryl content of Solanum tuberosum L. proteins at different pH, figureFileSmall=aw4o3p0j+uwrxFuJj3nA5Q==, figureFileBig=9qcjuqSvcnIElPweVvQjAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619718052656036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同pH的马铃薯蛋白总巯基含量图, figureFileSmall=aw4o3p0j+uwrxFuJj3nA5Q==, figureFileBig=9qcjuqSvcnIElPweVvQjAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619718123959205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=DSC plots of Solanum tuberosum L. proteins at different pH, figureFileSmall=kjlfGWSYYjKJmDssXAmxKA==, figureFileBig=OvwQI4KfTwplaCEdi/ROFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619718178485158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同pH的马铃薯蛋白DSC图, figureFileSmall=kjlfGWSYYjKJmDssXAmxKA==, figureFileBig=OvwQI4KfTwplaCEdi/ROFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619718237205415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Scanning electron micrographs of Solanum tuberosum L. proteins at different pH, figureFileSmall=CKW9mC2yp30zyBH6PHUD0w==, figureFileBig=yGKHwm7M6nJiXqnFvGWmnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619718308508584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同pH的马铃薯蛋白扫描电镜图

注: a. pH 2; b. pH 7 ; c. pH 10。

, figureFileSmall=CKW9mC2yp30zyBH6PHUD0w==, figureFileBig=yGKHwm7M6nJiXqnFvGWmnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177619718371423145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Average size of Solanum tuberosum L. protein at different pH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pH 平均粒径/nm
2 369.3±12.42a
7 138.4±2.99b
10 123.2±1.71c
), ArticleFig(id=1177619718438532010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153429493864714466, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同pH的马铃薯蛋白平均粒径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pH 平均粒径/nm
2 369.3±12.42a
7 138.4±2.99b
10 123.2±1.71c
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不同pH对马铃薯蛋白理化性质的影响
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李佳琪 , 雷一铭 , 毕晟赟 , 陈琼玲 , 陈振家 *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025,16(5): 246-254
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品分析与检测 2025, 16(5): 246-254
不同pH对马铃薯蛋白理化性质的影响
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李佳琪 , 雷一铭, 毕晟赟, 陈琼玲, 陈振家*
作者信息
  • 山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 晋中 030801
  • 李佳琪(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈振家(1981—), 男, 副教授, 主要研究方向为植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性、杂粮深加工与产品开发。E-mail:
Effects of different pH on the physicochemical properties of Solanum tuberosum L. protein
Jia-Qi LI , Yi-Ming LEI, Sheng-Yun BI, Qiong-Ling CHEN, Zhen-Jia CHEN*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241112005
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目的 探究pH处理对马铃薯蛋白结构和功能特性的影响。方法 以马铃薯蛋白为研究对象, 通过荧光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、粒径和电位、扫描电镜等方法分析pH对其物化性质、结构和构象的影响。结果 不同pH处理后的蛋白质亚基组成、粒径分布、电位值等所得结果有显著差异。与pH 7相比, pH 10条件下增强了马铃薯蛋白质的静电斥力, 蛋白溶解度和黏度显著提高, 分别为89.2%、19625.0 mPa·s; 蛋白内源荧光光谱中λmax红移至343 nm, 暴露了更多的疏水基团; 蛋白分子的粒径减小为123.2 nm, Zeta电位绝对值增大至41.3 mV, 蛋白质分子形成分子内二硫键从而使得变性温度增加至82.22 ℃。而pH 2条件下, 蛋白在去折叠的同时发生聚集并形成可溶性聚集体, 但黏度下降为1860.6 mPa·s, 蛋白荧光光谱中λmax蓝移至341 nm, 粒径增加至369.3 nm, Zeta电位绝对值减小到8.97 mV, 二硫键数量未有显著性改变, 这使得酸性条件下马铃薯蛋白的稳定性不足且有聚集趋势。结论 不同pH处理均会改善马铃薯蛋白的理化性质, 本研究以期为马铃薯蛋白在食品加工中的应用提供科学指导。

马铃薯蛋白  /  pH  /  疏水性  /  聚集  /  亚基组成

Objective To elucidate the influence of pH treatment on the structural and functional properties of Solanum tuberosum L. protein. Methods Solanum tuberosum L. protein was selected as the research subject, and the effects of pH on its physical and chemical properties, structure, and conformation were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size and potential analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Results Significant differences were observed in the protein subunit composition, particle size distribution, and potential values following treatments at different pH levels. Compared to pH 7, pH 10 enhanced the electrostatic repulsion of Solanum tuberosum L. proteins, significantly increasing protein solubility and viscosity to 89.2% and 19625.0 mPa·s, respectively. Additionally, λmax in the endogenous fluorescence spectra of the proteins shifted to 343 nm, exposing more hydrophobic groups. The particle size of protein molecules decreased to 123.2 nm, while the absolute value of the Zeta potential increased to 41.3 mV. Protein molecules formed intramolecular disulfide bonds, leading to an increase in the denaturation temperature to 82.22 ℃. At pH 2, the protein aggregated and formed soluble aggregates while unfolding. However, viscosity decreased to 1860.6 mPa·s, λmax in the fluorescence spectrum shifted to 341 nm, particle size increased to 369.3 nm, the absolute value of the Zeta potential decreased to 8.97 mV, and the number of disulfide bonds did not change significantly. This resulted in insufficient stability of Solanum tuberosum L. protein under acidic conditions, with a tendency for aggregation. Conclusion Different pH treatments can enhance the physicochemical properties of Solanum tuberosum L. protein, and this study aims to offer scientific guidance for its application in food processing.

