Article(id=1153986581787566751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241105006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730736000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061441132, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061441132, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061441132, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061441132, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986579971429187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061440699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758783495950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=291, endPage=298, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986582211191460, articleId=1153986581787566751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Analysis of national food safety supervision and inspection results for infant and toddler foods from 2018 to 2023, columnId=1153433739154678309, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Food Safety Supervision and Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To obtain a comparative analysis of the unqualified infant and toddler foods in the sampling inspection of national food safety supervision from 2018 to 2023. Methods The information of unqualified infant and toddler food samples sampled by the national food safety supervision from 2018 to 2023 was summarized and analyzed from the sampling quantity and product brands, unqualified rate, food categories, unqualified items and sampled areas. Results The total amount of sampling of infant and toddler food decreased in the past 4 years. The unqualified rate decreased from 0.20% (2018) to 0.02% (2022), however, the unqualified rate increased significantly since 2022. Domestic and foreign brands of infant and toddler food had certain risk of problems. Milk powder and rice flour were the main unqualified infant food categories, accounting for 30.30% and 23.23% respectively. In the unqualified items, mineral content accounted for the highest proportion, followed by vitamin content. The source of unqualified infant food was mostly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas of China, and the unqualified rate of online shop sampling was also quite high. Conclusion In recent years, the state's supervision of infant and toddler food has achieved remarkable results, but it still needs to be strengthened, while the frequency and quantity of sampling inspection should be reasonably arranged. The content of mineral and vitamin in infant food doesn't meet standards, which is an urgent problem to be solved. National market supervision departments need to strengthen follow-up supervision.

, correspAuthors=Jin-Zhong XI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zi-Xin CHEN, Xin-Tong JIANG, Bing FU, Hui WANG, Jie-Hao PAN, Jin-Zhong XI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986613899157980, articleId=1153986581787566751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=2018—2023年婴幼儿食品国家食品安全监督抽检结果分析, columnId=1153433739318256173, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=食品安全监管, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 对比分析2018—2023年国家食品安全监督抽检中婴幼儿食品不合格情况。方法 汇总统计2018—2023年国家食品安全监督抽检婴幼儿食品不合格样品信息, 从抽样数量及产品品牌、不合格率、食品类别、不合格项目、被抽样地区进行分析。结果 近4年来, 婴幼儿食品的抽检总量呈下降趋势, 其不合格率也由2018年的0.20%降低至2022年的0.02%, 但自2022年起不合格率又有较大上升趋势。国内外品牌的婴幼儿食品均存在一定的问题风险。婴幼儿抽检不合格的食品类别主要为奶粉和米粉两大类, 分别占整体的30.30%和23.23%; 在不合格项目中, 矿物质含量不达标的占比最多, 维生素含量次之。不合格婴幼儿食品来源地大多集中在东部沿海地区, 网店抽检不合格率也颇高。结论 近年来, 国家对婴幼儿食品的监管成效显著但仍需加强, 需要合理安排抽检频率和数量。婴幼儿食品中矿物质与维生素的添加含量不达标是目前亟待解决的问题。国家市场监管部门需加强后续监管工作。

