Article(id=1153986580537660227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730822400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061440834, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061440834, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061440834, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061440834, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986579971429187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061440699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758783495950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986580915147588, articleId=1153986580537660227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Rapid non-destructive detection of mildly moldy Zea mays by near-infrared spectroscopy technology, columnId=1152687436694995508, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Grain and Oil Processing and Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To rapidly and non-destructively detect aflatoxin in mildly moldy Zea mays using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology. Methods Mildly moldy Zea mays samples were selected as experimental materials, with the content of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) as the detection indicator. A total of 153 sample images were collected using the NIRS imaging acquisition system. Three kinds of preprocessing methods, including multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate transformation, and moving average smoothing (MAS), were applied to preprocess the raw near-infrared spectral data (RNSD). Backpropagation neural network (BPNN), extreme learning machine, and support vector machine were employed to model and analyze the preprocessed spectral data along with AFB1 content data, evaluating the impact of preprocessing methods on model performance. Furthermore, the stepwise projection algorithm (SPA) was performed to select characteristic spectra from the preprocessed data for comprehensive comparison after incorporating them into the models. Results The optimal spectral preprocessing method was MAS. Ten characteristic spectra were selected through SPA, and the BPNN model exhibited the best prediction results, achieving a coefficient of determination of 0.932 and a relative prediction deviation of 3.922. This model demonstrated good performance and reliability. Conclusion It is feasible to determine AFB1 content in mildly moldy Zea mays using NIRS technology. The findings of this study provide an important reference for the application of NIRS in identifying other agricultural products.

, correspAuthors=Li-Li CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie LI, Chun GAO, Li XU, Han-Lin ZHU, Min PANG, Li-Li CAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986623487333292, articleId=1153986580537660227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=近红外光谱技术快速无损检测轻度霉变玉米, columnId=1152687437265420855, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 应用近红外光谱(near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS)技术对轻度霉变玉米中黄曲霉毒素进行快速无损检测。方法 本研究选取轻度霉变的玉米样本作为实验材料, 以黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)的含量作为检测指标, 利用NIRS图像采集系统收集了153个样本图像, 采用多元散射校正、标准正态变换及移动平均平滑(moving average smoothing, MAS) 3种预处理方法对样本的原始NIRS数据(raw near-infrared spectral data, RNSD)进行预处理。并采用反向传播神经网络(backpropagation neural network, BPNN)、极限学习机和支持向量机对处理后的光谱数据与AFB1含量数据进行建模分析, 评估预处理方法对模型性能的影响; 并通过连续投影算法(stepwise projection algorithm, SPA)对预处理数据进行特征光谱选取后代入模型进行综合比较。结果 最佳光谱预处理方法为MAS, 通过SPA选取出10个特征光谱, 使用BPNN模型时预测结果最佳, 模型预测集的决定系数可达到0.932, 相对预测偏差为3.922, 该模型具有良好的性能和可靠性。结论 利用NIRS技术测定轻度霉变玉米中的AFB1含量具备可行性, 本研究成果为NIRS在鉴别其他农产品方面的应用提供了重要的参考依据。

, correspAuthors=操丽丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 操丽丽(1979—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为粮油加工与质量安全控制技术研究。E-mail:
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李杰(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品无损检测。E-mail:

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李杰(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品无损检测。E-mail:

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注: A. 原始光谱图; B. MSC处理光谱图; C. SNV处理光谱图; D. MAS处理光谱图。

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Grouping of mouldy Zea mays and its AFB1 content

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毒素含量/(μg/kg) 0~20 20~40 40~60 60~80 >80
样品个数 36 51 36 18 12
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霉变玉米的分组及其AFB1含量

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毒素含量/(μg/kg) 0~20 20~40 40~60 60~80 >80
样品个数 36 51 36 18 12
), ArticleFig(id=1177985639686488606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986580537660227, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Data modelling results of Zea mays sample spectral data

