Article(id=1153986581649154716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730649600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753061441098, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753061441098, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753061441098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753061441098, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986579971429187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061440699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1758783495950, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1177986619249406428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986579971429187, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153986582634816169, articleId=1153986581649154716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Research progress on common detection methods of mycotoxins in grain, oil and food, columnId=1152687436694995508, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Grain and Oil Processing and Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by fungi during their growth and reproduction. They are widely found in various kinds of grain and oil and their products, and can cause serious threat to human health. Mycotoxin contamination has become a common phenomenon and problem in many countries and regions. Mycotoxin detection is the key link to build a mycotoxin prevention and control system. Furthermore, mycotoxins content is one of the health indicators that must be detected in raw grain and its products. It is of great significance to establish accurate and efficient detection methods for mycotoxins in grain, oil and food to ensure food safety. This paper summarized and analyzed the common detection methods of mycotoxins in grain, oil and food, and mainly introduced the different detection techniques and methods and their application characteristics, such as chromatography analysis, spectral analysis and immunoassay. Futhermore, this paper prospected the development trend and related requirements of mycotoxins detection, so as to provide references for the detection and safety supervision of mycotoxins in grain, oil and food.

, correspAuthors=Sai-Sai CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-Qiang CHU, Ning-Jun ZHUGE, Sai-Sai CHEN, Qiong WU, Xiu-Hua YU, Chao YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153986586472604365, articleId=1153986581649154716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=粮油食品中真菌毒素常见检测方法研究进展, columnId=1152687437265420855, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

真菌毒素是真菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的次生有毒代谢产物, 其广泛存在于各类粮油及其制品中, 并会对人体健康造成严重威胁。真菌毒素污染在许多国家和地区已成为普遍存在的现象和问题, 进行真菌毒素检测是构建真菌毒素防控系统的关键环节。此外, 真菌毒素是原粮及其制品中必检的卫生指标之一, 建立准确高效的真菌毒素检测方法对粮油食品中真菌毒素监测和保障食品安全具有重要意义。本文对粮油食品中真菌毒素常用的检测方法进行总结与分析, 并着重介绍了真菌毒素的色谱分析法、光谱分析法、免疫分析法等不同检测技术和方法及其应用特点, 并展望了真菌毒素检测的发展趋势和相关要求, 以期为粮油食品中真菌毒素的检测与安全监管提供参考。

, correspAuthors=陈赛赛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈赛赛(1988—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品药品质量安全、粮油信息化与智能化。E-mail:
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褚洪强(1987—), 男, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为粮油食品储藏及质量安全。E-mail:

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褚洪强(1987—), 男, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为粮油食品储藏及质量安全。E-mail:

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褚洪强(1987—), 男, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为粮油食品储藏及质量安全。E-mail:

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Anyang Food and Drug Inspection and Testing Center, Anyang 455000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985515262460026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, companyId=1177985515245682807, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.安阳市食品药品检验检测中心, 安阳 455000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1177985515325374591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985515329568896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, companyId=1177985515325374591, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985515337957504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, companyId=1177985515325374591, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.河南工业大学粮食和物资储备学院, 郑州 450001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1177985515413454978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985515421843587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, companyId=1177985515413454978, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5. COFCO Flour Industry (Haining) Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177985515426037892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, companyId=1177985515413454978, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.