Solanum tuberosum L. protein  /  pH  /  hydrophobicity  /  aggregation  /  subunit composition
李佳琪, 雷一铭, 毕晟赟, 陈琼玲, 陈振家. 不同pH对马铃薯蛋白理化性质的影响. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (5) : 246 -254 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241112005
Jia-Qi LI, Yi-Ming LEI, Sheng-Yun BI, Qiong-Ling CHEN, Zhen-Jia CHEN. Effects of different pH on the physicochemical properties of Solanum tuberosum L. protein[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (5) : 246 -254 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241112005
马铃薯是全球第4大作物。根据国家统计局2024年提供的统计数据, 我国的马铃薯年产量为1909万t, 主要用于制备新鲜和加工食品[1]。长期以来, 马铃薯的消费一直与人类的生活健康水平息息相关, 因为马铃薯中含有丰富的碳水化合物、蛋白质、膳食纤维、维生素、矿物质和多酚[2]。其中, 淀粉含量约9.0%~20.0%, 蛋白质1.5%~2.3%, 脂肪0.1%~1.1%, 粗纤维0.6%~0.8%。此外, 马铃薯可以加工成面粉, 通过蒸煮、干燥、研磨和筛分可以获得营养均衡的马铃薯粉[3-4], 以延长其应用和保质期。马铃薯浆渣中含有大约2%~5%的固体, 其中35%是含氮物质, 即蛋白质、肽和氨基酸[5]。马铃薯蛋白作为马铃薯淀粉加工的副产物, 若将其转化为高附加值的成分将产生重要的经济和环境影响。因此, 马铃薯蛋白的回收利用具有重要的意义[6-7]
马铃薯蛋白作为人类消费的蛋白质来源引起了越来越多的关注。与来自其他蔬菜和谷物来源的其他蛋白质相比, 马铃薯蛋白质被认为是更高质量的, 因为它们含有高比例的赖氨酸, 具有平衡的氨基酸组成[7-8], 与全蛋的营养品质相当; 还有显著的生物活性特性, 包括抗氧化、抗炎和抗菌作用[9]。马铃薯蛋白因其营养特性和可持续性潜力而作为潜在的替代蛋白质来源, 在食品应用中具有很高的利用潜力。马铃薯可溶性蛋白质主要包括糖蛋白(43 kDa)、蛋白酶抑制剂(5~25 kDa)和其他(主要是高分子量)[10-11]。通过酸碱处理、加热及超声波处理等物理化学方法可有效修饰蛋白质结构并增强其功能特性。其中pH变化处理是一种改变蛋白质功能特性的高效化学方法[12]。蛋白质对pH的变化很敏感, 因此蛋白质在极端pH下可以诱导其结构和功能特性的改变[13]。当蛋白质暴露在远离蛋白质等电点的极端碱性或酸性pH条件下时, 蛋白质之间的排斥力增加将导致蛋白质分子部分解折叠。这种展开和重折叠过程显著改变了蛋白质的结构和功能特性。例如, 研究发现, 在弱酸性pH条件下, 蛋白的变性和聚集速度很快, 提高了表面疏水性, 而碱性pH水平会导致这些聚集体中二硫键的形成增加[14]; 极端酸性或碱性pH条件下的pH变化显著增强了蛋白的发泡性能。在其他研究中, 发现pH变化已成功用于改善植物蛋白的凝胶和乳化特性[15-17]
马铃薯蛋白具有的功能和生物活性特性, 能使其在各种食品和健康应用中发挥价值。通过超声处理[9]、调整盐浓度、蛋白酶活性和蛋白质浓度等因素, 可以增强马铃薯蛋白的功能特性, 包括蛋白质溶解性、乳化活性、乳化稳定性和凝胶化能力[14-15]。这些特性对于它们在食品加工中的应用至关重要, 有助于改善食品的质地、稳定性和质量。马铃薯蛋白在食品应用中有许多方面, 例如制作基于马铃薯蛋白的乳液、婴儿配方奶粉、面条[4]、饮料和各种烘焙产品。此外, 马铃薯蛋白还用于制备鱼粉、宠物食品和肉制品, 具有丰富的应用潜力。目前人们对于优质蛋白质的需求不断增长, 这推动了对替代和可持续蛋白质来源的探索, 且关于pH对马铃薯蛋白质的影响的研究较少, 特别是在改善马铃薯蛋白质的功能、结构、生物活性方面。因此, 本研究使用碱提酸沉法从马铃薯中提取蛋白, 采用荧光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, FTIR)、粒径和电位、扫描电镜等手段研究pH对马铃薯蛋白的物化特性和稳定性的影响, 为马铃薯的多功能应用开发提供理论依据。