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建模方法 预处理方法 训练集 预测集
R2 RMSE RPD R2 RMSE RPD
BPNN RNSD 0.746 9.485 1.996 0.343 13.442 1.253
MSC 0.824 6.392 2.394 0.379 11.372 1.289
SNV 0.758 2.189 2.160 0.674 4.150 1.762
MAS 0.964 2.967 5.348 0.909 5.064 3.375
ELM RNSD 0.602 12.256 1.593 0.254 16.698 1.175
MSC 0.704 2.554 1.849 0.357 12.412 1.267
SNV 0.600 2.932 1.590 0.310 7.425 1.222
MAS 0.942 3.898 4.202 0.790 6.839 2.217
SVM RNSD 0.998 0.854 22.768 0.397 16.241 1.307
MSC 0.996 0.262 18.233 0.450 3.608 1.370
SNV 0.996 0.303 16.098 0.375 4.473 1.026
MAS 0.975 2.324 6.414 0.843 7.768 2.565
), ArticleFig(id=1177985639761986080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986580537660227, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

玉米样品光谱预处理数据建模结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建模方法 预处理方法 训练集 预测集
R2 RMSE RPD R2 RMSE RPD
BPNN RNSD 0.746 9.485 1.996 0.343 13.442 1.253
MSC 0.824 6.392 2.394 0.379 11.372 1.289
SNV 0.758 2.189 2.160 0.674 4.150 1.762
MAS 0.964 2.967 5.348 0.909 5.064 3.375
ELM RNSD 0.602 12.256 1.593 0.254 16.698 1.175
MSC 0.704 2.554 1.849 0.357 12.412 1.267
SNV 0.600 2.932 1.590 0.310 7.425 1.222
MAS 0.942 3.898 4.202 0.790 6.839 2.217
SVM RNSD 0.998 0.854 22.768 0.397 16.241 1.307
MSC 0.996 0.262 18.233 0.450 3.608 1.370
SNV 0.996 0.303 16.098 0.375 4.473 1.026
MAS 0.975 2.324 6.414 0.843 7.768 2.565
), ArticleFig(id=1177985639837483554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986580537660227, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Data modelling results after selection of feature spectra

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建模方法 预处理方法 训练集 预测集
R2 RMSE RPD R2 RMSE RPD
BPNN RNSD 0.776 9.372 2.068 0.461 11.092 1.383
MSC 0.846 6.192 2.565 0.591 8.872 1.588
SNV 0.820 1.975 2.371 0.657 4.465 1.714
MAS 0.967 2.815 5.586 0.932 4.539 3.922
ELM RNSD 0.701 10.945 1.894 0.436 14.345 1.458
MSC 0.767 2.231 2.021 0.679 12.142 1.884
SNV 0.801 2.612 2.213 0.773 7.190 2.367
MAS 0.971 2.822 5.903 0.885 4.367 2.999
SVM RNSD 0.995 0.898 14.245 0.621 12.824 1.634
MSC 0.997 0.394 20.274 0.773 8.329 1.907
SNV 0.998 0.200 25.034 0.632 5.473 1.712
MAS 0.977 2.309 6.684 0.864 5.408 2.796
), ArticleFig(id=1177985639904592420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986580537660227, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