, correspAuthors=席金忠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 席金忠(1993—), 男, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品药品环境犯罪侦查技术。E-mail:
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陈梓欣(2005—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品药品环境犯罪侦查技术。E-mail:

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陈梓欣(2005—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品药品环境犯罪侦查技术。E-mail:

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List of unqualified product brands in infant and toddler food sampling from 2018 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 品牌 数量/个 序号 品牌 数量/个 序号 品牌 数量/个
1 美林宝贝/MELLIN 7 15 宝贝与我蓝曦 1 29 每嘉 1
2 Ella's Kitchen 3 16 贝爱其味 1 30 美力滋 1
3 宝贝滋养 3 17 贝贝美食家 1 31 姆阿普 1
4 禾泱泱 3 18 谷之爱 1 32 玺宝 1
5 爱氏妈妈上韵 2 19 淳璀 1 33 喜安智典悦 1
6 爱西姆贝尔小亲亲 2 20 朵博士 1 34 小皮(Little Freddie) 1
7 安纽希 2 21 恩仕 1 35 鑫脾牛 1
8 康多蜜儿 2 22 谷百 1 36 雅培 1
9 姥姥的稻田 2 23 虹宝 1 37 爷爷的农场 1
10 太子乐 2 24 菁嘉贝比 1 38 依诺铂欧 1
11 荷莱蕊 2 25 可贝思 1 39 优格曼 1
12 爱的营养大师 1 26 羚滋 1 40 未标注品牌 41
13 安莱俪依 1 27 龙贝乐 1
14 澳滋 1 28 妈咪朵 1
), ArticleFig(id=1177985617079185869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581787566751, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2018—2023年婴幼儿食品中抽检不合格产品品牌表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 品牌 数量/个 序号 品牌 数量/个 序号 品牌 数量/个
1 美林宝贝/MELLIN 7 15 宝贝与我蓝曦 1 29 每嘉 1
2 Ella's Kitchen 3 16 贝爱其味 1 30 美力滋 1
3 宝贝滋养 3 17 贝贝美食家 1 31 姆阿普 1
4 禾泱泱 3 18 谷之爱 1 32 玺宝 1
5 爱氏妈妈上韵 2 19 淳璀 1 33 喜安智典悦 1
6 爱西姆贝尔小亲亲 2 20 朵博士 1 34 小皮(Little Freddie) 1
7 安纽希 2 21 恩仕 1 35 鑫脾牛 1
8 康多蜜儿 2 22 谷百 1 36 雅培 1
9 姥姥的稻田 2 23 虹宝 1 37 爷爷的农场 1
10 太子乐 2 24 菁嘉贝比 1 38 依诺铂欧 1
11 荷莱蕊 2 25 可贝思 1 39 优格曼 1
12 爱的营养大师 1 26 羚滋 1 40 未标注品牌 41
13 安莱俪依 1 27 龙贝乐 1
14 澳滋 1 28 妈咪朵 1
), ArticleFig(id=1177985617163071951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581787566751, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

List of unqualified items in infant and toddler food inspections from 2018 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 不合格项目 数量
/个
序号 不合格项目 数量
/个
1 35 14 二十二碳六烯酸与总脂肪酸比 2
2 维生素A 19 15 黄曲霉毒素B1 2
3 10 16 灰分 2
4 核苷酸 7 17 脂肪 2
5 菌落总数 5 18 克罗诺杆菌属(Cronobacter, 原称阪崎肠杆菌) 2
6 维生素D 5 19 二十二碳六烯酸 2
7 香兰素 6 20 二十碳四烯酸与总脂肪酸比 1
8 维生素B1 4 21 泛酸 1
9 4 22 1
10 烟酸 4 23 维生素B12 1
11 3 24 1
12 维生素B2 3 25 硝酸盐(以NaNO3计) 1
13 叶酸 3 26 叶黄素 1
), ArticleFig(id=1177985617225986513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581787566751, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2018—2023年婴幼儿食品中抽检不合格项目表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 不合格项目 数量
/个
序号 不合格项目 数量
/个
1 35 14 二十二碳六烯酸与总脂肪酸比 2
2 维生素A 19 15 黄曲霉毒素B1 2
3 10 16 灰分 2
4 核苷酸 7 17 脂肪 2
5 菌落总数 5 18 克罗诺杆菌属(Cronobacter, 原称阪崎肠杆菌) 2
6 维生素D 5 19 二十二碳六烯酸 2
7 香兰素 6 20 二十碳四烯酸与总脂肪酸比 1
8 维生素B1 4 21 泛酸 1
9 4 22 1
10 烟酸 4 23 维生素B12 1
11 3 24 1
12 维生素B2 3 25 硝酸盐(以NaNO3计) 1
13 叶酸 3 26 叶黄素 1
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2018—2023年婴幼儿食品国家食品安全监督抽检结果分析
