Article(id=1153986646660862489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730649600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061456598, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061456598, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061456598, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061456598, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986642063905290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061455502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1760070725729, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1183385652272968024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986642063905290, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=83, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986647344534042, articleId=1153986646660862489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on oxidation preparation methods and biological activity of theaflavins, columnId=1151895322591638525, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Functional Foods and Functional Components, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Theaflavins (TF) are water-soluble pigments in tea. They possess rich biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, alleviating metabolic syndrome, anti-inflammatory, tooth-protecting, neuroprotective, and antidepressant effects, and thus have broad application prospects. Given the complex structure, unstable chemical properties, low extraction efficiency, and the difficulty in obtaining TF, the oxidative preparation of TF has attracted significant attention. Oxidation preparation methods of TF include the chemical method and the enzymatic method. Chemical method utilizes a chemical oxidant. It features a uniform oxidation degree and strong controllability, and generates more ester TF in an acidic environment. However, the chemical oxidation method has poor specificity. Consequently, it is necessary to protect the hydroxyl group on the catechin A-ring to enhance the yield of TF. Moreover, the amount of oxidant required is large, and safety is a concern. In enzymatic preparation, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase are employed. The conditions are mild, efficient, and specific. Efficiency of enzymatically preparing TF is influenced by the sources and types of oxidases, substrate composition, and reaction parameters. Yield of TF can be increased by preferentially oxidizing the oxidases of catechol catechins, increasing the proportion of biphenyl catechins, and reacting for an extended period in a weak-acid and low-temperature environment. Nevertheless, the current preparation methods still face problems such as a low extraction rate and low product purity. This paper discussed 2 kinds of oxidation preparation methods, and summarized their biological activities, in order to provide reference for the industrial production and application research of TF.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-Lei LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-Yuan WANG, Ya-Fei ZHAO, Ze-Ping WU, Xiao-Qiang CHEN, Xiao-Lei LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986671709245562, articleId=1153986646660862489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=茶黄素类化合物的氧化制备方法及其生物活性研究进展, columnId=1151895323909124661, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