马铃薯, 青薯9号, 产自山西省。
低分子量蛋白标样(14.4~97.4 kDa)、β-巯基乙醇、溴酚蓝、过硫酸铵(ammonium persulphate, AP)、四乙基乙二胺(N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, TEMED)(分析纯, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 三羟甲基氨基甲烷[tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, Tris]、三羟甲基氨基甲烷盐酸盐[tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride, Tris-HCl]、十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS)、甘氨酸(分析纯, 上海生物工程试剂有限公司); 5,5-二硫代双[5,5’-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid), DTNB](分析纯, 上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司); 硫酸、盐酸(HCl)(分析纯, 天津天力化学试剂有限公司); 无水乙醇(分析纯, 天津北辰方正有限公司); 亚硫酸氢钠(NaHSO3)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、尿素、溴化钾、乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA)(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
D2015W电动搅拌器(上海思乐仪器有限公司); Nano ZS-90型Zeta电位仪(英国Malvern公司); UV-6100紫外分光光度计(上海美谱达仪器有限公司); DYY-7C型电泳仪(北京六一生物科技公司); MCR-302流变仪(奥地利Anton Paar公司); DSC3差示扫描量热(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC)仪(瑞士Mettler公司); JSM-7500F扫描电子显微镜(日本Jeol公司); RF-5301荧光光谱仪[岛津国际贸易(上海)有限公司]。
参考HU等[7]、LIU等[18]、FU等[19]的方法马铃薯清洗干净去皮切块, 按薯与水的质量比(1:2)用组织捣碎机将其磨碎成浆, 打浆过程中加入1%的NaHSO3防止被氧化, 并用胶体磨处理3次, 每次1 min, 后用4层纱布过滤, 滤液静置后用1 mol/L NaOH调节pH至8.5, 常温下搅拌2 h后, 3500 r/min离心15 min, 上清液用HCl调节pH至4.6, 常温下沉淀1 h, 3500 r/min离心10 min, 去除上清液。后用超纯水溶解沉淀, 水洗至电导率小于100, 所得沉淀经真空冷冻干燥得到马铃薯蛋白。马铃薯蛋白在pH中性、碱性或者强酸性时溶解度较高, 故选取pH为2、7、10开展后续实验, 其中pH 7为未处理组。
测定样品的溶解性。将样品配制成的溶液(1 mg/mL)用1 mol/L HCl和1 mol/L NaOH分别调节pH至2、7、10, 然后将样品以10000 r/min离心10 min, 获得澄清上清液。采用考马斯亮蓝法在595 nm下测得上清液中蛋白质浓度, 每个样品平行测定3次, 最终根据标准曲线计算出马铃薯蛋白的溶解度。