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陈梓欣 1, 2 , 蒋欣桐 1, 2 , 符冰 1, 2 , 王慧 1, 2 , 潘杰豪 1, 2 , 席金忠 1, 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025,16(4): 291-298
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 食品安全监管 2025, 16(4): 291-298
2018—2023年婴幼儿食品国家食品安全监督抽检结果分析
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陈梓欣1, 2 , 蒋欣桐1, 2, 符冰1, 2, 王慧1, 2, 潘杰豪1, 2, 席金忠1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京警察学院刑事科学技术学院, 南京 210023
  • 2.野生动植物物证技术国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 南京 210023
  • 陈梓欣(2005—), 女, 主要研究方向为食品药品环境犯罪侦查技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 席金忠(1993—), 男, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品药品环境犯罪侦查技术。E-mail:
Analysis of national food safety supervision and inspection results for infant and toddler foods from 2018 to 2023
Zi-Xin CHEN1, 2 , Xin-Tong JIANG1, 2, Bing FU1, 2, Hui WANG1, 2, Jie-Hao PAN1, 2, Jin-Zhong XI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Nanjing Police University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Wildlife Evidence Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241105006
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目的 对比分析2018—2023年国家食品安全监督抽检中婴幼儿食品不合格情况。方法 汇总统计2018—2023年国家食品安全监督抽检婴幼儿食品不合格样品信息, 从抽样数量及产品品牌、不合格率、食品类别、不合格项目、被抽样地区进行分析。结果 近4年来, 婴幼儿食品的抽检总量呈下降趋势, 其不合格率也由2018年的0.20%降低至2022年的0.02%, 但自2022年起不合格率又有较大上升趋势。国内外品牌的婴幼儿食品均存在一定的问题风险。婴幼儿抽检不合格的食品类别主要为奶粉和米粉两大类, 分别占整体的30.30%和23.23%; 在不合格项目中, 矿物质含量不达标的占比最多, 维生素含量次之。不合格婴幼儿食品来源地大多集中在东部沿海地区, 网店抽检不合格率也颇高。结论 近年来, 国家对婴幼儿食品的监管成效显著但仍需加强, 需要合理安排抽检频率和数量。婴幼儿食品中矿物质与维生素的添加含量不达标是目前亟待解决的问题。国家市场监管部门需加强后续监管工作。

婴幼儿食品  /  食品安全  /  监督抽检  /  矿物质  /  维生素

Objective To obtain a comparative analysis of the unqualified infant and toddler foods in the sampling inspection of national food safety supervision from 2018 to 2023. Methods The information of unqualified infant and toddler food samples sampled by the national food safety supervision from 2018 to 2023 was summarized and analyzed from the sampling quantity and product brands, unqualified rate, food categories, unqualified items and sampled areas. Results The total amount of sampling of infant and toddler food decreased in the past 4 years. The unqualified rate decreased from 0.20% (2018) to 0.02% (2022), however, the unqualified rate increased significantly since 2022. Domestic and foreign brands of infant and toddler food had certain risk of problems. Milk powder and rice flour were the main unqualified infant food categories, accounting for 30.30% and 23.23% respectively. In the unqualified items, mineral content accounted for the highest proportion, followed by vitamin content. The source of unqualified infant food was mostly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas of China, and the unqualified rate of online shop sampling was also quite high. Conclusion In recent years, the state's supervision of infant and toddler food has achieved remarkable results, but it still needs to be strengthened, while the frequency and quantity of sampling inspection should be reasonably arranged. The content of mineral and vitamin in infant food doesn't meet standards, which is an urgent problem to be solved. National market supervision departments need to strengthen follow-up supervision.