茶黄素类化合物(theaflavin, TF)是茶叶中的一种水溶性色素, 具有抗氧化、抗菌、缓解代谢综合征、抗炎、保护牙齿、保护神经、抗抑郁等丰富的生物活性, 具有广阔应用前景。基于TF结构复杂、化学性质不稳定、提取效率低难度大等问题, TF的氧化制备广受关注。TF氧化制备方法包括化学法和酶法, 化学法制备使用化学氧化剂, 氧化程度均匀、可控性强, 在酸性环境中会生成更多的酯型TF, 但化学氧化法专一性差, 需要保护儿茶素A环上的羟基以提高TF的产率, 且氧化剂用量大, 安全性差; 酶法制备使用多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶, 条件温和、高效、专一, 酶法制备TF的效率受氧化酶来源和种类、底物组成和反应参数的影响, 优先氧化儿茶酚型儿茶素的氧化酶、提高联苯三酚型儿茶素比例、在弱酸低温环境下长时间反应均能提高TF的产率, 但目前的制备方法依旧存在提取率低、产品纯度低的问题。本文对两种氧化制备方法进行了讨论, 并对其生物活性进行总结和归纳, 旨在为TF的工业生产和应用研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=陆小磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陆小磊(1984—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为茶叶质量与标准。E-mail:
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王志远(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物资源综合利用。E-mail:

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2017, 94(PA): 709-718., articleTitle=Effective synthesis of theaflavin-3,3’-digallate with epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and epicatechin gallate as substrates by using immobilized pear polyphenol oxidase, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1183428228250223615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, awardId=2022YFD2101105, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2101105), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1183428224747979668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1183428224756368277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, companyId=1183428224747979668, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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注: 茶黄素(theaflavin, TF1); 茶黄素-3-没食子酸酯(theaflavin-3-gallate, TF2A); 茶黄素-3’-没食子酸酯(theaflavin-3’-gallate, TF2B); 茶黄素双没食子酸酯(theaflavin-3,3’-digallate, TF3)。

, figureFileSmall=NV5EkSwJ1vkwhmngg0bkfw==, figureFileBig=b9KQtVXdMrNP7sQ6meOOJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428227214230504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Biological activity of the TF, figureFileSmall=HIibwZqai88eWybsxIrYfQ==, figureFileBig=bdc7USRLBFY2cCQ3J0Zkxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428227323282411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=CN, label=图2, caption=TF的生物活性, figureFileSmall=HIibwZqai88eWybsxIrYfQ==, figureFileBig=bdc7USRLBFY2cCQ3J0Zkxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428227407168494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Hypoglycemic activity of TF, figureFileSmall=ECi/lfMNU83tianDEl4ALg==, figureFileBig=7EKJol1Een7VP+PzRsOT7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428227491054576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TF的降血糖活性, figureFileSmall=ECi/lfMNU83tianDEl4ALg==, figureFileBig=7EKJol1Een7VP+PzRsOT7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1183428227600106481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Preparation method of partial TF

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 氧化剂 制备条件 产率/% 参考文献
EC:ECG:EGC:EGCG=2:3:4:9 马铃薯PPO 反应pH 5.5; 反应时间150 min; 底物质量浓度6.0 mg/mL; 反应温度20 ℃ 10.86 [19]
EGC:EC:EGCG:GCG:ECG
=4:10:27:3:24
茶鲜叶酶原 反应温度30 ℃; 反应pH 4.8; 底物质量浓度9.0 mg/mL; 酶源物质量浓度0.28 g/mL; 通氧量0.4 L/min; 反应时间40 min 43.33 [20]
