Article(id=1153986646660862489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730649600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061456598, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061456598, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061456598, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061456598, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=83, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986647344534042, articleId=1153986646660862489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on oxidation preparation methods and biological activity of theaflavins, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Theaflavins (TF) are water-soluble pigments in tea. They possess rich biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, alleviating metabolic syndrome, anti-inflammatory, tooth-protecting, neuroprotective, and antidepressant effects, and thus have broad application prospects. Given the complex structure, unstable chemical properties, low extraction efficiency, and the difficulty in obtaining TF, the oxidative preparation of TF has attracted significant attention. Oxidation preparation methods of TF include the chemical method and the enzymatic method. Chemical method utilizes a chemical oxidant. It features a uniform oxidation degree and strong controllability, and generates more ester TF in an acidic environment. However, the chemical oxidation method has poor specificity. Consequently, it is necessary to protect the hydroxyl group on the catechin A-ring to enhance the yield of TF. Moreover, the amount of oxidant required is large, and safety is a concern. In enzymatic preparation, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase are employed. The conditions are mild, efficient, and specific. Efficiency of enzymatically preparing TF is influenced by the sources and types of oxidases, substrate composition, and reaction parameters. Yield of TF can be increased by preferentially oxidizing the oxidases of catechol catechins, increasing the proportion of biphenyl catechins, and reacting for an extended period in a weak-acid and low-temperature environment. Nevertheless, the current preparation methods still face problems such as a low extraction rate and low product purity. This paper discussed 2 kinds of oxidation preparation methods, and summarized their biological activities, in order to provide reference for the industrial production and application research of TF.
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茶黄素类化合物(theaflavin, TF)是茶叶中的一种水溶性色素, 具有抗氧化、抗菌、缓解代谢综合征、抗炎、保护牙齿、保护神经、抗抑郁等丰富的生物活性, 具有广阔应用前景。基于TF结构复杂、化学性质不稳定、提取效率低难度大等问题, TF的氧化制备广受关注。TF氧化制备方法包括化学法和酶法, 化学法制备使用化学氧化剂, 氧化程度均匀、可控性强, 在酸性环境中会生成更多的酯型TF, 但化学氧化法专一性差, 需要保护儿茶素A环上的羟基以提高TF的产率, 且氧化剂用量大, 安全性差; 酶法制备使用多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶, 条件温和、高效、专一, 酶法制备TF的效率受氧化酶来源和种类、底物组成和反应参数的影响, 优先氧化儿茶酚型儿茶素的氧化酶、提高联苯三酚型儿茶素比例、在弱酸低温环境下长时间反应均能提高TF的产率, 但目前的制备方法依旧存在提取率低、产品纯度低的问题。本文对两种氧化制备方法进行了讨论, 并对其生物活性进行总结和归纳, 旨在为TF的工业生产和应用研究提供参考。
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PA): 709-718., articleTitle=Effective synthesis of theaflavin-3,3’-digallate with epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and epicatechin gallate as substrates by using immobilized pear polyphenol oxidase, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1183428228250223615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, awardId=2022YFD2101105, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2101105), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1183428224747979668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428224756368277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, companyId=1183428224747979668, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428224777339798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, companyId=1183428224747979668, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430068)]), AuthorCompany(id=1183428224882197400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428224890586009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, companyId=1183428224882197400, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Hangzhou Tea Research Institute, CHINA COOP, Hangzhou 310016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428224915751834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, companyId=1183428224882197400, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中华全国供销合作总社杭州茶叶研究所, 杭州 310016)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1183428227017098209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Formation of TF during the production of black tea[11], figureFileSmall=NV5EkSwJ1vkwhmngg0bkfw==, figureFileBig=b9KQtVXdMrNP7sQ6meOOJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428227100984292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