infant and toddler food  /  food safety  /  supervision and inspection  /  minerals  /  vitamin
陈梓欣, 蒋欣桐, 符冰, 王慧, 潘杰豪, 席金忠. 2018—2023年婴幼儿食品国家食品安全监督抽检结果分析. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (4) : 291 -298 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241105006
Zi-Xin CHEN, Xin-Tong JIANG, Bing FU, Hui WANG, Jie-Hao PAN, Jin-Zhong XI. Analysis of national food safety supervision and inspection results for infant and toddler foods from 2018 to 2023[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (4) : 291 -298 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241105006
婴幼儿(0~3岁)阶段是人体迅速生长发育的重要时期, 生命初期的营养状况直接地影响着婴幼儿的体能与智力发展[1]。婴幼儿食品作为促进婴幼儿器官成长与提升免疫力的关键营养来源[2], 其安全性受到社会各界的高度关注。近年来, 吸取早年间三聚氰胺毒奶粉等事件的经验, 国家进一步加大力度管控婴幼儿食品的安全, 取得了不错的成效。但随着科技进步与时代发展, 新型违规生产技术手段屡见不鲜, 同时三胎政策下婴幼儿食品市场扩大, 不法分子可乘之机增多, 婴幼儿食品安全监管仍需高度重视。
食品安全监督抽检是国家进行食品安全监管的重要措施, 其所得结果极具权威性和实用性价值[3], 通过对食品监管信息的分析和挖掘, 可以更好地为食品监管提供信息支撑和决策支持[4]。但是国家权威机构官网仅仅只有全国各项食品的不合格率, 缺少对某一具体品类(如本研究所涉及的婴幼儿食品)的抽检结果和风险进行分析。因此, 本研究通过分析国家食品安全监督抽检结果, 对2018—2023年婴幼儿食品安全形势进行分析, 对该类食品不合格产品的各项特征进行更为具体地阐释, 以掌握近年来我国婴幼儿食品的安全形势, 发现其中存在的安全风险, 为生产加工企业提高婴幼儿食品质量安全水平提供决策参考, 为改善婴幼儿食品的食品安全监管提供科学依据。
本研究所应用的数据主要来自2018—2023年国家市场监督管理总局在其官网(https://www.samr.gov.cn/)对外发布的关于国家食品安全监督抽检结果的通告, 通过下载抽检结果为“不合格”的食品数据, 筛选食品类别为婴幼儿食品, 包括婴幼儿配方食品与特殊膳食中的婴幼儿辅食食品, 形成了一份关于婴幼儿食品抽检不合格项目的数据, 主要信息包括产品名称、不合格项目、指标检测值、食品安全国家标准要求、产品包装标签明示值和生产企业名称及地址等。以此数据为研究对象, 分析近年来我国婴幼儿食品的安全形势及存在的主要问题。
根据中国政府网(https://www.gov.cn/)发布的《2018年食品安全抽检项目、依据及检验方法》, 本研究所针对的婴幼儿食品的监督检测依据主要为GB 10765—2021《食品安全国家标准 婴儿配方食品》、GB 10767—2021《食品安全国家标准 幼儿配方食品》、GB 10769—2010《食品安全国家标准 婴幼儿谷类辅助食品》、GB 10770—2010《食品安全国家标准 婴幼儿罐装辅助食品》、GB 22570—2014《食品安全国家标准 辅食营养补充品》、GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中真菌毒素限量》、GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》。少量依据为产品明示标准及质量要求。