EC:EGC=2:1 K3[Fe(CN)6]、NaHCO3 儿茶素类溶液滴入低温K₃[Fe(CN)6]和NaHCO3混合溶液 - [21]
儿茶素、EC、EGC Pb(OAc)4 用Ns基团对A环进行区域选择性保护后在0 ℃下用Pb(OAc)4在MeCN中氧化 - [22]
), ArticleFig(id=1183428227830793203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部分TF的制备方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 氧化剂 制备条件 产率/% 参考文献
EC:ECG:EGC:EGCG=2:3:4:9 马铃薯PPO 反应pH 5.5; 反应时间150 min; 底物质量浓度6.0 mg/mL; 反应温度20 ℃ 10.86 [19]
EGC:EC:EGCG:GCG:ECG
=4:10:27:3:24
茶鲜叶酶原 反应温度30 ℃; 反应pH 4.8; 底物质量浓度9.0 mg/mL; 酶源物质量浓度0.28 g/mL; 通氧量0.4 L/min; 反应时间40 min 43.33 [20]
EC:EGC=2:1 K3[Fe(CN)6]、NaHCO3 儿茶素类溶液滴入低温K₃[Fe(CN)6]和NaHCO3混合溶液 - [21]
儿茶素、EC、EGC Pb(OAc)4 用Ns基团对A环进行区域选择性保护后在0 ℃下用Pb(OAc)4在MeCN中氧化 - [22]
), ArticleFig(id=1183428227939845109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Inhibition effects of TF on some bacteria and viruses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TF 抑制对象 抑制效果 参考文献
TF1 猪链球菌 抑制猪链球菌生长; 破坏猪链球菌的内外部结构; 影响猪链球菌的溶血活性和生物膜通透性; 降低猪链球菌对新生猪气管上皮细胞的贴壁活性; 抑制猪链球菌毒力相关基因的表达; 降低了感染小白介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子α的产生 [45-46]
TF1和TF2B 寨卡病毒 显著抑制寨卡病毒在细胞中的复制; 显著降低了寨卡病毒感染诱导的细胞因子的表达(白介素-6、白介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子α)和趋化因子(单核细胞趋化因子1、CC类趋化因子配体5、干扰素γ诱导蛋白10 kDa); TF2B改善了感染小鼠的存活率 [47]
TF 致龋细菌(变形链球菌、索布里纳斯链球菌、粘性放线菌) 抑制致龋细菌的产酸能力; 抑制致龋细菌的黏附力; 抑制生物膜的形成并影响其活性 [48]
TF 牙龈卟啉单胞菌 显著破坏了牙龈卟啉单胞菌生物膜的结构; 显著抑制牙龈卟啉单胞菌胶原酶和牙龈蛋白酶的蛋白酶活性; 显著抑制了牙龈卟啉单胞菌刺激的人牙龈成纤维细胞对基质金属蛋白酶-1和基质金属蛋白酶-2的分泌和mRNA表达; 减弱该牙龈卟啉单胞菌诱导的基质金属蛋白酶介导的炎症反应 [49]
TF 抑制非洲猪瘟病毒 上调AMPK信号通路, 有效抑制病毒的离体复制 [50]
), ArticleFig(id=1183428228053091321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986646660862489, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

TF对部分细菌、病毒的抑制效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TF 抑制对象 抑制效果 参考文献
TF1 猪链球菌 抑制猪链球菌生长; 破坏猪链球菌的内外部结构; 影响猪链球菌的溶血活性和生物膜通透性; 降低猪链球菌对新生猪气管上皮细胞的贴壁活性; 抑制猪链球菌毒力相关基因的表达; 降低了感染小白介素-6和肿瘤坏死因子α的产生 [45-46]
TF1和TF2B 寨卡病毒 显著抑制寨卡病毒在细胞中的复制; 显著降低了寨卡病毒感染诱导的细胞因子的表达(白介素-6、白介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子α)和趋化因子(单核细胞趋化因子1、CC类趋化因子配体5、干扰素γ诱导蛋白10 kDa); TF2B改善了感染小鼠的存活率 [47]
TF 致龋细菌(变形链球菌、索布里纳斯链球菌、粘性放线菌) 抑制致龋细菌的产酸能力; 抑制致龋细菌的黏附力; 抑制生物膜的形成并影响其活性 [48]
TF 牙龈卟啉单胞菌 显著破坏了牙龈卟啉单胞菌生物膜的结构; 显著抑制牙龈卟啉单胞菌胶原酶和牙龈蛋白酶的蛋白酶活性; 显著抑制了牙龈卟啉单胞菌刺激的人牙龈成纤维细胞对基质金属蛋白酶-1和基质金属蛋白酶-2的分泌和mRNA表达; 减弱该牙龈卟啉单胞菌诱导的基质金属蛋白酶介导的炎症反应 [49]
TF 抑制非洲猪瘟病毒 上调AMPK信号通路, 有效抑制病毒的离体复制 [50]
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茶黄素类化合物的氧化制备方法及其生物活性研究进展
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王志远 1 , 赵亚飞 1 , 吴泽平 1 , 陈小强 1 , 陆小磊 2, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025,16(3): 83-93
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:功能性食品与功能性成分 2025, 16(3): 83-93
茶黄素类化合物的氧化制备方法及其生物活性研究进展
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王志远1 , 赵亚飞1, 吴泽平1, 陈小强1, 陆小磊2, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430068
  • 2.中华全国供销合作总社杭州茶叶研究所, 杭州 310016
  • 王志远(1999—), 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为茶叶生物资源综合利用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陆小磊(1984—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为茶叶质量与标准。E-mail:
Research progress on oxidation preparation methods and biological activity of theaflavins
Zhi-Yuan WANG1 , Ya-Fei ZHAO1, Ze-Ping WU1, Xiao-Qiang CHEN1, Xiao-Lei LU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