配制2%的蛋白溶液在室温下搅拌2 h, 分别调节pH至2、7、10, 10000 r/min离心10 min, 将得到的上清、沉淀冷冻干燥后制备上样液。
浓缩胶: 30%丙烯酰胺单体注液、1 mol/L pH 6.8 Tris-HCl、10% SDS、10% AP、TEMED; 分离胶: 30%丙烯酰胺单体注液、1 mol/L pH 8.8 Tris-HCl、10% SDS、10% AP、TEMED。按浓缩胶浓度为5%, 分离胶浓度为12%进行SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE), 电泳过程中, 保持浓缩胶电流100 V, 分离胶电流150 V。电泳结束后, 电泳胶片染色50 min, 染色结束后, 用醋酸-乙醇溶液对胶片进行脱色, 直至底色基本脱去后, 扫描成像。
配制质量分数为3%的蛋白溶液, 分别调节pH至2、7、10, 3000 r/min离心10 min, 用流变仪分别在25 ℃下以0.5%的固定应变在0.10~100.00 rad/s的范围内进行频率扫描, 测定在不同剪切速率下的黏度值[20]
配制成1 mg/mL的蛋白溶液, 室温下搅拌2 h, 分别调节pH至2、7、10, 后稀释至0.3 mg/mL。利用荧光光谱仪进行荧光光谱扫描, 激发波长为290 nm, 发射波长为300~400 nm, 激发和发射缝宽均为2.5 nm, 扫描速率10 nm/min, 以水作为空白。
按照样品粉末和干燥的溴化钾质量比1:100称取并研磨混匀, 置于研钵中研磨均匀后压片[21]。参数设定为: 温度: 25 ℃, 波长范围: 4000~400 cm-1, 扫描次数: 64次, 扫描速率: 4 cm-1, 用PeakFit4.12软件对酰胺I带(1600~1700 cm-1)进行图谱分析, 对样品的红外图谱进行基线校正, 校正后进行二阶导数拟合, 直至拟合残差最小分析, 并计算样品各二级结构的百分含量。
用水配制成1 mg/mL的蛋白溶液, 调节pH至2、7、10, 然后将样品以10000 r/min离心10 min, 过0.45 μm滤膜。在样品池中加入1 mL试样, 分散介质设定为水, 分散剂折射率为1.330, 材料折射率为1.450, 25 ℃下平衡120 s, 采用Nano ZS-90型Zeta电位仪测定粒径分布和Zeta电势[22]
使用Ellman试剂确定马铃薯蛋白的总巯基[23]。定量马铃薯蛋白加入反应缓冲液: 0.1 mol/L pH 8.0磷酸钠缓冲液, 含1 mmol/L EDTA, 8 mol/L尿素, 用于总巯基基团。将冷冻干燥后的马铃薯蛋白粉(pH 2、7、10)配制成5 mg/mL的溶液, 室温下搅拌2 h后10000 r/min离心10 min。取5.5 mL上清液加入100 μL的Ellman试剂(4 mg/mL DTNB于缓冲液中), 然后将该溶液在室温下避光放置15 min, 在412 nm下测量吸光度。将缓冲液用作试剂空白, 根据标准曲线换算总疏基含量。
配制2%的蛋白溶液在室温下搅拌2 h, 分别调节pH至2、7、10并冷冻干燥。用差示扫描量热仪进行DSC的测定[24]。称取冷冻干燥后的样品约3 mg于标准铝锅中, 在反应室中加热, 温度为30~120 ℃, 升温速度为10 ℃/min, 氮气速度为50 mL/min, 以空铝锅作为参比。
使用JSM-7500F扫描电子显微镜观察不同处理的马铃薯蛋白粉(pH 2、7、10)的形态特征。将每个样品轻轻地涂在固定到铜短柱的双面胶带上。在涂覆金箔后, 在10 kV加速电压下观察样品。样品置于载物台的双面胶带上, 洗耳球吹去多余粉末, 对样品进行喷金后通过扫描电子显微镜进行观察。
每组实验重复3次, 实验结果用平均值±标准偏差表示, 利用Origin 2021软件作图, 通过SPSS 26软件对数据进行Duncan法分析, 显著水平为P<0.05。
pH被认为是维持蛋白质性质和净电荷分布的有效和重要因素之一。蛋白质通常在低酸性和高碱性pH区域具有最大溶解度, 这是由于它们的净电荷的相似性以及相似电荷之间的电排斥。因此, 在其等电点pH (isoelectric point, pI)下观察到最小蛋白质溶解度, 因为分子的静电排斥力以及水-蛋白质相互作用在该点最小化, 这导致形成蛋白质-蛋白质键和凝结物。然而, 使pH与pI值保持距离会增加净电荷, 从而增加排斥力, 从而改善溶解度[25-26]