采用Origin 9.1进行数据分析和处理, 并绘制图表。
根据2018—2023年年度抽检汇总情况公告, 近6年来, 共计抽检婴幼儿食品65264批次, 其中不合格样品为78批次, 不合格数占总数的0.12%, 如图1所示。
图1可知, 自2020年(抽样总量为15330批次)以后, 婴幼儿食品的抽检数量逐年降低, 至2023年(抽样总量为8453)降低了44.86%。抽检不合格率也始终保持在0.25%以下, 自2018年至2023年, 不合格率整体呈下降趋势, 由2018年的0.20%降低至2022年的0.02%, 仅2018—2019、2020—2021、2022—2023存在上升波动。以上数据说明近年来我国婴幼儿食品的安全形势良好, 国家对其施行的监管十分有效。可能是由于行业情况良好, 国家监管策略的调整、抽检重点的转移, 或者资源分配的变化等因素, 国家对该类食品的抽检总数量自2020年起连年降低, 但是2023年虽然抽检总量仍在下降, 抽检不合格率又出现相对较大涨幅, 上升至0.13%。尽管2023年的不合格率仍然低于2018年的水平, 但不合格率的再次上升。国家需时刻保持高度的警惕性和严谨性, 以确保婴幼儿食品的质量和安全性。
在所统计的99个不合格婴幼儿产品中, 共有58个产品明确标注了品牌名称, 这些产品来自39个不同的品牌, 详见下表1。其中品牌“美林宝贝”(又名“MELLIN”)检出不合格数量7个, 是出问题最多的品牌。“Ella's Kitchen”“宝贝滋养”“禾泱泱” 3个品牌分别检出3个不合格产品。出现问题的品牌再次产生不合格产品的可能性较大, 故市场监督管理部门应当加强对出问题品牌的抽检力度。
此外, 查询39个品牌所属地后绘制图2。由图2可知, 涉及品牌中中国国产品牌数量最多, 占比45.0%。有关统计数据显示, 中国现已超过美国, 跃居全球婴幼儿奶粉消费榜首[5]。婴幼儿奶粉市场拥有十分广阔的前景[5], 故而国产品牌数量增多, 产品种类复杂, 不合格产品的风险也随之上升。因此, 对于国产品牌的产品质量和安全标准, 必须强化监管措施, 增加抽检频率和排查力度, 力求最大限度地降低不合格产品可能带来的负面影响。
相较于国产品牌, 国外品牌所属地分布则相对分散, 澳大利亚与英国品牌分别占比7.5%, 丹麦、韩国、荷兰、美国、西班牙、意大利品牌各占5.0%, 德国、加拿大、瑞士、新西兰品牌则分别占比2.5%。自2008年“三聚氰胺毒奶粉”事件以来, 国产婴幼儿食品行业遭受了严重的信任危机[6]。这一事件促使许多国内消费者转而选择进口产品, 从而使得国外品牌在国内婴幼儿食品市场中的份额显著增加。然而, 从现有的数据来看, 国外品牌的婴幼儿食品同样存在着不容忽视的问题。因此, 监管部门对于国外品牌产品的抽检工作同样不能放松警惕, 而消费者在购买时也应当进行更为全面的考虑和评估。
为进一步探究婴幼儿食品存在的安全风险, 找出不合格率上升的原因, 针对2018—2023年婴幼儿食品抽检不合格产品进行统计分类, 剔除特殊膳食中抽检所包含的母体营养补剂、运动型补剂等非婴幼儿食品, 共计99个抽检不合格产品记录, 结果如图3所示。
在婴幼儿食品中, 乳粉类制品(奶粉)以及婴幼儿谷类辅食(米粉)的不合格率最高, 分别占30.30%和23.23%, 二者总不合格率超过抽检不合格项目的一半, 果泥、营养补剂次之, 分别占14.14%、12.12%, 剩余品类均占比10%以下, 具体为面8.08%、米乳5.05%、其他辅食5.05%、零食2.02%。其中, 婴幼儿奶粉与米粉的安全性问题尤为显著。对于非母乳喂养的婴儿而言, 以牛或羊乳为基本原料辅以多种营养物质的婴幼儿配方奶粉是他们生命初期获取生长发育所需全面营养的主要食物来源[7-8], 婴幼儿米粉则作为辅食, 当母乳或婴幼儿配方奶粉无法满足婴儿的全部营养需求时, 特别是在婴幼儿断奶的过渡阶段, 常被用来为婴幼儿提供额外的营养补充[9], 以满足婴幼儿日常的营养需求。