  • 2. Hangzhou Tea Research Institute, CHINA COOP, Hangzhou 310016, China
出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104013
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茶黄素类化合物(theaflavin, TF)是茶叶中的一种水溶性色素, 具有抗氧化、抗菌、缓解代谢综合征、抗炎、保护牙齿、保护神经、抗抑郁等丰富的生物活性, 具有广阔应用前景。基于TF结构复杂、化学性质不稳定、提取效率低难度大等问题, TF的氧化制备广受关注。TF氧化制备方法包括化学法和酶法, 化学法制备使用化学氧化剂, 氧化程度均匀、可控性强, 在酸性环境中会生成更多的酯型TF, 但化学氧化法专一性差, 需要保护儿茶素A环上的羟基以提高TF的产率, 且氧化剂用量大, 安全性差; 酶法制备使用多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶, 条件温和、高效、专一, 酶法制备TF的效率受氧化酶来源和种类、底物组成和反应参数的影响, 优先氧化儿茶酚型儿茶素的氧化酶、提高联苯三酚型儿茶素比例、在弱酸低温环境下长时间反应均能提高TF的产率, 但目前的制备方法依旧存在提取率低、产品纯度低的问题。本文对两种氧化制备方法进行了讨论, 并对其生物活性进行总结和归纳, 旨在为TF的工业生产和应用研究提供参考。

茶黄素类化合物  /  氧化制备  /  酶法制备  /  生物活性

Theaflavins (TF) are water-soluble pigments in tea. They possess rich biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, alleviating metabolic syndrome, anti-inflammatory, tooth-protecting, neuroprotective, and antidepressant effects, and thus have broad application prospects. Given the complex structure, unstable chemical properties, low extraction efficiency, and the difficulty in obtaining TF, the oxidative preparation of TF has attracted significant attention. Oxidation preparation methods of TF include the chemical method and the enzymatic method. Chemical method utilizes a chemical oxidant. It features a uniform oxidation degree and strong controllability, and generates more ester TF in an acidic environment. However, the chemical oxidation method has poor specificity. Consequently, it is necessary to protect the hydroxyl group on the catechin A-ring to enhance the yield of TF. Moreover, the amount of oxidant required is large, and safety is a concern. In enzymatic preparation, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase are employed. The conditions are mild, efficient, and specific. Efficiency of enzymatically preparing TF is influenced by the sources and types of oxidases, substrate composition, and reaction parameters. Yield of TF can be increased by preferentially oxidizing the oxidases of catechol catechins, increasing the proportion of biphenyl catechins, and reacting for an extended period in a weak-acid and low-temperature environment. Nevertheless, the current preparation methods still face problems such as a low extraction rate and low product purity. This paper discussed 2 kinds of oxidation preparation methods, and summarized their biological activities, in order to provide reference for the industrial production and application research of TF.

theaflavin  /  oxidation preparation  /  enzymatic preparation  /  biological activity
王志远, 赵亚飞, 吴泽平, 陈小强, 陆小磊. 茶黄素类化合物的氧化制备方法及其生物活性研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (3) : 83 -93 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104013
Zhi-Yuan WANG, Ya-Fei ZHAO, Ze-Ping WU, Xiao-Qiang CHEN, Xiao-Lei LU. Research progress on oxidation preparation methods and biological activity of theaflavins[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (3) : 83 -93 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104013
茶黄素类化合物(theaflavin, TF)是一种从茶叶中提取的具有多种生物活性的水溶性色素, 不仅具有清除自由基、抗氧化、抑制肿瘤细胞生长和转移等生物活性, 还具有调节血脂、血压和血糖等生理功能[1], 主要以游离状态存在于茶叶中[2], 在医药领域的研究和应用广泛。TF呈现多酚羟基具苯骈卓酚酮结构[3], 其形成归因于茶叶内的多酚类物质, 即儿茶素的氧化聚合过程[4]。TF名称与其溶解后颜色有关, 其在乙酸乙酯中溶解后会呈现出黄色色泽, 故称TF。茶叶文化中, 对红茶茶汤品质优劣评价存在一种“黄金圈”的表述, 这与TF在红茶内的存在关系密切。