中粮面业(海宁)有限公司, 嘉兴 314000 )])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177985517900677336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Common detection methods of mycotoxins in grain, oil and food, figureFileSmall=Wh3F4LDE392B3sY8sa2v3Q==, figureFileBig=ubKW6FlKnmLQrvvw8NPyBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985517980369113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, language=CN, label=图1, caption=粮油食品中真菌毒素常见检测方法, figureFileSmall=Wh3F4LDE392B3sY8sa2v3Q==, figureFileBig=ubKW6FlKnmLQrvvw8NPyBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177985518047477979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mycotoxins were detected by chromatography analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法 检测基质 真菌毒素 检测范围 检出限 文献
薄层色谱法 谷物 玉米赤霉烯酮、单端孢霉烯族毒素 - 80~120 μg/kg [8]
薄层色谱法 谷物 黄曲霉毒素 - <2 μg/kg [9]
气相色谱法 谷物 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 0.05~4 μg/mL 10 μg/kg [10]
气相色谱法 小麦粉 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 0.01~1 μg/mL 10 μg/kg [11]
液相色谱法 小麦粉 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 0.05~5 μg/mL 20 μg/kg [12]
液相色谱法 谷物及制品 黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮 0.3~200 μg/L 0.02~5 μg/kg [13]
气相色谱-质谱法 酱油 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 0.025~8 μg/mL 5 ng/mL [15]
液相色谱-质谱法 粮食 黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮 0.0735~755.2 ng/mL 0.15~18 g/kg [16]
气相色谱-质谱法 谷物制品、肉制品 玉米赤霉烯酮 0.1~100 μg/mL 0.05 μg/kg [17]
气相色谱-质谱法 花生、花生油 黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素 0.5~50 μg/L 0.03~1.14 μg/kg [20]
), ArticleFig(id=1177985518118781150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

色谱分析法检测真菌毒素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法 检测基质 真菌毒素 检测范围 检出限 文献
薄层色谱法 谷物 玉米赤霉烯酮、单端孢霉烯族毒素 - 80~120 μg/kg [8]
薄层色谱法 谷物 黄曲霉毒素 - <2 μg/kg [9]
气相色谱法 谷物 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 0.05~4 μg/mL 10 μg/kg [10]
气相色谱法 小麦粉 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 0.01~1 μg/mL 10 μg/kg [11]
液相色谱法 小麦粉 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 0.05~5 μg/mL 20 μg/kg [12]
液相色谱法 谷物及制品 黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮 0.3~200 μg/L 0.02~5 μg/kg [13]
气相色谱-质谱法 酱油 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 0.025~8 μg/mL 5 ng/mL [15]
液相色谱-质谱法 粮食 黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮 0.0735~755.2 ng/mL 0.15~18 g/kg [16]
气相色谱-质谱法 谷物制品、肉制品 玉米赤霉烯酮 0.1~100 μg/mL 0.05 μg/kg [17]
气相色谱-质谱法 花生、花生油 黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素 0.5~50 μg/L 0.03~1.14 μg/kg [20]
), ArticleFig(id=1177985518227833057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fungal toxins were detected by spectroscopic analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法 检测基质 真菌毒素 检测性质 文献
近红外光谱法 红曲米 桔霉素 定性分析 [21]
近红外光谱法 小麦 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌
烯醇
定性分析 [22]
拉曼光谱法 玉米 黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮 定量预测 [23]
拉曼光谱法 花生油 黄曲霉毒素B1 定量预测 [24-25]
高光谱成像
技术
小麦 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌
烯醇
定量预测 [29]
高光谱成像
技术
面粉 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌
烯醇
定量预测 [30]
高光谱成像
技术
花生 黄曲霉毒素B1 定量预测 [31]
), ArticleFig(id=1177985518307524836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

光谱分析法检测真菌毒素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法 检测基质 真菌毒素 检测性质 文献
近红外光谱法 红曲米 桔霉素 定性分析 [21]
近红外光谱法 小麦 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌
烯醇
定性分析 [22]
拉曼光谱法 玉米 黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮 定量预测 [23]
拉曼光谱法 花生油 黄曲霉毒素B1 定量预测 [24-25]
高光谱成像
技术
小麦 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌
烯醇
定量预测 [29]
高光谱成像
技术
面粉 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌
烯醇
定量预测 [30]
高光谱成像
技术
花生 黄曲霉毒素B1 定量预测 [31]
), ArticleFig(id=1177985518391410919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mycotoxins were detected by immunoassay analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法 检测基质 真菌毒素 检测范围 检出限 文献
胶体金免疫层析法 玉米 黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素、T-2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 - 8~40 μg/kg [32]
胶体金免疫层析法 药膳食品 黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮、T-2毒素 - 0.5~5 ng/mL [33]
酶联免疫吸附法 食品和饲料 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 - 0.15~0.48 mg/kg [35]
酶联免疫吸附法 食品、谷物、饲料 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 - 0.62 ng/mL [36]