图1A可知, 溶解度结果显示为: pH 10>pH 2>pH 7, 分别为89.2%、54.0%、40.5%。这可能是由于构象变化、蛋白质净电荷的变化导致的微小差异。离子间相互作用可以促进蛋白质和溶剂的相互作用, 疏水相互作用使蛋白质分子间相互分离, 两种作用力变化可影响蛋白质的溶解度。当蛋白质表面电荷减少, 分子间斥力减弱, 易发生碰撞、凝聚而产生沉淀, 导致溶解度降低, 反之溶解度提高。这是由于蛋白质是两性分子, 当其处于酸性介质时, 蛋白质分子大部分带正电荷, 分子之间互相排斥, 分子的分散性较好、溶解度较高, 但是随着pH的升高溶解度逐渐降低, 当达到等电点时蛋白质分子所带净电荷为零, 分子之间的排斥力消失, 溶解度降到最低值; 当蛋白质分子所处介质的大于蛋白质等电点, 蛋白质分子带负电荷, 溶解度又随着pH的升高而升高[27]
通过SDS-PAGE评估的马铃薯蛋白质的组成在图1B可见。从图中可以明显看出, 10~48 kDa的蛋白质条带占优势, 表明马铃薯蛋白质中的主要部分由分子量(molecular weight, MW)为39~45 kDa的马铃薯糖蛋白、分子量为5~25 kDa的蛋白酶抑制剂和其他蛋白质(除马铃薯糖蛋白和蛋白酶抑制剂之外所有鉴定的马铃薯蛋白质), 其中马铃薯糖蛋白含量较多[28-29]。这些条带还表明, 在马铃薯蛋白中存在一些具有不同kDa的其他小组分。
图1B中, pH 2、7、10的蛋白上清溶液中均有马铃薯糖蛋白亚基和蛋白酶抑制剂, 而pH 2和pH 10中高分子量蛋白质条带颜色显著高于pH 7, 这表明高分子量蛋白质的溶解度是造成不同pH条件下马铃薯蛋白溶解度的差异。而在pH 2、7、10的沉淀中, pH 10的条带颜色明显比pH 2和pH 7的条带浅, 同时也印证了高分子量蛋白质在pH 10的条件下溶解度更高。
溶液黏度通过蛋白质分子之间的吸引力和排斥力而增加。因此, 蛋白质结构对溶液黏度起着重要作用。通过频率扫描分析了样品的动态流变特性(图2)。黏度随着剪切速率的增加而降低是典型的假塑性或剪切稀化流体的特征[30]
图2所示, 当频率从0.10增加到100.00 rad/s时, 所有试样的表观黏度均降低, 表明剪切稀化行为, 具有非牛顿特性黏度的趋势。这可能是由于围绕颗粒的网络的破坏或分子之间的弱连接, 或在施加的剪切速率下可溶性复合物结构的重排。低频率条件下, 蛋白溶液的黏度表现为: pH 10>pH 7>pH 2, 为19625.0、10070.0、1860.6 mPa·s。pH 10条件下马铃薯蛋白溶解度最高且更多的高分子量蛋白质保持可溶, 这是其黏度较大的原因。pH 2条件下, 虽然蛋白质溶解度较高, 但酸性条件下, 蛋白质会通过自折叠发生聚集形成可溶性聚集体, 从而降低溶液黏度[31-32]
蛋白的荧光光谱分析通常用于研究其结构、构象和相互作用等方面。蛋白质在紫外-可见光范围内的荧光主要来源于芳香族氨基酸(如色氨酸、酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸)的激发发射。通常会观察到部分峰和波谷, 这些可以反映出蛋白质的结构和构象信息。例如, 色氨酸通常在约350 nm处有峰值, 而苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸通常在约330 nm处有峰值。根据荧光光谱的特征峰和波形, 推断马铃薯蛋白的结构和构象信息[33]
为观察不同pH对荧光强度的影响, 固定激发波长为290 nm, 得到马铃薯蛋白在不同pH下的发射波长如图3所示, 可见在实验设置的3种pH下, 最大吸收波长(λmax)从大到小依次为pH 10、7、2, 分别为343、342、341 nm。荧光发射光谱能够灵敏反映蛋白质的构象和微环境的极性是否发生改变。内源荧光光谱中λmax红移代表蛋白质中氨基酸残基微环境极性增强。碱处理会蛋白质空间结构的剧烈变化, 肽链逐渐伸展, 已暴露的疏水基团重新展开, 氨基酸残基逐渐暴露在分子外部的极性环境内, 蛋白质的内源荧光强度逐渐降低, 产生荧光猝灭现象, λmax红移, 这可能是pH 10 λmax较大的原因。蛋白的λmax经酸处理而出现蓝移的原因是疏水相互作用使已暴露的疏水基团重新聚集, 从而使色氨酸残基体系的非极性增强, 这可能也是pH 2 λmax较小的原因, 也与其黏度变化一致[34]