近年来, TF生物活性研究逐渐深入, 生物活性包括抗氧化性[5]、抑菌性[6]、消炎作用[7]等, 对某些疾病具有防治作用, 如心脑血管疾病[2]、肿瘤[8]等。TF具有复杂的化学结构, 其化学性质不稳定, 制取提纯难度较高, 难以大规模生产, 限制了其应用。近年来, TF氧化制取成为热点, 化学法和酶法制备的发展使得TF的工业化氧化制备成为可能, TF的生物活性能够得到进一步的应用发展。目前, 工业生产上主要采用酶促氧化法, 因对工艺路径和反应参数调控缺少必要的技术要领, TF产品的收率不高, 单位产品能耗较大, 且由于结构相似性, TF与其底物茶多酚、儿茶素等的分离相对分困难, 以生产低含量产品为主, 无法满足市场高规格产品需求[9]。为明确和促进TF在食品领域的研究与发展, 本文综述了近年来TF的氧化制备及其生物活性的研究进展, 讨论了与TF生物合成相关的挑战和问题。
TF产生于红茶发酵阶段, 发酵过程中, 儿茶素类化合物被多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)氧化形成TF[10](图1)。被氧化利用的儿茶素类化合物是一系列天然多酚, 主要包括表儿茶素(epicatechin, EC)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate, ECG)、表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin, EGC)和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG)[1,12]。这些儿茶素分为非没食子化儿茶素(包括EC和EGC)和没食子化儿茶素(包括ECG和EGCG)。TF是由对应的儿茶素类化合物缩合形成的儿茶素二聚体, 一类具有二羟基化的B环(邻苯二酚型), 另一类具有三羟基化的B环(邻苯三酚型), 儿茶素的不同组合形成了4种TF单体[13]
TF在红茶中的合成途径相对清晰, 但在工业生产中, TF合成通过氧化合成方式实现, 根据是否以氧化酶为催化剂可分为酶促[14]和非酶促[15]两种方式。在儿茶素类化合物酶法氧化形成TF的过程中, 邻苯二酚型儿茶素首先被酶氧化形成醌, 邻苯三酚型儿茶素随后被酶或通过与邻苯二酚型儿茶素的醌偶联氧化, 然后邻苯二酚和邻苯三酚型醌选择性结合进行非酶缩合; 随后, 发生氧化和脱羧以形成产生TF的苯并托酮骨架[2]。此外, TF还有另一种酶法合成机制。邻苯二酚型儿茶素被PPO氧化形成邻苯二酚型醌, 随后邻苯三酚型儿茶素对邻苯二酚型醌进行亲核攻击以合成TF[16]
根据上述提出的机制, 有研究通过优化红茶的制造工艺制备出高TF含量的红茶[17], 通过体外酶促反应也能提高TF的产率[18]。了解TF的形成机制有助于控制和优化反应过程提高工业中TF的产量。
从红茶中提取TF存在得率低而且杂质多的问题, 目前对TF的结构与形成机制逐渐深入, 由此为基础, 发展出了TF的人工制备方法, 模拟氧化制备TF是其中之一。模拟氧化制备的重点在于氧化剂的选择, 利用酶来制备方法称为酶促氧化, 利用有机或无机试剂进行催化的方法称为化学氧化。其中酶促氧化所用到的酶为PPO或过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD), 这两种酶是茶叶本身所具有的, 参与TF形成的酶; 化学氧化所用的化学氧化剂多为K3Fe(CN)6、CuSO4、PbO2[12]。部分方法制备TF的效果对比如表1所示, 总的来说, 化学氧化制备步骤复杂、产率不稳定; 酶促氧化制备条件温和, 应用前景好。
与酶促反应相比, 化学氧化可控性更强[15], 且不容易出现酶活性被反应环境抑制的现象, 增加儿茶素类化合物浓度和升高温度均有利于提高TF产率。而且, 酶促氧化起始阶段中常常会出现供氧不足引起的迟滞, 化学氧化则是由氧化剂直接供氧, 使得TF产生与分布都更加均匀。
化学氧化法制备TF的研究从水溶液中添加K3Fe(CN)6等氧化剂开始, K3Fe(CN)6的TF合成产率在5%~19%, 过程中会产生焦没食子酸型儿茶素二聚体等副产物; 在后来的研究中, 出现了苯并三酚酮衍生物的仿生合成, 为TF的化学氧化合成提供了新思路。但在这些方法中, 通常需要保护儿茶素类化合物A环上的羟基不被氧化, 氧化合成步骤烦琐、效率低。在最新的研究中, 实现了在不需要保护A环羟基的前提下选择性氧化邻苯二酚型的B环生成相应的邻醌, 该方法先用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine, DPPH)氧化EC, 使其生成邻醌, 然后添加EGC以形成双环辛烷型中间体, 最后加水引起开环、自发氧化脱羧得到TF[15]
反应环境的pH和温度均会影响TF合成的效率。在酸性和碱性环境下, 均能通过化学氧化的方法值得TF, 但所得TF类型不同。李立祥[23]比较了酶促氧化、碱性氧化和酸性氧化的产物发现, 碱性氧化生成的TF含量较多, 酸性氧化则可得到较多的酯型TF。王坤波等[24]以儿茶素类化合物为底物, 加入pH为7.7的K3Fe(CN)6与NaHCO3, 在25 ℃下反应15 min后, 用柠檬酸调节pH为2~3终止反应, 再用乙酸乙酯萃取、浓缩、干燥, 得到TF产品。化学模拟氧化制备TF产品存在两个问题: 一是因为定向合成产物专一性不高, 成分相对复杂; 二是催化剂用量大, 且存在一定安全风险。
茶叶发酵过程中, 相关酶氧化儿茶素类化合物形成TF, 主要包括邻醌形成、联苯酚醌形成以及氧化缩合。酶促合成具有高效性、专一性、温和性的特点, 产物安全性高于化学合成, 是最常用的制备方法, 多采取茶多酚或儿茶素类化合物为底物酶促氧化制备, 主要为PPO和POD, 利用茶叶内源酶PPO和POD的体外催化体系来模拟红茶加工过程所发生的分子变化, 其中, PPO主要催化儿茶素类化合物氧化成TF, 而POD在催化儿茶素类化合物氧化成TF后进一步催化TF快速聚合成茶红素, 因此PPO是TF合成的关键酶。儿茶素类化合物体外氧化合成TF是多因素介导的动态酶促反应, 受底物中儿茶素类化合物组分和构成比例、温度、体系pH、PPO活性、溶氧量等多变量因子的影响, 具有多变量的交互性和反应的复杂性(易发生连串反应), 使TF极易氧化聚合为空间结构更为复杂的茶红素和茶褐素, 影响高纯度产物规模化制备。
不同的PPO催化生成TF的产率与效率不尽相同, 如茶树PPO、酪氨酸酶、漆酶和胆红素氧化酶4种氧化酶中, 酪氨酸酶具有最高的初始氧化速度以及TF的转化率, 最适合用于TF酶法合成; 不同品种马铃薯中的PPO酶促合成TF的能力也具有差异, 在黄心、黑美人、大牛角、红玫瑰、大白花5个品种中, 黄心马铃薯PPO虽酶活力低于大牛角PPO, 但酶蛋白含量最高且催化合成TF能力最强, 是制备TF的理想酶源[25]。其中不同TF单体形成效率的差异是源于不同酶对儿茶酚型儿茶素和邻苯三酚型儿茶素的氧化偏好程度, 当氧化酶优先氧化儿茶酚型儿茶素时, TF的生成速率会更高。
(1)底物影响