酶联免疫吸附法 粮油、食品 黄曲霉毒素 - 0.03 ng/mL [37]
时间分辨荧光免疫分析法 谷物 黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮 - 0.80~4.58 ng/mL [41]
时间分辨荧光免疫分析法 玉米 黄曲霉毒素B1、赭曲霉毒素A - 3.70~5.55 μg/kg [42]
时间分辨荧光免疫分析法 粮食、饲料 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 - 28.16 μg/kg [43]
免疫传感器分析法 牛奶 黄曲霉毒素M1 0.05~0.80 ng/mL 0.015 ng/mL [51]
免疫传感器分析法 白酒 黄曲霉毒素B1和伏马毒素B1 0.1~500 ng/mL 0.12~0.15 ng/mL [52]
免疫传感器分析法 米糠油 黄曲霉毒素B1 0.02~80.00 ng/mL 0.027 ng/mL [53]
), ArticleFig(id=1177985518504657130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153986581649154716, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

免疫分析法检测真菌毒素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测方法 检测基质 真菌毒素 检测范围 检出限 文献
胶体金免疫层析法 玉米 黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素、T-2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 - 8~40 μg/kg [32]
胶体金免疫层析法 药膳食品 黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮、T-2毒素 - 0.5~5 ng/mL [33]
酶联免疫吸附法 食品和饲料 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 - 0.15~0.48 mg/kg [35]
酶联免疫吸附法 食品、谷物、饲料 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 - 0.62 ng/mL [36]
酶联免疫吸附法 粮油、食品 黄曲霉毒素 - 0.03 ng/mL [37]
时间分辨荧光免疫分析法 谷物 黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮 - 0.80~4.58 ng/mL [41]
时间分辨荧光免疫分析法 玉米 黄曲霉毒素B1、赭曲霉毒素A - 3.70~5.55 μg/kg [42]
时间分辨荧光免疫分析法 粮食、饲料 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 - 28.16 μg/kg [43]
免疫传感器分析法 牛奶 黄曲霉毒素M1 0.05~0.80 ng/mL 0.015 ng/mL [51]
免疫传感器分析法 白酒 黄曲霉毒素B1和伏马毒素B1 0.1~500 ng/mL 0.12~0.15 ng/mL [52]
免疫传感器分析法 米糠油 黄曲霉毒素B1 0.02~80.00 ng/mL 0.027 ng/mL [53]
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粮油食品中真菌毒素常见检测方法研究进展
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褚洪强 1 , 诸葛宁军 2 , 陈赛赛 3, * , 吴琼 4 , 于秀华 5 , 杨超 1
食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025,16(4): 1-9
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 本期专题:粮油加工与质量安全 2025, 16(4): 1-9
粮油食品中真菌毒素常见检测方法研究进展
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褚洪强1 , 诸葛宁军2, 陈赛赛3, * , 吴琼4, 于秀华5, 杨超1
作者信息
  • 1.中国储备粮管理集团有限公司浙江分公司, 杭州 310013
  • 2.中国储备粮管理集团有限公司广东分公司, 广州 510620
  • 3.安阳市食品药品检验检测中心, 安阳 455000
  • 4.河南工业大学粮食和物资储备学院, 郑州 450001
  • 5.中粮面业(海宁)有限公司, 嘉兴 314000
  • 褚洪强(1987—), 男, 硕士, 工程师, 主要研究方向为粮油食品储藏及质量安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈赛赛(1988—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品药品质量安全、粮油信息化与智能化。E-mail:
Research progress on common detection methods of mycotoxins in grain, oil and food
Hong-Qiang CHU1 , Ning-Jun ZHUGE2, Sai-Sai CHEN3, * , Qiong WU4, Xiu-Hua YU5, Chao YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. China Grain Reserves Group Ltd. Company Zhejiang Branch, Hangzhou 310013, China
  • 2. China Grain Reserves Group Ltd. Company Guangdong Branch, Guangzhou 510620, China
  • 3. Anyang Food and Drug Inspection and Testing Center, Anyang 455000, China
  • 4. School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 5. COFCO Flour Industry (Haining) Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104011
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真菌毒素是真菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的次生有毒代谢产物, 其广泛存在于各类粮油及其制品中, 并会对人体健康造成严重威胁。真菌毒素污染在许多国家和地区已成为普遍存在的现象和问题, 进行真菌毒素检测是构建真菌毒素防控系统的关键环节。此外, 真菌毒素是原粮及其制品中必检的卫生指标之一, 建立准确高效的真菌毒素检测方法对粮油食品中真菌毒素监测和保障食品安全具有重要意义。本文对粮油食品中真菌毒素常用的检测方法进行总结与分析, 并着重介绍了真菌毒素的色谱分析法、光谱分析法、免疫分析法等不同检测技术和方法及其应用特点, 并展望了真菌毒素检测的发展趋势和相关要求, 以期为粮油食品中真菌毒素的检测与安全监管提供参考。

粮油食品  /  真菌毒素  /  检测  /  监管

Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by fungi during their growth and reproduction. They are widely found in various kinds of grain and oil and their products, and can cause serious threat to human health. Mycotoxin contamination has become a common phenomenon and problem in many countries and regions. Mycotoxin detection is the key link to build a mycotoxin prevention and control system. Furthermore, mycotoxins content is one of the health indicators that must be detected in raw grain and its products. It is of great significance to establish accurate and efficient detection methods for mycotoxins in grain, oil and food to ensure food safety. This paper summarized and analyzed the common detection methods of mycotoxins in grain, oil and food, and mainly introduced the different detection techniques and methods and their application characteristics, such as chromatography analysis, spectral analysis and immunoassay. Futhermore, this paper prospected the development trend and related requirements of mycotoxins detection, so as to provide references for the detection and safety supervision of mycotoxins in grain, oil and food.