选取特征光谱后数据建模结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
建模方法 预处理方法 训练集 预测集
R2 RMSE RPD R2 RMSE RPD
BPNN RNSD 0.776 9.372 2.068 0.461 11.092 1.383
MSC 0.846 6.192 2.565 0.591 8.872 1.588
SNV 0.820 1.975 2.371 0.657 4.465 1.714
MAS 0.967 2.815 5.586 0.932 4.539 3.922
ELM RNSD 0.701 10.945 1.894 0.436 14.345 1.458
MSC 0.767 2.231 2.021 0.679 12.142 1.884
SNV 0.801 2.612 2.213 0.773 7.190 2.367
MAS 0.971 2.822 5.903 0.885 4.367 2.999
SVM RNSD 0.995 0.898 14.245 0.621 12.824 1.634
MSC 0.997 0.394 20.274 0.773 8.329 1.907
SNV 0.998 0.200 25.034 0.632 5.473 1.712
MAS 0.977 2.309 6.684 0.864 5.408 2.796
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近红外光谱技术快速无损检测轻度霉变玉米
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李杰 1, 2, 3 , 高春 3 , 许丽 3 , 朱旱林 3 , 庞敏 1, 2, 3 , 操丽丽 1, 2, 3, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025,16(4): 18-25
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025, 16(4): 18-25
近红外光谱技术快速无损检测轻度霉变玉米
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李杰1, 2, 3 , 高春3, 许丽3, 朱旱林3, 庞敏1, 2, 3, 操丽丽1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院, 合肥 230601
  • 2.农产品现代加工安徽省重点实验室, 合肥 230601
  • 3.农产品智能化绿色质选技术与装备安徽省联合共建学科重点实验室, 合肥 230071
  • 李杰(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为食品无损检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 操丽丽(1979—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为粮油加工与质量安全控制技术研究。E-mail:
Rapid non-destructive detection of mildly moldy Zea mays by near-infrared spectroscopy technology
Jie LI1, 2, 3 , Chun GAO3, Li XU3, Han-Lin ZHU3, Min PANG1, 2, 3, Li-Li CAO1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Modern Processing, Hefei 230601, China
  • 3. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Quality Sorting Technology and Equipment for Agricultural Products, Hefei 230071, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106008
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目的 应用近红外光谱(near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS)技术对轻度霉变玉米中黄曲霉毒素进行快速无损检测。方法 本研究选取轻度霉变的玉米样本作为实验材料, 以黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)的含量作为检测指标, 利用NIRS图像采集系统收集了153个样本图像, 采用多元散射校正、标准正态变换及移动平均平滑(moving average smoothing, MAS) 3种预处理方法对样本的原始NIRS数据(raw near-infrared spectral data, RNSD)进行预处理。并采用反向传播神经网络(backpropagation neural network, BPNN)、极限学习机和支持向量机对处理后的光谱数据与AFB1含量数据进行建模分析, 评估预处理方法对模型性能的影响; 并通过连续投影算法(stepwise projection algorithm, SPA)对预处理数据进行特征光谱选取后代入模型进行综合比较。结果 最佳光谱预处理方法为MAS, 通过SPA选取出10个特征光谱, 使用BPNN模型时预测结果最佳, 模型预测集的决定系数可达到0.932, 相对预测偏差为3.922, 该模型具有良好的性能和可靠性。结论 利用NIRS技术测定轻度霉变玉米中的AFB1含量具备可行性, 本研究成果为NIRS在鉴别其他农产品方面的应用提供了重要的参考依据。

玉米  /  近红外光谱  /  黄曲霉毒素  /  反向传播神经网络

Objective To rapidly and non-destructively detect aflatoxin in mildly moldy Zea mays using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology. Methods Mildly moldy Zea mays samples were selected as experimental materials, with the content of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) as the detection indicator. A total of 153 sample images were collected using the NIRS imaging acquisition system. Three kinds of preprocessing methods, including multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate transformation, and moving average smoothing (MAS), were applied to preprocess the raw near-infrared spectral data (RNSD). Backpropagation neural network (BPNN), extreme learning machine, and support vector machine were employed to model and analyze the preprocessed spectral data along with AFB1 content data, evaluating the impact of preprocessing methods on model performance. Furthermore, the stepwise projection algorithm (SPA) was performed to select characteristic spectra from the preprocessed data for comprehensive comparison after incorporating them into the models. Results The optimal spectral preprocessing method was MAS. Ten characteristic spectra were selected through SPA, and the BPNN model exhibited the best prediction results, achieving a coefficient of determination of 0.932 and a relative prediction deviation of 3.922. This model demonstrated good performance and reliability. Conclusion It is feasible to determine AFB1 content in mildly moldy Zea mays using NIRS technology. The findings of this study provide an important reference for the application of NIRS in identifying other agricultural products.