FTIR是一种适用于确定蛋白质的二级结构和官能团范围的快速且非破坏性的方法, 并且它给出了与蛋白质中化学键的振动状态相关的信息[35-36]。FTIR在110 cm-1和1700 cm-1之间的光谱部分具有关于多肽蛋白质构象的有价值的数据, 其中最重要的是酰胺I(光谱在1600 cm-1和1700 cm-1之间)。图4显示了马铃薯蛋白的FTIR光谱, 马铃薯蛋白的红外光谱在1654 cm−1处的特征峰, 代表水分子和无定形分子中O-H的弯曲振动, 在不同的pH下, 没有显著差异。
蛋白质的二级结构包括分子间β-折叠(1610~1625 cm-1、1685~1695 cm-1)、分子内β-折叠(1630~1640 cm-1、1670~1684 cm-1)、无规则卷曲(1640~1648 cm-1)、α-螺旋(1648~1659 cm-1)及β-转角(1660~1668 cm-1) [37]图5显示了α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲的FTIR峰拟合后的二级结构比例图。由图可知, pH 2、7、10的二级结构的相对含量均存在显著性差异(P<0.05), 呈现不同的变化[38]。与pH 7相比, pH 10条件下马铃薯蛋白其波数在1610~1625 cm-1分子间β-折叠以及在1630~1640 cm-1的分子内β-折叠的含量均有显著差异(P<0.05), 分别从9.4%减少至8.1%, 23.1%减少为22.6%。碱性条件下马铃薯蛋白的构象会发生改变, β-折叠含量的升高(42.8%升为43.1%)使蛋白质更为有序且具有更高的聚集倾向, 表明碱处理会使得蛋白质分子二级结构发生改变, 从而变得稳定; 且SDS-PAGE中结果表明高分子量蛋白亚基敏感度较高, 可能是此亚基会使疏水暴露, 发生折叠或者去折叠过程, 形成更为有序的二级结构单元, 而酸处理却恰恰相反。
蛋白质颗粒的大小在其功能特性中起着重要作用, 如蛋白质分散体的总大小会显著影响蛋白质的乳化和起泡能力[35,39]。由图6表1可知, 与未处理组相比, 酸处理可以使蛋白的粒径分布范围变窄和峰值变大, 并显著增大马铃薯蛋白的体积平均粒径(P<0.05)。pH从7调节至10导致粒度从138.4 nm降低至123.2 nm, 可能是因为碱性条件诱导蛋白质之间更强的静电排斥。而pH从7降至2时, pH超过pI, 导致蛋白质沉淀, 从而粒度增大至369.3 nm[40]
ζ电位主要用于评价颗粒间的静电相互作用, 预测分散体系的稳定性。在一定条件下, ζ势的绝对值越高, 表明粒子间的排斥力越大, 体系越稳定[41]。由图7可知, Zeta电位绝对值表现为pH 10>pH 7>pH 2, 分别为41.3、37.46、8.97 mV, 这些蛋白质在pH 10时相对稳定, 蛋白质表面电荷增加, 它们之间的强静电排斥, 不易发生碰撞, 故相对稳定且导致溶解度升高。而在pH 2时, 蛋白质分子大部分带正电荷, 蛋白质的高净电荷增加了它们之间的静电排斥, 但疏水基团的暴露, 同时也促进了它们的聚集, 形成了可溶性聚集体, 使粒径增大[20], 这也是pH 2条件下溶解度较高的原因。可能是由于蛋白质溶液pH的变化导致氨基酸的质子化或去质子化, 这反过来又改变了蛋白质分子的净表面电荷。普遍接受的是, 表面电荷在蛋白质分子稳定空气/水界面方面起着重要作用[42]
蛋白总巯基通常指的是蛋白质中所有巯基的总量, 包括表面巯基和分子内包裹的巯基。巯基是一种含有硫的官能团, 通常表示为-SH。在蛋白质中, 巯基可以形成二硫键, 这是蛋白质折叠和稳定化的重要结构特征之一。
图8所示, pH 7时马铃薯蛋白的总巯基含量为33.65 µmol/g。pH 2的总巯基含量最高, 为34.24 µmol/g, pH 10的总巯基含量为26.89 µmol/g。由图8可知, 碱性条件使总巯基的含量下降, 这可能是碱处理使蛋白质结构展开, 由于蛋白在折叠的过程中发生了变性, 使内部巯基暴露出来并形成分子内二硫键。在酸性条件下, 蛋白质发生了聚集, 蛋白质分子间静电排斥减弱, 有利于分子的去折叠程度降低, 巯基位点被包埋, 没有新的二硫键形成[43-44]