grain, oil and food  /  mycotoxin  /  detection  /  supervision
褚洪强, 诸葛宁军, 陈赛赛, 吴琼, 于秀华, 杨超. 粮油食品中真菌毒素常见检测方法研究进展. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (4) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104011
Hong-Qiang CHU, Ning-Jun ZHUGE, Sai-Sai CHEN, Qiong WU, Xiu-Hua YU, Chao YANG. Research progress on common detection methods of mycotoxins in grain, oil and food[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (4) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104011
真菌毒素是真菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的次生有毒代谢产物, 是粮油食品中常见的污染物质, 近年来真菌毒素污染已成为影响食品安全的重要风险, 并成为国际社会普遍关注的问题[1-3]。目前研究发现的真菌毒素达400多种, 其中粮油食品中对公众健康构成较大威胁的真菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素M1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素等[4-5]。黄曲霉毒素作为粮油食品中常见的污染较严重的真菌毒素, 其致癌性强, 对人体危害较大, 其中黄曲霉毒素B1主要污染粮食和油料种子, 黄曲霉毒素M1则主要存在于乳制品及相关产品中。脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇又称“呕吐毒素”, 具有免疫抑制性和高细胞毒性, 主要存在于粮食作物及其制品中。赭曲霉毒素包括7种结构类似的化合物, 其中以赭曲霉毒素A分布最广、毒性最大、与人体健康关系最密切, 其主要污染小麦、玉米、燕麦等粮谷类产品。玉米赤霉烯酮主要由禾谷镰刀菌产生, 其对动物和人体具有生殖毒性、免疫毒性等危害, 该真菌毒素主要污染玉米、小麦、燕麦等谷物及其制品。伏马菌素是由串珠镰刀菌产生的水溶性代谢产物, 具有肝肾毒性和潜在致癌性, 其主要污染玉米、小麦等粮食作物。真菌毒素作用于生长期的农作物, 会导致农作物减产、品质降低, 造成严重的经济损失。人体摄入被真菌毒素污染的粮油及其制品则会造成严重的健康危害, 研究发现, 真菌毒素会对人体造成肝脏损伤、胃肠道损伤、免疫抑制、生殖损伤、脑损伤等不同程度的影响[6-7]。因此, 对真菌毒素检测方法进行研究不仅关系到经济社会平稳发展, 更关系到人民群众生命安全。本文综述了粮油食品中真菌毒素常用的检测方法, 包括色谱分析法、光谱分析法、免疫分析法等不同检测技术和方法, 并展望了真菌毒素检测应用的发展趋势, 以期为粮油食品中真菌毒素的检测与安全监管提供参考。
色谱检测作为常见的分离和分析检测方法, 被广泛应用于各种真菌毒素的定性和定量分析, 常见的色谱检测技术包括薄层色谱法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法和色谱-串联质谱法等。
薄层色谱法作为可以进行快速分离和定性分析的经典色谱方法, 是最早应用于粮油食品中真菌毒素检测的方法之一, 该方法通过将处理后的样品在薄层板上点样并用展开剂层析使被测组分分离, 通过比较各组分的荧光特性等指标对真菌毒素进行分析。
JORQUERA等[8]建立了高效薄层色谱法测定谷物中玉米赤霉烯酮等真菌毒素的方法, 将甲苯、乙酸乙酯和甲酸(1:8:1, V:V:V)作为展开剂, 在高效薄层色谱硅胶板上对样品进行分离, 在366 nm处用紫外斑点鉴别真菌毒素标准品和加标谷物样品, 该方法检出限为80~120 μg/kg, 定量限为120~200 μg/kg, 可用于谷物中真菌毒素检测。BAHAUDDEEN等[9]建立并验证了薄层色谱法测定粮食中真菌毒素的方法, 使用含5%氯化钠的甲醇/水(3:1, V:V)溶液作为流动相提取样品中真菌毒素, 乙腈、二氯甲烷(3:17, V:V)溶液作为展开剂, 在45 min内可使黄曲霉毒素得到充分分离, 该方法的检出限低于2 μg/kg, 灵敏度较高。
薄层色谱法具有对样品前处理要求低、分离速度快、分离成本低等优点, 在定性鉴定和半定量分析中应用广泛, 但与液相色谱和气相色谱相比, 该方法准确性和灵敏度仍比较低, 目前多用于真菌毒素的快速定性鉴别。
气相色谱法又称气相层析法, 是一种对易于挥发而不发生分解的化合物进行分离与分析的色谱技术, 适用于检测沸点较低且能够在低温下气化的物质。在粮油食品中, 气相色谱法多用于检测脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等单端孢霉烯族化合物。