Zea mays  /  near-infrared spectroscopy  /  aflatoxin  /  backpropagation neural network
李杰, 高春, 许丽, 朱旱林, 庞敏, 操丽丽. 近红外光谱技术快速无损检测轻度霉变玉米. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (4) : 18 -25 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106008
Jie LI, Chun GAO, Li XU, Han-Lin ZHU, Min PANG, Li-Li CAO. Rapid non-destructive detection of mildly moldy Zea mays by near-infrared spectroscopy technology[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (4) : 18 -25 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106008
玉米是我国第二大粮食作物, 每年产量可达2.8亿t以上, 但因天气或储存不当有近25%的玉米受真菌污染而霉变[1-2]。霉变的玉米会产生真菌毒素, 常见的有黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等[3], 其中黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)作为一种强致癌物, 对人类健康构成了严重潜在风险[4]。因轻度霉变的玉米与正常玉米在外观及感官上差异不大, 难以区分[5], 故本研究针对轻度霉变玉米, 采用近红外光谱(near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS)对轻度霉变玉米中的AFB1进行快速无损检测, 结合分离技术, 探索在加工之前快速有效筛选出霉变玉米。
目前有关AFB1的检测方法主要包括高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)[6-7]、聚合酶链反应[8]、气相色谱-质谱法[9]、DNA探针法[10]以及酶联免疫法[11]等。但是这些方法存在操作烦琐、破坏样品以及耗时较长等缺点[12]。而光谱技术由于其高效性、无损性、低成本以及良好的可重复性, 已在肉类、水果、茶叶等农产品的检测中得到了广泛应用[13-15], 并且在区分筛选上取得了显著成效[16]。目前, 玉米霉变的无损检测主要依赖高光谱技术, 而基于NIRS技术的相关研究仍较少[17]。尽管高光谱技术相较于NIRS具有更高的光谱分辨率和更丰富的光谱信息[18-19], 但NIRS因其设备便携、数据处理简便、能够实现实时检测及成本相对较低等优势, 在应用中占据了重要地位[20-22]
袁莹等[23]采用傅里叶变换NIRS对霉变玉米进行分类, 支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)分类模型在训练集和测试集的预测准确率分别达到了93.3%和91.7%, 而独立样品集的预测准确率为87.8%, 显示出其在大规模筛查中的适用性。CHENG等[24]利用紫外-NIRS法对玉米中的黄曲霉毒素建立模型, 预处理可从原始光强中减去背景光强, 采用随机森林算法建立检测模型, 其特异性达到了97.7%, 表明在允许的误差范围内检测玉米中的黄曲霉毒素是可行的。GASPARDO等[25]应用基于积分球的傅里叶变换NIRS分析技术对玉米粉中的伏马毒素B1和B2进行了快速检测, 直接使用偏最小二乘法建立模型, 检测结果R2可以达到0.983, 适合于需要高精度检测的应用。严晨等[26]结合NIRS信息与表面图像信息, 构建了线性判别分析和SVM判别模型。与仅依赖特征波长建立的模型相比, 综合使用这两种信息后, 模型的准确率得到了显著提升, 最佳识别率提高至92%, 显示了多模态数据结合的潜力[27]。综合来看, 结合可见-NIRS技术与机器学习来建立玉米霉变检测模型, 已被证实为一种有效的无损检测方法[28]。然而, 尽管NIRS在该领域表现出潜力, 但仍面临多个亟待解决的挑战[29-30]
本研究结合多种预处理方法和3种不同的模型, 对比特征光谱选取后模型结果, 尝试构建玉米样品AFB1含量的NIRS预测模型, 旨在为快速、无损和客观评估玉米霉变程度提供更深入的研究基础。
玉米中单909(合肥市农贸市场); 黄曲霉毒素混合对照品(纯度≥98%, 成都埃法生物科技有限公司); 黄曲霉菌株Bio-52973(国家菌种保藏中心); 三氟乙酸(分析纯, 国药控股有限公司); 甲醇、乙腈、正己烷(色谱纯, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