DSC可以反映蛋白质结构稳定性, 在蛋白质热变性的研究中应用广泛。蛋白质在吸热过程中, 分子间作用力被破坏, 蛋白质变性, 当达到变性温度时, 就会出现对应吸收峰, 因此DSC峰值温度的变化可以反映蛋白质结构的变化, 峰值温度越高, 则蛋白质的热稳定性越强[45]
图9所示, 3种蛋白的DSC曲线均显示了1个主要的吸热峰, 表明在30~120 ℃发生了蛋白质变性。pH 2、7和10的主要放热峰分别集中在72.93、72.12和82.22 ℃。结果表明, pH 10条件下马铃薯蛋白比pH 2和pH 7的变性温度高, 与其在此条件下二硫键的含量较高有关[36]
扫描电镜是一种通过聚焦电子束扫描样品表面而成像的技术, 可用来观察蛋白质的形状、大小和分布等微观结构[24,46]图10a、b、c分别为在2000倍下pH 2、7和10的扫描电子显微镜图。可以观察到pH 7的样品较聚集, 呈球状、碎片状、等不规则形状, 表面光滑或凹凸不平。而pH 2和pH 10的蛋白颗粒较分散, 呈现颗粒状。可能是由于在溶解过程pH 10条件下的部分蛋白质去折叠, 会形成较为分散的颗粒状, 而pH 2条件下部分球状蛋白质被解离后又重新聚集。
通过对不同pH的马铃薯蛋白理化性质的研究发现: 相比pH 7的中性条件, 碱性环境增强了马铃薯蛋白质的静电斥力, 更多的高分子量蛋白亚基呈可溶状态, 蛋白质肽链展开, 暴露了更多的疏水基团, 同时也暴露了一些巯基位点并形成了分子内的二硫键, 增加了蛋白质的变性温度。但由于蛋白分子链展开的同时也增加了亲水基团的数量以及强静电排斥的存在, 蛋白的结构更为有序且溶液体系趋于稳定。酸性环境也在一定程度上增强了蛋白质之间的静电斥力, 促使部分高分子量蛋白亚基呈可溶状态, 但蛋白质肽链展开的过程中, 同时发生了蛋白聚集形成可溶性聚集体, 二硫键数量未有显著性改变, 这使得酸性条件下马铃薯蛋白的稳定性不足且有聚集趋势。由此可见, pH可以显著改变马铃薯蛋白的理化特性, 为马铃薯蛋白在食品加工中的应用提供理论参考科学指导。
  • 山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2024-066)
  • 山西省基础研究计划自然科学研究面上项目(20210302123399)
  • 山西省后稷实验室自主立项课题项目(202304010930003-30)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241112005
  • 接收时间:2024-11-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-19
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-12
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山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2024-066)
山西省基础研究计划自然科学研究面上项目(20210302123399)
山西省后稷实验室自主立项课题项目(202304010930003-30)
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    山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 晋中 030801

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* 陈振家(1981—), 男, 副教授, 主要研究方向为植物蛋白提取分离及修饰改性、杂粮深加工与产品开发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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