唐吉旺等[10]建立了毛细管柱-气相色谱法测定谷物中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量的方法。样品经乙腈/水溶液提取后离心, 使用中性氧化铝-活性炭-二氧化硅固相萃取柱净化, 净化液经衍生处理后用毛细管柱分离, 使用电子捕获检测器测定真菌毒素含量, 结果表明两种真菌毒素在0.05~4.0 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好, 检出限为0.01 mg/kg, 加标回收率分别为92.6%~96.6%和90.9%~94.1%。张正炜等[11]建立了气相色谱法测定小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的分析方法, 样品用乙腈/水溶液提取, 提取液经处理生成三甲基硅烷衍生物并用电子捕获检测器测定, 结果显示真菌毒素在0.01~1.0 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数为0.9985, 加标回收率为93.8%~108.5%, 最低检出限为0.01 mg/kg。
气相色谱法对真菌毒素进行检测时具有灵敏度高、特异性强等优点, 但部分真菌毒素在高温条件下也不易气化, 对其进行衍生化处理仍存在过程耗时、衍生化试剂不匹配等不足, 因此气相色谱法常用于检测分子中不含荧光基团或具有弱荧光的真菌毒素, 在其他真菌毒素检测中应用有限。
液相色谱法用于真菌毒素检测时, 一般使用有机试剂对样品中真菌毒素进行提取, 上清液稀释后经免疫亲和柱富集净化, 净化液通过浓缩、定容和过滤处理后经液相色谱分离并使用荧光、紫外等检测器进行检测分析。
何攀等[12]在优化了液相色谱条件后测定了小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量, 将流动相设定为甲醇/水(25:75, V:V), 检测波长为240 nm, 扫描范围为190~400 nm, 通过二极管阵列检测器对真菌毒素进行检测。结果显示该方法在50~5000 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好, 回收率为91.7%~97.2%, 精密度为0.83%~3.21%, 检出限为20 μg/kg, 可用于小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的检测。WANG等[13]建立了复合免疫亲和柱-高效液相色谱法测定谷物及其制品中黄曲霉毒素等9种真菌毒素的方法, 以乙腈/水(80:20, V:V)溶液提取样品中真菌毒素, 提取液经复合免疫亲和柱净化后采用高效液相色谱分离, 经在线光化学衍生后使用荧光检测器检测。结果显示9种真菌毒素线性关系良好, 相关系数均大于0.999, 加标回收率均大于80%, 检出限和定量限分别在0.02~5.00 μg/kg和0.07~16.70 μg/kg之间。EKWOMADU等[14]使用免疫亲和柱对玉米样品进行提取净化处理, 并使用高效液相色谱和酶联免疫吸附等方法对样品进行定量分析, 结果显示与酶联免疫吸附法相比, 高效液相色谱法检测真菌毒素的特异性更高, 其检测结果的灵敏度也高于酶联免疫吸附法。
液相色谱法具有检测灵敏度高等优点, 使用该方法并借助免疫亲和柱等技术可快速富集净化样品中的真菌毒素, 最后采用荧光检测器等对其进行定性和定量分析, 目前该方法与色谱-串联质谱法已成为真菌毒素检测的主要方法。
气相色谱法和液相色谱法被广泛应用于各种物质的定量分析, 而质谱法在定性分析方面优势明显, 将色谱和质谱方法结合使用已成为一种高效的定性定量检测分析方法。目前, 用于真菌毒素检测的色谱-质谱分析方法包括气相色谱-质谱法、液相色谱-串联质谱法等。
王娅琴等[15]使用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法建立了酱油中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的检测方法, 用乙腈/水(84:16, V:V)对样品进行提取, 提取液使用石油醚脱脂并经C18小柱净化, 滤液吹干后经三甲基硅咪唑-三甲基氯硅烷(10:1, V:V)衍生5 min后使用气相色谱-质谱仪对真菌毒素进行定性和定量分析。结果显示脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇在0.025~8.0 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数为0.9995, 检出限和定量限分别为5 ng/mL和16.67 ng/mL, 回收率在82%~106%之间。蒋文佳等[16]通过基质匹配法消除基质效应, 使用液相色谱-串联质谱法建立了同时测定粮食中黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮3种真菌毒素的快速检测方法。结果显示3种真菌毒素的标准曲线线性关系良好, 加标回收率为81.1%~116.7%, 该方法准确性和精确度均满足检测标准要求, 且具有操作简单、检测高效等优势, 可用于粮食中多种真菌毒素的快速检测。
色谱-串联质谱法检测真菌毒素具有定性准确、检测精度高、适用性强等优点, 并可有效避免假阳性结果的出现。免疫亲和柱净化技术[17-18]、QuEChERS法[19-20]等前处理方法的使用, 则使真菌毒素前处理方法更加简单快捷、高效可靠, 此类检测方法在真菌毒素验证性实验分析中得到广泛应用。
色谱分析法检测真菌毒素主要方法见表1
由于每种真菌毒素都有自己独特的特征谱线, 因此可根据光谱特征信息对真菌毒素进行分析, 用于光谱分析的真菌毒素检测方法主要包括近红外光谱法、拉曼光谱法以及结合了光谱信息和图像信息的高光谱成像技术等。
近红外光谱法检测真菌毒素是利用毒素分子中不同含氢基团对近红外光的吸收不同, 测定被吸收后的近红外光可得到真菌毒素的近红外光谱图, 通过进行官能团等信息辨认即可实现对真菌毒素的定性和定量分析。