E2695高效液相色谱仪(美国Waters公司); WAT054275 C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm, 沃特世科技上海有限公司); SH-400涡旋混合仪(上海贤德实验仪器有限公司); BSP-30D超声波清洗机(上海比朗仪器制造有限公司); RH-B10数显恒温水浴锅、RH-GC-6氮吹仪(江苏金坛市荣华仪器制造有限公司); NIRQuest 512近红外光谱仪(美国Ocean opticsr公司); ME204电子分析天平(感量为0.00001 g和0.01 g, 梅特勒一托利多仪器公司); DHG-9053A电热鼓风恒温箱(上海一恒科技有限公司)。
图1所示, 选择干燥玉米粒, 喷洒黄曲霉孢子, 在20 ℃、相对湿度为70%条件下培养, 制备不同霉变程度的玉米样本。样本制备好后置于冰箱冷藏保存, 以备后续使用。最终制备51组样本, 每组样本取3个平行, 共153个样本, 任取其中120个作为训练集, 剩余33个作为测试集。
参照GB 5009.22—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中黄曲霉毒素B族和G族的测定》中的高效液相色谱-柱前衍生法对不同霉变玉米样本中的AFB1进行测定。
(1) HPLC色谱条件
WAT054275色谱柱: C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm); 流动相: A相为水, B相为乙腈:甲醇溶液(50:50, V:V), 流速1.0 mL/min, 柱温40 ℃, 激发波长360 nm; 发射波长440 nm, 进样量20 μL。
(2)玉米样品的制备
将玉米样品粉碎并通过20目筛网筛选后, 称取5.00 g样品置于100 mL的带塞锥形瓶中, 随后加入25.0 mL的乙腈水溶液(84:16, V:V)。在室温下, 以200 r/min的速度进行振荡提取, 持续60 min。提取后, 使用中速滤纸过滤, 并将10.0 mL的滤液转移至50 mL的具塞离心管中, 再加入10.0 mL三氯甲烷进行萃取, 旋涡混合1 min后静置以分层。取下层的萃取液并转移至15 mL的具塞离心管中, 随后在50 ℃的水浴中进行氮气吹干。复溶时, 加入200 μL的乙腈水溶液(90:10, V:V), 接着再加入700 μL的三氟乙酸、水和冰乙酸的混合溶液(20:70:10, V:V:V), 并加塞混匀。在40 ℃的恒温水浴中进行75 min的衍生反应后, 通过0.22 μm的微孔滤膜过滤, 准备测定。
图2所示, 采集玉米NIRS数据的光谱仪为NIRQuest近红外光谱仪, 采集系统由高分辨率干涉仪、红外光源、探测器、数据分析软件、计算机等组成。可采集到的反射光谱范围为400~2500 nm, 光谱分辨率为0.5 cm-1, 经软件处理后共得到128个不同的波段。每个样本取3粒玉米样品, 测3组光谱数据, 共得到153组NIRS数据。
(1)本研究应用TQ Analyst 9.5软件将NIRS转化为成对数据点(数据点间隔6.063 cm-1); 在Matlab 2023a平台上执行了数据预处理的对比分析, 建立霉变等级NIRS模型。
(2)为降低仪器噪声和暗电流等干扰因素, 本研究采用多种预处理技术对光谱数据进行处理。这些方法包括无光谱预处理、多元散射校正(multivariate scatter correction, MSC)、标准正态变换(standard normal variate, SNV)和移动平均平滑(moving average smoothing, MAS)。通过对以上预处理方法的建模和模型结果的比较, 确定最佳的NIRS预处理方法。
(3)模型结果用R2、均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)、相对预测偏差(relative prediction deviation, RPD)表示。计算公式如式(1)、(2)、(3):
$R^{2}=1-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-y_{i, p}\right)^{2}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\bar{y}\right)^{2}}$
$\mathrm{RMSE}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-y_{i, p}\right)^{2}}$
$\mathrm{RPD}=\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\bar{y}\right)^{2}}}{\mathrm{RMSE}}$