因此, 婴幼儿奶粉与米粉在幼童整个生长周期内食用时间长, 食用范围广, 食品内所须添加的营养物质多, 对生产技术的要求高, 孙健等[10]的研究发现不同生产工艺对婴幼儿配方奶粉中的营养素稳定性具有较大影响, 其中湿法工艺易造成微量营养素的损失, 这导致生产难度增大, 生产成本增加。不良商家为提高利润, 在生产过程中偷工减料或添加违禁成分, 并且此类食品多以粉质状态呈现, 肉眼无法判断内部具体营养物质含量, 掩盖了不良商家的非法行径, 为市场监管增添了难度, 故而此类产品不合格率明显高于其他品类。
在所统计的99个不合格婴幼儿产品中, 检测出不合格项目共26种。如表2所示, 不合格项目主要为矿物质(具体包括钠、铁、锌、碘、氯、硒), 不合格数量为54个(占比42.52%); 维生素(具体包括维生素A、B1、B2、B12、D、烟酸、叶酸、泛酸及叶黄素), 不合格数量为41个(占比32.28%); 微生物(具体项目为克罗诺杆菌及菌落总数不达标), 不合格数量为7个(占比5.51%); 营养物质(主要为核苷酸含量不足), 不合格数量为7个(占比5.51%); 食品添加剂(具体为香兰素违法添加), 不合格数量为6个(占比4.72%); 可选择成分, 不合格数量为5个(占比3.94%)以及基础成分、其他指标、真菌毒素、污染物等10大类。
以上不合格项目出现原因大多都是添加量与标准添加量不符, 低于标准要求, 使婴幼儿食品质量下降, 为婴幼儿成长提供的营养大打折扣。少量为违法添加问题, 易对婴幼儿成长造成不可逆转性伤害。以下对上述不合格项目中的矿物质、维生素、微生物以及食品添加剂等做相应具体分析。
矿物质又称无机盐, 是人体组织不可或缺的构成元素, 在人体的整个生长发育过程中都起着关键的作用[11], 是维持体内渗透压平衡的重要因素[12]。根据GB 10765—2021与GB 10767—2021的规定, 乳基婴儿配方食品必要成分包含14种矿物质, 幼儿配方食品则包含10种必要矿物质。上述标准表明矿物质是全时期婴幼儿食品必不可少的成分。牛犁天等[13]的研究中将12种矿物质中的8种列为风险等级A级, 安全范围较小, 可见矿物质的适量添加对婴幼儿生长发育和相关婴幼儿食品生产中的重要性。矿物质的过量添加有可能导致婴幼儿成长过程中生理功能失调[14], 使得其效果适得其反。赵浩吉等[15]对各类辅助食品基本营养成分含量分布情况做出统计, 发现钠、铁、锌等矿物质元素含量多在国标值最低限处聚集。因此, 对于婴幼儿食品中的矿物质添加既必不可少, 又要控制限量, 使其发挥出最大的功效。
图4所示, 矿物质不合格项目具体涉及钠、铁、锌、碘、氯、硒, 其中钠含量问题尤为突出, 占该类不合格项目的64.81%, 其次是铁和锌的添加问题, 不合格率分别占18.52%和7.41%。
钠在人体内起着关键性的生理作用, 主要包括调控细胞外液的体积与渗透压平衡, 保持体内酸碱度的稳定, 以及确保血压维持在正常水平[16]。过多或过少的钠都会对婴幼儿身体造成不可逆的伤害, 在所统计数据中钠含量不合格数高居榜首, 为百姓和市场监管敲响了警钟。李敏等[17]在研究婴幼儿奶粉配方时统计得出矿物质钠的来源主要为氯化钠, 也存在柠檬酸钠、磷酸二氢钠等物质来源。将实体物质转化为微量元素的生产工艺繁杂, 这可能是钠含量不合格的重要原因之一。此外, 基于生产成本以及配方等多方面因素影响, 使得矿物质钠的添加不合格比例进一步增高。
矿物质添加方面, 除了钠之外, 铁和锌的添加问题较为突出。铁和锌是人体必需的微量元素, 对婴儿健康成长和发育至关重要。铁参与氧运输、储存及细胞色素、金属酶合成, 对能量代谢、免疫和脑功能等至关重要[18]。缺铁会阻碍儿童的生长发育, 对大脑的认知功能发展产生不利影响, 导致运动能力减弱、免疫力下降, 并干扰其他营养物质的正常代谢[19]。锌参与人体内许多酶的组成和重要的生理活动, 缺锌可能导致智力低下[20]。因此, 确保胎儿和婴儿均衡摄入铁和锌非常重要。生产过程中原料的质量与生产工艺的制定都可能是婴幼儿食品中铁和锌添加不合格的潜在原因, 故加强对生产源头的管控是为监管部门的工作提出的新思路。