同一种PPO, 反应底物的不同也会影响TF的生成[26]。以酪氨酸酶为例, 以联苯三酚型儿茶素和儿茶酚型儿茶素作为反应底物, 前者的比例越高, 各TF单体的形成率更高[27], TF1、TF2A和TF2B在联苯三酚型儿茶素与儿茶酚型儿茶素比例大于3:1时TF的形成率高于90%, TF3在比例高于4.5:1.0时TF形成率达到80%以上。其原因是, 联苯三酚型儿茶素易在反应过程中被酶以及所形成的邻醌氧化消耗, 影响了邻醌与联苯三酚型儿茶素的氧化偶联, 因此提高联苯三酚型儿茶素的比例有利于提高酶促制备TF的得率。除此之外, 氧化酶的纯度和活化程度, 也会影响TF的合成效率[28]
(2)酶促反应参数
酶促条件也是影响TF合成的重要因素[29]。其中, TF在碱性环境下会转化成其他茶色素, 而在适宜的pH下, 其转化速率会降低, 进而提高产物中TF的含量, 提高产率; 同时, 大多数PPO合成TF的最适pH在5.5~6.0之间, 适宜的pH也能够使PPO表现出最佳催化活性[9,26]。反应温度的影响主要表现在影响酶蛋白分子的三维结构和活性中心, 直接影响PPO的活性[9,26]。反应体系中的氧含量也会间接影响酶促反应。因此, 15~40 ℃的富氧环境最适合酶法合成TF, 并且在酶法合成过程中, 应适当降低反应温度, 延长反应时间, 增加底物浓度, 以提高TF的产量和转化率。但也有研究显示, 2~3 ℃的冰浴也能够促进TF的形成, 通过增加EGC的比例, 能够提高TF的产率, 并在3 h内有效降低TF的氧化[18]
TF具有多种生物活性[1]图2所示, 包括高效抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌[30]、抗微生物、降脂、降尿酸和调节肠道微生物群[31], 能够在食品、药品、日用品等多种产品中发挥功效[10]
TF多羟基结构使其具有较强的抗氧化活性、酶抑制活性[31]及清除自由基的能力。机体自由基过剩是机体产生氧化损伤, 从而引发炎症、心血管疾病、癌症等的重要因素, TF能调节多种信号通路, 不仅能够抑制乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、骨癌[32]等多种癌细胞的增殖、存活、迁移并诱导其凋亡, 还能够有助于保护血管内壁[33]、修复肾组织和细胞损伤。
TF有良好的自由基清除和抗氧化能力, 2,2’-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸可达1.91 μmol/L, 1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率最高可达79.71%, 铁离子还原能力(ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, FRAP)值最高可达948.47, 没食子基团是影响TF活性的重要因素[34]。TF提取工艺会影响抗氧化活性[35], 超声处理能提高提取率, 有机溶剂提取具有更高抗氧化活性, 其中, 乙醇提取的TF抗氧化活性最好, 其抗氧化活性比水提的TF高50%左右, 乙醇提取过程中引入超声处理, 抗氧化活性能提高5%左右。
TF能够恢复谷胱甘肽POD和谷胱甘肽还原酶水平, 提高细胞对氧化应激的敏感性, 恢复正常的神经递质代谢, 改善年龄相关认知衰退的D-半乳糖模型中的学习和记忆功能障碍[36], 且TF不与底物进行化学结合, 能够通过调节兔抗人单克隆抗体和原癌基因减少细胞凋亡, 同时激活AMP激活蛋白激酶磷酸化, 抑制细胞外调节蛋白激酶磷酸化, 有助于神经元细胞的保护。TF抗氧化应激的能力促进了谷胱甘肽产生, 抑制活性氧的产生; 对细胞内Ca2+的流入和线粒体膜电位的抑制作用也能够恢复谷胱甘肽相关酶的活性, 并进一步降低活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的产生, 保护软骨稳态, 具有预防软骨退化的潜力[37]
TF与相关大分子相互作用也能够起到促进神经保护、减少细胞凋亡、抗癌[38]等作用。SHI等[39]研究表明, TF对TMEM16A抑制的分子机制涉及TF与离子通道蛋白的相互作用。TF结构上的3个羟基促进其与TMEM16A中的B链作用, 阻塞其离子传导孔, 导致孔隙闭合, 能够作为离子通道阻滞剂, 作用于细胞膜离子通道, 抑制癌细胞活性。
TF具有更多的环状结构和羟基[40], 因此具有比EGCG更好的铜离子螯合能力, 其与铜离子相互作用后, 在抗氧化和铜离子相关疾病的调控上更具潜力。
TF可以干扰和破坏细菌的结构和功能[41], 抑制细菌的生命活动产生或诱导死亡, 其原理包括与毒力因子结合降低毒性、与细菌表面结合限制受体附着、破坏细胞壁和细胞膜[42]影响细胞通透性以及干扰和破坏各种细胞功能[43]。同时, TF可以抑制病毒复制和增殖[44], 降低病毒颗粒的传染性, 其原理包括抗氧化作用, 通过氢键与细胞包膜脂质双层内的磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺相互作用, 导致细菌细胞包膜受损和细胞成分从细胞中释放, 破坏细胞膜, 防止病毒与细胞接触, 酶抑制作用以及触发宿主细胞自我防御机制。TF对pH环境敏感, 碱性环境易分解, TF抗菌抗病毒活性与应用环境有关。TF对部分细菌、病毒的抑制效果如表2所示。
环境对TF抑菌效果的影响体现在温度、酸碱度以及盐浓度等方面[51]。高温处理对TF的抑菌效果影响不大; 由于TF在酸性条件下稳定, 而在中性环境下开始缓慢降解, 在碱性环境下迅速降解, 因此TF在酸性环境下的抑菌稳定性最强; 环境中的盐浓度也会影响TF的抑菌稳定性, 适当增加NaCl浓度有助于增强TF的抑菌作用。WANG等[52]探究了TF对金黄色葡萄球菌和副伤寒沙门氏菌B的抗菌作用中环境因素的影响, 结果表明温度对TF的抑菌作用没有显著影响; 低pH有利于发挥TF的抗菌活性, 而高pH会降低TF的抗菌活性; TF和NaCl对金黄色葡萄球菌和副伤寒B型沙门氏菌具有协同抗菌活性。
代谢综合征是体内所摄入营养素异常代谢聚集而成的复杂的代谢紊乱症候群, 如腹部肥胖、高血压、血脂异常和高血糖[53]。代谢综合征增加心血管疾病(如心肌梗死、脑卒中)的发病率和死亡率。代谢综合征与胰岛素抵抗[54]、内皮功能障碍、氧化应激、炎症和脂质代谢异常等多种因素相关。TF可以从抗肥胖、降脂、降血糖、降尿酸以及调节肠道微生物群等方面来缓解代谢综合征[55]
TF抑制体重增加和内脏脂肪堆积, 通过调节脂质代谢、抑制脂肪生成、促进脂肪分解、诱导能量耗散和调节肠道微生物来实现抗肥胖作用[56-57]
TF可以减少能量摄入, 从能量来源方面起到抗肥胖作用, 其机制与机体内瘦素的调节作用有关, TF能够略微降低肝脏中瘦素的浓度, 有利于保持机体对瘦素的敏感性。TF降低高脂饮食大鼠血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平, 降低动脉硬化指数, 从而预防因肥胖导致的心血管疾病[58]。在糖脂代谢方面, TF通过激活高脂饮食小鼠的SIRT6、AMPK、SREBP-1、FASN信号通路[59], 抑制肝脏中脂质的合成和积累, 从而起到抗肥胖的作用。KO等[60]研究表明, TF3增加肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶、长链脂酰辅酶A脱氢酶和激素敏感性脂肪酶转录水平, 并促进线粒体解偶联蛋白-1和线粒体解偶联蛋白-2等关于脂肪分解和β氧化优势基因的表达。XU等[61]研究显示, TF能够降低与脂肪生成相关的POD体增殖物, 激活受体相应的mRNA水平。FANG等[57]研究结果显示TF对胰脂肪酶有抑制作用, 减少脂质吸收。
TF的抗肥胖活性表现在多个方面, 且抗肥胖的过程与脂类代谢高度相关, 具体机制在降脂活性部分详细讨论。