式中: yiyi,p分别表示第i个样本的AFB1含量真实值与第i个样本的AFB1含量预测值。$\bar{y}$表示所有样本的AFB1含量真实值的平均值, n是样本数量。在本研究中, R2值的大小反映了模型对数据集的拟合优度, 其值的增加表明模型对变量间关系的解释能力越强。当R2值趋近于1时, 表明模型具有较高的解释力。相对地, RMSE值的降低意味着模型预测的精度提高, 误差减小, 这表明模型能够更准确地拟合数据, 从而提供更可靠的预测结果。较低的RMSE值与模型性能的优越性呈正相关。此外, RPD值的增大表明模型在预测方面的能力增强, RPD值若超过2, 则通常认为模型具有良好的预测性能, 其值越高, 表明模型的预测可靠性越强。
图3所示, 在构建反向传播神经网络(backpropagation neural network, BPNN)模型时, 采用了3层网络结构, 分别为输入层、中间层(隐层)和输出层。输入层包含128个神经元, 针对128个不同波长下的光谱值; 输出层则由一个神经元构成, 用于表示AFB1的预测值。在此模型中, 隐层神经元的传递函数使用Tansig函数, 训练函数选用Traincgf函数, 而输出层神经元的传递函数则采用Logsig函数。隐层神经元的数量设定为5个。样本经过随机化分配, 训练集包含120个样本, 预测集包含33个样本。网络训练的误差目标定为1e-6, 训练步数为1000, 学习率设置为0.01。
在极限学习机(extreme learning machine, ELM)模型的架构中, 使用了单隐层前馈神经网络结构。隐层的权重通过随机生成, 而训练的主要任务则是计算输出层权重的确定。隐层节点的数量设定为50, 激活函数选择了Sigmoid函数。而训练过程则由Elmtrain函数来执行。样本经随机化分, 训练集分包含120个样本, 预测集包含33个样本。
一个使用径向基函数核的支持向量回归(support vector regression, SVR)模型, 配置了特定的惩罚因子、Gamma参数和容忍度。这些参数控制了模型的复杂性和对训练数据的拟合程度, 从而影响模型的预测性能。Svmtrain函数用于训练SVM模型, 惩罚因子设定为4.0。RBF核的Gamma参数设定为0.8。回归的容忍度用于指定允许的回归误差范围, 设定为0.01。样本经随机化分, 训练集分包含120个样本, 预测集包含33个样本。
严重霉变的玉米样品肉眼可分辨, 无需建模分析, 因此利用HPLC对153个轻度霉变的玉米样本中AFB1的含量进行检测, 依据含量的不同进行了分组, 结果见表1
表1可知, AFB1含量集中在20~40 μg/kg的样本个数最大, 为51个。而AFB1含量大于80 μg/kg的样本数量最少, 为12个。样本量总共153, 根据GB 2761—2011《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》, 玉米、玉米面(渣、片)及玉米制品中的AFB1限量指标为20 μg/kg, 其中36个样本毒素含量未超标, 117个样本毒素含量超标。
根据表1将不同AFB1含量的玉米样本分组, 对分组后样本的RNSD求平均值, 得到图4。从图4可知, AFB1含量低的玉米样本, 其反射率总体偏大。这是因为玉米霉变时, 通常会导致其化学成分发生变化, 例如当玉米霉变时, 真菌会分解玉米中的淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪等成分。这些化学成分的改变导致其对红外光的吸收特性发生变化。霉变的玉米通常伴随有水分含量的增加, 当样品中水分增加时, 更多的红外光会被吸收而不是反射, 从而导致总体反射率下降。因此, 玉米霉变越严重, 其红外光谱图的反射率总体偏小。
对153个玉米样本进行了NIRS扫描, 得到原始光谱图5A。从图5A可见, 原始光谱曲线存在明显基线漂移现象, 因此用MSC、SNV、MAS对RNSD进行了预处理, 结果见图5
图5B、C可见, 经过MSC和SNV预处理后, 光谱曲线均显示出相似的特征, 表明基线漂移现象得到了有效消除。此外, 从图5D可见, MAS平滑处理进一步提升了光谱曲线的平滑度。从所获得的光谱曲线来看, 不同霉变等级的玉米在总体变化规律上表现出一定的相似性。具体而言, 各霉变等级的玉米在1180 nm附近均出现反射波谷; 而在1100~1500 nm波段内, 平均光谱反射率呈现总体增加趋势, 并在1550 nm附近达到最大峰值, 随后逐渐下降。这些发现为后续霉变玉米的鉴别与分析提供了重要的光谱特征依据。
特征选取通过减少数据维度、降低计算复杂度、提高模型准确性和泛化能力, 从而提升分类和回归性能。连续投影算法(stepwise projection algorithm, SPA)可以减少输入特征的维度, 在处理高维数据, 如光谱数据时, 减少计算复杂度和提高模型的可解释性。用SPA对玉米样本RNSD进行特征光谱选取, 选取了980.9、1023.2、1059.4、1119.5、1173.4、1215.1、1333.3、1467.2、1547.6、1581.7 nm, 一共10个特征光谱点, 如图6所示。
将RNSD、3种经过预处理的光谱数据与SPA特征光谱数据分别以BPNN、ELM、SVM法进行建模, 结果见表2表3