维生素在机体生长发育过程中发挥多项重要生理功能。其中, 维生素A影响视觉、免疫、生长发育等[21]。B族维生素则具有调节人体代谢平衡、维持神经系统健康、预防记忆丧失和认知衰退等功能[22]。维生素D在人体钙与磷酸盐的新陈代谢过程中扮演着核心角色, 它对于婴幼儿的骨骼成长发育具有极其重要的意义[23]。因此, 合理且适量的维生素搭配对婴幼儿的成长至关重要。
据数据显示, 维生素添加量不达标是第二大问题所在。其中维生素A出现不合格次数最多, 占维生素类不合格总数的46.34%, 其次是B族维生素(包括维生素B1、B2、B12), 占总数的19.52%, 维生素D的不合格率位列第3, 占比12.20%, 具体数据情况如图5所示。
对于维生素检测不合格的原因, 除了不良产商生产过程要求不合格外, 基于姜艳喜等[24]的研究实验, 在温度、光照等客观因素条件下, 婴幼儿乳粉内的维生素成分会出现一定的衰退, 加上本身产品中的添加量较少, 在检测中出现不合格情况便因之增多。对此相关生产企业需要加以重视, 研发维生素更稳定的产品, 确保婴幼儿食用时摄取的营养足类、足量。
统计数据中出现的第3大问题在于微生物, 主要涉及菌落总数与克罗诺杆菌不达标。克罗诺杆菌(原称阪崎肠杆菌)是寄生在肠道的条件致病菌, 主要感染婴幼儿, 尤其是早产儿和免疫力低下的新生儿, 是婴幼儿食品中的重要健康威胁, 严重可致死, 致死率高达40%~80%[25]。2022年2月, 美国报告4起婴儿食用雅培奶粉后感染克罗诺杆菌入院病例, 其中2例死亡, 死亡率达到50%, 雅培随后宣布召回该类婴幼儿配方奶粉[26]。黄燕等[27]在2023年的研究中发现该菌对婴儿配方奶粉及其生产环境有着极高的耐受性, 难以被彻底清除, 因此容易造成婴幼儿食品的持续污染问题。微生物对人体威胁大, 此类不合格问题不容忽视, 监管部门应当加强对克罗诺杆菌等微生物不合格项目的检测与监管, 保障婴幼儿食品的发展。
统计抽检数据中食品添加剂不合格问题统一出现在香兰素违法添加上。香兰素是一类广泛使用的食品增香剂[28]。然而, 研究指出, 大量摄入合成香兰素可引发头痛、恶心及呕吐症状, 并可能损害肝脏和肾脏的功能, 进而威胁人体健康。尤其对于月龄较小的婴儿而言, 由于其肝脏和肾脏的解毒能力尚未完全发育成熟, 摄入香兰素所造成的伤害将更为严重且可能无法逆转[29]。故而在中国, 0~6个月婴幼儿食品中被禁止添加食用香兰素, 并且GB 2760—2024《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》中对稍大婴儿的食品内香兰素用量添加做了相当严格的规定。由于部分不良商贩为了追求产品更高的感官品质, 同时受到高额利润的驱使, 此类食品添加剂的违法添加屡禁不止, 其可能造成的巨大影响需引起监管部门的高度重视。
与微生物问题并列第3的是营养物质含量问题, 统计数据中均为核苷酸含量不足。在婴幼儿奶粉中添加核苷酸, 可促进婴幼儿的胃肠道生长发育和成熟[30]。尽管国家标准内核苷酸不是必需成分, 但其含量影响着婴幼儿食品的营养价值[31], 其添加量不足则易导致婴幼儿生长发育受限。再次是可选择成分, 基本为各类婴幼儿食品的特殊营养物质添加, 作为产品的销售卖点, 成分含量与标识不符。基础成分、其他指标、真菌毒素的问题分别占比1.57%, 出现问题较少, 形势较好。但值得一提的是真菌毒素的不合格问题, 在抽检数据中问题统一出现在黄曲霉毒素上, 这是一类最常见也是毒性、致癌性最强的真菌毒素[32]。尽管其出现问题次数较少, 但巨大的危害性应当引起监管部门的重视。排在最后一位的是污染物问题, 仅占比0.79%, 说明对生产过程的卫生监管较为到位。
此次统计数据99份, 除16份网店抽查外, 共涉及全国19个省、市、自治区, 结果如图6所示。