红茶制作过程中TF的形成[11] 注: 茶黄素(theaflavin, TF1); 茶黄素-3-没食子酸酯(theaflavin-3-gallate, TF2A); 茶黄素-3’-没食子酸酯(theaflavin-3’-gallate, TF2B); 茶黄素双没食子酸酯(theaflavin-3,3’-digallate, TF3)。
, figureFileSmall=NV5EkSwJ1vkwhmngg0bkfw==, figureFileBig=b9KQtVXdMrNP7sQ6meOOJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428227214230504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Biological activity of the TF, figureFileSmall=HIibwZqai88eWybsxIrYfQ==, figureFileBig=bdc7USRLBFY2cCQ3J0Zkxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428227323282411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
TF的生物活性, figureFileSmall=HIibwZqai88eWybsxIrYfQ==, figureFileBig=bdc7USRLBFY2cCQ3J0Zkxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428227407168494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Hypoglycemic activity of TF, figureFileSmall=ECi/lfMNU83tianDEl4ALg==, figureFileBig=7EKJol1Een7VP+PzRsOT7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428227491054576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
TF的降血糖活性, figureFileSmall=ECi/lfMNU83tianDEl4ALg==, figureFileBig=7EKJol1Een7VP+PzRsOT7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428227600106481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Preparation method of partial TF
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 原料 | 氧化剂 | 制备条件 | 产率/% | 参考文献 |
| EC:ECG:EGC:EGCG=2:3:4:9 | 马铃薯PPO | 反应pH 5.5; 反应时间150 min; 底物质量浓度6.0 mg/mL; 反应温度20 ℃ | 10.86 | [19] |
EGC:EC:EGCG:GCG:ECG =4:10:27:3:24 | 茶鲜叶酶原 | 反应温度30 ℃; 反应pH 4.8; 底物质量浓度9.0 mg/mL; 酶源物质量浓度0.28 g/mL; 通氧量0.4 L/min; 反应时间40 min | 43.33 | [20] |
| EC:EGC=2:1 | K3[Fe(CN)6]、NaHCO3 | 儿茶素类溶液滴入低温K₃[Fe(CN)6]和NaHCO3混合溶液 | - | [21] |
| 儿茶素、EC、EGC | Pb(OAc)4 | 用Ns基团对A环进行区域选择性保护后在0 ℃下用Pb(OAc)4在MeCN中氧化 | - | [22] |
), ArticleFig(id=1183428227830793203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
部分TF的制备方法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 原料 | 氧化剂 | 制备条件 | 产率/% | 参考文献 |
| EC:ECG:EGC:EGCG=2:3:4:9 | 马铃薯PPO | 反应pH 5.5; 反应时间150 min; 底物质量浓度6.0 mg/mL; 反应温度20 ℃ | 10.86 | [19] |
EGC:EC:EGCG:GCG:ECG =4:10:27:3:24 | 茶鲜叶酶原 | 反应温度30 ℃; 反应pH 4.8; 底物质量浓度9.0 mg/mL; 酶源物质量浓度0.28 g/mL; 通氧量0.4 L/min; 反应时间40 min | 43.33 | [20] |
| EC:EGC=2:1 | K3[Fe(CN)6]、NaHCO3 | 儿茶素类溶液滴入低温K₃[Fe(CN)6]和NaHCO3混合溶液 | - | [21] |
| 儿茶素、EC、EGC | Pb(OAc)4 | 用Ns基团对A环进行区域选择性保护后在0 ℃下用Pb(OAc)4在MeCN中氧化 | - | [22] |
), ArticleFig(id=1183428227939845109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Inhibition effects of TF on some bacteria and viruses
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| TF | 抑制对象 | 抑制效果 | 参考文献 |
| TF1 | 猪链球菌 | 抑制猪链球菌生长; 破坏猪链球菌的内外部结构; 影响猪链球菌的溶血活性和生物膜通透性; 降低猪链球菌对新生猪气管上皮细胞的贴壁活性; 抑制猪链球菌毒力相关基因的表达; 降低了感染小白介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子α的产生 | [45-46] |
| TF1和TF2B | 寨卡病毒 | 显著抑制寨卡病毒在细胞中的复制; 显著降低了寨卡病毒感染诱导的细胞因子的表达(白介素-6、白介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子α)和趋化因子(单核细胞趋化因子1、CC类趋化因子配体5、干扰素γ诱导蛋白10 kDa); TF2B改善了感染小鼠的存活率 | [47] |
| TF | 致龋细菌(变形链球菌、索布里纳斯链球菌、粘性放线菌) | 抑制致龋细菌的产酸能力; 抑制致龋细菌的黏附力; 抑制生物膜的形成并影响其活性 | [48] |
| TF | 牙龈卟啉单胞菌 | 显著破坏了牙龈卟啉单胞菌生物膜的结构; 显著抑制牙龈卟啉单胞菌胶原酶和牙龈蛋白酶的蛋白酶活性; 显著抑制了牙龈卟啉单胞菌刺激的人牙龈成纤维细胞对基质金属蛋白酶-1和基质金属蛋白酶-2的分泌和mRNA表达; 减弱该牙龈卟啉单胞菌诱导的基质金属蛋白酶介导的炎症反应 | [49] |
| TF | 抑制非洲猪瘟病毒 | 上调AMPK信号通路, 有效抑制病毒的离体复制 | [50] |
), ArticleFig(id=1183428228053091321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
TF对部分细菌、病毒的抑制效果
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| TF | 抑制对象 | 抑制效果 | 参考文献 |
| TF1 | 猪链球菌 | 抑制猪链球菌生长; 破坏猪链球菌的内外部结构; 影响猪链球菌的溶血活性和生物膜通透性; 降低猪链球菌对新生猪气管上皮细胞的贴壁活性; 抑制猪链球菌毒力相关基因的表达; 降低了感染小白介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子α的产生 | [45-46] |
| TF1和TF2B | 寨卡病毒 | 显著抑制寨卡病毒在细胞中的复制; 显著降低了寨卡病毒感染诱导的细胞因子的表达(白介素-6、白介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子α)和趋化因子(单核细胞趋化因子1、CC类趋化因子配体5、干扰素γ诱导蛋白10 kDa); TF2B改善了感染小鼠的存活率 | [47] |
| TF | 致龋细菌(变形链球菌、索布里纳斯链球菌、粘性放线菌) | 抑制致龋细菌的产酸能力; 抑制致龋细菌的黏附力; 抑制生物膜的形成并影响其活性 | [48] |
| TF | 牙龈卟啉单胞菌 | 显著破坏了牙龈卟啉单胞菌生物膜的结构; 显著抑制牙龈卟啉单胞菌胶原酶和牙龈蛋白酶的蛋白酶活性; 显著抑制了牙龈卟啉单胞菌刺激的人牙龈成纤维细胞对基质金属蛋白酶-1和基质金属蛋白酶-2的分泌和mRNA表达; 减弱该牙龈卟啉单胞菌诱导的基质金属蛋白酶介导的炎症反应 | [49] |
| TF | 抑制非洲猪瘟病毒 | 上调AMPK信号通路, 有效抑制病毒的离体复制 | [50] |
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