表2可知, 在BPNN建模过程中, 直接使用未经处理的RNSD进行建模所得到的训练集和预测集的R²值均低于其他经过预处理的数据, 表明其拟合效果不理想。同时, 较大的RMSE也揭示了预测值与实际值之间存在显著差异。此外, RPD值低于2进一步表明模型的预测性能不显著。在3种预处理方法中, MAS处理的预测集R2值最接近1, 为0.909, 且预测集的RMSE仅为5.064, RPD值为3.375, 显示出模型具备良好的预测能力。经过SPA特征光谱选取后, BPNN模型的预测性能进一步提高, 结果见表3, 其中预测集的R2最大为0.932, RMSE仅为4.539, RPD值最大为3.922。
表2可知, 在ELM建模过程中, 采用MAS预处理方法得到的模型效果最佳, 其训练集和测试集的R2值分别达到了0.942和0.790。此外, 该模型在训练集和测试集上的RPD值分别为4.202和2.217, 均超过了2的阈值, 表明模型的预测性能优良。与MAS预处理方法相比, 其他两种预处理方法及未经预处理的RNSD所建立的模型效果存在显著差距。如表3所示, 经过SPA特征光谱选取后, ELM模型的可靠性得到了提高, 其预测集R2最高为0.885, RPD值最高为2.999。
表2所示, 在构建SVM模型的过程中, 3种预处理方法及RNSD所形成的训练集均出现了过度拟合现象, 使得R2值接近1。然而, 在预测集方面, 只有采用MAS预处理方法的模型表现较为理想, R2值达到0.843, RPD值为2.565, 而其他模型的预测结果拟合度较低。如表3所示, SPA特征光谱选取后, SVM模型的预测性能显著提高, 其预测集R2最高为0.864, RPD值最高为2.796。
经过MAS预处理后, SPA选取的特征光谱用于BPNN建模的结果最佳。如图7所示, 建模结果显示了预测集真实值与预测值之间的高度拟合性。其预测集R2值最高达0.932, RPD值最高到3.922。在本研究中, 影响NIRS技术预测霉变玉米中AFB1含量的主要因素包括光谱预处理方法的差异和模型构建方式。结果表明, 经过MAS预处理的波长数据更适合用于模型构建。在3种模型中, 使用BPNN建模效果, 预测结果更加突出。同时, SPA特征光谱的选取显著增强了模型的有效性和可靠性。
本研究针对轻度真菌污染的霉变玉米, 采用NIRS技术检测其中的AFB1含量。在RNSD上采用了3种预处理方法, 将RNSD和预处理后光谱数据输入3种模型进行建模, 并与通过SPA选取特征光谱建模的结果比较。结果表明, 对于轻度霉变玉米, 在3种预处理方法中, MAS更加优秀, 能得到较好的结果。在3种模型中, BPNN的表现优于ELM和SVM, 并且经SPA选取特征光谱建模的结果优于预处理完直接建模。最后, 经过MAS预处理的NIRS数据, 在SPA特征光谱选择后, 通过BPNN建模获得了较理想的结果, R2值最高达0.932, 显示出较高的稳定性和可靠性。因此, 该方法可有效用于轻度霉变玉米的快速无损检测。
虽然本研究表明BPNN为最佳模型, 但其他模型的潜力仍待深入挖掘。例如, 对于SVM, 可以探索不同的核函数和参数组合。此外, 数据处理环节中, 光谱预处理后可采用其他特征选择方法, 如主成分分析或线性判别分析, 以用更少的数据量传递更丰富的信息。尽管NIRS技术在霉变玉米的无损检测中显示出良好潜力, 但仍存在局限性, 需进一步完善。同时, 本研究的样本数量及种类可能尚不足以覆盖广泛的地域和品种, 玉米样品霉变程度即AFB1含量可能也未能达到所需的最佳标准, 没有进行霉变程度更大玉米样本的研究。此外, 霉变玉米的鉴别方法相对单一, 构建的预测模型的泛化能力仍需进一步提升。因此, 后续仍需深入研究。
  • 安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(2023n06020014)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241106008
  • 接收时间:2024-11-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-06
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安徽省重点研究与开发计划项目(2023n06020014)
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    1.合肥工业大学食品与生物工程学院, 合肥 230601
    2.农产品现代加工安徽省重点实验室, 合肥 230601
    3.农产品智能化绿色质选技术与装备安徽省联合共建学科重点实验室, 合肥 230071

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* 操丽丽(1979—), 女, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为粮油加工与质量安全控制技术研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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