TF的降脂活性主要表现在抑制脂质的消化和吸收、促进脂质氧化、抑制脂质合成和分解代谢、调节胆固醇代谢、调节肝因子和脂肪因子分泌等方面[61]
在抑制脂质的消化和吸收方面, TF通过抑制相关酶活性、改善胰腺功能、促进相关激素分泌、控制胆固醇水平及吸收等方式实现[62]。TF是胰脂肪酶的非竞争性抑制剂, 抑制作用的分子机制主要是通过氢键稳定与胰脂肪酶Asn263抑制剂结合口袋的相互作用, 但不同TF单体与胰蛋白酶的结合位点不同, 导致不同组成的TF具有不同抑制效力, 表现在没食子酸酯的含量上, TF3的抑制效果最佳。
TF能够促进脂质氧化[63]。TF通过增加耗氧量和能量消耗, 上调棕色脂肪组织和腓肠肌中解偶联蛋白-1和解偶联蛋白-3的mRNA水平, 进一步增强脂质氧化。
TF通过抑制脂质合成和分解代谢来改善脂质代谢紊乱。TF诱导LKB1和ROS通路对AMPK的磷酸化, 从而增强沉寂信息调节因子的表达[50], 抑制固醇调节元件结合蛋白1的核易位, 从而调节脂质代谢。TF降低脂肪酸合酶、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶和3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A的mRNA和蛋白表达, 增加肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1的表达, 从而抑制脂肪酸和胆固醇的合成, 减少脂质积累, 并促进脂肪酸氧化。此外, 通过降低肝脂肪酶活性, TF可以抑制肥胖大鼠的脂肪动员。TF通过下调EGFR-PI3K-AKT-Sp1通路, 能够抑制脂质合成。TF通过影响沉寂信息调节因子的其他下游靶标, 平衡了能量代谢和脂质代谢。
TF可以调节胆固醇代谢[64]。在回肠中, TF抑制法尼醇X受体和成纤维细胞生长因子15的mRNA和蛋白表达, 并抑制与胆固醇代谢相关的基因如CYP7B1CYP27A1FXR的表达。此外, TF将经典的胆汁酸生物合成途径转向另一种途径, 从而显著改善胆固醇沉积。实验表明, TF能够上调脂质代谢相关基因的表达, 如多不饱和脂肪酸生物合成(脂肪酸去饱和酶1、脂质代谢酶、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1和延伸因子极长链脂肪酸样蛋白1)、花生四烯酸和亚油酸代谢(CYP4F14CYP1A2CYP2C70)、类固醇生物合成(法尼基二磷酸法尼基转移酶1、脱氢胆固醇还原酶14抗体、固醇异构酶和7-脱氢胆固醇还原酶), 下调PPAR信号通路(脂肪酸结合蛋白4、围脂滴蛋白4、脂蛋白脂肪酶和酰基辅酶A脱氢酶)的基因表达。同时, 通过激活Fads1-PPARδ-Fabp4通路, TF可以调节脂质代谢并减少极低密度脂蛋白诱导的泡沫细胞形成。也有研究发现, TF在抑制由混合油酸、胆汁酸、胆固醇等组成的膳食混合胶束的形成[65]方面比EGCG更有效, 抑制作用减少了胆固醇吸收, 抑制效果与浓度正相关。
TF通过调节肝因子和脂肪因子[66]分泌来改善脂质代谢紊乱。TF可通过降低谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶水平, 改善肝功能损伤。TF抑制丙酮酸激酶活性, 从而减轻肝脂沉积。TF提高脂质运载蛋白水平, 降低瘦素水平, 通过调节脂肪因子降低脂质水平并改善胰岛素抵抗。
TF的降血糖活性主要表现在抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶、麦芽糖酶和α-淀粉酶[67]等相关酶活性[68], 改善胰岛素抵抗[56,69], 抑制葡萄糖吸收[61], 调节肠道菌群, 影响基因表达和信号通路等方面(图3)。
朱樱等[70]研究了TF的降血糖活性, 研究表明TF1和TF3α-淀粉酶的混合型抑制剂, 而TF2A和TF2B是α-淀粉酶的竞争性抑制剂, 且TF单体与α-淀粉酶的疏水区相互作用, 通过抑制α-淀粉酶起到降血糖的作用。除了酶的抑制作用外, TF还能抑制葡萄糖吸收从而起到降血糖的作用。
TF可以增加有益微生物数量、减少有害微生物数量, 改变肠道微生物群[56], 并增加有益代谢物(如短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸和氨基酸)来调节微生物代谢。WANG等[54]研究表明, TF可以下调糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖和餐后血糖的比值, 重塑肠道微生物组的组成, 改善糖尿病小鼠肠道微生物组的多样性, 有助于缓解糖尿病。TF对肠道微生物多样性和结构的改善, 增加短链脂肪酸的产生, 增强脂质代谢和碳水化合物代谢。
在TF单体中, TF3表现出最强的降血糖作用。其先通过有机阴离子转运多肽和单羧转运蛋白途径, 进入肠上皮细胞, 而后, 通过三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运蛋白, TF返回胃肠道, 通过OATP-MCT通路, 能够有效抑制肠上皮细胞的葡萄糖摄取。但TF的生物利用度相当低[71], 尿液中TF的排泄量约占摄入量的94%。
TF可减少脂肪细胞中葡萄糖转运蛋白4的膜易位, 从而抑制葡萄糖-脂肪转化; 并可调节葡萄糖代谢相关酶的活性, 显著提高糖酵解(己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶)、糖原合酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(磷酸戊糖途径的限速酶)的关键酶活性, 并降低糖异生(葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶、果糖-1,6-双磷酸酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶)、糖原磷酸化酶和乳酸脱氢酶的关键酶活性, 从而增强葡萄糖利用和抑制内源性葡萄糖生成, 改善葡萄糖代谢紊乱[61]
TF的降尿酸活性主要体现在对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用上[72]。在TF的4种单体中, TF1是一种可逆的竞争性抑制剂, 显著抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶。在TF1与黄嘌呤氧化酶(xanthine oxidase, XO)的结合过程中, TF1-XO配合物的形成是一个主要由氢键和疏水相互作用驱动的自发过程, TF1通过与Glu-879、Pro-1012、Thr-1010、Val-1011、Lys-771、Glu-802、Pro-1076、Leu-873、Leu-1014、Asn-768、Leu-648和Phe-649等残基相互作用且位于催化中心影响黄嘌呤的生成, 抑制尿酸的生成。TF1对XO的半抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50)为(63.17±0.13) μmol/L。
TF的降尿酸活性与基因表达和通路激活有关。TF能够抑制腺苷脱氨酶和XO的活性, 下调葡萄糖转运子9和尿酸转运子1的基因和蛋白表达, 上调有机阴离子转运蛋白1的基因和蛋白表达以及三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运蛋白G2、有机阳离子转运蛋白N1、有机阳离子转运蛋白1/2和有机阴离子转运蛋白2的基因表达。并可以降低血清尿素氮和铬值, 并改善高尿酸血症引起的肾损伤, 该机制可能与减少炎症细胞数量和激活Nrf2/HO-1通路有关[37], 并且TF1的降尿酸作用优于TF3, TF3优于TF2A。