图6可知, 抽样不合格项目的原产地最主要来自广东和黑龙江, 不合格抽样数为18个和15个, 分别占比18.18%和15.15%。网店抽查不合格项目也居于前列, 共计16个, 占总不合格项目的16.16%。电商行业的不断发展使得网络购物普及, 对网络售卖商品的监管也急需重视。从实体店抽查整体情况来看, 涉及地域主要分布在东部沿海地区, 该区域内经济较西部其他地区更为发达, 且靠近海边与外来商品交流交换较为便利, 婴幼儿食品的来源和销售渠道均很广泛, 不合格产品出现情况较为严峻。因此, 加强对海外产品的监管势在必行。此外, 内蒙古、新疆等草原遍布地区不合格数量也不容小觑, 此类地区因有先天环境优势, 在婴幼儿奶类食品的原料生产中具有举足轻重的地位, 针对该类地区的抽检频率与要求也当不断上升。并且不同地区的人们对于营养健康的知识水平具有一定的差异[33], 这也一定程度上解释了婴幼儿食品出现问题的原因。不同地区不合格率的体现不仅表现了婴幼儿食品安全的严峻形势, 也显现出当地市场监管部门在国家的领导下所作工作的成效, 国家市场监管总局应当依据数据体现完善部署未来工作, 将婴幼儿食品不合格率控制在合理范围内。
本研究对比分析了2018—2023年国家市场监管总局关于婴幼儿食品的抽检情况。近年来, 随着国家对食品安全问题的日益重视, 婴幼儿食品领域的抽检工作持续开展。从抽检规模来看, 这一领域的抽检总量呈现出先升后降的趋势。与此同时, 不合格产品的检出率呈现出稳定的下降态势, 这在一定程度上反映了我国婴幼儿食品整体质量的提升。然而值得注意的是, 在2023年, 这一趋势出现了逆转, 抽检不合格率再次呈现上升趋势。针对产品品牌, 国内外品牌均存在一定问题, 监管部门应当重视各大品牌的产品管理。就不合格食品种类来看, 婴幼儿奶粉和米粉的问题最为突出。这两种食品作为婴幼儿的主要营养来源, 其质量安全直接关系到婴幼儿的健康成长。因此, 监管部门需要着重关注这两类食品的生产、加工和销售全环节, 确保婴幼儿能够摄入安全、健康的食品。从抽检不合格项目来看, 矿物质与维生素的添加问题成为婴幼儿食品的主要质量问题。监管部门应当增大对婴幼儿食品的矿物质与维生素含量的抽检频率与抽检力度, 确保这些营养成分的添加符合国家标准和婴幼儿健康成长的需求。此外, 市场监管部门也应当重视抽检不合格省份数据, 合理安排各地区的抽检频率及数量, 重点关注东部沿海地区及海外贸易发达地区、畜牧业发达区域等婴幼儿食品抽检不合格多发地区, 另外, 对电商行业的监管也应当加大力度, 从产品溯源打击生产源头, 从根本上切断不合格食品的来源, 保证婴幼儿食品行业不断蓬勃发展。
  • 2024年度中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(LGZD202401)
  • 公安理论及软研究计划项目(2020LLYJSLJY041)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241105006
  • 接收时间:2024-11-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-05
基金
2024年度中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(LGZD202401)
公安理论及软研究计划项目(2020LLYJSLJY041)
作者信息
    1.南京警察学院刑事科学技术学院, 南京 210023
    2.野生动植物物证技术国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 南京 210023

通讯作者:

* 席金忠(1993—), 男, 讲师, 主要研究方向为食品药品环境犯罪侦查技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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