张晓伟等[21]采用近红外光谱技术结合偏最小二乘回归、主成分回归和多元线性回归构建了红曲米中桔霉素的快速检测模型。光谱通过多元散射校正技术和标准归一化处理后, 可基本消除样品颗粒不均匀引起的光谱图谱散射现象, 3种模型的预测结果具有良好的线性关系和预测精度, 可满足红曲米中桔霉素的定性分析。蒋雪松等[22]使用可见/近红外光谱和化学计量学对小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇进行了检测, 光谱分析结果表明, 不同真菌毒素含量的样品光谱信息存在一定差异。根据全光谱和特征光谱信息构建的线性判别分析模型和偏最小二乘回归分析模型能够对真菌毒素超标和未超标的样品进行快速识别, 其最佳识别率可达87.69%, 但用于定量分析的偏最小二乘回归模型精度和稳定性有待提高。
近红外光谱法检测真菌毒素具有前处理简单或无需前处理、检测快速便捷等优点, 但该方法往往需要使用足够的数据来训练性能良好的判别模型, 对各种模式识别的算法也有较高要求, 以提高检测模型的准确性和适应性。此外, 相应检测仪器的检测精度和稳定性也有待进一步提高。
拉曼光谱法检测原理是激发光与样品中分子官能团发生碰撞产生能量交换, 并发出与激发光不同频率的散射光, 通过对散射光进行分析达到对真菌毒素等物质的鉴别。
杨雪倩等[23]采用拉曼光谱对不同霉变等级的玉米进行了真菌毒素检测, 并对黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮进行特征波长筛选, 构建了两种真菌毒素含量的预测模型。结果显示所构建的反向传播(back propagation, BP)神经网络模型具有较好的稳定性和精度, 且对黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮含量测定值的标准误差分别为0.0987和0.0922, 该方法为拉曼光谱技术用于玉米真菌毒素的快速检测提供了参考。张悦湘等[24]选取1.2 mol/L碘化钾溶液作为促凝剂, 获取花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1的拉曼光谱特性信息, 使用竞争性自适应重加权算法对特征参数进行筛选后建立了偏最小二乘回归模型。该模型校正集和预测集相关系数分别为0.9961和0.9683, 具有较高的准确度, 可用于花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1的快速定量检测。吴升德等[25]在表面增强拉曼光谱与近红外光谱特征数据融合的基础上, 建立了用于检测花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1的偏最小二乘回归模型。结果显示与单独使用近红外光谱或拉曼光谱相比, 使用融合后的数据构建的模型具有最佳预测性能, 该模型校正集决定系数为0.9908, 预测集决定系数为0.9854, 使用该模型得到的检测结果与标准方法检测结果无显著性差异(P>0.05), 可实现花生油中黄曲霉毒素B1的快速、高精度定量检测。
拉曼光谱检测粮油食品中真菌毒素具有操作便捷、样品前处理简单等优点, 但其检测稳定性和重现性仍有待提高。该方法适用于粮油食品无损检测应用, 应加强相关检测模型的开发以及真菌毒素拉曼光谱指纹图谱数据库的构建。
高光谱成像技术融合了光谱技术和成像技术, 其在多光谱成像的基础上使用成像光谱仪在光谱覆盖范围内的光谱波段对样品进行连续成像, 在获得样品图像信息的同时也获取了其光谱信息, 该技术已逐渐应用于小麦、玉米等谷物的霉变程度检测以及粮油食品中的真菌毒素筛查[26-28]
杜莹莹等[29]以6种不同脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量的小麦样品为研究对象, 使用高光谱成像与化学计量学方法进行了小麦中真菌毒素含量的鉴别。采集180份小麦样品的高光谱图像并提取特征信息后, 使用线性判别分析、随机森林、支持向量机、最邻近结点等算法建立真菌毒素含量等级预测模型。结果显示建立的4种模型对真菌毒素含量等级的识别准确率均高于85%, 其中支持向量机的识别准确率达到了97.92%, 表明高光谱成像结合化学计量学可快速无损鉴别小麦中真菌毒素含量。ZHAO等[30]通过采集脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量在0~6.233 mg/kg之间的195份面粉样品高光谱图像, 提取图像光谱信息和颜色信息, 并使用化学计量学进行分析, 建立了使用高光谱成像技术预测面粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的方法。结果显示将临界值设置为1.0 mg/kg时, 不同脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量的样品存在聚类趋势, 使用基于光谱和颜色融合的信息进行线性判别分析建模, 对样品的分类识别率达到96.92%, 远高于使用单一光谱信息或图像信息进行建模的识别率。韩仲志等[31]运用高光谱成像系统对5个不同黄曲霉毒素B1浓度的花生籽粒图像进行采集, 并使用基于丰度图像的直方图量化特征信息对黄曲霉毒素B1含量进行预测。结果显示该方法最优预测误差可降低到12.16%, 且检测速度明显快于传统生化检测方法, 可用于黄曲霉毒素B1的在线快速检测。
高光谱成像技术作为一种快速无损检测粮油食品中真菌毒素的工具, 适用于大批量样品的快速筛查, 但其对真菌毒素的定量分析仍有明显不足, 其检测精度和准确度也有待进一步提高。
光谱分析法检测真菌毒素主要方法见表2
免疫分析法检测真菌毒素具有快速便捷、操作简单等优点, 常用的免疫分析技术主要包括胶体金免疫层析法、酶联免疫吸附法、时间分辨荧光免疫分析法、免疫传感器分析法等。
胶体金免疫层析法是通过胶体金标定特异抗体来分析粮油食品中的真菌毒素, 该方法通过胶体金上质控线的颜色深浅对真菌毒素进行定性和定量分析。