TF能够调节肠道微生物群, 增加有益细菌的相对丰度, 降低有害细菌的相对丰度[73], 并可改善肠道损伤和糖毒性引起的其他继发性不良反应[31]
TF可以上调紧密连接蛋白(如Cingulin、Occludin、Claudin-1和ZO-1)的mRNA和蛋白表达, 以增强肠道屏障; 通过与肠道菌群相互作用, 缓解代谢毒素(包括氨和甲基乙二醛), 改善肠漏和微生物群失调。其中, TF3已被证明可以调节腹膜注射后肠道菌群的组成。16S rRNA测序数据显示, TF3通过增加普雷沃氏菌科、瘤胃球菌科和其他有益细菌的丰度来改善肠道菌群的生态失调, 同时降低细小杆菌和其他机会病原体的丰度[74]
肠道微生物会产生短链脂肪酸, TF对肠道菌群的调节作用能够有助于改善胰岛素敏感性, 减少炎症, 并调节能量代谢、碳水化合物代谢、脂质代谢和其他生命活动[56]
TF的抗炎作用表现在调节信号通路, 降低炎症因子的表达[44,73,75]以及抑制参与免疫和炎症反应的基因表达等方面, 能够在炎症损伤后, 调节代谢功能, 促进炎症损伤的修复。
LIU等[7]研究表明, TF通过调节TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路来缓解肌肉炎症, 从而降低炎症因子(白介素-6、白介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子α)的表达。此外, TF1还能调节炎症条件下骨骼肌的代谢功能, 降低促炎物质的含量, 改善炎性肌管表面的力学性能(刚度和粗糙度), 促进炎症损伤后肌肉的恢复。
TF不同单体具有不同的性质, TF3能够抑制脂多糖诱导的RAW 264.7巨噬细胞中c-Jun N末端激酶和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的磷酸化, 从而抑制参与免疫和炎症反应的基因的表达, 起到抗炎作用[76]。TF3可以抑制肿瘤坏死因子α、白介素-1β和白介素6的表达[77], 并能减轻了小鼠脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤的严重程度。
TF在大脑中也能够起到有效的抗炎活性[76]。脑室内存在的脂多糖会诱导海马体和前额叶皮层的树突状变化以及抑郁样行为, TF的抗炎活性可以起到防止大脑中的树突状萎缩并缓解脊柱损伤的作用, 从而减轻认知障碍和抑郁。TF通过抑制IκB激酶和核因子-κB的激活可以起到抑制小胶质细胞对脂多糖刺激而产生的炎症反应。
TF的生物活性也体现在牙齿保护[49]、神经保护[5]、抗焦虑[78]等方面。
TF可以有效抑制基质金属蛋白酶(主要是基质金属蛋白酶-2和基质金属蛋白酶-9)的活性, 具有预防或减缓牙本质侵蚀进展方面的潜力, 其原理可能是通过引起胶原交联、亲水性改变和覆盖胶原表面的酶结合位点来减少胶原的酶水解。当坐骨神经受伤时, 自由基的数量增加, 从而提高总氧化水平, 而TF可以改善总抗氧化能力和降低总氧化值, 起到神经保护的作用[5]。TF能够增加额叶皮层中3,4-二羟基苯乙酸[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acetic acid, DOPAC]的水平以及DOPAC和多巴胺的比例, 从而增加额叶皮层的多巴胺周转, 起到抗焦虑的作用, 在此基础上结合TF的抗氧化活性、对肠道微生物的改善作用, TF具有减轻衰老引起的认知功能障碍方面的潜在作用[31,36], 但其具体机制仍需探索。
TF是一种重要的茶叶内含物, 具有抗氧化、抗菌、缓解代谢综合征、抗炎等丰富的生物活性, 但其工业化生产面临着生产效率低和产品纯度低的问题, 其中产品纯度低严重限制了TF的广泛应用。在TF的氧化制备中, 酶法制备相比于化学法更安全高效, 但目前酶法制备依旧难以获得高纯度的TF产品, 其难点在于高效酶的选择。
传统体外酶促氧化具有局限性, 所使用的氧化酶来源于植物中, 催化效率低, 不能特意合成单一TF单体; 高浓度底物会影响氧化酶的活性; TF不稳定易降解或聚合, 形成茶褐素等副产物, 影响产品纯度。为解决上述问题, 结合目前研究现状, PPO的克隆技术[79-80]有助于促进酶法制备TF的进一步发展。不同于茶叶中的TF的形成过程, 一些酶促氧化仿生合成儿茶素类化合物衍生物的研究, 对酶促制备TF也起到促进的作用[19,81]; 在酶工程角度, 通过进行过渡态构象优化的方式, 使酶发生有益突变, 可以提高TF生成率[61,82-83]; 固定化酶技术能够增加酶催化稳定性, 便于运输和贮存及多次利用, 有利于自动化生产[9,84]。虽然酶法制备具有特异性高、得率高、副反应少等优点, 但依旧难以量产高纯度TF, 因此在今后的研究中, 可向探索新型高效的PPO、提高制备TF纯度及效率的方面发展。同时, 为提高酶法制备TF的产率与效果, 通过生物工程的手段, 利用酶的异源表达、变异筛选及固定化技术, 在得到催化效果最佳的PPO的同时, 还能够促进TF酶法制备的产业化生产。
对于TF生物活性的研究日益深入, 在当前亚健康广泛影响的环境下, TF因其具有抗肥胖、抗高血压、降血脂、降血糖的活性, 该缓解代谢综合征的生物活性受到关注。除此之外, TF在抗焦虑、牙齿保护、神经保护等其他方面的研究发现, 也说明了TF的应用发展潜力。
未来的研究中, 在食品工业的应用方面, 除了深入探索TF生物活性的机制, 更要往降低生产成本、简化制备工艺、提高TF产量的方向发展; 在健康医学方面, 需要提高TF在人体内的生物利用度, 充分发挥其生物活性优势; 在口腔卫生、护肤品等其他工业应用中, TF表现出应用潜力, 但具体的应用标准和方法尚待进一步研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2101105)
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2025年第16卷第3期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104013
  • 接收时间:2024-11-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-04
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2101105)
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    1.湖北工业大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 武汉 430068
    2.中华全国供销合作总社杭州茶叶研究所, 杭州 310016

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* 陆小磊(1984—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为茶叶质量与标准。E-mail:
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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