邢常瑞等[32]优化了同时提取玉米中黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素、T-2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇5种真菌毒素的样品前处理方法, 并构建了检测真菌毒素的胶体金试纸条。结果显示5种真菌毒素的最佳提取条件为90%乙腈/水涡旋20 min, 可通过肉眼对试纸条检测结果进行定性判别, 结合Image J软件即可对真菌毒素进行定量分析。ZHANG等[33]使用免疫层析试纸条对食品中黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮和T-2毒素进行了检测和筛选, 将胶体金抗体与制备的免疫层析试纸条偶联, 并对其pH、抗体浓度、抗原投加量优化后对样品进行检测。结果显示该方法对黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮和T-2毒素的检测灵敏度分别为0.5、5.0、5.0 ng/mL, 在检测的30份样品中有2份样品呈阳性, 其结果与高效液相色谱法等方法检测结果一致。
胶体金免疫层析法具有检测速度快、操作简单等优点, 可用于真菌毒素的现场快速筛查, 但该方法基于抗原抗体的特异性结合, 容易出现假阳性等检测结果异常, 对真菌毒素的定量检测分析也存在一定偏差。
酶联免疫吸附法测定真菌毒素的原理是将具有免疫活性的抗原或抗体固定吸附于固相载体表面, 与酶通过共价键形成酶结合物, 酶结合物与相应抗原或抗体结合后能通过加入底物的颜色反应确定免疫反应的发生, 并根据颜色深浅对真菌毒素进行定性或定量分析[34]
ZHANG等[35]建立了一种直接竞争酶联免疫吸附法, 用于食品和饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的快速检测。通过对大麦、小麦、燕麦、玉米、大米、面粉、牛奶和饲料中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇进行检测, 发现该方法检出限为0.15~0.48 mg/kg, 加标回收率在70%~100%之间, 其检测结果与高效液相色谱法检测结果之间具有良好的相关性(r2=0.9613)。HAN等[36]建立了一种直接竞争酶联免疫吸附测定试剂盒, 用于检测食品和谷物饲料中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇。该试剂盒对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的最低检出限为0.62 ng/mL, 对小麦粉、玉米粉、玉米、麦麸4种样品进行检测, 其加标回收率为77.1%~107.0%, 相对标准偏差为4.2%~11.9%, 且检测结果与高效液相色谱法检测结果一致。张宁等[37]采用酶联免疫吸附法, 从抗原包被时间、反应温度、显色时间、酶标二抗作用时间等因素进行了黄曲霉毒素快速检测方法改进的研究。结果显示在抗原包被时间20 h、反应温度24 ℃、底物显色时间15 min、酶标二抗作用时间30 min条件下可获得最佳检测效果。该方法加标回收率为67%~116%, 灵敏度为0.03 ng/mL, 线性相关系数大于0.99, 应用可行性较强。
酶联免疫吸附法具有检测成本低、特异性和灵敏度高, 并可在较短时间内完成大批量样品检测等优点, 但其检测结果易出现假阳性, 且难以精确测定样品中真菌毒素含量, 因此较适用于真菌毒素检测的现场快速筛查。
时间分辨荧光免疫分析法是一种基于抗原抗体特异性结合的免疫分析方法, 其利用包埋了稀土元素离子螯合物的时间分辨荧光微球作为免疫探针, 用时间分辨技术测量荧光, 同时检测波长和时间两个参数进行信号分辨, 从而有效排除非特异荧光的干扰, 提高分析灵敏度[38-40]
王序等[41]采用时间分辨荧光微球标记了谷物中黄曲霉毒素B1抗体和玉米赤霉烯酮抗体, 建立了一种快速定量检测黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮的时间分辨荧光免疫层析方法。该方法对两种真菌毒素的检出限分别为0.80 ng/mL和4.58 ng/mL, 加标回收率分别为97.1%~108.7%和92.8%~109.1%, 变异系数小于15%, 可实现谷物样品中真菌毒素的痕量测定分析。卢迪莎等[42]研制了一种可用于定量检测黄曲霉毒素B1和赭曲霉毒素A的时间分辨荧光免疫层析试纸条, 该试纸条对玉米样品中两种真菌毒素的检出限分别为3.70 μg/kg和5.55 μg/kg, 加标回收率为92%~103%, 且与液相色谱法检测结果相关性良好。WANG等[43]开发了一种基于时间分辨荧光免疫分析法的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇试纸条和一种特异性脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇单克隆抗体, 用于快速定量检测粮食中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇, 其检测结果与液相色谱-质谱法检测结果相对标准偏差小于9%, 适用于现场和实验室对粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的快速定量检测。
时间分辨荧光免疫分析法具有灵敏度高、检测速度快、特异性高、重复性好等优点, 该方法改善了胶体金免疫层析法灵敏度差以及酶联免疫吸附法反应时间长、重现性差等不足, 在现场快速定量检测中得到越来越多的应用[44-45]
免疫传感器是一种将免疫分析技术与生物化学识别技术相结合而发展起来的生物传感器, 其使用抗体或适配体作为识别元件结合到传感器表面, 当待测样品与识别元件发生特异性识别反应, 所产生的免疫复合物信息转化为电信号或光信号并经电子仪器处理后实现对相应真菌毒素浓度的检测分析, 用于真菌毒素识别的免疫传感器主要包括电化学免疫传感器、光学免疫传感器等[46-50]
杜聪聪等[51]以黄曲霉毒素M1为研究对象, 构建了基于劈裂适配体和双信号的电化学传感器, 该传感器检测黄曲霉毒素M1的线性范围为0.050~0.800 ng/mL, 检出限为0.015 ng/mL, 在实际样品检测中也具有良好的选择性。王琦等[52]使用核酸适配体和氧化石墨烯构建了荧光适配体传感器, 以荧光基团作为荧光供体, 氧化石墨烯作为荧光受体, 成功实现了黄曲霉毒素B1和伏马毒素B1的检测。该传感器对两种真菌毒素的检出限分别为0.15 ng/mL和0.12 ng/mL, 加标回收率分别为92.00%~100.81%和89.00%~99.50%, 可用于多种真菌毒素的同时检测。郝小童等[53]基于金标抗体免疫探针构建了一种用于快速检测米糠油中黄曲霉毒素B1的电化学传感器, 该免疫传感器检测线性范围为0.02~80.00 ng/mL, 检出限达到0.027 ng/mL, 可用于米糠油中黄曲霉毒素B1的快速检测。
免疫传感器分析方法具有操作简单、成本低、易于小型化等特点, 伴随着免疫传感器研发的多样性以及各类抗体、分子印迹聚合物和适体的使用, 该方法已经越来越多应用于粮油食品中真菌毒素的检测。
免疫分析法检测真菌毒素主要方法见表3
薄层色谱法、液相色谱法、气相色谱法和色谱-串联质谱法等色谱分析方法, 近红外光谱法、拉曼光谱法等光谱分析方法以及胶体金免疫层析法、酶联免疫吸附法、时间分辨荧光免疫分析法、免疫传感器法等免疫分析法, 各检测方法及其优缺点见图1
在真菌毒素的常见检测方法中, 薄层色谱法对样品前处理要求低、分离成本低, 但其灵敏度较低, 多适用于样品定性鉴定和半定量分析。气相色谱法灵敏度高、特异性强, 但主要用于检测易于挥发而不发生分解的真菌毒素。液相色谱法、色谱-串联质谱法具有灵敏度高、检出限低、适用性强等优点, 适用于实验室对真菌毒素的精确测定, 但由于其检测周期长、对样品净化等前处理要求高, 难以满足真菌毒素的现场快速筛查。胶体金免疫层析法、酶联免疫吸附法等免疫分析方法具有检测速度快、检测成本低、操作简单等优点, 可在较短时间内完成大批量样品检测, 适用于真菌毒素的现场快速筛查, 但该方法较易出现假阳性等结果误判, 在定量检测分析中也存在一定偏差。近红外光谱法、拉曼光谱法、高光谱成像等光谱分析法因其具有前处理简单或无需前处理、能实现快速检测或无损检测等优势, 也已经越来越多地应用于粮油食品中真菌毒素的检测, 但其缺乏广泛的适用性以及规范化的标准, 其定量检测精度和准确度也有待进一步提升, 距离实际推广应用仍有一定差距。
真菌毒素作为粮油食品中常见的污染物质, 可通过食物链危害人体健康, 其已成为影响食品安全的重要风险, 并成为国际社会普遍关注的问题。如何建立快速准确的真菌毒素检测方法, 进而对其可能导致的健康风险进行评估, 对于粮油食品质量安全控制、保障人们生命安全具有重要意义。随着现代仪器分析技术与生物技术、智能传感技术的不断发展, 粮油食品中真菌毒素检测方法得到了逐步补充和发展。在其检测分析发展历程中, 逐步出现了色谱分析方法、光谱分析方法及免疫分析法。
随着人们对粮油食品安全问题关注度的不断提高, 对真菌毒素的检测与监管也提出了检测快速便捷、高效灵敏等更高要求。如舆情信息扩散速度的加快, 要求相关检测机构和执法部门在更短时间内完成真菌毒素的检测和核查处置, 其检测精确度和灵敏度也需不断提高。此外, 随着真菌毒素检测范围的不断增加以及市场对真菌毒素筛查需求的骤增, 其检测方法应更加简单便捷, 以满足真菌毒素现场检测中大批量样品快速检测筛查等需求。在未来的真菌毒素检测中, 应结合纳米技术、分子生物学、免疫学、生物芯片阵列技术、高通量平台、智能算法等新兴技术[54-56], 并加强便捷化检测方法的研究和便携式检测设备的研发, 以加快真菌毒素检测速度、提高真菌毒素检测准确性和灵敏度, 更好地保障粮油食品安全和公众健康。
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2025年第16卷第4期
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20241104011
  • 接收时间:2024-11-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-04
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    1.中国储备粮管理集团有限公司浙江分公司, 杭州 310013
    2.中国储备粮管理集团有限公司广东分公司, 广州 510620
    3.安阳市食品药品检验检测中心, 安阳 455000
    4.河南工业大学粮食和物资储备学院, 郑州 450001
    5.中粮面业(海宁)有限公司, 嘉兴 314000

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* 陈赛赛(1988—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为食品药品质量安全、粮油信息化与智能化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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